A FRET biosensor, SMART, monitors necroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells in a cisplatin-induced kidney injury model

Necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death involved in various pathological conditions, including ischemic reperfusion injuries, virus infections, and drug-induced tissue injuries. However, it is not fully understood when and where necroptosis occurs in vivo . We previously generated a Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor, termed SMART (the sensor for MLKL activation based on FRET), which specifically monitored necroptosis in human and murine cell lines in vitro . Here, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice that expressed the SMART biosensor in various tissues. SMART monitored necroptosis, but not apoptosis or pyroptosis, in primary cells, including peritoneal macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts. Moreover, the FRET signal was elevated in renal tubular cells of cisplatin-treated SMART Tg mice compared to untreated SMART Tg mice. Together, SMART Tg mice may provide a valuable tool for monitoring necroptosis in different types of cells in vitro and in vivo .