Removal of bacterial contaminants in laboratory conditions using glass containers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles

Removal of bacterial contaminants in laboratory conditions using glass containers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Removal of bacterial contaminants in laboratory conditions using glass containers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles Marzie Salandari Rabori, Ebrahim Rezazadeh, Amir Hossein Fatehi Merj, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Nanotechnology can be very beneficial and critical to make a significant impact on sciences such as health and medical purposes. Of these, nanoparticles have an important role and there are many attempts to apply them in diagnosis, disease treatment, gene therapy, dentistry, oncology, the aesthetics industry, drug delivery, and therapeutics due to their importance. However, it seems in the health field and disease prevention, we need more studies for applying the nanoparticles. So, the aim of this study is the evaluation of AgNP nanoparticles and antimicrobial activity against bacteria as self-cleaning properties of glass in a laboratory model. Methods In this study, we designed laboratory glass coated with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) to delete the bacterial contaminants to maintain the health of laboratory personnel. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical approach and examined by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to determine their size, structure, and shape. Also, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to identify organic, polymeric, and, in some cases, inorganic materials and observe chemical properties. Ag NPs were deposited on the glass by dip coater apparatus and finally, the antimicrobial properties of Ag NPs were evaluated by agar well diffusion and colony count methods. Result Based on TEM and DLS's results the synthesized AgNPs are spherical and their sizes are between 50–100 nm. However, the most synthesized particles are 68.9 nm. The antibacterial tests showed that glass-coated AgNP nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity. Conclusion The AgNPs can prevent the colonization of bacteria on surfaces coated with the AgNPs and even more can inhibit their growth. Consequently, AgNP nanoparticles can be utilized to prevent contamination of equipment by bacteria. These glass, with their AgNPs or AgNPs / MPTM coating, have self-cleaning properties and prevent contamination or survival of microbes on their surfaces. Biological sciences/Microbiology Health sciences/Health occupations Ag nanoparticles glass containers bacterial contaminants Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. Introduction Today the importance of nanotechnology in human life especially in the medical sciences and health field is undeniable. Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used for medical purposes to fight disease and improve patient's lives. It can be seen the traces of nanotechnology in the production of medical devices to diagnostics, drug delivery, gene and cancer therapy, and therapeutics that many studies have been conducted on it, too ( 1 – 5 ). Another area where nanoparticles are used in medicine is to prevent the spread of microbial and bacterial contamination because they are a major cause of infections and one of the agents is associated with morbidity and mortality ( 6 ). NPs are utilized as antibacterial coatings in medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections ( 7 ). Various metal nanoparticles, such as silver, copper, and gold, are used as antibacterial agents ( 8 , 9 ). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an essential role because of their inherent antibacterial properties. In fact, silver nanoparticles possess a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties ( 10 – 12 ). AgNPs can penetrate bacterial cell walls, changing the structure of cell membranes and even resulting in cell death. Their efficacy is due not only to their nanoscale size but also to their large ratio of surface area to volume ( 11 ). Bruna et al. in a review paper studied the factors affecting the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles, as well as exposed the advantages of using AgNPs as new antibacterial agents in combination with antibiotics, which will reduce the dosage needed and prevent secondary effects associated to both ( 13 ). Vasiliev et al. in 2023 tested the potency of differently functionalized copper oxide (CuO) NPs to enhance the antibacterial properties of AgNPs and CuO and AgNP combinations were more efficient than Cu or Ag (NPs) alone against a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains such as gram-negative Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ), Enterococcus faecalis , and Streptococcus dysgalactiae . They also studied the mechanisms of synergy and showed that the production of Cu + ions, faster dissolution of Ag + from Ag NPs, and lower binding of Ag + by proteins of the incubation media in the presence of Cu 2+ were the main mechanisms of the synergy. Based on their study, using combinations of Ag and CuO NPs in antibacterial materials, such as wound care products, to increase the antibacterial effect of Ag, improve safety and prevent and cure topical bacterial infections ( 14 ). Menichetti et al. studied Ag nanoparticles' capability to interact with and modify the bacterial outer membrane, resulting in easier internalization. Also, the size effect and shape's role of NPs were investigated