Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use

Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use Christina Chwyl, Angelica Spata, Will Lucas, Jason B. Luoma This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Self-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics’ therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Methods Adults aged 18 years and older ( N = 397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables. Results Most of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β = .14–34, p s < .05) and attenuated when covariates were included (βs = .03–20). Effects on self-transcendent experiences characterized by ‘self-loss’ were weaker overall, and nonsignificant when covariates were added ( p s > .33). Notably, mindset—particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations—emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to ≤ 10% for substance alone). Conclusions Findings indicate a “mindset-over-molecule” pattern wherein psychological context (“set”) is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone. psychedelics cannabis MDMA psilocybin mystical experiences self-transcendent experiences Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background After decades of research restrictions, psychedelic substances are experiencing a surge of scientific interest. Compounds such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) are now being investigated in rigorous clinical trials for treating depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and other mental health conditions ( 1 – 4 ). Central to understanding their therapeutic potential is a distinctive class of experiences these substances reliably produce: mystical and self-transcendent experiences. Self-transcendent experiences involve one’s sense of self temporarily dissolving or expanding, often accompanied by feelings of connectedness to others or the world, and emotions directed away from the self (‘self-transcendent emotions’), such as, awe, love or gratitude ( 5 – 13 ). These experiences have been proposed to contribute to persisting positive effects ( 14 , 15 ), such as through increasing psychological and cognitive flexibility ( 16 ), openness to experiences, wellbeing, spirituality, and decreasing mental health symptoms ( 14 , 17 ). ‘Classic’ psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD act primarily on serotonergic (5-HT2A) while MDMA engages a broader range of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, oxytocin) and hormonal response (vasopressin, prolactin, cortisol) and occupies a somewhat contested position in psychedelic taxonomy. Sometimes categorized as an 'empathogen' due to its distinctive effects on emotional processing and social connection, MDMA is also considered part of the broader psychedelic category ( 3 ), representing that despite mechanistic differences, MDMA can produce self-transcendent experiences similar to those of classic psychedelics. Despite growing interest in the clinical use of psychedelics, much remains to be uncovered on their mechanisms of action, especially at a psychological level of analysis, which is important for understanding how subjective experiences contribute to beneficial effects. As interest in therapeutic, spiritual, and recreational uses of psychedelics grows, clarifying how different substances support meaningful experiences—and the role of context and mindset in shaping them—has direct relevance for clinical, harm-reduction, and public health applications. Research suggests that self-transcendent experiences are diverse rather than uniform, encompassing a range of somatic, perceptual, cognitive, and affective shifts ( 18 ). Yaden and colleagues ( 19 , 20 ) delineate two main dimensions of self-transcendent experiences—those involving a fading sense of oneself (‘Self-Loss’) and those involving increased connectedness (‘Connection’), with only the latter predicting positive persisting effects in preliminary work ( 19 ). Mystical experiences—frequently assessed in psychedelic research ( 21 )—encompass self-transcendent experiences, but also include a broader range of phenomena not necessarily inherent to self-transcendent experiences, such as the acquisition of intuitive wisdom, feelings of reverence or sacredness, positive emotions, and ineffability ( 22 ). Different psychedelics may vary in the qualities of self-transcendent and mystical experiences they evoke, but this remains an open area for research. An improved understanding of mystical and self-transcendent experiences and emotions associated with different psychedelics is important in understanding unique and overlapping properties and potential change mechanisms. Studies comparing these subjective experiences of MDMA to other psychedelics have produced mixed results. In some clinical trials ( 11 , 23 ), in a laboratory study with a nonclinical sample ( 24 ), and amongst a sample of recreational psychedelic users ( 12 ), classic psychedelics have been found to produce greater mystical and self-transcendence-related experiences than MDMA. In addition, in a large psychometric study ( n = 591) of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, experiences of individuals who received psilocybin, ketamine and MDMA in experimental studies differed on several subscales related to self-transcendent experiences—experiences of unity were highest in ketamine, and equivalent between psilocybin and MDMA; spiritual experiences and insightfulness were lowest for MDMA and equivalent for psilocybin and ketamine, and blissful experiences were highest for MDMA, followed by psilocybin then ketamine ( 25 ). In sum, the extent to which MDMA and classic psychedelics differ on their ability to elicit various domains of self-transcendence remains uncertain. The generalizability of studies on psychedelic experiences, including self-transcendent and mystical experiences, is severely limited by sample biases. In clinical trials ( 5 , 8 , 10 , 11 , 23 , 25 ), samples are comprised of demographically homogenous, highly screened participants who often have more prior psychedelic experience than the general population ( 26 , 27 ). Studies on self-transcendent experiences in community samples typically recruit through social media, online advertisements, or psychedelic communities, explicitly targeting individuals who have previously used psychedelics, and thus face similar selection biases ( 7 , 12 , 28 , 29 ). Some recent work has attempted to increase sample generalizability through online crowdsourcing platforms with demographic targets to mirror U.S. census data ( 9 ). The present study compares self-transcendent experiences and emotions elicited by different types of psychedelics to better understand differences across substances and for whom and in what circumstances these experiences arise. Our work builds on efforts to increase sample size generalizability by using an online crowdsourcing platform without referencing psychedelic or cannabis use in recruitment materials. Instead, participants who endorsed use in a general screening survey were invited to participate. Our work also builds upon past research by including cannabis as a comparator ( 9 ). Cannabis, though not typically classified as an entheogen or psychedelic, can produce altered states of consciousness that share phenomenological similarities with classical psychedelics, including perceptual distortions ( 30 ), ego dissolution, and meaningful experiences ( 31 ). For example, in one study, a subset of participants endorsed oceanic boundless—a self-transcendent feeling of dissolving personal boundaries and a sense of interconnectedness—though this experience was less common than in studies of psychedelics ( 32 ). Overall, the present study aimed to compare mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis use in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we aimed to clarify the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors (mindset, intentions, and motivations) in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences across these three substances. Methods The study was pre-registered ( https://osf.io/thj4k ). Data and associated code are available online ( https://osf.io/ayjgh ). Study procedures were approved by the Behavioral Health Research Collective Institutional Review Board (#047) and carried out in accordance with the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Recruitment and Procedure Participants at least 18 years of age located in the United States were recruited from CloudResearch Connect , an online crowdsourcing marketplace and completed surveys via SurveyMonkey . They were randomized using a combination of simple and adaptive procedures to ensure balanced group assignment. Initially, screening questions for psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis were presented in random order via NimbleLinks, which redirected participants from CloudResearch to SurveyMonkey to complete the survey. Because MDMA had lower endorsement rates, adaptive randomization was later introduced to ensure approximately 130 valid responses per condition. When each condition filled—first cannabis, then psilocybin—it was removed from the randomization schema. The final 47 participants were routed exclusively to the MDMA survey. Screening Survey A screening survey described as examining ‘lifestyle habits’ assessed psilocybin, MDMA and cannabis use over the past five years alongside filler questions (e.g., sleep, soda consumption, alcohol and caffeine use). Those endorsing use of any target substance anytime in the last five years then rated the intensity of their most intense experience in that timeframe on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all Intense) to 5 (Extremely Intense). Those endorsing at least a “moderately intense” experience (≥ 3) with a target substance (psilocybin, MDMA or cannabis) were eligible for and proceeded to the full survey. Participants We aimed to recruit 130 participants per group (a total of 390 analyzable surveys) after checking for inaccurate responding and the completeness of surveys. This sample size was selected based on a power analysis aimed at having 80% power to detect small-to-medium effects (Cohen’s d = 0.35) with an alpha level of 0.05 on our primary analyses ( 33 ). A total of 2,420 individuals completed the screening survey, and a total of 441 unique participants (8 duplicates) were eligible for and completed the main survey. After excluding seven participants who failed an attention check, 27 who completed the survey in an unrealistically short amount of time (under 6 minutes whereas average survey time was 18 minutes, SD = 11), and ten with invalid responses. Our final sample was comprised of 397 participants (133 reporting on psilocybin use, 133 on MDMA and 131 on cannabis). Measures Covariates (age, trait absorption, trait openness, primary purpose for use, intentions/expectations for the experience, apprehension, surrender, spiritual motivations) were selected because a systematic review found them to be predictors of psychedelic-induced mystical experience in at least two studies ( 34 ). Percentage language was spoken during the experience was selected as a covariate because it was a significant inverse predictor of mystical experiences amongst individuals who self-administered psilocybin ( 35 ). The present paper describes only the measures used in this specific pre-registration. With the exception of the trait measures administered at the end of the survey (openness and absorption), participants were asked to answer questionnaires in relation to the most intense substance use experience identified in the screening survey. Context of the Substance Use Experience Intensity of the substance use experience was assessed with two items (‘intensity’ and ‘high’) from the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) ( 36 , 37 ). Supplementary Appendix A presents additional information about the HRS. Participants selected all applicable settings for the substance use experience (see Fig. 1 ), indicated the number of people present , and reported concurrent substance use during the experience. Two items assessed the presence of spoken language during the experience ( 38 ). Using visual analogue scales, participants reported the percentage of their experience involving spoken language or lyrics were in the background/foreground, and time spent actively talking or listening. Items were intercorrelated ( r = .37, p < .001) and averaged into a composite “spoken language” measure. Participants indicated their primary purpose for use of the substance, selecting from response options adapted from the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS®) System ( 39 ) (see Appendix C). The 5-item spiritual motivations subscale (α = .94 in the current study) was taken from Russ and colleagues ( 35 ) to assess ‘spiritual-prosocial motivations .’ Participants rated how important each of the following was in influencing their decision to use psilocybin/MDMA/cannabis: wanting to be better able to give to others, to increase capacity to love all beings, to help make the world a more peaceful place, to find their soul or the divine presence, or to feel one with the universe. Self-Transcendent Experiences The 9-item Self-Transcendent Experiences Survey captures two aspects of self-transcendence: self-loss (example item: "I felt my sense of self completely fade away"; α = .90 in the current study) and connection (example item: "I had the sense of feeling closely connected to everything"; α = .94 in the current study) ( 19 ). Self-Transcendent Emotions Five items adapted from the modified Differential Emotion Scale ( 40 ) were selected to assess awe (“awe, wonder, or amazement”), gratitude (“grateful, appreciative, or thankful”), inspiration (“inspired, uplifted, or elevated”), love (“love, closeness, or trust”), and sympathy (“sympathy, concern, or compassion”). Participants rated the peak intensity of each emotion during their experience on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely). Items were averaged to create a composite self-transcendent emotions score (α = .90). Given strong inter-item correlations (Spearman ρs: 0.52–.70, p s < .001), effects by individual emotion (Exploratory Aim 2) were not examined. Mystical Experiences The Mystical Experiences Questionnaire assesses dimensions of mystical experiences—transcendence of time and space, ineffability, positive mood and overall mystical experience—that may result from psychedelic use ( 41 ). We used the revised 30-item version, which as demonstrated good reliability and internal validity (α = .97 in the current study) ( 22 ). Per convention ( 42 ), scores were calculated as a percentage of the maximum possible score, and thus could range from 0–100. Overall Positive and Negative Emotions The International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Short Form ( 43 ), a widely used measure of affective states, was used to assess positive emotions (alert, inspired, determined, attentive, active; α = .79 in the current study) and negative emotions (upset, hostile, ashamed, nervous, afraid; α = .85 in the current study) during their substance use experience. Intentions and Mindset Participants were provided with the following instructions: “The next items relate to your mindset as you took [drug]. It may be unchanged from the days before the experience, but perhaps your emotions shifted when you first used [drug]. As you took the [drug], how much did the following items reflect your mindset?”, responding to each of the following seven items on a 4-point Likert scale. Two items assessing clarity of intentions (sample item: “I have a clear intention for the upcoming experience”) were adapted from a prior study ( 44 ). In the current study, items were moderately inter-correlated ( r = .52, p < .001). Four items from a state of surrender subscale ( 35 ) were selected (α = .81 in the current study): “I'd stopped resisting and was ready to give up control.”; “I knew I didn’t have to keep fighting”; “I 'd felt that I had endless time to devote to the experience”; and “I no longer cared what others would say.” A single-item adapted from Russ et al., ( 35 ) inquired about apprehension felt immediately before taking psilocybin/MDMA/cannabis. Trait Measures Openness to new experience. Openness to experience was assessed with the two-item subscale from the Ten-Item Personality Inventory ( 45 ). The measure has previously shown acceptable psychometric properties ( 46 ) and in the current study, items were moderately intercorrelated (ρ = .43, p < .001). Absorption. Trait absorption was assessed with five items adapted from the Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale ( 47 ). The current study included the highest-loading item from each factor: synesthesia, altered states, aesthetic engagement with nature, imaginative involvement, and apparent extrasensory perception. Internal consistency for the modified scale was acceptable (α = .70). Analyses A small amount of missing data (less than 2 participants per measure) was present on certain measures due to a clerical error. Missing values were imputed using predictive mean matching via the mice package in R ( 48 ). One-way ANOVAs or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess whether putative covariates differed by substance; variables showing at least small-to-moderate differences (Eta-squared (η²) ≥ .03) were included in subsequent models. The assumptions of homogeneity was tested with Levene’s Test and assumption of normality by examining Q-Q, and residual plots, with Welch’s ANOVAs used as appropriate with the R package rstatix ( 49 ). Hierarchical linear regressions examined associations between substance (psilocybin, MDMA, cannabis) and dependent variables. Step 1 included substance as the sole predictor; Step 2 added covariates. Dummy coded variables compared MDMA and psilocybin participants to cannabis, which served as the reference condition. For models with overall negative emotions as outcome, the assumption of normality was violated leading to alternative generalized linear models being tested. The best-fitting model—a compound Poisson-gamma distribution with a log link—was selected based on examination of residual, P-P and Q-Q plots, and run with statmod ( 50 ). For the other outcomes, linear models fit well at Step 2, with some violation to normality of residuals at Step 1. Goodness of fit for alternative models (negative binomial, Tweedie, zero-inflated) were tested, but the linear model consistently fit best. Given its strong performance at Step 2 and the large sample size, we retained the linear model. Estimated marginal means were used to probe significant effects using emmeans ( 51 ). Robust standard errors were used for all models due to observed heteroscedasticity. Chi-square analyses were used to examine how set and setting features varied by substance. To ensure adequate cell sizes, party and concert/festival settings were combined, and rarely endorsed settings (outdoors in nature, public place, other) were excluded. For primary purpose for use, a binary variable captured whether use was healing/growth-oriented (i.e., treating a mental or physical health condition, self-improvement, spiritual reasons or deepening a connection) versus non-healing/growth oriented (i.e., reactional or distraction purposes). Planned subgroup analyses for this group were not conducted due to limited power. Subgroup analyses for those reporting no concurrent substance use were run for Step 1 models only, given sample size constraints (25% of the sample endorsed no concurrent use). An alpha level of .05 was used for all models; however, interpretation emphasized effect sizes—standardized regression coefficients (β) and Cohen’s d . Results Participant Characteristics The sample had an average age of 34.3 years ( SD = 9.5) and was 60% men, 38% women, and 2% nonbinary (see Table 1 ). The sample was predominantly white (59%), with 29% Black or African American (29%), 8% Asian, and small proportions identifying as Indigenous/American Indian (1%), and mixed race (2%). Regarding ethnicity, ten percent identified as Hispanic or Latinx. Most were employed full-time (67%) and had at least some college education (83%). All participants resided in the United States. Given apparent racial differences by substance, we conducted an exploratory chi-square test, which revealed significant differences in the proportion of BIPOC vs. white participants by substance (χ² =10.56, p = .005). Specifically, there were significantly more BIPOC participants (51%) reporting on MDMA experiences compared to psilocybin (32%), Camer’s V = .20, p = .002, with no other statistically significant differences between substances. Table 1 Demographic Characteristics by Substance Variable Full Sample, N (%) Psilocybin, N (%) MDMA, N (%) Cannabis, N (%) Age, years (SD) 34.3 (9.5) 34.5 (9.4) 32.9 (8.7) 35.6 (10.2) Gender Man 238 (60%) 74 (56%) 88 (66%) 76 (58%) Nonbinary 8 (2%) 3 (2%) 1 (1%) 4 (3%) Woman 150 (38%) 56 (42%) 44 (33%) 50 (38%) Race ( check all that apply) Alaska 1 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (1%) Asian 32 (8%) 6 (4%) 13 (9%) 13 (9%) African American or Black 122 (29%) 32 (23%) 52 (38%) 38 (27%) American Indian or Indigenous 3 (1%) 3 (2%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) Mixed Race 8 (2%) 3 (2%) 2 (1%) 3 (2%) Other 3 (1%) 0 (0%) 2 (1%) 1 (1%) Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 2 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (1%) 1 (1%) White 246 (59%) 93 (68%) 67 (49%) 86 (60%) Ethnicity Hispanic or Latinx 39 (10%) 16 (12%) 13 (10%) 10 (8%) Did not complete high school 1 (0%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) High school or G.E.D. 40 (10%) 15 (11%) 12 (9%) 13 (10%) Associate’s degree 28 (7%) 13 (10%) 6 (5%) 9 (7%) Some college 60 (15%) 24 (18%) 12 (9%) 24 (18%) College graduate 222 (56%) 67 (50%) 83 (62%) 72 (55%) Post-graduate degree 46 (12%) 13 (10%) 20 (15%) 13 (10%) Employment Full-time 266 (67%) 84 (63%) 90 (68%) 92 (70%) Part-time 74 (19%) 26 (20%) 26 (20%) 22 (17%) Unemployed 34 (9%) 11 (20%) 12 (9%) 11 (8%) Not in labor force 18 (5%) 11 (20%) 2 (2%) 5 (4%) Student 12 (3%) 4 (3%) 5 (4%) 3 (2%) Note: N = 397 for the full sample, 133 for those reporting on psilocybin and MDMA experiences, and 131 for cannabis. MDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Covariates There were significant differences between substance on clear intentions (η 2 = .04), state of surrender (η 2 = .04), spiritual motivations (η 2 = .08) and amount of spoken language during the experience (η 2 = .03), p s < .01. As such, these variables were included as covariates in subsequent models. Compared to participants reporting on a cannabis experience, those reporting on psilocybin and MDMA use exhibited greater state surrender ( d s = .31 – .39, p < .03), and spiritual motivations ( d s = .52 – .56, p s < .001). Compared to participants reporting on psilocybin experiences, MDMA users reported a greater percentage of their experience involving spoken language ( d = 0.35, p = .02). Compared to participants reporting on a cannabis experience, MDMA users had clearer intentions ( d = .40, p = .004), as did those reporting on psilocybin use at trend level ( d = .29, p = .06). Supplementary Appendix B presents means, standard deviations, Cohen’s d values and p-values between substance for all covariate measures. There were small, nonsignificant differences for the remainder of the putative covariates (age, trait openness, trait absorption, apprehension) by substance (η 2 = .00 – .02, p s > .06). Context of the Substance Use Experience Figure 1 presents setting of use by substance and Supplementary Appendix C presents a summary of the context of use and primary purpose for use by substance. MDMA use was most common at parties (38%), followed by another’s home (34%), one's own home (32%), and festivals (23%). Psilocybin use was mainly at home (53%), with other frequent settings including another’s home (26%), parties (18%), outdoors (18%), and festivals (11%). Cannabis use occurred mostly at home (63%), with fewer reporting the setting of another’s home (20%) or a party (15%). Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in use in home, others’ home, and festival/party/concert settings by substance (see Appendix C). Participants most commonly used psilocybin in a small group (32%), with one other person (30%), or alone (18%); cannabis with one other person (35%), in a small group (31%), or alone (23%); and MDMA in a small group (40%) or a moderate-sized group of 6–20 people (20%). Most participants (75%) reported concurrent substance use, most often with just one other substance (44%). Participants using MDMA most frequently endorsed concurrent use of other substances (84%), followed by psilocybin (74%) and cannabis (64%). Participants using MDMA most frequently reported using 3 + substances (18%), followed by those using psilocybin (12%) and cannabis (6%). Alcohol was the most common concurrent substance (endorsed by 54% of the sample), followed by nicotine (26%), and caffeine (19%). Across all substances, the most common reason for use was “to have fun, for enjoyment, or to celebrate” (MDMA: 75%, Cannabis: 73%, Psilocybin: 64%). In contrast, healing or growth-related motivations were less prevalent overall (17%) and varied by substance (χ² = 12.08, p = .002, Cramer’s V = .17). These motivations were most frequently reported for psilocybin (24%), followed by cannabis (18%) and MDMA (8%). Follow-up tests revealed significant differences between psilocybin and MDMA (χ² = 11.10, p < .001) and between cannabis and MDMA (χ² = 4.28, p = .04), but not between psilocybin and cannabis (χ² = 1.32, p = .25). Association between Substance and Primary Outcomes Figure 2 presents standardized effect sizes from models examining the relationship between substance type and self-transcendent and mystical experiences, both without covariates (Step 1) and after covariates were added (Step 2). Full model results are described in the sections that follow. Supplementary Appendix D presents descriptives for each outcome by substance. Figure 2. Summary of Substance Effects (MDMA, Psilocybin vs. Cannabis) on Self-Transcendent Experience, Emotions, and Mystical Experiences Dependent Measures Step 1 (no covariates) Step 2 (covariates) MDMA v. Cann. (β) Psilocyb. v. Cann. (β) MDMA v. Cann (β) Psilocyb. v. Cann. (β) STE-Self-Loss .10 .14 − .03 .04 STE-Connect .28 .27 .11 .13 Overall Mystical Experiences .31 .27 .13 .12 Self-Transcendent Emotions .34 .27 .20 .17 Note : STE = self-transcendent experiences; Cann = cannabis. Psilocyb = psilocybin. MDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; β are standardized beta coefficients, where values between 0.10 and 0.29 indicate a small effect, values between 0.30 and 0.49 a medium effect, and values > 0.50 a large effect. Self-Loss Self-Transcendent Experiences In Step 1 of the model (see Table 2 ), 1.61% variance in self-loss self-transcendence was explained ( R 2 = .02). Psilocybin had a small, statistically significant association with greater self-loss self-transcendent experiences compared to cannabis (β = .14, p = .02), while MDMA showed a small, nonsignificant association with self-loss compared to cannabis (β = .10, p = .08). There were no significant differences between MDMA and psilocybin in either step of the model ( ps > .33). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 25.20% variance. After adjusting for covariates, the relationship between substance and self-loss was not maintained (βs = − .03 – .04, p s > .42). Connection Self-Transcendent Experiences In Step 1 of the model (see Table 2 ), 7.53% variance in connection self-transcendence was explained ( R 2 = 0.08). Psilocybin and MDMA were both associated with significantly higher connection self-transcendent experiences than cannabis (βs = .27 – .28, p s < .001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 37.96% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, associations between substance and connection self-transcendence were attenuated but remained statistically significant (βs = .11 – .13, p s .91). Self-Transcendent Emotions In Step 1 of the model (see Table 2 ), 9.68% variance in self-transcendent emotions was explained ( R 2 = 0.10). Psilocybin and MDMA were both associated with significantly greater reported positive self-transcendent emotions than cannabis (MDMA β = .34, p < .001; psilocybin β = .27, p < .001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 28.14% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, associations between substance and self-transcendent emotions were attenuated but remained statistically significant (βs = .17 – .20, p s .44). Table 2 Linear Regression Results of the Relationship Between Substance and Self-Loss and Dimensions of Self-Transcendent Experiences (Self-Loss, Connection, and Self-Transcendent Emotions) Confidence Interval Estimate Beta (β) SE t value Lower Upper p Model with Self-Loss Self-Transcendent Experiences Step 1 – No Covariates MDMA 1.22 .10 0.70 1.75 -0.17 2.60 .08 Psilocybin 1.74 .14 0.72 2.43 0.36 3.12 .02 Step 2 – With Covariates MDMA -0.35 − .03 0.61 -0.57 -1.59 0.90 .57 Psilocybin 0.53 .04 0.65 0.81 -0.71 1.76 .42 Clear Intention 0.01 − .001 0.38 0.02 -0.63 0.64 .98 Spiritual Motives 0.91 .26 0.21 4.32 0.54 1.29 < .001 State of Surrender 2.22 .31 0.38 5.79 1.49 2.95 < .001 Spoken language 0.02 .07 0.01 1.32 -0.01 0.04 .19 Model with Connection Self-Transcendent Experiences Step 1 – No Covariates MDMA 3.60 .28 0.75 4.78 2.20 4.99 < .001 Psilocybin 3.37 .27 0.73 4.64 1.98 4.77 < .001 Step 2 – With Covariates MDMA 1.45 .11 0.58 2.50 0.33 2.56 .01 Psilocybin 1.68 .13 0.58 2.88 0.57 2.78 .004 Clear Intention -0.01 .00 0.31 -0.02 -0.58 0.56 .98 Spiritual Motives 1.58 .42 0.19 8.43 1.24 1.91 < .001 State of Surrender 2.11 .29 0.33 6.41 1.46 2.77 < .001 Spoken language 0.03 .10 0.01 2.37 0.01 0.05 .02 Model with Self-Transcendent Emotions Step 1 – No Covariates MDMA 3.83 .34 0.64 6.02 2.61 5.06 < .001 Psilocybin 3.08 .27 0.65 4.77 1.85 4.31 < .001 Step 2 – With Covariates MDMA 2.26 .20 0.56 4.03 1.20 3.31 < .001 Psilocybin 1.94 .17 0.53 3.67 0.89 2.99 < .001 Clear Intention -0.22 − .03 0.29 -0.76 -0.76 0.32 .45 Spiritual Motives 0.97 .29 0.18 5.32 0.65 1.29 < .001 State of Surrender 2.10 .32 0.35 5.93 1.48 2.72 < .001 Spoken language 0.03 .14 0.01 3.31 0.01 0.05 .001 Note: N = 397. The R² change from Step 1 to Step 2 was 0.25 ( p < .001) for the model with self-loss self-transcendent experiences (with the Step 2 model accounting for 26.81% variance), 0.38 ( p < .001) for the model with connection self-transcendent experiences (with Step 2 accounting for 45.49% variance), and 0.28 ( p < .001) for the model with self-transcendent emotions (with Step 2 accounting for 37.83% variance). MDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Confidence intervals are calculated at the 95% level. Mystical Experiences In Step 1 of the model (see Table 3 ), 8.55% variance in overall mystical experience was explained ( R 2 = 0.09). MDMA and psilocybin had moderate-sized associations with greater overall mystical experiences scores compared to cannabis (βs = .27 – .31, p s < .001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 49.45% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, these associations became small but remained statistically significant (βs = .12 – .13, p s .74). Table 3 Linear Regression Results of the Relationship Between Substance and Overall Mystical Experiences Confidence Interval Estimate Beta (β) SE t value Lower Upper p Step 1 – No Covariates MDMA 15.10 .31 2.79 5.41 9.79 20.41 < .001 Psilocybin 13.13 .27 2.85 4.61 7.81 18.44 < .001 Step 2 – With Covariates MDMA 6.10 .13 1.90 3.22 2.37 9.84 .001 Psilocybin 6.03 .12 1.91 3.15 2.32 9.74 .002 Clear Intention 0.07 .00 1.02 0.07 -1.84 1.98 .95 Spiritual Motives 5.56 .39 0.69 8.11 4.43 6.68 < .001 State of Surrender 12.09 .43 1.18 10.21 9.90 14.29 < .001 Spoken language 0.09 .08 0.04 2.33 0.02 0.15 0.02 Note: N = 397. The R² change from Step 1 to Step 2 was 0.49 ( p < .001), with Step 2 of the model accounting for 58.00% variance in overall mystical experiences. MDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Confidence intervals are calculated at the 95% level. Impact of Concurrent Substance Use When concurrent substance use was added as a predictor to the models, it had small, statistically significant associations with less self-loss self-transcendent experiences and less overall mystical experiences (βs = − .14 – − .15, p s .27). Additional Analyses Results from planned exploratory analyses are reported in the Supplementary Appendices E and F due to space constraints, including associations between substance and subscales of the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire, and associations between substance and overall positive and negative emotions. Discussion This observational study bridges clinical, affective science, transcendental, and positive psychology with substance use research by examining how psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis relate to various dimensions of self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Consistent with our hypotheses, psilocybin and MDMA were associated with significantly greater connection self-transcendent experiences, self-loss self-transcendent experience, mystical experiences, and self-transcendent emotions, compared to cannabis. While psychedelics also showed a small effect on the self-loss aspect of self-transcendence, this effect was no longer significant after adjusting for covariates. Our results mirror past work finding that while cannabis can produce mystical and self-transcendent experiences and emotions, effects are larger with psychedelics ( 9 , 32 ). However, it’s important to note that across all models, psychological ‘set’ and environmental ‘setting’ accounted for up to 58% of the variance in self-transcendent experiences, whereas substance identity explained at most 10%. In other words, mindset and context outweighed molecule by a factor of roughly 6:1. Given that MDMA and classic psychedelics have distinct psychopharmacological properties ( 52 ), we expected that psilocybin and MDMA would differ on some measures—specifically that psilocybin would lead to greater self-loss self-transcendent experiences and greater overall mystical experiences. However, no differences between psilocybin and MDMA were found on any outcomes in the present study. These findings contrast with past work observing greater mystical and self-transcendence related to classic psychedelics compared to MDMA ( 11 , 12 , 23 ), and align with findings from Studerus and colleagues ( 25 ), in which no differences between psilocybin and MDMA were observed on some subscales of the Altered States of Consciousness scale related to self-transcendent experiences (experiences of unity and oceanic boundlessness). In the current study, MDMA and psilocybin likewise did not differ in the extent to which they elicited positive self-transcendent emotions, contrasting with research finding greater blissful experiences with MDMA compared to psilocybin use ( 25 ). Additionally, although MDMA is thought to play a unique role in promoting social connection ( 53 ), we likewise did not find differences in connection self-transcendent experiences. Although the effect sizes of substance on outcomes were generally small, it is notable that associations remained significant even after adjusting for covariates—especially given the predominantly recreational and polysubstance use context of our sample. Most participants (75%) endorsed concurrent substance use, and only 17% reporting primarily healing/growth-oriented motivations. Our sample marks a significant departure from prior clinical trials and community studies ( 12 , 54 ). For instance, in another study of psychedelic experiences likewise enrolling participants through a crowd-sourcing platform ( 9 ), 73% of participants indicated no concurrent substance use and 31% reported a primarily recreational purpose for use. Our more heterogeneous sample likely reflects broader substance use patterns in the general population, as recruitment was conducted through general advertisements rather than within specific user communities. We planned to explore substance effects under contexts approximating therapeutic use—specifically, when participants reported healing/growth-oriented motivations and no concurrent substance use. However, we were only able to examine the role of concurrent substance use as too few participants endorsed healing motivations. Results showed that concurrent substance use was associated with decreased self-loss self-transcendent and overall mystical experiences, but not with connection self-transcendence or self-transcendent emotions. This suggests that certain dimensions of self-transcendent experiences may be more sensitive to contextual factors such as concurrent substance use. However, these results are exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously. Due to small cell sizes, we were unable to examine specific patterns of concurrent use and instead relied on a binary indicator of whether any co-use occurred. Future research should aim to isolate substance-specific effects more precisely and examine how different co-use patterns interact with specific psychedelics to influence self-transcendent and mystical experiences. A notable and consistent finding across analyses was that model covariates explained more variance in outcomes than the specific substance used, with the addition of covariates increasing explained variance by 25–49%, whereas substance alone accounted for minimal variance (2–10%). In particular, spiritual motivations and a state of surrender emerged as the most robust predictors across all outcome measures when controlling for substance type (βs = .26 – .43, p < .001). These results echo the emphasis on thorough preparation in most psychedelic-assisted therapies, and on a humble, open mindset in traditional entheogenic healing practices and ceremonial contexts ( 55 ). Contrasting with past work ( 34 ), having clear intentions did not predict any outcomes in the current study. Additionally, greater percentage of spoken language during the experience had small, significant associations with greater connection self-transcendent experiences and overall mystical experiences (whereas a negative association was observed in past work; Russ et al., 2019b). One possible explanation for these divergences is the nature of our sample, which included a higher proportion of recreational users than is typical in psychedelic research. For instance, the meaning and impact of “clear intentions” may differ for people using substances recreationally compared to for therapeutic or healing purposes. For recreational users, general openness to experience or spiritual/prosocial motivations may be more relevant to beneficial outcomes than clearly articulated intentions. Associations between clear intentions and mystical and self-transcendent experiences may emerge in a sample with healing or growth-related motivations; however, the relatively small number of such participants in our dataset precluded this analysis. Our findings highlight distinct motivations and contexts of use across substances. Cannabis was most often used at home, while MDMA was more commonly used in social settings with larger groups. Primary purpose for use and mindset at the time of use likewise varied. Healing or growth-related motivations were least frequently reported for MDMA, compared to psilocybin and cannabis. Compared to cannabis, both psilocybin and MDMA were associated with greater clarity of intentions, state of surrender, and spiritual experiences. The finding that surrender and spiritual-prosocial intent predicted self-transcendence far more strongly than substance holds important therapeutic or healing implications. In psychedelic-assisted therapy, preparation sessions may benefit from emphasizing openness, surrender, and broader spiritual or prosocial motivations, perhaps even more so than clearly specified intentions. As psychedelic services becomes increasingly commercialized ( 56 ), there is a risk that psychedelic healing will focus on specific patented substances and “quick fix” results, potentially overlooking the essential role of mindset in facilitating meaningful experiences. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that careful preparation including cultivation of mindset remains a powerful driver of self-transcendent experiences. While access to formal services—such as psychotherapy, retreat centers, ceremonial spaces, or underground practitioners—is often limited by cost, availability, or legality risks, there are accessible and low-cost approaches to mindset cultivation, such as contemplative practices or peer-led intention-setting. Strengths of our study include the relatively large ( n = 397) and diverse (29% Black or African American, 8% Asian) sample. By directly comparing two distinct psychedelic substances as well as an active comparator substance (cannabis) and including a broad assessment of set and setting covariates, the study offers insight into both pharmacological and contextual influences on self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Unlike much prior research, participants were recruited from the general population rather than from communities already engaged with or supportive of psychedelic use, reducing the likelihood of selection bias. This recruitment approach likely increased sample generalizability though also increased costs—a total of 2,458 individuals completed the screening survey to achieve the final sample of 397 participants. Several limitations must be acknowledged when interpreting the findings of this research. The study's observational design precludes causal inference. Furthermore, participants reported on a substance use experience that occurred within the past five years, introducing potential recall bias. They were also asked to reflect on their “most intense” experience, which may have led to inflated effect sizes ( 57 ). Although our sample was racially diverse and arguably more representative of recreational users than previous studies, it was not nationally representative: participants had higher educational attainment and lower Hispanic representation compared to U.S. census benchmarks ( 58 ). Future studies should use demographic targets to increase sample generalizability ( 9 ), and include additional variables to better characterize participants, such as cultural identification, and more detailed socioeconomic status and geographic background. Fourth, correlational findings relating to the importance of set and setting could be tested in studies that experimentally cultivate surrender, and explore culturally diverse framings of spiritual intent. Conclusion Overall, our data showed that who, where, and why people use MDMA, psilocybin, and cannabis mattered far more than which substance they took. Across outcomes, set-and-setting factors, especially surrender and prosocial-spiritual motivation, accounted for up to 58% of variance (vs. ≤ 10% for substance). This “mindset-over-molecule” pattern persisted even in a primarily recreational, polysubstance use context, underscoring that mindset cultivation could boost benefit and reduce harm irrespective of access to higher-cost compounds or clinical settings. Psilocybin and MDMA did elicit more connection, self-transcendent emotion, and mystical experience than cannabis, but these effects were small and even smaller when other substances were concurrently used. Given that mystical and self-transcendent experiences—especially the ‘connection’ dimension—have been proposed to play a critical role in promoting long-term benefits ( 14 , 15 , 19 ), our findings support the idea that careful attention to preparation is key to beneficial use of MDMA, psilocybin, and cannabis. By shifting emphasis from chemistry to context, we can extend psychedelic science—and its benefits—to broader, more equitable audiences. Abbreviations MDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine LSD = lysergic acid diethylamide STE = self-transcendent experiences Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: Study procedures were approved by the Behavioral Health Research Collective Institutional Review Board (#047) and carried out in accordance with the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Written verbal informed consent was obtained for all participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Availability of Data and Materials: Data and associated code are available online ( https://osf.io/ayjgh). Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding: This work was internally funded; the authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. 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Supplementary Files supplementarymaterialsstep1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 21 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in BMC Psychology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 09 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 21 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 03 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 14 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7266162","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512592850,"identity":"1ef35039-26ba-438c-a1c2-4d761449631e","order_by":0,"name":"Christina Chwyl","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Portland Institute for Psychedelic Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christina","middleName":"","lastName":"Chwyl","suffix":""},{"id":512592852,"identity":"6e9a019c-dfb7-4cfb-b9c4-e360fb5a9f40","order_by":1,"name":"Angelica Spata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Portland Institute for Psychedelic Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Angelica","middleName":"","lastName":"Spata","suffix":""},{"id":512592854,"identity":"c571e3b2-f1c9-4032-b1f2-e414e6c7051b","order_by":2,"name":"Will Lucas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Portland Institute for Psychedelic Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Will","middleName":"","lastName":"Lucas","suffix":""},{"id":512592855,"identity":"dd85d7ef-c70b-40b9-9d59-5c2b07d45959","order_by":3,"name":"Jason B. Luoma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Portland Institute for Psychedelic Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jason","middleName":"B.","lastName":"Luoma","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-01 00:38:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4","type":"published","date":"2026-01-21T15:57:41+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91188955,"identity":"4b1c20d6-dbdd-4092-b51e-d3a7292be38c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":162197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSetting of Use by Substance\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7266162/v1/f180d8da99ddba654647ba2e.jpg"},{"id":91188951,"identity":"5c9c2adf-c2f0-483c-97cf-aa0443a8cbd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:25:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSummary of Substance Effects (MDMA, Psilocybin vs. Cannabis) on Self-Transcendent Experience, Emotions, and Mystical Experiences\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7266162/v1/5ff0a82bbeade60860ec8680.jpg"},{"id":101153520,"identity":"26273737-8306-4f1f-a3b1-6318e3ca3e2a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-26 16:15:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1694110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7266162/v1/13a2f2fa-0818-4a52-90aa-49942facf5ab.pdf"},{"id":91189905,"identity":"2e729c8e-5fb7-4d67-a5d7-63f6f3d364e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-12 14:33:04","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":68889,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"supplementarymaterialsstep1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7266162/v1/bfc0085ea533616477ac07dd.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eAfter decades of research restrictions, psychedelic substances are experiencing a surge of scientific interest. Compounds such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) are now being investigated in rigorous clinical trials for treating depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and other mental health conditions (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCentral to understanding their therapeutic potential is a distinctive class of experiences these substances reliably produce: mystical and self-transcendent experiences. Self-transcendent experiences involve one\u0026rsquo;s sense of self temporarily dissolving or expanding, often accompanied by feelings of connectedness to others or the world, and emotions directed away from the self (\u0026lsquo;self-transcendent emotions\u0026rsquo;), such as, awe, love or gratitude (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). These experiences have been proposed to contribute to persisting positive effects (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e), such as through increasing psychological and cognitive flexibility (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e), openness to experiences, wellbeing, spirituality, and decreasing mental health symptoms (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lsquo;Classic\u0026rsquo; psychedelics, such as psilocybin and LSD act primarily on serotonergic (5-HT2A) while MDMA engages a broader range of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, oxytocin) and hormonal response (vasopressin, prolactin, cortisol) and occupies a somewhat contested position in psychedelic taxonomy. Sometimes categorized as an 'empathogen' due to its distinctive effects on emotional processing and social connection, MDMA is also considered part of the broader psychedelic category (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), representing that despite mechanistic differences, MDMA can produce self-transcendent experiences similar to those of classic psychedelics. Despite growing interest in the clinical use of psychedelics, much remains to be uncovered on their mechanisms of action, especially at a psychological level of analysis, which is important for understanding how subjective experiences contribute to beneficial effects. As interest in therapeutic, spiritual, and recreational uses of psychedelics grows, clarifying how different substances support meaningful experiences\u0026mdash;and the role of context and mindset in shaping them\u0026mdash;has direct relevance for clinical, harm-reduction, and public health applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch suggests that self-transcendent experiences are diverse rather than uniform, encompassing a range of somatic, perceptual, cognitive, and affective shifts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Yaden and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) delineate two main dimensions of self-transcendent experiences\u0026mdash;those involving a fading sense of oneself (\u0026lsquo;Self-Loss\u0026rsquo;) and those involving increased connectedness (\u0026lsquo;Connection\u0026rsquo;), with only the latter predicting positive persisting effects in preliminary work (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). Mystical experiences\u0026mdash;frequently assessed in psychedelic research (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026mdash;encompass self-transcendent experiences, but also include a broader range of phenomena not necessarily inherent to self-transcendent experiences, such as the acquisition of intuitive wisdom, feelings of reverence or sacredness, positive emotions, and ineffability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Different psychedelics may vary in the qualities of self-transcendent and mystical experiences they evoke, but this remains an open area for research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn improved understanding of mystical and self-transcendent experiences and emotions associated with different psychedelics is important in understanding unique and overlapping properties and potential change mechanisms. Studies comparing these subjective experiences of MDMA to other psychedelics have produced mixed results. In some clinical trials (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), in a laboratory study with a nonclinical sample (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e), and amongst a sample of recreational psychedelic users (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), classic psychedelics have been found to produce greater mystical and self-transcendence-related experiences than MDMA. In addition, in a large psychometric study (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;591) of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, experiences of individuals who received psilocybin, ketamine and MDMA in experimental studies differed on several subscales related to self-transcendent experiences\u0026mdash;experiences of unity were highest in ketamine, and equivalent between psilocybin and MDMA; spiritual experiences and insightfulness were lowest for MDMA and equivalent for psilocybin and ketamine, and blissful experiences were highest for MDMA, followed by psilocybin then ketamine (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). In sum, the extent to which MDMA and classic psychedelics differ on their ability to elicit various domains of self-transcendence remains uncertain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe generalizability of studies on psychedelic experiences, including self-transcendent and mystical experiences, is severely limited by sample biases. In clinical trials (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), samples are comprised of demographically homogenous, highly screened participants who often have more prior psychedelic experience than the general population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Studies on self-transcendent experiences in community samples typically recruit through social media, online advertisements, or psychedelic communities, explicitly targeting individuals who have previously used psychedelics, and thus face similar selection biases (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e). Some recent work has attempted to increase sample generalizability through online crowdsourcing platforms with demographic targets to mirror U.S. census data (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present study compares self-transcendent experiences and emotions elicited by different types of psychedelics to better understand differences across substances and for whom and in what circumstances these experiences arise. Our work builds on efforts to increase sample size generalizability by using an online crowdsourcing platform without referencing psychedelic or cannabis use in recruitment materials. Instead, participants who endorsed use in a general screening survey were invited to participate. Our work also builds upon past research by including cannabis as a comparator (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Cannabis, though not typically classified as an entheogen or psychedelic, can produce altered states of consciousness that share phenomenological similarities with classical psychedelics, including perceptual distortions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e), ego dissolution, and meaningful experiences (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). For example, in one study, a subset of participants endorsed oceanic boundless\u0026mdash;a self-transcendent feeling of dissolving personal boundaries and a sense of interconnectedness\u0026mdash;though this experience was less common than in studies of psychedelics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the present study aimed to compare mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis use in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we aimed to clarify the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors (mindset, intentions, and motivations) in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences across these three substances.