Fish as Medicine: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Practices in Northeast India

Fish as Medicine: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Practices in Northeast India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Fish as Medicine: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Practices in Northeast India Veselu Khesoh, Mayur Phukan, Pranay Punj Pankaj This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Northeast India, often referred to as the bio-geographical gateway of India. It is home to rich biodiversity and diverse indigenous communities with deep-rooted traditional knowledge systems. Among these, ichthyofauna plays a pivotal role in ethnomedicinal practices, reflecting the intricate relationship between humans and their environment. This study aims to document and analyse the therapeutic applications of fish species traditionally used for healthcare in Northeast India. Data were collected through secondary sources as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria across states: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sikkim that involved interviews with indigenous healers and ethnographic documentation. A total of 40 fish species from 16 families were identified, including Channa punctatus (Spotted Snakehead) and Monopterus cuchia (Cuchia Eel), which are commonly used for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments. Findings reveal that fish-based remedies are deeply integrated into the cultural and spiritual beliefs of local communities, emphasizing a holistic approach to health. This study highlights the potential of integrating traditional ichthyotherapeutic knowledge with modern medicine to create sustainable and culturally appropriate healthcare solutions. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of preserving this indigenous knowledge for future generations while ensuring ecological sustainability. Ethnomedicine Zootherapy Ichthyofauna Traditional Healing Northeast India Biodiversity Conservation Figures Figure 1 Introduction Northeast (NE) India is a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot, distinguished by its extraordinary variety of ecosystems and cultural heritage. This region, comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, is characterized by an intricate mosaic of ethnic communities. Each community possesses extensive traditional knowledge about their surrounding environment, including its medicinal properties. Among the many elements of traditional medicine, the use of ichthyofauna stands out as a significant practice. For generations, ichthyotherapy has been a cornerstone of indigenous healthcare systems, deeply embedded within the socio-cultural fabric and ecological context of the region (Hussain & Tynsong, 2021 ). However, despite its importance, the therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna remain underexplored in modern scientific literature. This oversight represents a critical bottleneck in efforts to document and preserve these invaluable traditions. The aquatic ecosystems of NE - India, encompassing rivers, wetlands, and lakes, are biodiversity hotspots that support a wide range of endemic fish species. These ecosystems sustain a multitude of freshwater fish species, many of which are endemic to the region. Beyond their role as a source of sustenance, these fish are integral to the traditional medicine systems of indigenous communities (Deb & Haque, 2011 ; Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; b ). The therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna in this region illuminate the intersection of biodiversity and traditional knowledge, showcasing how local communities have used fish species to address various health conditions, ranging from respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders to dermatological ailments. This study hypothesizes that the fish species employed in traditional medicine across NE - India possess bioactive compounds that contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. By systematically documenting these practices, this research seeks to bridge the gap between indigenous knowledge and modern scientific understanding. It further hypothesizes that the cultural practices surrounding these therapeutic uses play an equally crucial role in promoting community health and well-being. This dual emphasis on biological and cultural dimensions underscores the holistic nature of ichthyotherapy in the region (Jugli et al., 2020 ). The cultural significance of ichthyofauna in traditional healing cannot be overstated. Indigenous communities in NE - India regard their aquatic resources not only as sources of nutrition but also as sacred elements of their spiritual and medicinal traditions. Ritualistic practices often accompany the use of fish-based remedies, reflecting the deep connection between physical health and spiritual well-being. For instance, certain fish species are believed to possess symbolic or mystical properties that enhance their healing capabilities. This belief system aligns with the broader principles of ethnomedicine, which emphasizes the interplay of natural resources, cultural practices, and healthcare (Kakati et al., 2006 ; Mahawar & Jaroli, 2006 ). Ethnomedicine refers to the use of natural resources, including plants and animals, to treat various health conditions based on indigenous knowledge systems. Within this framework, zootherapy: the practice of using animals for medicinal purpose, is a widely recognized tradition (Alves & Rosa, 2005 ). In NE - India, zootherapeutic practices involving ichthyofauna are particularly noteworthy. Communities such as the Bodo, Ao, and Naga tribes have long