which showed the importance of having sufficiently small nanoparticles to allow an efficient cellular uptake. The shape’s role in antibacterial activity is more controversial because it is usually coupled with the size effect ( 15 ). Gibala et al. determined and compared the antibacterial and fungicidal properties of fifteen types of AgNPs and characterized the biological activity of AgNPs by comparable size distributions, shapes, and ion release profiles is dependent on the properties of stabilizing agent molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. E. coli and S. aureus were selected as models of two types of bacterial cells. Candida albicans was selected for the research as a representative type of eukaryotic microorganism. It was established that E. coli was more sensitive to AgNP exposure than S. aureus regardless of AgNP size and surface properties ( 16 ). There are similar studies to investigate the AgNPs properties which is another reason for the importance of these NPs in removing bacterial and fungal infections ( 17 – 19 ). But what is considered here, is putting the nanoparticles on the glass containers for health and environmental goals which has received less attention. While glass will be an ideal substrate because it is inexpensive and available. Wang et.al ( 20 ) covered the glass substrate with gold nanorod (GNR) chip by applying a mercaptosilane to characterize GNR assembly kinetics on the surface of thiol-activated substrates for biosensing application. There are a few other studies too ( 21 , 22 ). Ilie et al. decorate a glass surface with AgNPs to delete some thio-derivatives pollutants in the water. On the other hand, coated nanoparticles on glass were used to absorb thiol-compounds, which is due to the establishment of a strong chemical bond between the nanoparticles and thio-derivatives The result showed this model is able to bind model molecules—dyes from aqueous media ( 22 ). In the current study, the main goal is to prepare antibacterial glass coated by silver nanoparticles to check the self-cleaning properties of glass. 2. Methods and experiments 2.1. Materials Silver Nitrate (AgNO 3 ), sodium citrate (Na 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 .2H 2 O), and 3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane (MPTM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Metanol (CH 3 OH) from Merk Company. Also, bacterial strains including S. aureus (PTCC: 1112) and E. coli ( PTCC: 1399) were prepared Persian type culture collection ( PTCC). 2.2. Synthesis of silver NPs To synthesize the AgNPs, a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 : 1.0 × 10 − 3 M) in deionized water was heated to boiling point. Then, 5 ml of sodium citrate solution (0.003 M) was added dropwise to the AgNO3 boiling solution at pH = 5.8. After 5 minutes, the solution was put at 90 o C in the hot water bath for two hours. The color of the solution slowly turned grayish yellow showing the formation of AgNPs by reduction of the Ag + ions to metallic Ag. Finally, the synthesized AgNPs were cooled at room temperature to use for the next steps ( 23 , 24 ). 2.3. Characterization of the Ag NPs The nanoparticle formation was monitored by the UV-Vis spectra using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer system (Agilent 8453 Spectrophotometer). This step was done using a quartz cell of thickness of 1cm in the wavelength range (350–550) nm. The size distribution of the nanoparticles in the medium was evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Delsa Nano C, Beckman, USA). The result confirmed the formation of AgNPs with the size of between 50–100 nm. TEM test (Zeiss, EM10C, 100KV) was applied to identify the shape and size of the synthesized NPs. 2.4. Covering the glass with silver nanoparticles Because there isn’t any chemical bond between the glass and AgNPs, to cover the glass with AgNPs, we added 3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane (MPTM). Finally, AgNPs are linked via siloxane (Si–O–Si) networks. All procedures were carried out at room temperature in an inert environment. The thin film samples were prepared by putting the clean glass (2.5-inch × 1-inch glass slide) in 100 ml of the solution containing AgNP and MPTM. Dip coater and FTIR were used to cover the AgNP-MPTM solution on the glass and analyze the bond between the AgNPs and MPTM and, respectively. 2.5. Evaluation of antibacterial effects. Half of the McFarland bacterial suspension (1.5 × 108 CFU/mL) from S. aureus (PTCC:1112) and E. coli (PTCC:1319) were prepared from fresh colonies. Ten microliters of Half of the McFarland bacterial suspension (which contained 1.5 ×10 6 CFU/mL) were inoculated on glass slides coated with AgNP/ MPTM for an area of ​​1 square centimeter and were completely spread. Slides were inserted after 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours into falcon tubes with 10 cc sterile saline buffer and were shacked by vortex at the highest speed until the bacteria on the surface of the slides were suspended in the saline buffer. Ten serial dilutions were carried out and 100 microliters of saline buffer were cultured on trypticase soy agar by spreading method. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ºC. The number of living bacteria on the surface of 1 cm 2 of the slides was calculated after the 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. All tests were repeated three times. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Characterization and structural analysis of synthesized NPs As mentioned, silver NPs were synthesized well using the silver nitrate solution and sodium citrate solution (0.003 M) at pH = 5.8. Sodium citrate was added as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The UV-Vis spectroscopy was detected at 350–550 nm wavelength range. As is clear from Fig. 1 , AgNPs were synthesized and a broad peak was observed at 430 nm. The main goal of the AgNps synthesis in this study was study of a simple and reproducible preparation of silver layers on the containers to reduce the bacterial contaminants. The synthesis method was chemical that was effective ( 25 , 26 ). Figure 2 shows the result of DLS test to measure the size of nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are 50–100 nm and most of them are about 68.69 nm. Finally, to estimate the synthesized AgNPs size and assess their shape, TEM test was employed for 30 particles that confirmed the information of spherical NPs with 100 nm. Samples for TEM studies will be prepared by placing drops of the silver nanoparticles solutions on carbon-coated TEM grids ( 27 ). 3.2. Cleaning the glass To remove impurities and create a more suitable coating, laboratory slides were considered as glass samples, washed with ethanol (85%) three times, rinsed with distilled water, and then dried in an oven laboratory for 2 hours at 90 o C. 3.3. Covering the glass by AgNPs As mentioned, AgNPs cannot cover the glass because there is no strong chemical bond to keep them together. So, we used (3-Mercaptoetanol) trimethoxysilane (MPTM) to keep NPs on the glass. MPTM with thiol group acts as a capping agent to make a bridge between AgNPs and glass via the formation of a ligand (Ag–S–C) ( 28 , 29 ). Considering that MPTM is attached to glass from the side of its alkyl groups, hydrolysis of the solution creates a more stable and strong layer. Since MPTM was used for silver coating on glass, different volume ratios of MPTM /nanoparticle solution were prepared to consider the best volume ratio for maximum coating on glass. For this purpose, 50 ml MeOH, 15 ml deionized water, and 6 ml HCL were added to AgNPs- MPTM with 5 different solutions. The prepared solutions were mixed on a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours to make a monotonous solution ( 30 ). Then the cleaned glass were immersed by the dip coater apparatus in 5 solutions with different volume ratios, and after the initial evaluation, samples were taken from them for further investigation. In this way, AgNPs are firmly trapped in siloxane (Si–O–Si) networks. All these steps were done at a temperature room. To confirm the maximum coverage of glass by MPTM/nanoparticle solution, we used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to check the topography and diameter thickness of the nanoparticle layer on glass (picture 2). Glass samples impregnated with AgNPs-MPTM solution were sent to the laboratory for observation using an atomic force microscope. However, due to the roughness of the surface coating layer, the microscope was unable to show the image. These surface roughnesses are due to the presence of MPTM and the adhesive properties of this material. Finally, FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the possible capping silver nanoparticles by (3-Mercaptoetanol) trimethoxysilane (MPTM). The results are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 . Since sodium citrate is used as a stabilizer and reducer to change Ag + ions to metallic Ag, the sharp peaks at 2941.6 cm − 1 and 2840.5 cm − 1 can be related to (CO-O) and a small peak at 1457.11 cm − 1 to (bending CH 2 ). The shark peaks at 1191.26 cm − 1 , 1086.42 cm − 1 and 810 cm − 1 can be shown as the position of the stretch bond of (C-OH) and (C-H) ( 31 ). Although FTIR analysis did not directly determine the presence of silver nanoparticles in AgNP/ MPTM solution, with a brief look at the diagram can deduce that there is a connection between AgNP and MPTM by comparing two Figures (3 and 4). For example, some small peaks in 1343 − 1259 cm-1 are not related to MPTM structure and can be related to AgNP/ MPTM connection. Also, 1170 cm − 1 and a wide peak at 3453.25 cm − 1 the signs of (Si-O-Si) formation, and (Si-OH) shows the hydrolysis of MPTM. By interpretation, the diagram can deduce that 2928.63 cm − 1 , 2556 cm − 1 and 1406.77 are related to (-CH 2 -), (HS) and (CH 3 ), respectively ( 32 ). Also. The small peaks in 771.73 and 463.10 cm − 1 represent the (Si-CH 2 -R) and (Si-OCH 3 ) ( 33 ). The above-mentioned procedure of silver layer preparation involves a low consumption of silver nitrate. The substantial advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that the deposition of silver nanoparticles on the glass is more cost-effective( 34 ). 3.4. The anti-bacterial potential of AgNPs The AgNP/MPTM nanoparticles had antimicrobial properties, which can be seen in picture 3 and Fig. 5 . Its antibacterial properties on the gram-positive bacterium S. aureus were almost similar to those of the gram-negative bacterium E. coli . Over time, the antimicrobial effects of AgNP/ MPTM also increase, and the number of viable cells decreases significantly compared to the control (without AgNP/MPTM ). Previous studies have shown that AgNP nanoparticles possess antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity( 35 , 36 ). The AgNP can suppress and inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in well diffusion and colony count methods such as our experiment (AgNP/MPTM nanoparticle)( 37 ). Therefore, the AgNP/MPTM nanoparticle exhibits suitable antimicrobial activity and could be applied as a layer or surface coating on medical devices such as culture flasks and urinary catheters to prevent bacterial colonization and inhibit their growth. However, clinical application requires further studies. 