Marzano's Self-System Thinking and a Four-Factor Model of Academic Self-Determination as Predictors of Persistence in Natural Sciences and Scientific Text Reading Fluency Among Bilingual University Students

Marzano's Self-System Thinking and a Four-Factor Model of Academic Self-Determination as Predictors of Persistence in Natural Sciences and Scientific Text Reading Fluency Among Bilingual University Students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Marzano's Self-System Thinking and a Four-Factor Model of Academic Self-Determination as Predictors of Persistence in Natural Sciences and Scientific Text Reading Fluency Among Bilingual University Students MOHAMED MEKHEIMER, Eid Abou-Ghaneima This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6992595/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigated the predictive relationships of Marzano's self-system thinking (SST) and academic self-determination (ASD) with persistence in learning natural sciences (PLNS) and reading fluency of scientific texts among 302 bilingual (Arabic-English) university students. Addressing the need for context-specific research in non-Western settings, this study explored how these psychological constructs influence key academic outcomes. The research aimed to identify factors that could enhance student learning. Validated, adapted scales were used to measure: 1) SST, based on Marzano's theory, assessing importance, efficacy, and emotional response; and 2) ASD, operationalized in this study through four dimensions: academic autonomy, academic self-regulation, academic psychological empowerment, and academic self-realization, reflecting a broader conceptualization emerging from self-determination theory. Reading fluency was assessed using a standardized reading test. Regression analyses were employed to examine the proposed relationships. The sample (N=302; M age = 21.1, SD = 1.39; 249 females, 53 males) showed that both SST and the four-factor model of ASD significantly predicted PLNS and reading fluency. Notably, SST demonstrated a stronger predictive relationship with these academic outcomes, with the "examining emotional response" component of SST playing a particularly crucial role. These findings underscore the importance of fostering internal psychological factors, especially components of self-system thinking, to support student learning and persistence in demanding academic fields. Social science/Education Biological sciences/Psychology Social science/Psychology self-system thinking academic self-determination persistence reading fluency bilingual education Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files DataRegressionresults.sav Appendix1.docx Appendix2.docx Appendix3.docx Appendix4.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Humanities and Social Sciences Communications → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 13 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6992595","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":535872894,"identity":"a4c7e080-eb95-4ea9-b13a-af557bfbb801","order_by":0,"name":"MOHAMED 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Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"self-system thinking, academic self-determination, persistence, reading fluency, bilingual education","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6992595/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6992595/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the predictive relationships of Marzano's self-system thinking (SST) and academic self-determination (ASD) with persistence in learning natural sciences (PLNS) and reading fluency of scientific texts among 302 bilingual (Arabic-English) university students. Addressing the need for context-specific research in non-Western settings, this study explored how these psychological constructs influence key academic outcomes. The research aimed to identify factors that could enhance student learning. Validated, adapted scales were used to measure: 1) SST, based on Marzano's theory, assessing importance, efficacy, and emotional response; and 2) ASD, operationalized in this study through four dimensions: academic autonomy, academic self-regulation, academic psychological empowerment, and academic self-realization, reflecting a broader conceptualization emerging from self-determination theory. Reading fluency was assessed using a standardized reading test. Regression analyses were employed to examine the proposed relationships. The sample (N=302; M age = 21.1, SD = 1.39; 249 females, 53 males) showed that both SST and the four-factor model of ASD significantly predicted PLNS and reading fluency. Notably, SST demonstrated a stronger predictive relationship with these academic outcomes, with the \"examining emotional response\" component of SST playing a particularly crucial role. These findings underscore the importance of fostering internal psychological factors, especially components of self-system thinking, to support student learning and persistence in demanding academic fields.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Marzano's Self-System Thinking and a Four-Factor Model of Academic Self-Determination as Predictors of Persistence in Natural Sciences and Scientific Text Reading Fluency Among Bilingual University Students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-31 15:00:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6992595/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-27T12:39:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-16T19:37:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-09T03:09:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-02T06:42:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-01T07:00:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282746218072118268524256247565049456156","date":"2025-10-27T18:17:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"253061039907286605505267698697782194743","date":"2025-10-24T08:41:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186646584227204747788039028880624634574","date":"2025-10-22T09:28:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"20499288000612468389262697504391588947","date":"2025-10-22T02:43:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"138918113418684968481395549467756318328","date":"2025-10-21T14:30:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-21T14:18:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T13:28:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T18:05:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-07T12:56:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","date":"2025-08-07T12:49:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"palcomms","sideBox":"Learn more about [Humanities \u0026 Social Sciences Communications](http://www.nature.com/palcomms/)","snPcode":"41599","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41599/3","title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"89657cad-5469-41b5-b625-2466645375b9","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":56976372,"name":"Social science/Education"},{"id":56976373,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":56976374,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:11:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6992595","link":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07111-4","journal":{"identity":"humanities-and-social-sciences-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-15 15:57:22","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 15th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-31 15:00:39","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1057/s41599-026-07111-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-026-07111-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6992595","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6992595","identity":"rs-6992595","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}