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study was pre-registered (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://osf.io/thj4k\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://osf.io/thj4k\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Data and associated code are available online (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://osf.io/ayjgh\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://osf.io/ayjgh\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). Study procedures were approved by the Behavioral Health Research Collective Institutional Review Board (#047) and carried out in accordance with the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRecruitment and Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants at least 18 years of age located in the United States were recruited from \u003cem\u003eCloudResearch Connect\u003c/em\u003e, an online crowdsourcing marketplace and completed surveys via \u003cem\u003eSurveyMonkey\u003c/em\u003e. They were randomized using a combination of simple and adaptive procedures to ensure balanced group assignment. Initially, screening questions for psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis were presented in random order via NimbleLinks, which redirected participants from CloudResearch to SurveyMonkey to complete the survey. Because MDMA had lower endorsement rates, adaptive randomization was later introduced to ensure approximately 130 valid responses per condition. When each condition filled\u0026mdash;first cannabis, then psilocybin\u0026mdash;it was removed from the randomization schema. The final 47 participants were routed exclusively to the MDMA survey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eScreening Survey\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA screening survey described as examining \u0026lsquo;lifestyle habits\u0026rsquo; assessed psilocybin, MDMA and cannabis use over the past five years alongside filler questions (e.g., sleep, soda consumption, alcohol and caffeine use). Those endorsing use of any target substance anytime in the last five years then rated the intensity of their most intense experience in that timeframe on a Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all Intense) to 5 (Extremely Intense). Those endorsing at least a \u0026ldquo;moderately intense\u0026rdquo; experience (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3) with a target substance (psilocybin, MDMA or cannabis) were eligible for and proceeded to the full survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe aimed to recruit 130 participants per group (a total of 390 analyzable surveys) after checking for inaccurate responding and the completeness of surveys. This sample size was selected based on a power analysis aimed at having 80% power to detect small-to-medium effects (Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35) with an alpha level of 0.05 on our primary analyses (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 2,420 individuals completed the screening survey, and a total of 441 unique participants (8 duplicates) were eligible for and completed the main survey. After excluding seven participants who failed an attention check, 27 who completed the survey in an unrealistically short amount of time (under 6 minutes whereas average survey time was 18 minutes, \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11), and ten with invalid responses. Our final sample was comprised of 397 participants (133 reporting on psilocybin use, 133 on MDMA and 131 on cannabis).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovariates (age, trait absorption, trait openness, primary purpose for use, intentions/expectations for the experience, apprehension, surrender, spiritual motivations) were selected because a systematic review found them to be predictors of psychedelic-induced mystical experience in at least two studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Percentage language was spoken during the experience was selected as a covariate because it was a significant inverse predictor of mystical experiences amongst individuals who self-administered psilocybin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). The present paper describes only the measures used in this specific pre-registration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the exception of the trait measures administered at the end of the survey (openness and absorption), participants were asked to answer questionnaires in relation to the most intense substance use experience identified in the screening survey.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eContext of the Substance Use Experience\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntensity\u003c/em\u003e of the substance use experience was assessed with two items (\u0026lsquo;intensity\u0026rsquo; and \u0026lsquo;high\u0026rsquo;) from the Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Supplementary Appendix A presents additional information about the HRS.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants selected all applicable \u003cem\u003esettings\u003c/em\u003e for the substance use experience (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), indicated the number of \u003cem\u003epeople present\u003c/em\u003e, and reported \u003cem\u003econcurrent substance use\u003c/em\u003e during the experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo items assessed the \u003cem\u003epresence of spoken language\u003c/em\u003e during the experience (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). Using visual analogue scales, participants reported the percentage of their experience involving spoken language or lyrics were in the background/foreground, and time spent actively talking or listening. Items were intercorrelated (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.37, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and averaged into a composite \u0026ldquo;spoken language\u0026rdquo; measure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants indicated their \u003cem\u003eprimary purpose for use\u003c/em\u003e of the substance, selecting from response options adapted from the Researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS\u0026reg;) System (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e) (see Appendix C). The 5-item spiritual motivations subscale (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.94 in the current study) was taken from Russ and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e) to assess \u003cem\u003e\u0026lsquo;spiritual-prosocial motivations\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026rsquo; Participants rated how important each of the following was in influencing their decision to use psilocybin/MDMA/cannabis: wanting to be better able to give to others, to increase capacity to love all beings, to help make the world a more peaceful place, to find their soul or the divine presence, or to feel one with the universe.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSelf-Transcendent Experiences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 9-item Self-Transcendent Experiences Survey captures two aspects of self-transcendence: \u003cem\u003eself-loss\u003c/em\u003e (example item: \"I felt my sense of self completely fade away\"; α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.90 in the current study) and \u003cem\u003econnection\u003c/em\u003e (example item: \"I had the sense of feeling closely connected to everything\"; α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.94 in the current study) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSelf-Transcendent Emotions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFive items adapted from the modified Differential Emotion Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e) were selected to assess \u003cem\u003eawe\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;awe, wonder, or amazement\u0026rdquo;), \u003cem\u003egratitude\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;grateful, appreciative, or thankful\u0026rdquo;), \u003cem\u003einspiration\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;inspired, uplifted, or elevated\u0026rdquo;), \u003cem\u003elove\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;love, closeness, or trust\u0026rdquo;), and \u003cem\u003esympathy\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;sympathy, concern, or compassion\u0026rdquo;). Participants rated the peak intensity of each emotion during their experience on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (Not at all) to 4 (Extremely). Items were averaged to create a composite self-transcendent emotions score (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.90). Given strong inter-item correlations (Spearman ρs: 0.52\u0026ndash;.70, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), effects by individual emotion (Exploratory Aim 2) were not examined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMystical Experiences\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mystical Experiences Questionnaire assesses dimensions of mystical experiences\u0026mdash;transcendence of time and space, ineffability, positive mood and overall mystical experience\u0026mdash;that may result from psychedelic use (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). We used the revised 30-item version, which as demonstrated good reliability and internal validity (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.97 in the current study) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). Per convention (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e), scores were calculated as a percentage of the maximum possible score, and thus could range from 0\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOverall Positive and Negative Emotions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule \u0026ndash; Short Form (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e), a widely used measure of affective states, was used to assess positive emotions (alert, inspired, determined, attentive, active; α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.79 in the current study) and negative emotions (upset, hostile, ashamed, nervous, afraid; α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.85 in the current study) during their substance use experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eIntentions and Mindset\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were provided with the following instructions: \u0026ldquo;The next items relate to your mindset as you took [drug]. It may be unchanged from the days before the experience, but perhaps your emotions shifted when you first used [drug]. As you took the [drug], how much did the following items reflect your mindset?\u0026rdquo;, responding to each of the following seven items on a 4-point Likert scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo items assessing \u003cem\u003eclarity of intentions\u003c/em\u003e (sample item: \u0026ldquo;I have a clear intention for the upcoming experience\u0026rdquo;) were adapted from a prior study (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). In the current study, items were moderately inter-correlated (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.52, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Four items from a \u003cem\u003estate of surrender\u003c/em\u003e subscale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e) were selected (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.81 in the current study): \u0026ldquo;I'd stopped resisting and was ready to give up control.\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;I knew I didn\u0026rsquo;t have to keep fighting\u0026rdquo;; \u0026ldquo;I 'd felt that I had endless time to devote to the experience\u0026rdquo;; and \u0026ldquo;I no longer cared what others would say.\u0026rdquo; A single-item adapted from Russ et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e) inquired about \u003cem\u003eapprehension\u003c/em\u003e felt immediately before taking psilocybin/MDMA/cannabis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrait Measures\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOpenness to new experience.\u003c/b\u003e Openness to experience was assessed with the two-item subscale from the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e). The measure has previously shown acceptable psychometric properties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e) and in the current study, items were moderately intercorrelated (ρ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.43, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbsorption.\u003c/b\u003e Trait absorption was assessed with five items adapted from the Modified Tellegen Absorption Scale (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e). The current study included the highest-loading item from each factor: synesthesia, altered states, aesthetic engagement with nature, imaginative involvement, and apparent extrasensory perception. Internal consistency for the modified scale was acceptable (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.70).