5. Conclusion In our study, we covered the glass surface with AgNPs using MPTM as an intermediate. MPTM connects with glass on one side (-OR side) and NPs on the other side (thiol side) and it deposed nanoparticles on the glass substrate. But what was important for us was whether the nanoparticles still retained their antibacterial properties after connecting to MPMT for covering on the glass. Microbial results show that the creation of AgNP/MPTM bond does not hinder the activity of the antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. Therefore, nano-coated glass serve as a substrate to kill bacteria and this is a milestone for the production of glass laboratory containers with self-cleaning properties to increase the health of personnel. We hope that further studies will be conducted to help the health of personnel who are at risk of dealing with contaminated containers. Abbreviations 3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane: MPTM Ag nanoparticles: AgNPs Declarations Informed consent: No informed consent Author Contribution All the authors had an important role in this research based on their expertise. Acknowledgements This project was supported by a grant from the Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Data Availability The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amir","middleName":"Hossein Fatehi","lastName":"Merj","suffix":""},{"id":481678966,"identity":"55c395c3-adc3-4186-83d2-819e13750219","order_by":3,"name":"Mojgan Noroozi-Karimabad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mojgan","middleName":"","lastName":"Noroozi-Karimabad","suffix":""},{"id":481678968,"identity":"4df88876-3c4f-422c-9c82-05083bfad787","order_by":4,"name":"Yasin Nazari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasin","middleName":"","lastName":"Nazari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-26 06:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86318159,"identity":"eb2415a7-e034-47c0-b5a6-c69f36f38a99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:15:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eUV-Vis absorption spectrum of synthesized AgNPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/1774d7482da8e6f7aa9155b8.png"},{"id":86316896,"identity":"372e3333-70d6-47aa-9ed8-3603d3133c21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:07:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDLS result of synthesized AgNPs\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/98daa6921b88f8616afdb684.png"},{"id":86316902,"identity":"52e4d2a0-0945-4b1a-b27a-4e32723d1ed5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:07:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of AgNP\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/d193bbce9203b9984595357b.png"},{"id":86318160,"identity":"cfa35a98-336d-4b7b-ba91-ba084159469a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:15:21","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52325,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of AgNP\u003cstrong\u003e/\u003c/strong\u003e MPTM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/c6b31f161901409919d0cfc9.png"},{"id":86316904,"identity":"9969b4d6-bd44-4c04-a044-cdb42cd93d5f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:07:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial effect of AgNP/MPTM on \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e bacteria at 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours by colony counting method.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/3aa3e9406a7f229ca4f6087c.png"},{"id":87861677,"identity":"895ec8e5-cfec-4d12-8686-d78893c1ad0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 18:31:37","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":757278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/527bad84-6093-45fd-9b25-94a7a7222f20.pdf"},{"id":86318158,"identity":"fe56a528-3727-45cd-b76d-b15e19b06424","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-09 09:15:21","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":473035,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Pictures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6532961/v1/400060902ed9e29ab3fff129.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Removal of bacterial contaminants in laboratory conditions using glass containers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eToday the importance of nanotechnology in human life especially in the medical sciences and health field is undeniable. Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used for medical purposes to fight disease and improve patient's lives. It can be seen the traces of nanotechnology in the production of medical devices to diagnostics, drug delivery, gene and cancer therapy, and therapeutics that many studies have been conducted on it, too (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Another area where nanoparticles are used in medicine is to prevent the spread of microbial and bacterial contamination because they are a major cause of infections and one of the agents is associated with morbidity and mortality (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). NPs are utilized as antibacterial coatings in medicinal materials to prevent infection and promote wound healing, in antibiotic delivery systems to treat disease, in bacterial detection systems to generate microbial diagnostics, and in antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial infections (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Various metal nanoparticles, such as silver, copper, and gold, are used as antibacterial agents (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have an essential role because of their inherent antibacterial properties. In fact, silver nanoparticles possess a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). AgNPs can penetrate bacterial cell walls, changing the structure of cell membranes and even resulting in cell death. Their efficacy is due not only to their nanoscale size but also to their large ratio of surface area to volume (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Bruna et al. in a review paper studied the factors affecting the antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles, as well as exposed the advantages of using AgNPs as new antibacterial agents in combination with antibiotics, which will reduce the dosage needed and prevent secondary effects associated to both (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Vasiliev et al. in 2023 tested the potency of differently functionalized copper oxide (CuO) NPs to enhance the antibacterial properties of AgNPs and CuO and AgNP combinations were more efficient than Cu or Ag (NPs) alone against a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains such as gram-negative \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e as well as gram-positive \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (S. \u003cem\u003eaureus\u003c/em\u003e), \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus dysgalactiae\u003c/em\u003e. They also studied the mechanisms of synergy and showed that the production of Cu\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions, faster dissolution of Ag\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e from Ag NPs, and lower binding of Ag\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e by proteins of the incubation media in the presence of Cu\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e were the main mechanisms of the synergy. Based on their study, using combinations of Ag and CuO NPs in antibacterial materials, such as wound care products, to increase the antibacterial effect of Ag, improve safety and prevent and cure topical bacterial infections (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Menichetti et al. studied Ag nanoparticles' capability to interact with and modify the bacterial outer membrane, resulting in easier internalization. Also, the size effect and shape's role of NPs were investigated which showed the importance of having sufficiently small nanoparticles to allow an efficient cellular uptake. The shape\u0026rsquo;s role in antibacterial activity is more controversial because it is usually coupled with the size effect (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Gibala et al. determined and compared the antibacterial and fungicidal properties of fifteen types of AgNPs and characterized the biological activity of AgNPs by comparable size distributions, shapes, and ion release profiles is dependent on the properties of stabilizing agent molecules adsorbed on their surfaces. \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e were selected as models of two types of bacterial cells. Candida albicans was selected for the research as a representative type of eukaryotic microorganism. It was established that \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was more sensitive to AgNP exposure than \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e regardless of AgNP size and surface properties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). There are similar studies to investigate the AgNPs properties which is another reason for the importance of these NPs in removing bacterial and fungal infections (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). But what is considered here, is putting the nanoparticles on the glass containers for health and environmental goals which has received less attention. While glass will be an ideal substrate because it is inexpensive and available. Wang et.al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) covered the glass substrate with gold nanorod (GNR) chip by applying a mercaptosilane to characterize GNR assembly kinetics on the surface of thiol-activated substrates for biosensing application. There are a few other studies too (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Ilie et al. decorate a glass surface with AgNPs to delete some thio-derivatives pollutants in the water. On the other hand, coated nanoparticles on glass were used to absorb thiol-compounds, which is due to the establishment of a strong chemical bond between the nanoparticles and thio-derivatives The result showed this model is able to bind model molecules\u0026mdash;dyes from aqueous media (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the main goal is to prepare antibacterial glass coated by silver nanoparticles to check the self-cleaning properties of glass.