utilized fish species to treat a diverse array of ailments. These remedies are often prepared using specific parts of the fish, such as the flesh, blood, skin, or mucus, each believed to possess distinct healing properties (Chakravorty et al., 2011 ; Borah & Prasad, 2016 ). For example, the mucus of certain fish species is used to treat skin conditions, while their flesh may be consumed to address nutritional deficiencies or respiratory issues. The diversity of ichthyofauna in NE - India is paralleled by the diversity of its therapeutic applications. Fish species from families such as Cyprinidae, Channidae, and Clariidae are commonly employed in traditional medicine. Notable examples include Labeo gonius, Channa striatus and Clarias magur . These species are reputed for their roles in treating ailments such as asthma, anemia and dermatological disorders (Basumatary et al., 2023 ). Their widespread use highlights the intricate ecological knowledge possessed by indigenous communities, who have developed highly specific practices for harvesting and preparing these remedies. Despite the richness of these traditions, the therapeutic use of ichthyofauna faces numerous challenges. Environmental degradation, overfishing, and climate change threaten the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems, thereby jeopardizing the availability of medicinal fish species. Concurrently, the erosion of indigenous knowledge systems due to socio-economic and cultural changes poses a significant risk to the continuity of these practices (Das et al., 2017 ; Mihsill & Keshan, 2017 ). The combined impact of these factors underscores the urgent need for documentation and preservation efforts. The scientific validation of traditional ichthyotherapeutic practices represents another critical frontier. While these practices are deeply rooted in empirical observations and cultural beliefs, modern pharmacological studies have yet to fully explore the bioactive compounds present in medicinal fish species. Understanding the biochemical basis of these remedies could pave the way for their integration into contemporary healthcare systems. For instance, certain compounds found in fish tissues, such as omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and peptides, are already known for their health benefits (Simopoulos, 2002 ; Ellulu et al., 2015 ). Further research may reveal additional bioactive molecules with potential applications in treating chronic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions. The therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna in NE - India span a wide range of ailments, offering practical and cost-effective remedies in regions with limited access to modern healthcare. These treatments address both physical and spiritual needs, underscoring the interconnectedness of body, mind, and environment within traditional health systems. Fish species are integral to these practices, showcasing the deep ecological knowledge of indigenous communities. Channa species, particularly Channa punctatus , are renowned for their anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties, making them effective in treating respiratory conditions such as asthma and tuberculosis (Borah & Prasad, 2016 ). Monopterus cuchia , a freshwater eel, is widely utilized for respiratory health; its blood is consumed to alleviate asthma and clear respiratory passages (Kakati et al., 2006 ). Labeo pangusia and Pethia manipurensis are traditionally employed to treat gastrointestinal disorders, particularly in postpartum women, as they aid digestion and reduce abdominal discomfort (Deb & Haque, 2011 ). These medicinal applications are further enriched by the cultural and spiritual significance attached to ichthyofauna, where rituals accompany their usage, invoking spiritual protection and healing (Chakravorty et al., 2011 ). Respiratory conditions, including asthma and tuberculosis, are prevalent in NE - India due to environmental and climatic factors. Fish-based remedies, particularly those using Channa punctatus and Monopterus cuchia , are central to traditional treatments. In Assam, Channa punctatus is boiled with black pepper and consumed to combat tuberculosis, reflecting its efficacy in addressing chronic respiratory ailments. Similarly, Monopterus cuchia is consumed for its powerful medicinal properties, with its blood believed to alleviate asthma symptoms and improve airflow (Teronpi et al., 2012 ; 2013 ). Wallago attu is another species used for respiratory relief, with its air bladder consumed for its anti-inflammatory effects (Hussain & Tynsong, 2021 ). Gastrointestinal issues, particularly among postpartum women, are commonly treated with fish species like Labeo pangusia and Pethia manipurensis . These fish are boiled and consumed to alleviate abdominal pain, improve digestion, and stimulate appetite (Deb & Haque, 2011 ). Additionally, fish bile is used in treating gastric ulcers, with local healers grinding the bile of species such as Labeo rohita into a paste for symptom relief. The nutritional profile of fish, rich in essential fatty acids, proteins, and amino acids, further enhances their effectiveness in promoting gastrointestinal health (Awuchi et al., 2022 ). Fish-based remedies are extensively used for treating skin diseases and promoting wound healing in NE - India. Channa striata (Striped Snakehead) and Barbus sp. are commonly applied topically for conditions like chickenpox, fungal infections, and wounds. In Nagaland, the mucus of Barbus sp. is specifically applied to chickenpox lesions to reduce itching and accelerate healing. Fish skin, known for its high collagen content, is valued for its wound-healing properties, aiding