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalyses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA small amount of missing data (less than 2 participants per measure) was present on certain measures due to a clerical error. Missing values were imputed using predictive mean matching via the \u003cem\u003emice\u003c/em\u003e package in R (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-way ANOVAs or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to assess whether putative covariates differed by substance; variables showing at least small-to-moderate differences (Eta-squared (η\u0026sup2;)\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;.03) were included in subsequent models. The assumptions of homogeneity was tested with Levene\u0026rsquo;s Test and assumption of normality by examining Q-Q, and residual plots, with Welch\u0026rsquo;s ANOVAs used as appropriate with the R package \u003cem\u003erstatix\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHierarchical linear regressions examined associations between substance (psilocybin, MDMA, cannabis) and dependent variables. Step 1 included substance as the sole predictor; Step 2 added covariates. Dummy coded variables compared MDMA and psilocybin participants to cannabis, which served as the reference condition. For models with overall negative emotions as outcome, the assumption of normality was violated leading to alternative generalized linear models being tested. The best-fitting model\u0026mdash;a compound Poisson-gamma distribution with a log link\u0026mdash;was selected based on examination of residual, P-P and Q-Q plots, and run with \u003cem\u003estatmod\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e). For the other outcomes, linear models fit well at Step 2, with some violation to normality of residuals at Step 1. Goodness of fit for alternative models (negative binomial, Tweedie, zero-inflated) were tested, but the linear model consistently fit best. Given its strong performance at Step 2 and the large sample size, we retained the linear model. Estimated marginal means were used to probe significant effects using \u003cem\u003eemmeans\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e). Robust standard errors were used for all models due to observed heteroscedasticity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChi-square analyses were used to examine how set and setting features varied by substance. To ensure adequate cell sizes, party and concert/festival settings were combined, and rarely endorsed settings (outdoors in nature, public place, other) were excluded. For primary purpose for use, a binary variable captured whether use was healing/growth-oriented (i.e., treating a mental or physical health condition, self-improvement, spiritual reasons or deepening a connection) versus non-healing/growth oriented (i.e., reactional or distraction purposes). Planned subgroup analyses for this group were not conducted due to limited power. Subgroup analyses for those reporting no concurrent substance use were run for Step 1 models only, given sample size constraints (25% of the sample endorsed no concurrent use).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn alpha level of .05 was used for all models; however, interpretation emphasized effect sizes\u0026mdash;standardized regression coefficients (β) and Cohen\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipant Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample had an average age of 34.3 years (\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.5) and was 60% men, 38% women, and 2% nonbinary (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The sample was predominantly white (59%), with 29% Black or African American (29%), 8% Asian, and small proportions identifying as Indigenous/American Indian (1%), and mixed race (2%). Regarding ethnicity, ten percent identified as Hispanic or Latinx. Most were employed full-time (67%) and had at least some college education (83%). All participants resided in the United States. Given apparent racial differences by substance, we conducted an exploratory chi-square test, which revealed significant differences in the proportion of BIPOC vs. white participants by substance (χ\u0026sup2; =10.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.005). Specifically, there were significantly more BIPOC participants (51%) reporting on MDMA experiences compared to psilocybin (32%), Camer\u0026rsquo;s V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.20, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002, with no other statistically significant differences between substances.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristics by Substance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull Sample,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCannabis,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge, years (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.3 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.5 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.9 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.6 (10.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e238 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (56%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88 (66%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (58%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNonbinary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56 (42%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (33%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRace (\u003cem\u003echeck all that apply)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlaska\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrican American or Black\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122 (29%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (23%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52 (38%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (27%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmerican Indian or Indigenous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMixed Race\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNative Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e246 (59%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (49%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthnicity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHispanic or Latinx\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDid not complete high school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh school or G.E.D.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (11%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociate\u0026rsquo;s degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222 (56%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83 (62%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (55%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-graduate degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (12%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (10%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmployment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFull-time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e266 (67%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (63%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90 (68%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePart-time\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (19%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot in labor force\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397 for the full sample, 133 for those reporting on psilocybin and MDMA experiences, and 131 for cannabis. MDMA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCovariates\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were significant differences between substance on clear intentions (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04), state of surrender (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04), spiritual motivations (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.08) and amount of spoken language during the experience (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01. As such, these variables were included as covariates in subsequent models. Compared to participants reporting on a cannabis experience, those reporting on psilocybin and MDMA use exhibited greater state surrender (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.31 \u0026ndash; .39, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.03), and spiritual motivations (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.52 \u0026ndash; .56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Compared to participants reporting on psilocybin experiences, MDMA users reported a greater percentage of their experience involving spoken language (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.35, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02). Compared to participants reporting on a cannabis experience, MDMA users had clearer intentions (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.40, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004), as did those reporting on psilocybin use at trend level (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.29, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.06). Supplementary Appendix B presents means, standard deviations, Cohen\u0026rsquo;s d values and p-values between substance for all covariate measures. There were small, nonsignificant differences for the remainder of the putative covariates (age, trait openness, trait absorption, apprehension) by substance (η\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.00 \u0026ndash; .02, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.06).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eContext of the Substance Use Experience\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents setting of use by substance and Supplementary Appendix C presents a summary of the context of use and primary purpose for use by substance. MDMA use was most common at parties (38%), followed by another\u0026rsquo;s home (34%), one's own home (32%), and festivals (23%). Psilocybin use was mainly at home (53%), with other frequent settings including another\u0026rsquo;s home (26%), parties (18%), outdoors (18%), and festivals (11%). Cannabis use occurred mostly at home (63%), with fewer reporting the setting of another\u0026rsquo;s home (20%) or a party (15%). Chi-square tests revealed significant differences in use in home, others\u0026rsquo; home, and festival/party/concert settings by substance (see Appendix C).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants most commonly used psilocybin in a small group (32%), with one other person (30%), or alone (18%); cannabis with one other person (35%), in a small group (31%), or alone (23%); and MDMA in a small group (40%) or a moderate-sized group of 6\u0026ndash;20 people (20%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost participants (75%) reported concurrent substance use, most often with just one other substance (44%). Participants using MDMA most frequently endorsed concurrent use of other substances (84%), followed by psilocybin (74%) and cannabis (64%). Participants using MDMA most frequently reported using 3\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;substances (18%), followed by those using psilocybin (12%) and cannabis (6%). Alcohol was the most common concurrent substance (endorsed by 54% of the sample), followed by nicotine (26%), and caffeine (19%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcross all substances, the most common reason for use was \u0026ldquo;to have fun, for enjoyment, or to celebrate\u0026rdquo; (MDMA: 75%, Cannabis: 73%, Psilocybin: 64%). In contrast, healing or growth-related motivations were less prevalent overall (17%) and varied by substance (χ\u0026sup2; = 12.08, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002, Cramer\u0026rsquo;s V\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.17). These motivations were most frequently reported for psilocybin (24%), followed by cannabis (18%) and MDMA (8%). Follow-up tests revealed significant differences between psilocybin and MDMA (χ\u0026sup2; = 11.10, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) and between cannabis and MDMA (χ\u0026sup2; = 4.28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04), but not between psilocybin and cannabis (χ\u0026sup2; = 1.32, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.25).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAssociation between Substance and Primary Outcomes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 2 presents standardized effect sizes from models examining the relationship between substance type and self-transcendent and mystical experiences, both without covariates (Step 1) and after covariates were added (Step 2). Full model results are described in the sections that follow. Supplementary Appendix D presents descriptives for each outcome by substance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFigure 2.\u003c/b\u003e Summary of Substance Effects (MDMA, Psilocybin vs. Cannabis) on Self-Transcendent Experience, Emotions, and Mystical Experiences\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDependent\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Measures\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 1 (no covariates)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 2 (covariates)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA v. Cann. (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocyb. v. Cann. (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA v. Cann (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocyb. v. Cann. (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTE-Self-Loss\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTE-Connect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall Mystical Experiences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-Transcendent Emotions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote\u003c/em\u003e: STE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;self-transcendent experiences; Cann\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;cannabis. Psilocyb\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;psilocybin. MDMA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine; β are standardized beta coefficients, where values between 0.10 and 0.29 indicate a small effect, values between 0.30 and 0.49 a medium effect, and values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.50 a large effect.