Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence

Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence Luana Conte, Giorgio Nunzio, Roberto Lupo, Marco Cioce, Elsa Vitale, and 10 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : In Italy, the demand for allogeneic transplantation exceeds the number of compatible donors registered in the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR). As various factors likely contribute to the donor shortage, our aim was to explore the knowledge, beliefs, opinions, values, and feelings of the Italian population regarding stem cell donation. Methods : An online survey was shared through social media. Two groups of respondents were retrospectively identified as those who were (currently or previously) registered on the IBMDR (Donor Group) and those who had never registered (Non-Donor Group). Statistical analyses were performed to confirm the relationship between respondents’ knowledge level and their willingness to donate. Then, a generative artificial intelligence strategy was applied using questionnaire responses as features to train 6 different classifiers for machine learning process. The aim was to predict the probability of IBMDR enrollment. Results : A total of 1518 respondents from throughout Italy participated in the study. Among NDG, a lower level of knowledge of donation needs (51.7% vs 24.4%, p<0.001) and negative feelings such as fear (Z=-2.2642, p=0.02), perplexity (Z=4.4821, p<0.001), and uncertainty (Z=3.3425, p<0.001) emerged. A higher level of knowledge about stem cell donation and associated processes predicted a greater likelihood of IBMDR enrollment. The machine learning analysis showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranging from 0.65 to 0.81, depending on the classifier. Conclusions : The results underscore the need to improve strategies to raise awareness and knowledge of stem cell donation and its associated process among the Italian population. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation stem cell donation cord blood donation knowledge beliefs awareness artificial intelligence. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective therapeutic approach that has saved the lives of an increasing number of patients worldwide. While primarily used for the treatment of both adult and pediatric patients affected by hematology malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas, this procedure is also suitable for patients affected by inborn errors, autoimmune diseases, and solid tumors [ 1 – 3 ]. Autologous transplantation uses the patient's own stem cells (SCs), while allogeneic HSCT uses SCs from a donor that may be a family member (related) or unrelated. SCs are collected from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or cord blood and infused to the recipient after high-dose chemo-radiotherapy-based conditioning regimen. A high level of matching donor–recipient human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is essential to improve outcomes and to avoid immuno-mediated complications such as graft versus host disease (GvHD) [ 4 ]. The great variety of the HLA systems among humans decreases the likelihood of finding compatible donors for HSCT patients. The genetic variability within a population as well as between different populations must therefore be considered in unrelated HSCT donor search algorithms [ 5 ]. In 2021, over 47,000 patients received HSCT in Europe, of whom fewer than 20,000 were allogeneic recipients. A continuously increasing trend in the use of both unrelated and haploidentical SC sources has been observed over the last decade [ 6 ], with Italy being one of the leading European countries in terms of the number of transplants performed and of outcomes [ 5 ]. Here, the practice of allogeneic HSCT has steadily increased over time, stabilizing at above 1900 transplants per year over the last 5 years [ 6 ]. Just over a half of these were performed using cells provided by unrelated donors [ 9 ]. These advances in the field of transplantation have inevitably led to an increasing need to involve a growing number of potential donors for allogeneic transplantation [ 2 ]. The Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR) was established in 1989, with its activities institutionally recognized by Italian Law No. 52 in March 2001. Its mission is to search for compatible, unrelated, volunteer donors for patients needing HSCT who lack an ideal donor (HLA identical sibling), wherever they are around the world. The IBMDR is part of a worldwide bone marrow (BM), SC, and cord blood (CB) donor registry network that coordinates all processes related to donor search and selection, donation and collection, and transport up to the patient's bed [ 7 ]. Joining IBMDR is a compassionate choice that can truly save a life. Individuals must be between 18 and 35 years of age, weigh more than 50 kilograms, and have good health to be considered for IBMDR enrollment [ 8 ]. However, despite the broad range of eligible donors, these must have very well-defined characteristics [ 9 ], resulting in the fact that the probability of finding full HLA compatibility among family donors (siblings) amounts to 25%, whereas the probability of HLA compatibility with an unrelated donor is only 1 out of 100,000 [ 8 ]. This scenario suggests that, although many people may volunteer as potential donors, only a small percentage will actually become donors. Therefore, it is of primary importance to encourage the enrollment of as many individuals as possible in the IBMDR, thereby maximizing the chances of finding a compatible donor. As is well known, the COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant changes both in people’s daily life and in healthcare systems, thus impacting both the HSCT process and the registration of new donors [ 12 ]. A small reduction in transplant activities was reported in Europe [ 13 ] along with an increased demand for donors, reflecting the challenges introduced by the international restrictions during the pandemic [ 14 ]. The decision to become a donor seems to be influenced by various factors, including age, sex, education, occupation, ethnicity, and religion [ 10 – 14 ]. In addition to these factors, individuals’ level of understanding of HSCT and donation emerges as a complex and contradictory theme, where awareness of the implications of donation and accurate knowledge of the HSCT process, including its component functions and methods becomes a crucial aspect to dispel stereotypes and promote donation. The shortage of donors could also be attributable to misconceptions, such as the belief that donation may be a risky or painful procedure, when in real life, peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) and umbilical CB sources currently represent 80% of donations and require simple, minimally invasive, safe procedures [ 15 ]. In this context, our study aimed to thoroughly assess the experience, information, opinions, values, and beliefs of the Italian population regarding SC donation in order to identify specific areas that require targeted interventions so as to increase voluntary SC donation. METHODS Study design A nationwide online questionnaire survey directed to the general population of Italy over the age of 16 was conducted on behalf of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO) from July 2022 to July 2023. The questionnaire was developed by a panel of experts that included members of the GITMO, the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR), the National Transplant Center (Centro Nazionale Trapianti – CNT), the National Blood Center (Centro Nazionale Sangue – CNS), and the University of Bari. The survey was prepared on the Google Forms ® platform, and the link to access the survey was shared through the GITMO network contacts, the Italian Leukemia Association (Associazione Italiana Leucemie – AIL) contacts, and on social media platforms such as Twitter (now X ® ) and Facebook ® . A snowballing procedure was adopted to recruit participants by including a cover letter asking the individual to involve family members and friends as well as to share the link on their social media accounts. The Questionnaire The data collection tool was created to investigate respondents’ knowledge, beliefs, feelings, opinions, values, and information needs regarding SC donation. The experts consulted the available literature during the development of the questionnaire; the final version was tested for clarity and readability on 20 participants, then was divided into 9 sections composed by closed ended questions accepting single or multiple responses. The sections were: 1) Sociodemographic information (8 items); 2) General knowledge of donation process (10 items); 3) Knowledge of SCs’ role and function (18 items); 4) Knowledge of SC collection methods (5 items); 5) Respondents’ beliefs (5 items); 6) Respondents’ feelings (22 items); 7) Opinions and values (8 items); 8) Information/education needs (4 items); 9) Reasons to enroll in the IBMDR or not (2 items). Ethical approval A cover letter presenting the aims of the study and containing information on ethical management was included at the beginning of the questionnaire, which was completely anonymous. Both the consent to participate and data utilization were considered as acquired after questionnaire completion and submission. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Protocol No. 0026388 dated 02 February 2023). The questionnaire's structure adhered to the guidelines set forth by the Italian Data Protection Authority (DPA). Statistical analysis The data were collected in an electronic database (Microsoft Excel® 2016). Respondents were clustered into 2 groups: the “Donor Group” (DG), representing those who were currently/formerly enrolled in the IBMDR, and the “Non-Donor Group” (NDG), representing those who had never enrolled in the IBMDR. Descriptive statistical calculations were performed on the entire sample, with mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. To identify differences between the 2 groups, the Mann-Whitney U-test was employed. For open-ended questions, generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT version 3) was used to cluster similar responses and provide a summary of the results. To confirm the positive correlation between knowledge and willingness to donate, the probability of enrolling in the IBMDR was predicted using machine learning (ML). The questionnaire responses were used as features to train various classifiers. Statistical significance was set at a threshold of p<0.05. All statistical computations were performed using MATLAB software, version R2023b. Machine Learning To confirm that greater knowledge increases the willingness to donate, a supervised ML approach was employed to predict the probability of becoming an SC donor using the significant factors identified through statistical analysis. This approach aimed to determine how knowledge of implantation impacts the willingness to donate. These factors, along with respondents' knowledge, information, opinions, beliefs, and values regarding SC donation, were utilized as features to train various ML classifiers. Six distinct classifiers – Naive Bayes (NBs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees (DTs), Error-correcting output codes (Ecoc), Discriminant Analysis using Ensemble (DAE), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) – were applied to identify the most suitable model for the predictive task. The features were normalized to a range of 0–1 using min–max normalization on the training dataset. The same normalization parameters were subsequently applied to the test set. The training procedure employed the 5-fold cross-validation approach. To evaluate the classifier's performance and ascertain the optimal threshold for predictions, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed. Based on the optimal operating point of the ROC curve, a binary classifier was derived. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and accuracy were utilized as performance metrics. Computational analysis was conducted using MATLAB software, version R2023b. RESULTS Sample characteristics. The survey collected 1518 complete responses: 1141 (75.2%) from NDG and 377 (24.8%) from DG. The sociodemographic characteristics of the two groups are presented in Table 1. Most of the respondents in both groups were female (75.0% and 76.1%, in NDG and DG, respectively), although the average age was higher in NDG (38.15 vs 36.02, p=0.01), and over half of the sample in both groups was not married (51.3% in NDG; 56.8% in DG). In the DG, respondents lived predominantly in northern Italy (56.8%), while in the NDG, most lived in the South and Islands (51.7%), with a significant difference in distribution between the groups (p<0.001). Regarding education level, most respondents had a university degree (54.2% in NDG; 57.3% in DG) and were employed mainly in the public sector (32.3% in NDG; 25.2% in DG) or in the private sector (23.5% in NDG; 34.0% in DG). Of note, healthcare professionals accounted for 49.2% and for 49.3% of NDG and DG, respectively. In response to the question about religion, the majority in both groups answered that they were Christian (72.3% in NDG; 64.2% in DG), followed by atheists (24.1% in NDG; 28.9% in DG), with a significant difference in distribution (p=0.02), as reported in Table 1. Table 1. Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics Please put Table 1 here. Due to the size of the table, questionnaire items, response frequencies and percentages, and comparisons among groups are represented in Tables 2 and 3. General knowledge of donation process Compared with DG, NDG respondents knew less about the health problems that generate the need for compatible donors in Italy (75.6% in DG vs 48.3% in NDG, p<0.0001); NDG also knew significantly less frequently about the existence of the IBMDR (85.2% vs 96.0%, p<0.0001) and about the activities of volunteer associations promoting donation (90.2% vs 51.7%, p<0.0001). NDG respondents also knew less about CB donation (87.8% vs 83.4%, p=0.03) and about the activities of CB banks (67.1% vs 57.4%, p<0.0001). Interestingly, 36.5% of NDG respondents were found to be more willing to donate if they could choose the recipient. Table 1 shows other significant differences between the groups. As reported by the DG, the main reasons leading to IBMDR enrollment were the desire to do something for others (82.2%), the awareness raised by volunteer associations (38.5%), the awareness raised by hospital facilities such as transfusion services (26.8%), having a relative/friend with cancer (19.9%), and other reasons detailed in figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates the main reasons for not enrolling in IBMDR as reported by NDG; major findings include the lack of knowledge (36.0%) and low level of concern about the problem (36.0%). Fig. 1 Reasons for enrolling in the IBMDR Please put figure 1 here. Fig. 2 Reasons for not enrolling in the IBMDR Please put figure 2 here. Knowledge of stem cell role and function DG demonstrated greater knowledge than did NDG of SC characteristics such as duplication and self-renewal (79.3% vs. 66.3%, p<0.0001) and differentiation and maturation activities (72.7% vs. 59.6%, p<0.0001). This trend was confirmed responding to more specific questions on SC functions, including red cells (75.3% vs 62.5% of correct answers, p<0.001), white cells (79.4% vs 59.6%, p<0.001) and platelet production (71.1% vs 60.0%; p<0.001). DG had greater knowledge of where the SCs can be harvested for or not, thus SC can be collected from the BM for 93.1% of respondents in DG versus 84.5% in NDG (p<0.001). Excluding that on UCB donation (p=0.06), significant differences with the same direction were found for all questions of this section. Look at table 2 for more details. Knowledge of stem cell collection methods NDG had limited familiarity with collection sources compared to DG. For instance, NDG demonstrated less knowledge of SC harvesting methods such as BM explant through repeated punctures of the iliac