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods and experiments","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1. Materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSilver Nitrate (AgNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), sodium citrate (Na\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO), and 3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane (MPTM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and Metanol (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eOH) from Merk Company. Also, bacterial strains including \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (PTCC: 1112) and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e ( PTCC: 1399) were prepared Persian type culture collection ( PTCC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2. Synthesis of silver NPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo synthesize the AgNPs, a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e: 1.0 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e M) in deionized water was heated to boiling point. Then, 5 ml of sodium citrate solution (0.003 M) was added dropwise to the AgNO3 boiling solution at pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.8. After 5 minutes, the solution was put at 90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e C in the hot water bath for two hours. The color of the solution slowly turned grayish yellow showing the formation of AgNPs by reduction of the Ag\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions to metallic Ag. Finally, the synthesized AgNPs were cooled at room temperature to use for the next steps (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3. Characterization of the Ag NPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe nanoparticle formation was monitored by the UV-Vis spectra using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer system (Agilent 8453 Spectrophotometer). This step was done using a quartz cell of thickness of 1cm in the wavelength range (350\u0026ndash;550) nm. The size distribution of the nanoparticles in the medium was evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Delsa Nano C, Beckman, USA). The result confirmed the formation of AgNPs with the size of between 50\u0026ndash;100 nm. TEM test (Zeiss, EM10C, 100KV) was applied to identify the shape and size of the synthesized NPs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4. Covering the glass with silver nanoparticles\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBecause there isn\u0026rsquo;t any chemical bond between the glass and AgNPs, to cover the glass with AgNPs, we added 3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane (MPTM). Finally, AgNPs are linked via siloxane (Si\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;Si) networks. All procedures were carried out at room temperature in an inert environment. The thin film samples were prepared by putting the clean glass (2.5-inch \u0026times; 1-inch glass slide) in 100 ml of the solution containing AgNP and MPTM. Dip coater and FTIR were used to cover the AgNP-MPTM solution on the glass and analyze the bond between the AgNPs and MPTM and, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5. Evaluation of antibacterial effects.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHalf of the McFarland bacterial suspension (1.5 \u0026times; 108 CFU/mL) from \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (PTCC:1112) and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (PTCC:1319) were prepared from fresh colonies. Ten microliters of Half of the McFarland bacterial suspension (which contained 1.5 \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e CFU/mL) were inoculated on glass slides coated with AgNP/ MPTM for an area of ​​1 square centimeter and were completely spread. Slides were inserted after 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours into falcon tubes with 10 cc sterile saline buffer and were shacked by vortex at the highest speed until the bacteria on the surface of the slides were suspended in the saline buffer. Ten serial dilutions were carried out and 100 microliters of saline buffer were cultured on trypticase soy agar by spreading method. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 37 \u0026ordm;C. The number of living bacteria on the surface of 1 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of the slides was calculated after the 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours. All tests were repeated three times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1. Characterization and structural analysis of synthesized NPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned, silver NPs were synthesized well using the silver nitrate solution and sodium citrate solution (0.003 M) at pH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.8. Sodium citrate was added as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The UV-Vis spectroscopy was detected at 350\u0026ndash;550 nm wavelength range. As is clear from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, AgNPs were synthesized and a broad peak was observed at 430 nm. The main goal of the AgNps synthesis in this study was study of a simple and reproducible preparation of silver layers on the containers to reduce the bacterial contaminants. The synthesis method was chemical that was effective (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows the result of DLS test to measure the size of nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles are 50\u0026ndash;100 nm and most of them are about 68.69 nm.