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSelf-Loss Self-Transcendent Experiences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Step 1 of the model (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), 1.61% variance in self-loss self-transcendence was explained (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02). Psilocybin had a small, statistically significant association with greater self-loss self-transcendent experiences compared to cannabis (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.02), while MDMA showed a small, nonsignificant association with self-loss compared to cannabis (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.10, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.08). There were no significant differences between MDMA and psilocybin in either step of the model (\u003cem\u003eps\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.33). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 25.20% variance. After adjusting for covariates, the relationship between substance and self-loss was not maintained (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03 \u0026ndash; .04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.42).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConnection Self-Transcendent Experiences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Step 1 of the model (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), 7.53% variance in connection self-transcendence was explained (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.08). Psilocybin and MDMA were both associated with significantly higher connection self-transcendent experiences than cannabis (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27 \u0026ndash; .28, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 37.96% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, associations between substance and connection self-transcendence were attenuated but remained statistically significant (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.11 \u0026ndash; .13, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.02). MDMA and psilocybin were not statistically different in Step 1 or 2 of the model (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.91).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSelf-Transcendent Emotions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Step 1 of the model (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), 9.68% variance in self-transcendent emotions was explained (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.10). Psilocybin and MDMA were both associated with significantly greater reported positive self-transcendent emotions than cannabis (MDMA β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001; psilocybin β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 28.14% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, associations between substance and self-transcendent emotions were attenuated but remained statistically significant (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.17 \u0026ndash; .20, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Follow-up contrasts showed no differences between MDMA and psilocybin in Step 1 or 2 of the model (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.44).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear Regression Results of the Relationship Between Substance and Self-Loss and Dimensions of Self-Transcendent Experiences (Self-Loss, Connection, and Self-Transcendent Emotions)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel with Self-Loss Self-Transcendent Experiences\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 1 \u0026ndash; No Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 2 \u0026ndash; With Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear Intention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual Motives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eState of Surrender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpoken language\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel with Connection Self-Transcendent Experiences\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 1 \u0026ndash; No Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 2 \u0026ndash; With Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear Intention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual Motives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eState of Surrender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpoken language\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel with Self-Transcendent Emotions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 1 \u0026ndash; No Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 2 \u0026ndash; With Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear Intention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual Motives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eState of Surrender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpoken language\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397. The R\u0026sup2; change from Step 1 to Step 2 was 0.25 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) for the model with self-loss self-transcendent experiences (with the Step 2 model accounting for 26.81% variance), 0.38 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) for the model with connection self-transcendent experiences (with Step 2 accounting for 45.49% variance), and 0.28 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) for the model with self-transcendent emotions (with Step 2 accounting for 37.83% variance). MDMA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Confidence intervals are calculated at the 95% level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMystical Experiences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Step 1 of the model (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), 8.55% variance in overall mystical experience was explained (\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.09). MDMA and psilocybin had moderate-sized associations with greater overall mystical experiences scores compared to cannabis (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.27 \u0026ndash; .31, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Adding covariates in Step 2 accounted for an additional 49.45% of variance. After adjusting for covariates, these associations became small but remained statistically significant (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.12 \u0026ndash; .13, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.002). MDMA and psilocybin were not statistically different in Step 1 or 2 of the model (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.74).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLinear Regression Results of the Relationship Between Substance and Overall Mystical Experiences\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConfidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta (β)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 1 \u0026ndash; No Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStep 2 \u0026ndash; With Covariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMDMA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsilocybin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eClear Intention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpiritual Motives\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eState of Surrender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpoken language\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: N\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397. The R\u0026sup2; change from Step 1 to Step 2 was 0.49 (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), with Step 2 of the model accounting for 58.00% variance in overall mystical experiences. MDMA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Confidence intervals are calculated at the 95% level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eImpact of Concurrent Substance Use\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen concurrent substance use was added as a predictor to the models, it had small, statistically significant associations with less self-loss self-transcendent experiences and less overall mystical experiences (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.14 \u0026ndash; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), and was unrelated to connection self-transcendent experiences or positive self-transcendent emotions (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.27).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAdditional Analyses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults from planned exploratory analyses are reported in the Supplementary Appendices E and F due to space constraints, including associations between substance and subscales of the Mystical Experiences Questionnaire, and associations between substance and overall positive and negative emotions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis observational study bridges clinical, affective science, transcendental, and positive psychology with substance use research by examining how psilocybin, MDMA, and cannabis relate to various dimensions of self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Consistent with our hypotheses, psilocybin and MDMA were associated with significantly greater connection self-transcendent experiences, self-loss self-transcendent experience, mystical experiences, and self-transcendent emotions, compared to cannabis. While psychedelics also showed a small effect on the self-loss aspect of self-transcendence, this effect was no longer significant after adjusting for covariates. Our results mirror past work finding that while cannabis can produce mystical and self-transcendent experiences and emotions, effects are larger with psychedelics (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). However, it\u0026rsquo;s important to note that across all models, psychological \u0026lsquo;set\u0026rsquo; and environmental \u0026lsquo;setting\u0026rsquo; accounted for up to 58% of the variance in self-transcendent experiences, whereas substance identity explained at most 10%. In other words, mindset and context outweighed molecule by a factor of roughly 6:1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven that MDMA and classic psychedelics have distinct psychopharmacological properties (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e), we expected that psilocybin and MDMA would differ on some measures\u0026mdash;specifically that psilocybin would lead to greater self-loss self-transcendent experiences and greater overall mystical experiences. However, no differences between psilocybin and MDMA were found on any outcomes in the present study. These findings contrast with past work observing greater mystical and self-transcendence related to classic psychedelics compared to MDMA (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), and align with findings from Studerus and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e), in which no differences between psilocybin and MDMA were observed on some subscales of the Altered States of Consciousness scale related to self-transcendent experiences (experiences of unity and oceanic boundlessness). In the current study, MDMA and psilocybin likewise did not differ in the extent to which they elicited positive self-transcendent emotions, contrasting with research finding greater blissful experiences with MDMA compared to psilocybin use (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, although MDMA is thought to play a unique role in promoting social connection (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e), we likewise did not find differences in connection self-transcendent experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the effect sizes of substance on outcomes were generally small, it is notable that associations remained significant even after adjusting for covariates\u0026mdash;especially given the predominantly recreational and polysubstance use context of our sample. Most participants (75%) endorsed concurrent substance use, and only 17% reporting primarily healing/growth-oriented motivations. Our sample marks a significant departure from prior clinical trials and community studies (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e). For instance, in another study of psychedelic experiences likewise enrolling participants through a crowd-sourcing platform (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), 73% of participants indicated no concurrent substance use and 31% reported a primarily recreational purpose for use. Our more heterogeneous sample likely reflects broader substance use patterns in the general population, as recruitment was conducted through general advertisements rather than within specific user communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e We planned to explore substance effects under contexts approximating therapeutic use\u0026mdash;specifically, when participants reported healing/growth-oriented motivations and no concurrent substance use. However, we were only able to examine the role of concurrent substance use as too few participants endorsed healing motivations. Results showed that concurrent substance use was associated with decreased self-loss self-transcendent and overall mystical experiences, but not with connection self-transcendence or self-transcendent emotions. This suggests that certain dimensions of self-transcendent experiences may be more sensitive to contextual factors such as concurrent substance use. However, these results are exploratory and should be interpreted cautiously. Due to small cell sizes, we were unable to examine specific patterns of concurrent use and instead relied on a binary indicator of whether any co-use occurred. Future research should aim to isolate substance-specific effects more precisely and examine how different co-use patterns interact with specific psychedelics to influence self-transcendent and