crests (67.7% vs. 86.5%, p<0.0001), stem cell harvesting through apheresis (62.1% vs. 83.8%, p<0.0001), and collection from the umbilical cord vessels (61.3% vs. 70.5%, p=0.004). Other differences between the groups are presented in Table 2, items 4.0–4.5. Table 2 Respondents’ knowledge of stem cell donation. Please put Table 2 here Respondents’ beliefs about stem cell donation Awareness of the safety of SC collection methods (PBSC collection, BM harvesting, and CB collection) was greater among DG than among NDG; 92.3% of DG and 85.5% of NDG (p<0.0001) believed that CB collection is a safe procedure for both the mother and the baby, and 89.1% of DG and 77.2% of NDG (p<0.0001) believed that the PBSC collection procedure was safe. Both groups had a little more fear of BM harvesting as a procedure (Table 3. Items 4.0–4.5). Respondents’ feelings about stem cell donation The emotional levels experienced when thinking about donation were explored by asking all respondents to rate their feelings using a 4-point Likert scale (not at all, a little, moderately, a lot) when considering a set of 22 human emotions applicable to the donation setting. The results revealed differences between the 2 groups: DG experienced less fear (p=0.02), hesitation (p<0.001), feeling of fragility (p=0.01), uncertainty (p<0.001), vulnerability (p=0.04), refusal (p<0.001), and perplexity (p<0.001) and greater exaltation (p<0.001), curiosity (p=0.007), enthusiasm (p<0.001), and sense of solidarity (p<0.001). Table 3 reports a complete list of the results. Opinions and values This section of the questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale for each question, with the extremes being “Extremely Disagree” and “Strongly Agree”. No difference between the groups was found regarding their agreement that SC should be used in clinical trials and research (p=0.14). The groups had similar opinions on the need to have more information on donation facilities (p=0.08) and on the usefulness of receiving information on transplant outcome after donation (p=0.32). Interestingly, the whole sample agreed that CB should be collected by default (81.4% of DG and 79.0% of NDG, p=0.37). A high variability in opinions was found regarding whether the identities of the donor and recipient should be shared, with no differences between groups (p=0.79). Significant differences in the distribution of answers between the groups were seen. A high percent of respondents in both groups agreed that HSCT is a lifesaving treatment (92.6% of DG and 91.9% of NDG, p<0.001), and that SC donation should be considered by everyone who is eligible (92.3% in DG and 88.3% in NDG, p<0.001). According to 55.7% of DG and 45.2% of NDG (p=0.04), IBMDR enrollment should be mandatory for everyone who is eligible. Information and education needs This section of the questionnaire investigated the willingness of participants to receive more information. In NDG, 66% of the sample did not consider themselves informed enough about donation, compared 33.1% of DG (p<0.001). Interestingly, both groups reported they were interested in receiving further information and education (82.2% and 86.4% of DG and NDG, respectively), with significantly more in NDG (p=0.04). However, even with high percentages in both groups (82.2% of DG and 75.5% of NDG), NDG appeared to be less interested in participating in awareness initiatives on SC donation. Table 3. Beliefs, feelings, values, and education needs Please put Table 3 here Probability of becoming an SC Donor A complex network of reasons and attitudes influencing the decision to enroll in the IBMDR emerged; key findings were the lack of information and feelings such as fear and lack of trust in the donation process. In contrast, respondents enrolled in IBMDR expressed their deep willingness to contribute to the wellbeing of others, with various factors supporting their choice. However, more and better knowledge appeared to be positively associated with the decision of whether to donate. The questionnaire findings were then used for ML of 6 classifiers to predict the probability of enrolling in the IBMDR; the result obtained was an average accuracy (AUC) of 76.7% (±5.4). Figure 3 illustrates the ROC curves generated by each classifier. Fig. 3 ROC curves describing performance of each classifier. Please put figure 3 here. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to thoroughly assess the knowledge, information, feelings, opinions, values, and beliefs of the Italian population regarding SC donation. To identify specific areas requiring targeted interventions to increase donation, the sample of 1518 individuals was divided into 2 groups retrospectively: NDG (participants never enrolled in the IBMDR) and DG (participants currently or formerly enrolled in the IBMDR at the time of data collection). In line with previous published papers [16–18], 24.8% of the sample was made up of individuals who were enrolled in the IBMDR. However, considering that online survey adherence might be affected by personal attitudes and experience and that a significant portion of the population might be not aware of online surveys, this percentage may be overestimated, which emphasizes the need for additional efforts to increase awareness of SC donation among the general population. A detailed response analysis revealed, especially among NDG respondents, a lack of knowledge and a limited awareness of SC donation, for example, no knowledge of the activity of volunteer associations throughout the country. The most important knowledge gaps that emerged concerned more specific topics and technical information, such as the different SC sources and collection methods as well as on their role and functions. We are aware that this information may not be included in what institutional awareness campaigns normally provide; however, in light of our findings, it is worth reflecting on whether awareness campaigns should provide more detailed information on the SC donation process and procedures to help potential donors take this decision. Of particular interest were the feelings expressed by the NDG when thinking about donation; they showed significantly higher levels of fear, uncertainty, perplexity, vulnerability, and refusal. Some of these feelings have already been recognized to negatively impact donation intention [26]. The results of the "Beliefs" section are comforting in terms of their prevalence in both groups, although they were significantly worse in NDG. This suggests that the lower levels of information, knowledge, and awareness in our sample were associated with a higher inclination to formulate incorrect beliefs. Some negative beliefs were generated by misunderstandings and by a lack of knowledge. For example, many people in Italy confuse “midollo osseo” (bone marrow) with “midollo spinale” (spinal cord) due to the assonance of the respective terms in Italian and the greater familiarity with the consequence of spinal cord lesions than with those caused by bone marrow issues. The fear of possible negative health consequences such as paralysis or other neurological disorders may also be due to issues at the local level. Instead, NDG’s high level of fear of developing a blood disorder could be due to incorrect information and/or misinterpretation of the risk factors of disease development [27]. Respondents in DG experienced higher levels of emotions such as solidarity, enthusiasm, curiosity, and exaltation at the thought of possibly donating, even though they had not yet had this experience. This finding suggests that the decision to enroll in the IBMRD may lead to positive life experiences. The majority of respondents identified "lack of information" and "concerns about their health" as the main reasons for deciding not to become a donor [26]. These results align with the findings of other studies [16, 19]. It is interesting to note that the fear of pain could negatively influence the attitude of subjects towards SC donation, as reported by other authors [17, 19]. However, considering the general lack of knowledge on SC collection methods, potential donors may be not aware that certain procedures, such as umbilical CB donation and PBSC collection, are painless. Indeed, CB and PBSC collection are well-established, safe nonsurgical procedures to collect blood-forming cells for bone marrow transplants [8]. Furthermore, although both BM and PBSC collection are recognized as safe procedures [31], the need to harvest BM surgically and to administer mobilization drugs before PBSC donation may be important procedure-related factors that cause an individual to be reluctant about becoming a donor and thus about enrolling in the registry [27,32]. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that almost all respondents claimed they agreed or strongly agreed with the importance of HSCT as a lifesaving therapy, suggesting that awareness of the effectiveness of donation as a means of treatment may be a powerful motivational driver. This indicates that developing campaigns that increase awareness that SC donation is crucial to saving lives and that thus leverage solidarity may be opportune. Of note were the respondents of the 2 groups who stated that they would be more inclined to donate if they had the opportunity to know who the recipient was. This preference revealed a deeper and more specific emotional involvement than the general motivation that leads to donation. This particular group could therefore be a key target for educational campaigns that emphasize the possibility of having a direct role in the lifesaving treatment of hematology patients. The importance of knowing the health status of the recipient also emerged as a motivational factor in both groups. Although the law does not allow a donor to know who the recipient is, the limited information that a donation center can provide may be a compromise between regulation compliance and satisfying a donor’s desire for emotional connection. This suggests that transparency regarding the process and its positive impact on the lives of those involved could be a considerable stimulus to encourage donation. The ML results suggest that a higher level of knowledge and information about SC donation is associated with a greater likelihood of enrolling in the IBMDR. This implies that a deeper understanding of the processes involved in donation and of the benefits to recipients as well as assurances to donors all play a key role in encouraging donation. These results underscore the importance of promoting educational interventions to shape opinions and decisions regarding donation. In light of this, as healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in promoting awareness about donation, involving them in raising public awareness and increasing participation in education campaigns may be crucial [19, 20]. The literature also highlights that including lectures on the topic in university curricula may be associated with an increased willingness among college students to donate [21, 22]. Indeed, it has been observed that integrating specific content in degree programs provides students with the opportunity to learn more about the issues related to donation, thereby raising their awareness and promoting positive attitudes towards this form of medical solidarity. Despite the study's efforts to use a widely accessible communication channel to engage a representative sample of the population and to thus obtain generalizable results, it is important to carefully consider the intrinsic limitations of the study, including the limited size of the sample. Additionally, there is the possibility that respondents’ answers were influenced by social perception rather than expressing their sincere opinions. This may have led to truthful answers but not necessarily resulting in action. Another limitation to consider is the nature of the questions posed; result distortion may have occurred as respondents may have exaggerated or downplayed their experiences related to the examined theme. CONCLUSION The study findings provide a clear indication of the crucial role that increased knowledge plays in shaping attitudes toward SC donation. The identified lack of awareness, especially among NDG participants, underscores the imperative need to implement targeted initiatives to enhance health education and to raise public awareness about SC donation, confirmed by the correlation between a deeper understanding of the donation process and a greater inclination to enroll in the IBMDR. Information campaigns should be directed both to non-donors, emphasizing donation procedures and methods, and to current donors to reinforce their knowledge and awareness of the importance of their participation; this strategy can help overcome psychological barriers and concerns associated with donation. In this context, the active involvement of healthcare professionals and the incorporation of specific content into academic curricula could play a significant role in increasing willingness to donate. Implementation of these and other initiatives should be encouraged to reach a broader audience and to foster a culture of awareness about SC donation, from the early stages of higher education on. Overall, the conclusions underscore the need for a strategic commitment at the social, educational, and informational levels to address existing gaps in the understanding of SC donation. Only through an integrated and multidimensional approach will it be possible to increase awareness, promote active participation, and cultivate a culture of solidarity toward SC donation in Italy. Declarations AKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank all the institutions that supported this work: the Italian Bone Marrow Registry (IBMDR), the Centro Nazionale Trapianti (CNT), the Centro Nazionale Sangue (CNS), and the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO). The authors also thank Jacqueline M. Costa for the English language editing. Funding This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Conflicts of interest/Competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Ethics approval The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Protocol No. 0026388 dated 02/02/2023). Consent to participate Information on ethical management was put at the beginning of the online questionnaire. The survey was completely anonymous, and both the consent to participate and data utilization were considered as acquired after questionnaire completion and submission. Consent for publication Not Applicable Availability of data and material The data that support the findings of this study are available from the last author (Stefano Botti, email [email protected] ) upon reasonable request. Code availability Not Applicable Authors' contributions Conceptualization: Stefano Botti, Roberto Lupo, Nicoletta Sacchi; Data Curation: Aurora Vassanelli, Simona Pollichieni; Methodology: Ivan Rubbi, Letizia Lombardini; Formal analysis: Luana Conte, Marco Cioce; Investigation: Chiara Ianne; Visualization: Luana Conte; Validation: Luana Conte, Roberto Lupo; Writing - original draft preparation: Luana Conte, Massimo Martino; Writing - review and editing: Stefano Botti, Simonetta Pupella; Funding acquisition: N/A; Resources: Luana Conte, Elsa Vitale; Supervision: Giorgio De Nunzio, Fabio Ciceri. Authors’ Agreement We confirm that the submitted version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us. References E. Hatzimichael, M. 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Saudi medical journal, 40(10), 1045–1051. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.10.24294. Tables Table 1. Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics. Sociodemographic characteristics NDG (n=1141) N (%) DG (n=377) N (%) Z value P value Age (y ) Mean (±SD) Range 38.15 (±13.53) 16-79 36.02 (±12.61) 18-89 2.5305 0.01 Sex Female Male 855 (75.0) 286 (25.0) 287 (76.1) 90 (23.9) 0.4650 0.64 Geographic Area North Center South/Islands 376 (33.0) 175 (15.3) 590 (51.7) 214 (56.8) 40 (10.6) 123 (32.6) 4.4256 <0.001 Marital status Married Not married Divorced Widowed 475 (41.7) 585 (51.3) 72 (6.3) 9 (0.7) 143 (37.9) 214 (56.8) 20 (5.3) 0 (0.0) -0.7715 0.44 Education level Advanced degree University degree High school diploma Middle school Elementary school None 169 (14.8) 449 (39.4) 445 (39.0) 70 (6.2) 7 (0.6) 1 (0.0) 57 (15.1) 159 (42.2) 138 (36.6) 21 (5.6) 2 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 0.8257 0.40 Employment status Public employee Private employee Housewife Student Retired Self-employed Unemployed 369 (32.3) 269 (23.5) 48 (4.2) 252 (22.1) 52 (4.6) 107 (9.5) 44 (3.8) 95 (25.2) 128 (34.0) 9 (2.4) 78 (20.7) 11 (2.9) 42 (11.1) 14 (3.7) 1.4069 0.15 Healthcare professional No Yes 580 (50.8) 561 (49.2) 191 (50.7) 186 (49.3) -0.0570 0.95 Religion Christianity/Judaism Buddhism Asian religions* Islam Agnosticism Atheism Prefer not to answer Other 824 (72.3) 8 (0.7) 2 (0.2) 5 (0.4) 20 (1.7) 275 (24.1) 1 (0.1) 6 (0.5) 242 (64.2) 8 (2.2) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 10 (2.7) 109 (28.9) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 2.3038 0.02 Legend: NDG = Non-Donor Group; DG = Donor Group. Significant differences are reported in bold. *Asian religions = Chinese religions (Traditional Chinese, Confucianism, Taoism, etc.), Indian religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, etc.), Shintoism, Caodaism. Table 2. Respondents’ knowledge of stem cell donation. N° Questions Items NDG (n=1141) N (%) DG (n=377) N (%) Z-score p value 1.0 General Knowledge of donation process 1.1 Have you ever had a close family member or friend who needed to undergo a HSCT? No Yes 940 (82.4) 201 (17.6) 270 (71.6) 107 (28.4) -4.5048 <0.001 1.2 Are you aware of the existence of an Italian registry of bone marrow donors? No Yes 169 (14.8) 972 (85.2) 15 (4.0) 362 (96.0) -5.5854 <0.001 1.3 Are you aware that there are various donor centers throughout Italy where it is possible to register as a SC donor? No Yes 364 (31.9) 777 (68.1) 28 (7.4) 349 (92.6) -9.4104 <0.001 1.4 Are you aware that nonfamilial donations are anonymous, voluntary, and unremunerated? No Yes 257 (22.5) 884 (77.5) 13 (3.4) 364 (96.6) -8.3945 <0.001 1.5 Are you aware that donation can occur through BM or PBSC collection following mobilization with hematopoietic growth factor? No Yes 403 (35.3) 737 (64.7) 27 (7.2) 352 (92.8) -10.7294 <0.001 1.6 Are you aware that in Italy, over 2000 patients every year need to undergo MUD HSCT as the only life-saving therapy available? No Yes 590 (51.7) 551 (48.3) 92 (24.4) 285 (75.6) -9.2377 <0.001 1.7 Are you aware that all mothers can donate their UCB after childbirth? No Yes 190 (16.6) 951 (83.4) 46 (12.2) 331 (87.8) -2.0668 0.03 1.8 Are you aware that in Italy, CB units donated for HSCT purposes are stored in public CB banks? No Yes 516 (45.2) 625 (54.8) 124 (32.9) 253 (67.1) -4.2025 <0.001 1.9 Would you be more willing to donate HSC if you could choose the recipient? No Yes 725 (63.5) 416 (36.5) 311 (82.5) 66 (17.5) 6.8512 <0.001 1.10 Do you know if there are volunteer associations aimed to raise awareness about SC donation? No Yes 551 (48.3) 590 (51.7) 37 (9.8) 340 (90.2) -13.2914 <0.001 2.0 Knowledge of stem cells’ role and function 2.1 HSC are capable of duplicating and self-renewing. No Yes I don’t know 46 (4.0) 756 (66.3) 339 (29.7) 13 (3.5) 299 (79.3) 65 (17.2) -4.6161 <0.001 2.2 Are HSC specialized? No Yes I don’t know 388 (34.0) 302 (26.5) 451 (39.5) 179 (47.5) 97 (25.7) 101 (26.8) 3.2270 0.001 2.3 HSC can give rise to various types of cells through processes of differentiation and maturation. No Yes I don’t know 31 (2.7) 680 (59.6) 430 (37.7) 12 (3.2) 274 (72.7) 91 (24.1) -4.3331 <0.001 2.4 What do HSC do? a – produce energy No Yes I don’t know 432 (37.9) 129 (11.3) 580 (50.8) 197 (52.2) 43 (11.4) 137 (36.4) 4.0839 <0.001 2.5 b - produce serum (the liquid part of the blood) No Yes I don’t know 301 (26.4) 306 (26.8) 534 (46.8) 131 (34.7) 119 (31.6) 127 (33.7) 0.8204 0.41 2.6 c - produce red blood cells No Yes I don’t know 36 (3.1) 713 (62.5) 392 (34.4) 13 (3.5) 284 (75.3) 80 (21.2) -4.3362 <0.001 2.7 d - produce platelets No Yes I don’t know 48 (4.2) 685 (60.0) 408 (35.8) 18 (4.8) 268 (71.1) 91 (24.1) -3.5664 <0.001 2.8 e - produce proteins No Yes I don’t know 325 (28.5) 243 (21.3) 573 (50.2) 134 (35.5) 87 (23.1) 156 (41.4) 1.3531 0.17 2.9 f - produce white blood cells No Yes I don’t know 49 (4.3) 680 (59.6) 412 (36.1) 11 (2.9) 288 (76.4) 78 (20.7) -5.7649 <0.001 2.10 From where can HSC be harvested in large quantities? a - sperm/eggs No Yes I don’t know 660 (57.8) 32 (2.8) 449 (39.4) 292 (77.5) 10 (2.6) 75 (19.9) 6.6049 <0.001 2.11 b – human embryos No Yes I don’t know 370 (32.4) 293 (25.7) 478 (41.9) 211 (56.0) 66 (17.5) 100 (26.5) 7.1701 <0.001 2.12 c – bone marrow No Yes I don’t know 35 (3.1) 964 (84.5) 142 (12.4) 10 (2.6) 351 (93.1) 16 (4.3) -4.1536 <0.001 2.13 d - spinal cord No Yes I don’t know 394 (34.5) 434 (38.1) 313 (27.4) 225 (59.7) 89 (23.6) 63 (16.7) 7.7945 <0.001 2.14 e - blood No Yes I don’t know 100 (8.8) 777 (68.1) 264 (23.1) 45 (11.9) 293 (77.7) 39 (10.4) -2.8271 0.004 2.15 f - urine No Yes I don’t know 763 (66.9) 8 (0.7) 370 (32.4) 327 (86.7) 2 (0.6) 48 (12.7) 7.3896 <0.001 2.16 g - saliva No Yes I don’t know 738 (64.7) 17 (1.5) 386 (33.8) 311 (82.5) 10 (2.6) 56 (14.9) 6.2179 <0.001 2.17 h – vertebral column No Yes I don’t know 522 (45.7) 221 (19.4) 398 (34.9) 259 (68.7) 50 (13.3) 68 (18.0) 6.9837 <0.001 2.18 i - umbilical cord No Yes I don’t know 17 (1.5) 979 (85.8) 145 (12.7) 16 (4.3) 339 (89.9) 22 (5.8) -1.8214 0.06 3.0 Knowledge of stem cell collection methods 3.1 The collection of hematopoietic stem cells can occur: a - by harvesting BM through repeated punctures of the iliac crests (pelvic bones) No Yes I don’t know 65 (5.7) 773 (67.7) 303 (26.6) 20 (5.3) 326 (86.5) 31 (8.2) -6.6384 <0.001 3.2 b - from peripheral blood through an apheresis machine (such as in platelet donation) No Yes I don’t know 72 (6.3) 709 (62.1) 360 (31.6) 28 (7.4) 316 (83.8) 33 (8.8) -7.0589 <0.001 3.3 c – by puncturing the blood vessels (veins) of the umbilical cord after the baby’s birth No Yes I don’t know 63 (5.5) 699 (61.3) 379 (33.2) 25 (6.7) 266 (70.5) 86 (22.8) -2.8805 0.004 3.4 To collect HSC from peripheral blood, does the donor need to take a medication that stimulates the cells to increase in number and exit the bone marrow? No Yes I don’t know 231 (20.3) 361 (31.6) 549 (48.1) 59 (15.6) 255 (67.7) 63 (16.7) -10.0076 <0.001 3.5 Does the collection of SC from BM require the administration of anesthesia (spinal or general)? No Yes I don’t know 223 (19.5) 497 (43.6) 421 (36.9) 66 (17.5) 256 (67.9) 55 (14.6) -6.5942 <0.001 Legend: NDG = Non-Donor Group; DG = Donor Group; HSCT = Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; SC = Stem Cell; BM = Bone Marrow; PBSC = Peripheral Blood Stem Cell; MUD = Matched Unrelated Donor; UCB = Umbilical Cord Blood; CB = Cord Blood; HSC = Hematopoietic Stem Cell. Significant differences are reported in bold. Table 3. Beliefs, feelings, values, and education needs. N° Questions Items NDG (n=1141) N (%) DG (n=377) N (%) Z-score p value 4.0 Respondents’ beliefs about stem cell donation 4.1 UCB collection causes pain for the mother and/or the baby. No Yes I don’t know 985 (86.3) 19 (1.7) 137 (12.0) 350 (92.9) 5 (1.3) 22 (5.8) 3.3294 <0.001 4.2 UCB collection poses risks for the mother and/or the baby. No Yes I don’t know 976 (85.5) 20 (1.8) 145 (12.7) 348 (92.3) 5 (1.3) 24 (6.4) 3.3793 <0.001 4.3 PBSC collection poses risks of developing blood diseases. No Yes I don’t know 881 (77.2) 38 (3.3) 222 (19.5) 336 (89.1) 10 (2.7) 31 (8.2) 4.9090 <0.001 4.4 BM explant carries the risk of paralysis. No Yes I don’t know 789 (69.2) 63 (5.5) 289 (25.3) 319 (84.6) 17 (4.5) 41 (10.9) 5.6122 <0.001 4.5 BM explant results in visible scars. No Yes I don’t know 792 (69.4) 48 (4.2) 301 (26.4) 302 (80.1) 23 (6.1) 52 (13.8) 3.5976 <0.001 5.0 Respondents’ feelings about stem cell donation 5.1 Acceptance Not at all A little Moderately A lot 182 (15.9) 279 (24.5) 414 (36.3) 266 (23.3) 80 (21.2) 43 (11.4) 102 (27.1) 152 (40.3) 0.8145 0.41 5.2 Fear Not at all A little Moderately A lot 396 (34.7) 499 (43.7) 188 (16.5) 58 (5.1) 199 (52.8) 157 (41.6) 19 (5.1) 2 (0.5) -2.2642 0.02 5.3 Anxiety Not at all A little Moderately A lot 393 (34.4) 508 (44.5) 179 (15.7) 61 (5.4) 205 (54.4) 147 (39.0) 22 (5.8) 3 (0.8) -1.0824 0.28 5.4 Solidarity Not at all A little Moderately A lot 19 (1.7) 78 (6.8) 458 (40.2) 586 (51.3) 4 (1.1) 16 (4.2) 97 (25.7) 260 (69.0) -3.7582 <0.001 5.5 Indifference Not at all A little Moderately A lot 1023 (89.6) 84 (7.4) 27 (2.4) 7 (0.6) 355 (94.2) 17 (4.5) 4 (1.1) 1 (0.2) 0.7181 0.47 5.6 Enthusiasm Not at all A little Moderately A lot 135 (11.8) 343 (30.1) 442 (38.7) 221 (19.4) 13 (3.4) 49 (13.0) 142 (37.7) 173 (45.9) 4.4260 <0.001 5.7 Gratification Not at all A little Moderately A lot 63 (5.5) 218 (19.1) 501 (43.9) 359 (31.5) 14 (3.7) 32 (8.5) 132 (35.0) 199 (52.8) 0.1577 0.87 5.8 Grief Not at all A little Moderately A lot 1023 (89.7) 84 (7.4) 29 (2.5) 5 (0.4) 342 (90.7) 27 (7.2) 5 (1.3) 3 (0.8) -0.3432 0.73 5.9 Empathy Not at all A little Moderately A lot 86 (7.5) 185 (16.2) 473 (41.5) 397 (34.8) 16 (4.2) 30 (8.0) 126 (33.4) 205 (54.4) 0.2260 0.82 5.10 Satisfaction Not at all A little Moderately A lot 51 (4.5) 210 (18.4) 488 (42.8) 392 (34.3) 8 (2.1) 40 (10.6) 123 (32.6) 206 (54.7) -0.6572 0.51 5.11 Dignity Not at all A little Moderately A lot 68 (6.0) 227 (19.9) 479 (42.0) 367 (32.1) 18 (4.8) 51 (13.5) 123 (32.6) 185 (49.1) -0.7476 0.45 5.12 Hesitation Not at all A little Moderately A lot 436 (38.2) 526 (46.1) 136 (11.9) 43 (3.8) 261 (69.2) 98 (26.0) 13 (3.5) 5 (1.3) 3.5263 <0.001 5.13 Apprehension Not at all A little Moderately A lot 393 (34.4) 532 (46.6) 160 (14.1) 56 (4.9) 196 (52.0) 160 (42.4) 19 (5.1) 2 (0.5) -1.1302 0.25 5.14 Terror Not at all A little Moderately A lot 729 (63.9) 292 (25.6) 94 (8.2) 26 (2.3) 309 (82.0) 56 (14.8) 11 (2.9) 1 (0.3) 1.4963 0.13 5.15 Fragility Not at all A little Moderately A lot 586 (51.4) 428 (37.5) 105 (9.2) 22 (1.9) 252 (66.8) 98 (26.0) 24 (6.4) 3 (0.8) 2.5598 0.01 5.16 Concern Not at all A little Moderately A lot 367 (32.2) 570 (50.0) 160 (14.0) 44 (3.8) 189 (50.1) 163 (43.2) 23 (6.1) 2 (0.5) 0.0161 0.98 5.17 Uncertainty Not at all A little Moderately A lot 518 (45.4) 469 (41.1) 119 (10.4) 35 (3.1) 276 (73.2) 86 (22.8) 14 (3.8) 1 (0.2) 3.3425 <0.001 5.18 Vulnerability Not at all A little Moderately A lot 589 (51.6) 404 (35.5) 118 (10.3) 30 (2.6) 269 (71.4) 87 (23.1) 17 (4.5) 4 (1.1) 1.9607 0.04 5.19 Refusal Not at all A little Moderately A lot 930 (81.5) 164 (14.4) 40 (3.5) 7 (0.6) 354 (93.9) 17 (4.5) 6 (1.6) 0 (0.0) 3.3950 <0.001 5.20 Curiosity Not at all A little Moderately A lot 226 (19.8) 396 (34.7) 386 (33.8) 133 (11.7) 84 (22.3) 93 (24.7) 135 (35.8) 65 (17.2) 2.6662 0.007 5.21 Exaltation Not at all A little Moderately A lot 515 (45.1) 325 (28.5) 231 (20.2) 70 (6.2) 138 (36.6) 79 (21.0) 88 (23.3) 72 (19.1) 4.5051 <0.001 5.22 Perplexity Not at all A little Moderately A lot 622 (54.5) 407 (35.7) 94 (8.2) 18 (1.6) 302 (80.1) 62 (16.4) 12 (3.2) 1 (0.3) 4.4821 <0.001 6.0 Opinions and values 6.1 I am in favor of the use of HSCs for research or clinical trials Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 50 (4.4) 1 (0.1) 52 (4.6) 502 (44.0) 478 (41.9) 20 (5.3) 12 (3.2) 14 (3.7) 140 (37.1) 191 (50.7) -1.4554 0.14 6.2 HSCT is a life-saving therapy Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 38 (3.3) 34 (3.0) 20 (1.8) 401 (35.1) 648 (56.8) 14 (3.7) 12 (3.2) 2 (0.5) 67 (17.8) 282 (74.8) -5.2654 <0.001 6.3 The donation of HSCs is a choice that everyone should consider Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 42 (3.7) 1 (0.1) 45 (3.9) 402 (35.2) 606 (53.1) 15 (4.0) 9 (2.4) 5 (1.3) 70 (18.6) 278 (73.7) -3.9862 <0.001 6.4 CB donation should be done by default Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 45 (3.9) 107 (9.4) 88 (7.7) 355 (31.1) 546 (47.9) 19 (5.0) 26 (6.9) 29 (7.7) 94 (25.2) 212 (56.2) -0.8844 0.37 6.5 Enrollment in the donor registry should be mandatory for everyone, except for contraindicated cases Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 162 (14.2) 309 (27.1) 154 (13.5) 290 (25.4) 226 (19.8) 34 (9.0) 79 (21.0) 54 (14.3) 89 (23.6) 121 (32.1) 2.0022 0.04 6.6 The general population should have access to more information about HSCs donation Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 45 (4.0) 38 (3.3) 44 (3.9) 282 (24.7) 732 (64.1) 18 (4.8) 6 (1.6) 8 (2.1) 63 (16.7) 282 (74.8) -1.7255 0.08 6.7 If I were to donate my HSCs, I would like to know who receives them Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 253 (22.2) 182 (16.0) 304 (26.6) 251 (22.0) 151 (13.2) 93 (24.7) 63 (16.7) 94 (24.9) 78 (20.7) 49 (13.0) -0.2591 0.79 6.8 If I were to donate my HSCs, I would like to know the recipient's condition Strongly Disagree Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree 116 (10.2) 103 (9.0) 124 (10.9) 424 (37.1) 374 (32.8) 40 (10.6) 23 (6.1) 36 (9.6) 106 (28.1) 172 (45.6) -0.9840 0.32 7.0 Information and education needs 7.1 How well-informed do you consider yourself regarding HSC donation? Not at all Somewhat Enough A lot 279 (24.5) 474 (41.5) 320 (28.0) 68 (6.0) 22 (5.8) 103 (27.3) 180 (47.8) 72 (19.1) 8.0066 <0.001 7.2 Would you like to receive more information about HSC donation? No Yes 155 (13.6) 986 (86.4) 67 (17.8) 310 (82.2) 1.9941 0.04 7.3 If awareness events on HSC donation were organized in your area, would you be interested in attending? No Yes I don’t know 43 (3.8) 861 (75.5) 237 (20.7) 15 (4.0) 310 (82.2) 52 (13.8) -2.5771 0.01 7.4 Would you agree the Institutional providing of information material on HSC donation to every newly young adult? No Yes 17 (1.5) 1124 (98.5) 6 (1.6) 371 (98.4) 0.1396 0.88 Legend: NDG = Non-Donor Group; DG = Donor Group; UCB = Umbilical Cord Blood; PBSC = Peripheral Blood Stem Cell; BM = Bone Marrow; HSC = Hematopoietic Stem Cell; HSCT = Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Significant differences are reported in bold. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Neri","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Massimo","middleName":"","lastName":"Martino","suffix":""},{"id":295433616,"identity":"b239272f-4189-4950-83e9-bb100a814547","order_by":8,"name":"Letizia Lombardini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centro Nazionale Trapianti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Letizia","middleName":"","lastName":"Lombardini","suffix":""},{"id":295433618,"identity":"795530b2-eee6-4577-be67-88d4fb91607a","order_by":9,"name":"Aurora Vassanelli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University and Hospital Trust (AOUI)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aurora","middleName":"","lastName":"Vassanelli","suffix":""},{"id":295433619,"identity":"9b3f8a48-3290-4cce-b7ec-6e43ae8e3038","order_by":10,"name":"Simonetta Pupella","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Centro Nazionale Sangue, Istituto Superiore di Sanità","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simonetta","middleName":"","lastName":"Pupella","suffix":""},{"id":295433620,"identity":"7ba12298-14e5-4e45-9717-8444186664ee","order_by":11,"name":"Simona Pollichieni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simona","middleName":"","lastName":"Pollichieni","suffix":""},{"id":295433621,"identity":"6af807d8-43f9-4dd5-848c-113d66b75a4a","order_by":12,"name":"Nicoletta Sacchi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nicoletta","middleName":"","lastName":"Sacchi","suffix":""},{"id":295433622,"identity":"f7d3eea9-bdbe-46b1-a113-9cb941959939","order_by":13,"name":"Fabio Ciceri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fabio","middleName":"","lastName":"Ciceri","suffix":""},{"id":295433623,"identity":"c0e16250-3e01-48c4-bf5c-a08af0345a95","order_by":14,"name":"Stefano Botti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SOC Ematologia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stefano","middleName":"","lastName":"Botti","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-15 09:46:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55404078,"identity":"83fc090e-e49c-4f8a-848f-8d8d2ee28740","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 20:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51089,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReasons for enrolling in the IBMDR\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.ReasonsforenrollingintheIBMDR.