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, to estimate the synthesized AgNPs size and assess their shape, TEM test was employed for 30 particles that confirmed the information of spherical NPs with 100 nm. Samples for TEM studies will be prepared by placing drops of the silver nanoparticles solutions on carbon-coated TEM grids (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2. Cleaning the glass\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo remove impurities and create a more suitable coating, laboratory slides were considered as glass samples, washed with ethanol (85%) three times, rinsed with distilled water, and then dried in an oven laboratory for 2 hours at 90\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3. Covering the glass by AgNPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned, AgNPs cannot cover the glass because there is no strong chemical bond to keep them together. So, we used (3-Mercaptoetanol) trimethoxysilane (MPTM) to keep NPs on the glass. MPTM with thiol group acts as a capping agent to make a bridge between AgNPs and glass via the formation of a ligand (Ag\u0026ndash;S\u0026ndash;C) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Considering that MPTM is attached to glass from the side of its alkyl groups, hydrolysis of the solution creates a more stable and strong layer. Since MPTM was used for silver coating on glass, different volume ratios of MPTM /nanoparticle solution were prepared to consider the best volume ratio for maximum coating on glass. For this purpose, 50 ml MeOH, 15 ml deionized water, and 6 ml HCL were added to AgNPs- MPTM with 5 different solutions. The prepared solutions were mixed on a magnetic stirrer for 48 hours to make a monotonous solution (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Then the cleaned glass were immersed by the dip coater apparatus in 5 solutions with different volume ratios, and after the initial evaluation, samples were taken from them for further investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this way, AgNPs are firmly trapped in siloxane (Si\u0026ndash;O\u0026ndash;Si) networks. All these steps were done at a temperature room. To confirm the maximum coverage of glass by MPTM/nanoparticle solution, we used Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to check the topography and diameter thickness of the nanoparticle layer on glass (picture 2).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlass samples impregnated with AgNPs-MPTM solution were sent to the laboratory for observation using an atomic force microscope. However, due to the roughness of the surface coating layer, the microscope was unable to show the image. These surface roughnesses are due to the presence of MPTM and the adhesive properties of this material.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinally, FTIR measurements were carried out to identify the possible capping silver nanoparticles by (3-Mercaptoetanol) trimethoxysilane (MPTM). The results are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Since sodium citrate is used as a stabilizer and reducer to change Ag\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e ions to metallic Ag, the sharp peaks at 2941.6 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 2840.5 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e can be related to (CO-O) and a small peak at 1457.11 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to (bending CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e). The shark peaks at 1191.26 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 1086.42 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 810 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e can be shown as the position of the stretch bond of (C-OH) and (C-H) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough FTIR analysis did not directly determine the presence of silver nanoparticles in AgNP/ MPTM solution, with a brief look at the diagram can deduce that there is a connection between AgNP and MPTM by comparing two Figures (3 and 4). For example, some small peaks in 1343\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1259 cm-1 are not related to MPTM structure and can be related to AgNP/ MPTM connection. Also, 1170 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a wide peak at 3453.25 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e the signs of (Si-O-Si) formation, and (Si-OH) shows the hydrolysis of MPTM. By interpretation, the diagram can deduce that 2928.63 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 2556 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1406.77 are related to (-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-), (HS) and (CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), respectively (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Also. The small peaks in 771.73 and 463.10 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e represent the (Si-CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-R) and (Si-OCH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe above-mentioned procedure of silver layer preparation involves a low consumption of silver nitrate. The substantial advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that the deposition of silver nanoparticles on the glass is more cost-effective(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4. The anti-bacterial potential of AgNPs\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe AgNP/MPTM nanoparticles had antimicrobial properties, which can be seen in picture 3 and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Its antibacterial properties on the gram-positive bacterium \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e were almost similar to those of the gram-negative bacterium \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. Over time, the antimicrobial effects of AgNP/ MPTM also increase, and the number of viable cells decreases significantly compared to the control (without AgNP/MPTM ).