Application prospect of thymosins in autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated kidney diseases

The quest to understand how the immune system maintains balance is one of the most pressing scientific inquiries highlighted by ”Science” magazine. Autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated kidney diseases are primarily attributed to immune dysregulation. Typically, interventions such as steroids, other immunosuppressants, and biologics are required, but these expose patients to a heightened risk of infections. We became intrigued by a category of drugs known as immunomodulators, specifically Thymosins, which may possess both negative and positive immunomodulatory effects. In other words, they can both enhance (stimulate) or suppress the immune response. This paper offers a brief account of the discovery of Thymosins and their role in the context of the immune system’s irregularities seen in autoimmune and kidney diseases. We explore the mechanisms by which Thymosins can modulate the immune response. Additionally, we present a thorough examination of the literature on the use of Thymosins in these diseases, aiming to give medical professionals a clear picture of how these substances can be utilized, focusing on their ability to dampen the immune system. We challenge traditional views on thymosins’ use in autoimmune and immune-mediated kidney diseases and underscore their potential therapeutic roles. Their negative immunomodulatory properties make them potentially valuable as adjuvant therapy alongside glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, especially in situations where the effectiveness of these treatments is suboptimal or intolerable. It is important to note that the dosage range is crucial, and additional studies are essential to elucidate the role of thymosins in these diseases.