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4268783/v1/6b0e444bca25e1863d4a846b.jpg"},{"id":55404077,"identity":"32eb6d76-dc7c-48f2-8f4e-b90fb15ae8e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 20:16:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":44959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReasons for not enrolling in the IBMDR\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.ReasonsfornotenrollingintheIBMDR.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4268783/v1/cf5307994531330ff1cd1dcc.jpg"},{"id":55404079,"identity":"707f8bb4-73b3-4777-9890-d870e208bc57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-26 20:16:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":736649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eROC curves describing performance of each classifier.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.ROCcurves.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4268783/v1/5ee787f90bb7d9308ca09acb.jpg"},{"id":58053817,"identity":"0b2bc712-eae3-41a4-8c3d-cc76d05a4435","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-10 13:38:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2225558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4268783/v1/c6f86e48-2376-4197-9030-a1eaf9829c11.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eHematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an effective therapeutic approach that has saved the lives of an increasing number of patients worldwide. While primarily used for the treatment of both adult and pediatric patients affected by hematology malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, and myelomas, this procedure is also suitable for patients affected by inborn errors, autoimmune diseases, and solid tumors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Autologous transplantation uses the patient's own stem cells (SCs), while allogeneic HSCT uses SCs from a donor that may be a family member (related) or unrelated. SCs are collected from the peripheral blood, bone marrow, or cord blood and infused to the recipient after high-dose chemo-radiotherapy-based conditioning regimen. A high level of matching donor\u0026ndash;recipient human leucocyte antigen (HLA) is essential to improve outcomes and to avoid immuno-mediated complications such as graft versus host disease (GvHD) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The great variety of the HLA systems among humans decreases the likelihood of finding compatible donors for HSCT patients. The genetic variability within a population as well as between different populations must therefore be considered in unrelated HSCT donor search algorithms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2021, over 47,000 patients received HSCT in Europe, of whom fewer than 20,000 were allogeneic recipients. A continuously increasing trend in the use of both unrelated and haploidentical SC sources has been observed over the last decade [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], with Italy being one of the leading European countries in terms of the number of transplants performed and of outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Here, the practice of allogeneic HSCT has steadily increased over time, stabilizing at above 1900 transplants per year over the last 5 years [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Just over a half of these were performed using cells provided by unrelated donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese advances in the field of transplantation have inevitably led to an increasing need to involve a growing number of potential donors for allogeneic transplantation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. The Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR) was established in 1989, with its activities institutionally recognized by Italian Law No. 52 in March 2001. Its mission is to search for compatible, unrelated, volunteer donors for patients needing HSCT who lack an ideal donor (HLA identical sibling), wherever they are around the world.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe IBMDR is part of a worldwide bone marrow (BM), SC, and cord blood (CB) donor registry network that coordinates all processes related to donor search and selection, donation and collection, and transport up to the patient's bed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoining IBMDR is a compassionate choice that can truly save a life. Individuals must be between 18 and 35 years of age, weigh more than 50 kilograms, and have good health to be considered for IBMDR enrollment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. However, despite the broad range of eligible donors, these must have very well-defined characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], resulting in the fact that the probability of finding full HLA compatibility among family donors (siblings) amounts to 25%, whereas the probability of HLA compatibility with an unrelated donor is only 1 out of 100,000 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This scenario suggests that, although many people may volunteer as potential donors, only a small percentage will actually become donors. Therefore, it is of primary importance to encourage the enrollment of as many individuals as possible in the IBMDR, thereby maximizing the chances of finding a compatible donor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs is well known, the COVID-19 pandemic introduced significant changes both in people\u0026rsquo;s daily life and in healthcare systems, thus impacting both the HSCT process and the registration of new donors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. A small reduction in transplant activities was reported in Europe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] along with an increased demand for donors, reflecting the challenges introduced by the international restrictions during the pandemic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decision to become a donor seems to be influenced by various factors, including age, sex, education, occupation, ethnicity, and religion [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition to these factors, individuals\u0026rsquo; level of understanding of HSCT and donation emerges as a complex and contradictory theme, where awareness of the implications of donation and accurate knowledge of the HSCT process, including its component functions and methods becomes a crucial aspect to dispel stereotypes and promote donation. The shortage of donors could also be attributable to misconceptions, such as the belief that donation may be a risky or painful procedure, when in real life, peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) and umbilical CB sources currently represent 80% of donations and require simple, minimally invasive, safe procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, our study aimed to thoroughly assess the experience, information, opinions, values, and beliefs of the Italian population regarding SC donation in order to identify specific areas that require targeted interventions so as to increase voluntary SC donation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy design\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA nationwide online questionnaire survey directed to the general population of Italy over the age of 16 was conducted on behalf of the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO) from July 2022 to July 2023. The questionnaire was developed by a panel of experts that included members of the GITMO, the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR), the National Transplant Center (Centro Nazionale Trapianti – CNT), the National Blood Center (Centro Nazionale Sangue – CNS), and the University of Bari. The survey was prepared on the Google Forms\u003csup\u003e®\u003c/sup\u003e platform, and the link to access the survey was shared through the GITMO network contacts, the Italian Leukemia Association (Associazione Italiana Leucemie – AIL) contacts, and on social media platforms such as Twitter (now X\u003csup\u003e®\u003c/sup\u003e) and Facebook\u003csup\u003e®\u003c/sup\u003e. A snowballing procedure was adopted to recruit participants by including a cover letter asking the individual to involve family members and friends as well as to share the link on their social media accounts.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection tool was created to investigate respondents’ knowledge, beliefs, feelings, opinions, values, and information needs regarding SC donation. The experts consulted the available literature during the development of the questionnaire; the final version was tested for clarity and readability on 20 participants, then was divided into 9 sections composed by closed ended questions accepting single or multiple responses. The sections were: 1) Sociodemographic information (8 items); 2) General knowledge of donation process (10 items); 3) Knowledge of SCs’ role and function (18 items); 4) Knowledge of SC collection methods (5 items); 5) Respondents’ beliefs (5 items); 6) Respondents’ feelings (22 items); 7) Opinions and values (8 items); 8) Information/education needs (4 items); 9) Reasons to enroll in the IBMDR or not (2 items).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA cover letter presenting the aims of the study and containing information on ethical management was included at the beginning of the questionnaire, which was completely anonymous. Both the consent to participate and data utilization were considered as acquired after questionnaire completion and submission. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Protocol No. 0026388 dated 02 February 2023). The questionnaire's structure adhered to the guidelines set forth by the Italian Data Protection Authority (DPA).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data were collected in an electronic database (Microsoft Excel® 2016). Respondents were clustered into 2 groups: the “Donor Group” (DG), representing those who were currently/formerly enrolled in the IBMDR, and the “Non-Donor Group” (NDG), representing those who had never enrolled in the IBMDR. Descriptive statistical calculations were performed on the entire sample, with mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo identify differences between the 2 groups, the Mann-Whitney U-test was employed. For open-ended questions, generative artificial intelligence (ChatGPT version 3) was used to cluster similar responses and provide a summary of the results. To confirm the positive correlation between knowledge and willingness to donate, the probability of enrolling in the IBMDR was predicted using machine learning (ML). The questionnaire responses were used as features to train various classifiers. Statistical significance was set at a threshold of p\u0026lt;0.05. All statistical computations were performed using MATLAB software, version R2023b.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMachine Learning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo confirm that greater knowledge increases the willingness to donate, a supervised ML approach was employed to predict the probability of becoming an SC donor using the significant factors identified through statistical analysis. This approach aimed to determine how knowledge of implantation impacts the willingness to donate. These factors, along with respondents' knowledge, information, opinions, beliefs, and values regarding SC donation, were utilized as features to train various ML classifiers. Six distinct classifiers – Naive Bayes (NBs), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Trees (DTs), Error-correcting output codes (Ecoc), Discriminant Analysis using Ensemble (DAE), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) – were applied to identify the most suitable model for the predictive task. The features were normalized to a range of 0–1 using min–max normalization on the training dataset. The same normalization parameters were subsequently applied to the test set. The training procedure employed the 5-fold cross-validation approach. To evaluate the classifier's performance and ascertain the optimal threshold for predictions, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was employed. Based on the optimal operating point of the ROC curve, a binary classifier was derived. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and accuracy were utilized as performance metrics. Computational analysis was conducted using MATLAB software, version R2023b.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample characteristics.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe survey collected 1518 complete responses: 1141 (75.2%) from NDG and 377 (24.8%) from DG. The sociodemographic characteristics of the two groups are presented in Table 1. Most of the respondents in both groups were female (75.0% and 76.1%, in NDG and DG, respectively), although the average age was higher in NDG (38.15 vs 36.02, p=0.01), and over half of the sample in both groups was not married (51.3% in NDG; 56.8% in DG). In the DG, respondents lived predominantly in northern Italy (56.8%), while in the NDG, most lived in the South and Islands (51.7%), with a significant difference in distribution between the groups (p\u0026lt;0.001). Regarding education level, most respondents had a university degree (54.2% in NDG; 57.3% in DG) and were employed mainly in the public sector (32.3% in NDG; 25.2% in DG) or in the private sector (23.5% in NDG; 34.0% in DG). Of note, healthcare professionals accounted for 49.2% and for 49.3% of NDG and DG, respectively. In response to the question about religion, the majority in both groups answered that they were Christian (72.3% in NDG; 64.2% in DG), followed by atheists (24.1% in NDG; 28.9% in DG), with a significant difference in distribution (p=0.02), as reported in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put Table 1 here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the size of the table, questionnaire items, response frequencies and percentages, and comparisons among groups are represented in Tables 2 and 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral knowledge of donation process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared with DG, NDG respondents knew less about the health problems that generate the need for compatible donors in Italy (75.6% in DG vs 48.3% in NDG, p\u0026lt;0.0001); NDG also knew significantly less frequently about the existence of the IBMDR (85.2% vs 96.0%, p\u0026lt;0.0001) and about the activities of volunteer associations promoting donation (90.2% vs 51.7%, p\u0026lt;0.0001). NDG respondents also knew less about CB donation (87.8% vs 83.4%, p=0.03) and about the activities of CB banks (67.1% vs 57.4%, p\u0026lt;0.0001). Interestingly, 36.5% of NDG respondents were found to be more willing to donate if they could choose the recipient. Table 1 shows other significant differences between the groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs reported by the DG, the main reasons leading to IBMDR enrollment were the desire to do something for others (82.2%), the awareness raised by volunteer associations (38.5%), the awareness raised by hospital facilities such as transfusion services (26.8%), having a relative/friend with cancer (19.9%), and other reasons detailed in figure 1. Figure 2 illustrates the main reasons for not enrolling in IBMDR as reported by NDG; major findings include the lack of knowledge (36.0%) and low level of concern about the problem (36.0%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eReasons for enrolling in the IBMDR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put figure 1 here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eReasons for not enrolling in the IBMDR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put figure 2 here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of stem cell role and function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDG demonstrated greater knowledge than did NDG of SC characteristics such as duplication and self-renewal (79.3% vs. 66.3%, p\u0026lt;0.0001) and differentiation and maturation activities (72.7% vs. 59.6%, p\u0026lt;0.0001). This trend was confirmed responding to more specific questions on SC functions, including red cells (75.3% vs 62.5% of correct answers, p\u0026lt;0.001), white cells (79.4% vs 59.6%, p\u0026lt;0.001) and platelet production (71.1% vs 60.0%; p\u0026lt;0.001). DG had greater knowledge of where the SCs can be harvested for or not, thus SC can be collected from the BM for 93.1% of respondents in DG versus 84.5% in NDG (p\u0026lt;0.001). Excluding that on UCB donation (p=0.06), significant differences with the same direction were found for all questions of this section. Look at table 2 for more details.