mystical experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA notable and consistent finding across analyses was that model covariates explained more variance in outcomes than the specific substance used, with the addition of covariates increasing explained variance by 25\u0026ndash;49%, whereas substance alone accounted for minimal variance (2\u0026ndash;10%). In particular, spiritual motivations and a state of surrender emerged as the most robust predictors across all outcome measures when controlling for substance type (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.26 \u0026ndash; .43, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). These results echo the emphasis on thorough preparation in most psychedelic-assisted therapies, and on a humble, open mindset in traditional entheogenic healing practices and ceremonial contexts (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eContrasting with past work (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e), having clear intentions did not predict any outcomes in the current study. Additionally, greater percentage of spoken language during the experience had small, significant associations with \u003cem\u003egreater\u003c/em\u003e connection self-transcendent experiences and overall mystical experiences (whereas a negative association was observed in past work; Russ et al., 2019b). One possible explanation for these divergences is the nature of our sample, which included a higher proportion of recreational users than is typical in psychedelic research. For instance, the meaning and impact of \u0026ldquo;clear intentions\u0026rdquo; may differ for people using substances recreationally compared to for therapeutic or healing purposes. For recreational users, general openness to experience or spiritual/prosocial motivations may be more relevant to beneficial outcomes than clearly articulated intentions. Associations between clear intentions and mystical and self-transcendent experiences may emerge in a sample with healing or growth-related motivations; however, the relatively small number of such participants in our dataset precluded this analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings highlight distinct motivations and contexts of use across substances. Cannabis was most often used at home, while MDMA was more commonly used in social settings with larger groups. Primary purpose for use and mindset at the time of use likewise varied. Healing or growth-related motivations were least frequently reported for MDMA, compared to psilocybin and cannabis. Compared to cannabis, both psilocybin and MDMA were associated with greater clarity of intentions, state of surrender, and spiritual experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe finding that surrender and spiritual-prosocial intent predicted self-transcendence far more strongly than substance holds important therapeutic or healing implications. In psychedelic-assisted therapy, preparation sessions may benefit from emphasizing openness, surrender, and broader spiritual or prosocial motivations, perhaps even more so than clearly specified intentions. As psychedelic services becomes increasingly commercialized (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e), there is a risk that psychedelic healing will focus on specific patented substances and \u0026ldquo;quick fix\u0026rdquo; results, potentially overlooking the essential role of mindset in facilitating meaningful experiences. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that careful preparation including cultivation of mindset remains a powerful driver of self-transcendent experiences. While access to formal services\u0026mdash;such as psychotherapy, retreat centers, ceremonial spaces, or underground practitioners\u0026mdash;is often limited by cost, availability, or legality risks, there are accessible and low-cost approaches to mindset cultivation, such as contemplative practices or peer-led intention-setting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengths of our study include the relatively large (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397) and diverse (29% Black or African American, 8% Asian) sample. By directly comparing two distinct psychedelic substances as well as an active comparator substance (cannabis) and including a broad assessment of set and setting covariates, the study offers insight into both pharmacological and contextual influences on self-transcendent and mystical experiences. Unlike much prior research, participants were recruited from the general population rather than from communities already engaged with or supportive of psychedelic use, reducing the likelihood of selection bias. This recruitment approach likely increased sample generalizability though also increased costs\u0026mdash;a total of 2,458 individuals completed the screening survey to achieve the final sample of 397 participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations must be acknowledged when interpreting the findings of this research. The study's observational design precludes causal inference. Furthermore, participants reported on a substance use experience that occurred within the past five years, introducing potential recall bias. They were also asked to reflect on their \u0026ldquo;most intense\u0026rdquo; experience, which may have led to inflated effect sizes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e). Although our sample was racially diverse and arguably more representative of recreational users than previous studies, it was not nationally representative: participants had higher educational attainment and lower Hispanic representation compared to U.S. census benchmarks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e). Future studies should use demographic targets to increase sample generalizability (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), and include additional variables to better characterize participants, such as cultural identification, and more detailed socioeconomic status and geographic background. Fourth, correlational findings relating to the importance of set and setting could be tested in studies that experimentally cultivate surrender, and explore culturally diverse framings of spiritual intent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOverall, our data showed that who, where, and why people use MDMA, psilocybin, and cannabis mattered far more than which substance they took. Across outcomes, set-and-setting factors, especially surrender and prosocial-spiritual motivation, accounted for up to 58% of variance (vs. \u0026le; 10% for substance). This \u0026ldquo;mindset-over-molecule\u0026rdquo; pattern persisted even in a primarily recreational, polysubstance use context, underscoring that mindset cultivation could boost benefit and reduce harm irrespective of access to higher-cost compounds or clinical settings. Psilocybin and MDMA did elicit more connection, self-transcendent emotion, and mystical experience than cannabis, but these effects were small and even smaller when other substances were concurrently used. Given that mystical and self-transcendent experiences\u0026mdash;especially the \u0026lsquo;connection\u0026rsquo; dimension\u0026mdash;have been proposed to play a critical role in promoting long-term benefits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e), our findings support the idea that careful attention to preparation is key to beneficial use of MDMA, psilocybin, and cannabis. By shifting emphasis from chemistry to context, we can extend psychedelic science\u0026mdash;and its benefits\u0026mdash;to broader, more equitable audiences.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eMDMA = 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD = lysergic acid diethylamide\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTE = self-transcendent experiences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eStudy procedures were approved by the Behavioral Health Research Collective Institutional Review Board (#047) and carried out in accordance with the provisions of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Written verbal informed consent was obtained for all participants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eData and associated code are available online ( https://osf.io/ayjgh).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work was internally funded; the authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eConceptualization: CC, AS, JL; Methodology: CC, AS, JL; Formal Analysis: CC; Investigation: CC, WL, JL; Resources: JL; Data Curation: CC, WL; Writing \u0026ndash; Original Draft: CC; Writing \u0026ndash; Review \u0026amp; Editing: AS, WL, JL; Visualization: CC; Supervision: CC; JL; Project Administration: WL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDanforth AL, Grob CS, Struble C, Feduccia AA, Walker N, Jerome L, et al. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045224\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045224\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"psychedelics, cannabis, MDMA, psilocybin, mystical experiences, self-transcendent experiences","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSelf-transcendent and mystical experiences may be key mechanisms underlying psychedelics\u0026rsquo; therapeutic effects, yet how these experiences differ across substances remains unclear. This study compared mystical and self-transcendent experiences across psilocybin, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and cannabis in a diverse, community-based sample, while accounting for covariates. Additionally, we examined the relative contributions of pharmacological versus psychological factors in shaping self-transcendent and mystical experiences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdults aged 18 years and older (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;397) were recruited with general, non-psychedelic-targeted advertisements on a crowdsourcing platform, and randomized to report on their most intense use experience with either cannabis, psilocybin or MDMA in the past five years. Participants completed measures of self-transcendent and mystical experiences, emotions, and variables previously found to predict mystical experiences (e.g., personality traits, motivations for use, intentions/expectations for the experience). Hierarchical multiple linear regressions examined the effects of substance type (cannabis/psilocybin/MDMA) on outcomes, both alone and while adjusting for contextual (set/setting) variables.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost of the sample reported recreational reasons for use (83%) and concurrently used other substances (75%). Psilocybin and MDMA corresponded to greater self-transcendent and mystical experiences than cannabis, even after controlling for contextual factors. However, effect sizes were generally small (standardized regression coefficients β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.14\u0026ndash;34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05) and attenuated when covariates were included (βs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03\u0026ndash;20). Effects on self-transcendent experiences characterized by \u0026lsquo;self-loss\u0026rsquo; were weaker overall, and nonsignificant when covariates were added (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003es\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;.33). Notably, mindset\u0026mdash;particularly surrendering to the experience and having spiritual/prosocial motivations\u0026mdash;emerged as the strongest predictors, with models including these variables accounting for up to 58% of variance (compared to \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10% for substance alone).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFindings indicate a \u0026ldquo;mindset-over-molecule\u0026rdquo; pattern wherein psychological context (\u0026ldquo;set\u0026rdquo;) is more strongly associated with psychedelic outcomes than substance type alone.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mindset Over Molecule: Comparing Self-Transcendent and Mystical Experiences Across Recreational Psilocybin, MDMA, and Cannabis Use","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-12 14:25:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7266162/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-09T08:16:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T20:45:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23810047660345897128785368798543664988","date":"2025-10-17T19:18:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-21T10:33:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"276755656807417462745991532530379732265","date":"2025-09-13T06:24:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T09:28:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"150607226750125054834249399397798386878","date":"2025-09-04T14:17:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T13:53:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T08:26:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-14T11:30:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T00:10:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-08-13T00:06:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1839bfd7-b845-43ea-9188-74b1a18da4ea","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-26T16:15:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7266162","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4","journal":{"identity":"bmc-psychology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Psychology"},"publishedOn":"2026-01-21 15:57:41","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 21st, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-12 14:25:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03921-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7266162","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7266162","identity":"rs-7266162","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}