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have shown that AgNP nanoparticles possess antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). The AgNP can suppress and inhibit the growth of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e in well diffusion and colony count methods such as our experiment (AgNP/MPTM nanoparticle)(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the AgNP/MPTM nanoparticle exhibits suitable antimicrobial activity and could be applied as a layer or surface coating on medical devices such as culture flasks and urinary catheters to prevent bacterial colonization and inhibit their growth. However, clinical application requires further studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, we covered the glass surface with AgNPs using MPTM as an intermediate. MPTM connects with glass on one side (-OR side) and NPs on the other side (thiol side) and it deposed nanoparticles on the glass substrate. But what was important for us was whether the nanoparticles still retained their antibacterial properties after connecting to MPMT for covering on the glass. Microbial results show that the creation of AgNP/MPTM bond does not hinder the activity of the antibacterial properties of nanoparticles. Therefore, nano-coated glass serve as a substrate to kill bacteria and this is a milestone for the production of glass laboratory containers with self-cleaning properties to increase the health of personnel. We hope that further studies will be conducted to help the health of personnel who are at risk of dealing with contaminated containers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e3-Mercaptoetanol trimethoxysilane: MPTM\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAg nanoparticles: AgNPs\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eInformed consent:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo informed consent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll the authors had an important role in this research based on their expertise.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis project was supported by a grant from the Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHamimed S, Jabberi M, Chatti A. 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Results in Chemistry. 2024;7:101471.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ag nanoparticles, glass containers, bacterial contaminants","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNanotechnology can be very beneficial and critical to make a significant impact on sciences such as health and medical purposes. Of these, nanoparticles have an important role and there are many attempts to apply them in diagnosis, disease treatment, gene therapy, dentistry, oncology, the aesthetics industry, drug delivery, and therapeutics due to their importance. However, it seems in the health field and disease prevention, we need more studies for applying the nanoparticles. So, the aim of this study is the evaluation of AgNP nanoparticles and antimicrobial activity against bacteria as self-cleaning properties of glass in a laboratory model.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we designed laboratory glass coated with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) to delete the bacterial contaminants to maintain the health of laboratory personnel. Ag nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical approach and examined by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to determine their size, structure, and shape. Also, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to identify organic, polymeric, and, in some cases, inorganic materials and observe chemical properties. Ag NPs were deposited on the glass by dip coater apparatus and finally, the antimicrobial properties of Ag NPs were evaluated by agar well diffusion and colony count methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on TEM and DLS's results the synthesized AgNPs are spherical and their sizes are between 50\u0026ndash;100 nm. However, the most synthesized particles are 68.9 nm. The antibacterial tests showed that glass-coated AgNP nanoparticles had good antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe AgNPs can prevent the colonization of bacteria on surfaces coated with the AgNPs and even more can inhibit their growth. Consequently, AgNP nanoparticles can be utilized to prevent contamination of equipment by bacteria. These glass, with their AgNPs or AgNPs / MPTM coating, have self-cleaning properties and prevent contamination or survival of microbes on their surfaces.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Removal of bacterial contaminants in laboratory conditions using glass containers impregnated with Ag nanoparticles","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-09 09:07:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6532961/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7b993788-802b-4655-b9cc-485996288103","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51141195,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology"},{"id":51141196,"name":"Health sciences/Health occupations"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-29T18:23:30+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-09 09:07:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6532961","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6532961","identity":"rs-6532961","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}