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of stem cell collection methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNDG had limited familiarity with collection sources compared to DG. For instance, NDG demonstrated less knowledge of SC harvesting methods such as BM explant through repeated punctures of the iliac crests (67.7% vs. 86.5%, p\u0026lt;0.0001), stem cell harvesting through apheresis (62.1% vs. 83.8%, p\u0026lt;0.0001), and collection from the umbilical cord vessels (61.3% vs. 70.5%, p=0.004). Other differences between the groups are presented in Table 2, items 4.0–4.5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRespondents’ knowledge of stem cell donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put Table 2 here \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents’ beliefs about stem cell donation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAwareness of the safety of SC collection methods (PBSC collection, BM harvesting, and CB collection) was greater among DG than among NDG; 92.3% of DG and 85.5% of NDG (p\u0026lt;0.0001) believed that CB collection is a safe procedure for both the mother and the baby, and 89.1% of DG and 77.2% of NDG (p\u0026lt;0.0001) believed that the PBSC collection procedure was safe. Both groups had a little more fear of BM harvesting as a procedure (Table 3. Items 4.0–4.5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents’ feelings about stem cell donation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe emotional levels experienced when thinking about donation were explored by asking all respondents to rate their feelings using a 4-point Likert scale (not at all, a little, moderately, a lot) when considering a set of 22 human emotions applicable to the donation setting.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results revealed differences between the 2 groups: DG experienced less fear (p=0.02), hesitation (p\u0026lt;0.001), feeling of fragility (p=0.01), uncertainty (p\u0026lt;0.001), vulnerability (p=0.04), refusal (p\u0026lt;0.001), and perplexity (p\u0026lt;0.001) and greater exaltation (p\u0026lt;0.001), curiosity (p=0.007), enthusiasm (p\u0026lt;0.001), and sense of solidarity (p\u0026lt;0.001). Table 3 reports a complete list of the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpinions and values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section of the questionnaire used a 5-point Likert scale for each question, with the extremes being “Extremely Disagree” and “Strongly Agree”. No difference between the groups was found regarding their agreement that SC should be used in clinical trials and research (p=0.14). The groups had similar opinions on the need to have more information on donation facilities (p=0.08) and on the usefulness of receiving information on transplant outcome after donation (p=0.32). Interestingly, the whole sample agreed that CB should be collected by default (81.4% of DG and 79.0% of NDG, p=0.37). A high variability in opinions was found regarding whether the identities of the donor and recipient should be shared, with no differences between groups (p=0.79). Significant differences in the distribution of answers between the groups were seen. A high percent of respondents in both groups agreed that HSCT is a lifesaving treatment (92.6% of DG and 91.9% of NDG, p\u0026lt;0.001), and that SC donation should be considered by everyone who is eligible (92.3% in DG and 88.3% in NDG, p\u0026lt;0.001). According to 55.7% of DG and 45.2% of NDG (p=0.04), IBMDR enrollment should be mandatory for everyone who is eligible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformation and education needs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section of the questionnaire investigated the willingness of participants to receive more information. In NDG, 66% of the sample did not consider themselves informed enough about donation, compared 33.1% of DG (p\u0026lt;0.001). Interestingly, both groups reported they were interested in receiving further information and education (82.2% and 86.4% of DG and NDG, respectively), with significantly more in NDG (p=0.04). However, even with high percentages in both groups (82.2% of DG and 75.5% of NDG), NDG appeared to be less interested in participating in awareness initiatives on SC donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBeliefs, feelings, values, and education needs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put Table 3 here\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProbability of becoming an SC Donor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA complex network of reasons and attitudes influencing the decision to enroll in the IBMDR emerged; key findings were the lack of information and feelings such as fear and lack of trust in the donation process. In contrast, respondents enrolled in IBMDR expressed their deep willingness to contribute to the wellbeing of others, with various factors supporting their choice. However, more and better knowledge appeared to be positively associated with the decision of whether to donate. The questionnaire findings were then used for ML of 6 classifiers to predict the probability of enrolling in the IBMDR; the result obtained was an average accuracy (AUC) of 76.7% (±5.4).\u0026nbsp;Figure 3 illustrates the\u0026nbsp;ROC curves generated by each classifier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003e ROC curves describing performance of each classifier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlease put figure 3 here.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, this is the first study to thoroughly assess the knowledge, information, feelings, opinions, values, and beliefs of the Italian population regarding SC donation. To identify specific areas requiring targeted interventions to increase donation, the sample of 1518 individuals was divided into 2 groups retrospectively: NDG (participants never enrolled in the IBMDR) and DG (participants currently or formerly enrolled in the IBMDR at the time of data collection).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn line with previous published papers\u0026nbsp;[16\u0026ndash;18], 24.8% of the sample was made up of individuals who were enrolled in the IBMDR. However, considering that online survey adherence might be affected by personal attitudes and experience and that a significant portion of the population might be not aware of online surveys, this percentage may be overestimated, which emphasizes the need for additional efforts to increase awareness of SC donation among the general population. A detailed response analysis revealed, especially among NDG respondents, a lack of knowledge and a limited awareness of SC donation, for example, no knowledge of the activity of volunteer associations throughout the country. The most important knowledge gaps that emerged concerned more specific topics and technical information, such as the different SC sources and collection methods as well as on their role and functions. We are aware that this information may not be included in what institutional awareness campaigns normally provide; however, in light of our findings, it is worth reflecting on whether awareness campaigns should provide more detailed information on the SC donation process and procedures to help potential donors take this decision.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf particular interest were the feelings expressed by the NDG when thinking about donation; they showed significantly higher levels of fear, uncertainty, perplexity, vulnerability, and refusal. Some of these feelings have already been recognized to negatively impact donation intention [26].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the \u0026quot;Beliefs\u0026quot; section are comforting in terms of their prevalence in both groups, although they were significantly worse in NDG. This suggests that the lower levels of information, knowledge, and awareness in our sample were associated with a higher inclination to formulate incorrect beliefs. Some negative beliefs were generated by misunderstandings and by a lack of knowledge. For example, many people in Italy confuse \u0026ldquo;midollo osseo\u0026rdquo; (bone marrow) with \u0026ldquo;midollo spinale\u0026rdquo; (spinal cord) due to the assonance of the respective terms in Italian and the greater familiarity with the consequence of spinal cord lesions than with those caused by bone marrow issues. The fear of possible negative health consequences such as paralysis or other neurological disorders may also be due to issues at the local level. Instead, NDG\u0026rsquo;s high level of fear of developing a blood disorder could be due to incorrect information and/or misinterpretation of the risk factors of disease development [27]. Respondents in DG experienced higher levels of emotions such as solidarity, enthusiasm, curiosity, and exaltation at the thought of possibly donating, even though they had not yet had this experience. This finding suggests that the decision to enroll in the IBMRD may lead to positive life experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe majority of respondents identified \u0026quot;lack of information\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;concerns about their health\u0026quot; as the main reasons for deciding not to become a donor [26]. These results align with the findings of other studies\u0026nbsp;[16, 19]. It is interesting to note that the fear of pain could negatively influence the attitude of subjects towards SC donation, as reported by other authors\u0026nbsp;[17, 19]. However, considering the general lack of knowledge on SC collection methods, potential donors may be not aware that certain procedures, such as umbilical CB donation and PBSC collection, are painless. Indeed, CB and PBSC collection are well-established, safe nonsurgical procedures to collect blood-forming cells for bone marrow transplants\u0026nbsp;[8]. Furthermore, although both BM and PBSC collection are recognized as safe procedures [31], the need to harvest BM surgically and to administer mobilization drugs before PBSC donation may be important procedure-related factors that cause an individual to be reluctant about becoming a donor and thus about enrolling in the registry [27,32].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, it is noteworthy that almost all respondents claimed they agreed or strongly agreed with the importance of HSCT as a lifesaving therapy, suggesting that awareness of the effectiveness of donation as a means of treatment may be a powerful motivational driver. This indicates that developing campaigns that increase awareness that SC donation is crucial to saving lives and that thus leverage solidarity may be opportune. Of note were the respondents of the 2 groups who stated that they would be more inclined to donate if they had the opportunity to know who the recipient was. This preference revealed a deeper and more specific emotional involvement than the general motivation that leads to donation. This particular group could therefore be a key target for educational campaigns that emphasize the possibility of having a direct role in the lifesaving treatment of hematology patients. The importance of knowing the health status of the recipient also emerged as a motivational factor in both groups. Although the law does not allow a donor to know who the recipient is, the limited information that a donation center can provide may be a compromise between regulation compliance and satisfying a donor\u0026rsquo;s desire for emotional connection. This suggests that transparency regarding the process and its positive impact on the lives of those involved could be a considerable stimulus to encourage donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ML results suggest that a higher level of knowledge and information about SC donation is associated with a greater likelihood of enrolling in the IBMDR. This implies that a deeper understanding of the processes involved in donation and of the benefits to recipients as well as assurances to donors all play a key role in encouraging donation. These results underscore the importance of promoting educational interventions to shape opinions and decisions regarding donation. In light of this, as healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in promoting awareness about donation, involving them in raising public awareness and increasing participation in education campaigns may be crucial\u0026nbsp;[19, 20]. The literature also highlights that including lectures on the topic in university curricula may be associated with an increased willingness among college students to donate\u0026nbsp;[21, 22]. Indeed, it has been observed that integrating specific content in degree programs provides students with the opportunity to learn more about the issues related to donation, thereby raising their awareness and promoting positive attitudes towards this form of medical solidarity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the study\u0026apos;s efforts to use a widely accessible communication channel to engage a representative sample of the population and to thus obtain generalizable results, it is important to carefully consider the intrinsic limitations of the study, including the limited size of the sample. Additionally, there is the possibility that respondents\u0026rsquo; answers were influenced by social perception rather than expressing their sincere opinions. This may have led to truthful answers but not necessarily resulting in action. Another limitation to consider is the nature of the questions posed; result distortion may have occurred as respondents may have exaggerated or downplayed their experiences related to the examined theme.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study findings provide a clear indication of the crucial role that increased knowledge plays in shaping attitudes toward SC donation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe identified lack of awareness, especially among NDG participants, underscores the imperative need to implement targeted initiatives to enhance health education and to raise public awareness about SC donation, confirmed by the correlation between a deeper understanding of the donation process and a greater inclination to enroll in the IBMDR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformation campaigns should be directed both to non-donors, emphasizing donation procedures and methods, and to current donors to reinforce their knowledge and awareness of the importance of their participation; this strategy can help overcome psychological barriers and concerns associated with donation. In this context, the active involvement of healthcare professionals and the incorporation of specific content into academic curricula could play a significant role in increasing willingness to donate. Implementation of these and other initiatives should be encouraged to reach a broader audience and to foster a culture of awareness about SC donation, from the early stages of higher education on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the conclusions underscore the need for a strategic commitment at the social, educational, and informational levels to address existing gaps in the understanding of SC donation. Only through an integrated and multidimensional approach will it be possible to increase awareness, promote active participation, and cultivate a culture of solidarity toward SC donation in Italy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank all the institutions that supported this work: the Italian Bone Marrow Registry (IBMDR), the Centro Nazionale Trapianti (CNT), the Centro Nazionale Sangue (CNS), and the Gruppo Italiano Trapianto di Midollo Osseo (GITMO).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors also thank Jacqueline M. Costa for the English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest/Competing interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bologna (Protocol No. 0026388 dated 02/02/2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformation on ethical management was put at the beginning of the online questionnaire. The survey was completely anonymous, and both the consent to participate and data utilization were considered as acquired after questionnaire completion and submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the last author (Stefano Botti, email [email protected]) upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Stefano Botti, Roberto Lupo, Nicoletta Sacchi; Data Curation: Aurora Vassanelli, Simona Pollichieni; Methodology: Ivan Rubbi, Letizia Lombardini; Formal analysis: Luana Conte, Marco Cioce; Investigation: Chiara Ianne; Visualization: Luana Conte; Validation: Luana Conte, Roberto Lupo; Writing - original draft preparation: Luana Conte, Massimo Martino; Writing - review and editing: Stefano Botti, Simonetta Pupella; Funding acquisition: N/A; Resources: Luana Conte, Elsa Vitale; Supervision: Giorgio De Nunzio, Fabio Ciceri.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Agreement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirm that the submitted version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all named authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Hatzimichael, M. Tuthill, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation., Stem Cells Cloning. 3 (2010) 105\u0026ndash;17. https://doi.org/10.2147/SCCAA.S6815.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJanowiak-Majeranowska, F. Lebiedziński, A. Majeranowski, Bone marrow donation in Poland: 2021 update, and the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Clin. Ethics. 17 (2022) 22\u0026ndash;31. https://doi.org/10.1177/14777509211036643.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD.M. Toraldo, S. Toraldo, L. Conte, The Clinical Use of Stem Cell Research in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Critical Analysis of Current Policies., J. Clin. Med. Res. 10 (2018) 671\u0026ndash;678. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr3484w.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eT. Jo, Y. Arai, T. Kondo, S. Mizuno, S. Hirabayashi, Y. Inamoto, N. Doki, T. Fukuda, Y. Ozawa, Y. Katayama, Y. Kanda, K. Fukushima, K.-I. Matsuoka, S. Takada, M. Sawa, T. Ashida, M. Onizuka, T. Ichinohe, Y. Atsuta, J. Kanda, M. Yanada, Advantages of peripheral blood stem cells from unrelated donors versus bone marrow transplants in outcomes of adult acute myeloid leukemia patients., Cytotherapy. 24 (2022) 1013\u0026ndash;1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.05.009.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTiercy, J. M., \u0026amp; Claas, F. (2013). Impact of HLA diversity on donor selection in organ and stem cell transplantation. Human heredity, 76(3-4), 178\u0026ndash;186. https://doi.org/10.1159/000358798\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePassweg, J. R., Baldomero, H., Chabannon, C., Basak, G. W., de la C\u0026aacute;mara, R., Corbacioglu, S., Dolstra, H., Duarte, R., Glass, B., Greco, R., Lankester, A. C., Mohty, M., Peffault de Latour, R., Snowden, J. A., Yakoub-Agha, I., Kr\u0026ouml;ger, N., \u0026amp; European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) (2021). Hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy survey of the EBMT: monitoring of activities and trends over 30 years. Bone marrow transplantation, 56(7), 1651\u0026ndash;1664. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-021-01227-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEurostat (2020). Stem cell transplantation in the EU. Retrieved November 23, 2023, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20201010-1. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGruppo Italiano per il Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, cellule staminali emopoietiche e terapia cellulare (GITMO) (May, 15-16, 2023). Transplant Activity 2022. Retrieved November 23, 2023, from https://www.gitmo.it/libro-gitmo-e-report-annuali/gitmo-2022.html.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eItalian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (2023). IBMDR Report 2023. Attivit\u0026agrave; annual rete donazione e trapianto di CSE da donator non famigliare. Retrieved January 20, 2024, from https://ibmdr.galliera.it/dati-attivita. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIstituto Superiore di Sanit\u0026agrave;, Centro Nazionale Trapianti (December 5, 2018). FAQ CSE (Cellule Staminali Emopoietiche). Retrived January 11, 2024, from https://www.trapianti.salute.gov.it/trapianti/dettaglioFaqCnt.jsp?lingua=italiano\u0026amp;area=cnt\u0026amp;menu=cittadini\u0026amp;sottomenu=faq\u0026amp;id=210. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl-Kadiry, A. E., Rafei, M., \u0026amp; Shammaa, R. (2021). Cell Therapy: Types, Regulation, and Clinical Benefits. Frontiers in medicine, 8, 756029. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.756029. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRusso, D., Polverelli, N., Malagola, M., Farina, M., Leoni, A., Bernardi, S., Mammoliti, S., Sacchi, N., Martino, M., Ciceri, F., \u0026amp; GITMO Centers (2021). Changes in Stem Cell Transplant activity and procedures during SARS-CoV2 pandemic in Italy: an Italian Bone Marrow Transplant Group (GITMO) nationwide analysis (TransCOVID-19 Survey). Bone marrow transplantation, 56(9), 2272\u0026ndash;2275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-021-01287-w\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePassweg, J. R., Baldomero, H., Chabannon, C., Corbacioglu, S., de la C\u0026aacute;mara, R., Dolstra, H., Glass, B., Greco, R., Mohty, M., Neven, B., Peffault de Latour, R., Perić, Z., Snowden, J. A., Yakoub-Agha, I., Sureda, A., Kr\u0026ouml;ger, N., \u0026amp; European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) (2022). Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapies in Europe 2020: a report from the EBMT activity survey. Bone marrow transplantation, 57(5), 742\u0026ndash;752. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-022-01604-x. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBordat, J., Maury, S., \u0026amp; Leclerc, M. (2023). Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the COVID-19 era. Frontiers in immunology, 14, 1100468. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1100468. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerlow J. H. (2006). Patients\u0026apos; knowledge of umbilical cord blood banking. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 51(8), 642\u0026ndash;648. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaragiorgou, L. Z., Pantazopoulou, M. N., Mainas, N. C., Beloukas, A. I., \u0026amp; Kriebardis, A. G. (2014). Knowledge about umbilical cord blood banking among Greek citizens. Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue, 12 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), s353\u0026ndash;s360. https://doi.org/10.2450/2013.0297-12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatijević, R., \u0026amp; Erjavec, K. (2016). Knowledge and attitudes among pregnant women and maternity staff about umbilical cord blood banking. Transfusion medicine (Oxford, England), 26(6), 462\u0026ndash;466. https://doi.org/10.1111/tme.12365. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJordens, C. F., Kerridge, I. H., Stewart, C. L., O\u0026apos;Brien, T. A., Samuel, G., Porter, M., O\u0026apos;Connor, M. A., \u0026amp; Nassar, N. (2014). Knowledge, beliefs, and decisions of pregnant Australian women concerning donation and storage of umbilical cord blood: a population-based survey. Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 41(4), 360\u0026ndash;366. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12121. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAurelio, M. T., Aniasi, A., Haworth, S. E., Colombo, M. B., Dimonopoli, T., Mocellin, M. C., Poli, F., Torelli, R., Crespiatico, L., Serafini, M., \u0026amp; Scalamogna, M. (2011). Analysis of the motivation for hematopoietic stem cell donation. Transplantation proceedings, 43(4), 981\u0026ndash;984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.01.128. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeberdy, L., Young, J., Massey, D. L., \u0026amp; Kearney, L. (2018). Parents\u0026apos; knowledge, awareness and attitudes of cord blood donation and banking options: an integrative review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 395. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2024-6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOtifi, H. M., Asiri, M. A., Ahmad, M. T., AlAsiri, A. A. A., AlOudhah, S. M., Alshorfi, H. A., Alalmai, A. M., \u0026amp; Alam, M. M. (2020). Measuring public awareness about blood donation in Assir, South-Western Saudi Arabia. Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine, 27(3), 122\u0026ndash;127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2020.06.005H. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRennert, W., Cormier, K., Sprott, S. (2021). The Donor \u0026ndash; Recipient Weight Ratio is a Reliable Marker for Cell Yield in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donations. OBM Transplantation, 5(4), 156; doi:10.21926/obm.transplant.2104156. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSikora, A., Wiorkowski, K., Szara, P., \u0026amp; Drabko, K. (2014). Knowledge and attitude of Lublin universities students\u0026apos; toward the opportunity of becoming unrelated bone marrow donor. Folia medica Cracoviensia, 54(2), 27\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNarayanan, P., Wolanskyj, A., Ehlers, S. L., Litzow, M. R., Patnaik, M. S., Hogan, W. J., \u0026amp; Hashmi, S. K. (2016). Medical Students\u0026apos; Knowledge, Familiarity, and Attitudes towards Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donation: Stem Cell Donation Behaviors. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation: journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 22(9), 1710\u0026ndash;1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2016.06.014. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaini, R., Al-Thagafi, A. (2020). Medical Students\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude towards hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and donation behaviour at Taif university. Health Edu Care, 5. DOI: 10.15761/HEC.1000178. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlSubaie, R. S., Alhamaid, Y. A., Alali, R. S., Altaha, M. A., Aldalbahi, A. A., \u0026amp; Ibrahim Ali, S. (2023). Factors Influencing Individuals\u0026apos; Decision-Making Regarding Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia. Cureus, 15(9), e46015. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.46015\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSwitzer, G. E., Goycoolea, J. M., Dew, M. A., Graeff, E. C., \u0026amp; Hegland, J. (2001). Donating stimulated peripheral blood stem cells vs bone marrow: do donors experience the procedures differently?. Bone marrow transplantation, 27(9), 917\u0026ndash;923. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1703011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCavicchi, I., \u0026amp; Regano, D. (2023). L\u0026rsquo;attitudine alla donazione di cellule staminali ematopoietiche da sangue periferico: uno studio cross sectional sugli studenti di infermieristica. L\u0026rsquo;Infermiere, 60(2), 46\u0026ndash;54. https://doi.org/10.57659/SSI.2023.005. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNacheva, E., Ahyee, T., Addada, J., Navarette, C., Pamphilon, D., Regan, F., Pawson, R., Szydlo, R., Goldman, J., Mackinnon, S., Shaw, B. E., \u0026amp; Madrigal, A. (2020). Absence of damaging effects of stem cell donation in unrelated donors assessed by FISH and gene variance screening. Bone marrow transplantation, 55(7), 1290\u0026ndash;1296. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41409-020-0945-y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBehfar, M., Faghihi-Kashani, S., Hosseini, A. S., Ghavamzadeh, A., \u0026amp; Hamidieh, A. A. (2018). Long-Term Safety of Short-Term Administration of Filgrastim (rhG-CSF) and Leukophresis Procedure in Healthy Children: Application of Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Collection in Pediatric Donors. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 24(4), 866\u0026ndash;870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.12.786.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBosi, A., \u0026amp; Bartolozzi, B. (2010). Safety of bone marrow stem cell donation: a review. Transplantation proceedings, 42(6), 2192\u0026ndash;2194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.029.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBredeson, C., Leger, C., Couban, S., Simpson, D., Huebsch, L., Walker, I., Shore, T., Howson-Jan, K., Panzarella, T., Messner, H., Barnett, M., \u0026amp; Lipton, J. (2004). An evaluation of the donor experience in the canadian multicenter randomized trial of bone marrow versus peripheral blood allografting. Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 10(6), 405\u0026ndash;414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbmt.2004.02.003.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMcGlade, D., \u0026amp; Pierscionek, B. (2013). Can education alter attitudes, behaviour and knowledge about organ donation? A pretest-post-test study. BMJ open, 3(12), e003961. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003961. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuta, F., Delli Poggi, A., Ferrara, P., \u0026amp; Lusignani, M. (2019). Analisi degli atteggiamenti, delle conoscenze e della disponibilit\u0026agrave; a donare gli organi degli studenti di Infermieristica [Analysis of attitude, knowledge and willingness of undergraduate nursing students\u0026apos; toward organ donation]. Professioni infermieristiche, 72(4), 247\u0026ndash;252. https://doi.org/10.7429/pi.2019.724247. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHazzazi, A. A., Ageeli, M. H., Alfaqih, A. M., Zakri, A. K., \u0026amp; Elmakki, E. E. (2019). Knowledge and attitude towards hematopoietic stem cell transplantation among medical students at Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 40(10), 1045\u0026ndash;1051. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2019.10.24294.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Respondents\u0026rsquo; sociodemographic characteristics.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"68%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNDG (n=1141)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDG (n=377)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (y\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (\u0026plusmn;SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRange\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.15 (\u0026plusmn;13.53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16-79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.02 (\u0026plusmn;12.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18-89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e855 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287 (76.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (23.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeographic Area\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNorth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCenter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSouth/Islands\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (15.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e590 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorced\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e475 (41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdvanced degree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school diploma\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle school\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449 (39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e445 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (36.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8257\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmployment status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePublic employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate employee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSelf-employed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369 (32.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269 (23.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252 (22.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealthcare professional\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e561 (49.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (50.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186 (49.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0570\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChristianity/Judaism\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuddhism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian religions*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIslam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgnosticism\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAtheism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrefer not to answer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.791666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e824 (72.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.75%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242 (64.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.583333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend: NDG\u003c/strong\u003e = Non-Donor Group; \u003cstrong\u003eDG\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Donor Group.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSignificant differences are reported in bold.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*Asian religions = Chinese religions (Traditional Chinese, Confucianism, Taoism, etc.), Indian religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, etc.), Shintoism, Caodaism.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; knowledge of stem cell donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNDG (n=1141)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDG (n=377)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ-score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.0303030303030303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"96.96969696969697%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGeneral Knowledge of donation process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you ever had a close family member or friend who needed to undergo a HSCT?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940 (82.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201 (17.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270 (71.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.5048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware of the existence of an Italian registry of bone marrow donors?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e972 (85.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e362 (96.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.5854\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that there are various donor centers throughout Italy where it is possible to register as a SC donor?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e777 (68.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349 (92.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.4104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that nonfamilial donations are anonymous, voluntary, and unremunerated?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e884 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364 (96.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.3945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that donation can occur through BM or PBSC collection following mobilization with hematopoietic growth factor?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e737 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e352 (92.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.7294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that in Italy, over 2000 patients every year need to undergo MUD HSCT as the only life-saving therapy available?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e590 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e551 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285 (75.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.2377\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that all mothers can donate their UCB\u0026nbsp;after\u0026nbsp;childbirth?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (16.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e951 (83.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331 (87.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.0668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre you aware that in Italy, CB units donated for HSCT purposes are stored in public CB banks?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516 (45.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e625 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (67.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.2025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould you be more willing to donate HSC if you could choose the recipient?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e725 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (82.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you know if there are volunteer associations aimed to raise awareness about SC donation?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e551 (48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e590 (51.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e340 (90.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.2914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.0303030303030303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"96.96969696969697%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of stem cells\u0026rsquo; role and function\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHSC are capable of duplicating and self-renewing.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e756 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e299 (79.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.6161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAre HSC specialized?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388 (34.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451 (39.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (26.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHSC can give rise to various types of cells through processes of differentiation and maturation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e680 (59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.3331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat do HSC do?\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea \u0026ndash; produce energy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432 (37.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580 (50.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e197 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (36.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb - produce serum (the liquid part of the blood)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e306 (26.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534 (46.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (33.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec - produce red blood cells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e713 (62.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284 (75.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.3362\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed - produce platelets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e685 (60.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e408 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e268 (71.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (24.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.5664\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ee - produce proteins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325 (28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e573 (50.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156 (41.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ef - produce white blood cells\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e680 (59.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288 (76.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.7649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrom where can HSC be harvested in large quantities?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea - sperm/eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e660 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449 (39.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb \u0026ndash; human embryos\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211 (56.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec \u0026ndash; bone marrow\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e964 (84.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (12.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e351 (93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.1536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed - spinal cord\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e394 (34.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434 (38.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313 (27.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e225 (59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ee - blood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e777 (68.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293 (77.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8271\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ef - urine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e763 (66.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e370 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327 (86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg - saliva\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e738 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (82.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh \u0026ndash; vertebral column\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e522 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398 (34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259 (68.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei - umbilical cord\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e979 (85.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.8214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.0303030303030303%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"96.96969696969697%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge of stem cell collection methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe collection of hematopoietic stem cells can occur:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea - by harvesting BM through repeated punctures of the iliac crests (pelvic bones)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e773 (67.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (86.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.6384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb - from peripheral blood through an apheresis machine (such as in platelet donation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e709 (62.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360 (31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316 (83.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.0589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec \u0026ndash; by puncturing the blood vessels (veins) of the umbilical cord after the baby\u0026rsquo;s birth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e699 (61.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379 (33.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266 (70.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (22.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.8805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo collect HSC from peripheral blood, does the donor need to take a medication that stimulates the cells to increase in number and\u0026nbsp;exit\u0026nbsp;the bone marrow?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361 (31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e549 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (67.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.0076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"3.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.125%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoes the collection of SC from BM require the administration of anesthesia (spinal or general)?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.458333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e497 (43.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e421 (36.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256 (67.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.5942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.291666666666667%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend: NDG\u003c/strong\u003e = Non-Donor Group; \u003cstrong\u003eDG\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Donor Group; \u003cstrong\u003eHSCT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; \u003cstrong\u003eSC\u003c/strong\u003e = Stem Cell; \u003cstrong\u003eBM\u003c/strong\u003e = Bone Marrow; \u003cstrong\u003ePBSC\u003c/strong\u003e = Peripheral Blood Stem Cell; \u003cstrong\u003eMUD\u003c/strong\u003e = Matched Unrelated Donor; \u003cstrong\u003eUCB =\u003c/strong\u003e Umbilical Cord Blood; \u003cstrong\u003eCB\u003c/strong\u003e = Cord Blood; \u003cstrong\u003eHSC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Hematopoietic Stem Cell.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSignificant differences are reported in bold.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBeliefs, feelings, values, and education needs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNDG (n=1141)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDG (n=377)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ-score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.040404040404041%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"95.95959595959596%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; beliefs about stem cell donation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUCB collection causes pain for the mother and/or the baby.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e985 (86.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (12.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350 (92.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUCB collection poses risks for the mother and/or the baby.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e976 (85.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (12.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e348 (92.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePBSC collection poses risks of developing blood diseases.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e881 (77.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222 (19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336 (89.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBM explant carries the risk of paralysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e789 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289 (25.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e319 (84.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBM explant results in visible scars.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e792 (69.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (26.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (80.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.040404040404041%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"95.95959595959596%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents\u0026rsquo; feelings about stem cell donation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcceptance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (15.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414 (36.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266 (23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (21.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e499 (43.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188 (16.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.2642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e508 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179 (15.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (54.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.0824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSolidarity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458 (40.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586 (51.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97 (25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260 (69.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.7582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndifference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1023 (89.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355 (94.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnthusiasm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e343 (30.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e442 (38.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221 (19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGratification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e501 (43.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e359 (31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (35.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrief\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1023 (89.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342 (90.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmpathy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e473 (41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205 (54.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2260\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSatisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210 (18.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488 (42.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e392 (34.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e206 (54.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.6572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDignity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227 (19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479 (42.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185 (49.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHesitation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436 (38.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526 (46.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApprehension\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (34.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532 (46.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (14.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (52.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.1302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerror\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e729 (63.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309 (82.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (14.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFragility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428 (37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252 (66.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (26.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConcern\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e367 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e570 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189 (50.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUncertainty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e518 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469 (41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276 (73.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (22.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3425\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVulnerability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRefusal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e930 (81.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164 (14.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354 (93.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (4.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCuriosity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e396 (34.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (35.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExaltation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e515 (45.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325 (28.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231 (20.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (36.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (23.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerplexity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA little\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerately\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622 (54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e407 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (80.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.040404040404041%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"95.95959595959596%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpinions and values\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI am in favor of the use of HSCs for research or clinical trials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e502 (44.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e478 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (37.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191 (50.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.4554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHSCT is a life-saving therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (3.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401 (35.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648 (56.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282 (74.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.2654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe donation of HSCs is a choice that everyone should consider\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (3.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e402 (35.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e606 (53.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (18.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278 (73.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.9862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCB donation should be done by default\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e546 (47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (56.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.8844\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnrollment in the donor registry should be mandatory for everyone, except for contraindicated cases\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (13.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (19.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (21.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (23.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe general population should have access to more information about HSCs donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e732 (64.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282 (74.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.7255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I were to donate my HSCs, I would like to know who receives them\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e253 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304 (26.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251 (22.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (13.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (24.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (13.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.2591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf I were to donate my HSCs, I would like to know the recipient\u0026apos;s condition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisagree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUndecided\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgree\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424 (37.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374 (32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (28.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (45.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.9840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.040404040404041%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"95.95959595959596%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformation and education needs\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHow well-informed do you consider yourself regarding HSC donation?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSomewhat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA lot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279 (24.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474 (41.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e320 (28.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (47.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (19.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould you like to receive more information about HSC donation?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (13.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e986 (86.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (17.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310 (82.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIf awareness events on HSC donation were organized in your area, would you be interested in attending?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e861 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (4.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310 (82.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.5771\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.123711340206185%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.577319587628864%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWould you agree the Institutional providing of information material on HSC donation to every newly young adult?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.34020618556701%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.278350515463918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1124 (98.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.24742268041237%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e371 (98.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.216494845360825%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend: NDG\u003c/strong\u003e = Non-Donor Group; \u003cstrong\u003eDG\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Donor Group; \u003cstrong\u003eUCB\u003c/strong\u003e = Umbilical Cord Blood; \u003cstrong\u003ePBSC\u003c/strong\u003e = Peripheral Blood Stem Cell; \u003cstrong\u003eBM\u003c/strong\u003e = Bone Marrow; \u003cstrong\u003eHSC\u003c/strong\u003e = Hematopoietic Stem Cell; \u003cstrong\u003eHSCT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e= Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. \u003cstrong\u003eSignificant differences are reported in bold.\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, stem cell donation, cord blood donation, knowledge, beliefs, awareness, artificial intelligence.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: In Italy, the demand for allogeneic transplantation exceeds the number of compatible donors registered in the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry (IBMDR). As various factors likely contribute to the donor shortage, our aim was to explore the knowledge, beliefs, opinions, values, and feelings of the Italian population regarding stem cell donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: An online survey was shared through social media. Two groups of respondents were retrospectively identified as those who were (currently or previously) registered on the IBMDR (Donor Group) and those who had never registered (Non-Donor Group). Statistical analyses were performed to confirm the relationship between respondents’ knowledge level and their willingness to donate. Then, a generative artificial intelligence strategy was applied using questionnaire responses as features to train 6 different classifiers for machine learning process. The aim was to predict the probability of IBMDR enrollment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: A total of 1518 respondents from throughout Italy participated in the study. Among NDG, a lower level of knowledge of donation needs (51.7% vs 24.4%, p\u0026lt;0.001) and negative feelings such as fear (Z=-2.2642, p=0.02), perplexity (Z=4.4821, p\u0026lt;0.001), and uncertainty (Z=3.3425, p\u0026lt;0.001) emerged. A higher level of knowledge about stem cell donation and associated processes predicted a greater likelihood of IBMDR enrollment. The machine learning analysis showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranging from 0.65 to 0.81, depending on the classifier.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e: The results underscore the need to improve strategies to raise awareness and knowledge of stem cell donation and its associated process among the Italian population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Raising awareness may increase the likelihood of hematopoietic stem cell donation: analysis of a nationwide survey using Artificial Intelligence","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-26 20:16:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4268783/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0242c1bb-7b60-400a-81db-0596a5e2cfda","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-10T13:30:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-26 20:16:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4268783","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4268783","identity":"rs-4268783","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}