tissue regeneration and reducing recovery times. This aligns with global findings where fish skin, such as Tilapia, demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Simopoulos, 2002 ; Furtado et al., 2022 ). Fish species like Monopterus albus and Amphipnous cuchia are consumed for their blood-purifying properties, believed to enhance iron levels and overall blood health. These species are particularly effective in treating anaemia and fatigue, with their high iron and protein content contributing to the restoration of energy levels and blood quality (Awuchi et al., 2022 ). These remedies are especially valuable in remote areas where access to conventional pharmaceuticals is limited. The therapeutic uses of ichthyofauna in NE - India highlight the intersection of ecological knowledge, cultural practices, and healthcare. However, the sustainability of these resources is under threat from overfishing, habitat destruction, and climate change, which jeopardize the continuation of these traditional healing practices. Systematic documentation and scientific validation of ichthyotherapeutic remedies are crucial to preserving this invaluable heritage and integrating it into modern healthcare systems. This study documents the use of fish species in traditional medicine among NE - India's diverse indigenous communities, exploring their cultural and spiritual significance. It also assesses the sustainability of these practices amid environmental and socio-economic pressures, while identifying potential bioactive compounds with applications in modern healthcare. By integrating insights from anthropology, ecology, pharmacology, and public health, this research highlights the ethnomedicinal and zootherapeutic value of ichthyofauna as a vital intersection of biodiversity and cultural heritage. Ultimately, it aims to honour indigenous wisdom and contribute to healthcare innovation and biodiversity conservation through systematic documentation and scientific inquiry. This study aims to preserve and highlight indigenous knowledge and practices as a valuable resource for promoting biodiversity conservation and developing sustainable, culturally rooted healthcare solutions. Materials and Methods Study Area and Selection of Sites This study was encompassing the eight states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura (Fig. 1 ). These regions were chosen due to their rich biodiversity, cultural diversity, and the prevalent use of traditional medicinal practices involving ichthyofauna. Geographically, NE - India is situated between approximately 29.45° N and 22.00° N latitude and 97.50° E and 89.78° E longitude. The Brahmaputra, Chindwin and Barak are river system along with their wetlands and aquatic ecosystems, offer vital habitats for a wide range of fish species, making it an ideal setting for exploring ethnomedicinal practices. Data Sources and Literature Search An extensive literature search was conducted to gather information from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports on the ethnomedicinal use of ichthyofauna in NE - India. Academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were utilized alongside repositories including DSpace, ePrints, PubMed Central (PMC), ResearchGate, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (PQDT), and Shodhganga. Search terms included “Fish-derived Treatments,” “Ichthyological Therapeutics,” “Fish Medicine,” “Aquatic-based Remedies,” “Ichthyotherapy Remedies,” “Traditional Fish Healing,” “Fish-Infused Remedies,” “Fish-Based Therapy,” and “Ichthyotherapeutic Treatments.” Publications spanning all years were reviewed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Additionally, manual searches of reference lists from key articles were performed to identify studies that may not have been included in the database searches. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria The study employed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance of the collected data. Titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were initially screened to evaluate their focus on the medicinal use of fish in NE - India. Articles were included if they provided detailed information on: Medicinal applications of freshwater fish species in NE - India, Preparation methods, cultural significance, or spiritual aspects of fish-based remedies. Studies were excluded if they: Focused on marine species or research conducted in geographical regions outside NE - India, Lacked specific information on the ethnomedicinal use of ichthyofauna. Articles that passed the initial screening underwent a full-text review to confirm their relevance and ensure their inclusion in the final dataset. This systematic approach facilitated the collection of high-quality, relevant data to support the objectives of the studies. Results Fish Species Used in Traditional Medicine The study identified 40 fish species from 16 families that are used for medicinal purposes across NE - India (Fig. 1 ). The majority of species belong to the Cyprinidae (13 species), Channidae (6 species), and Bagridae (4 species) families. Commonly used species included Channa punctatus (Spotted Snakehead), Monopterus cuchia (Cuchia Eel) and Labeo pangusia (Goonch fish), which were noted for their diverse therapeutic applications. Therapeutic Applications The fish species documented in the study were used to address a variety of ailments, broadly categorized into the following groups: Respiratory Disorders: Several fish species are utilized for treating respiratory ailments, including asthma, tuberculosis, and other chronic conditions. In Nagaland, Monopterus cuchia is commonly used, with its blood consumed to clear respiratory passages. In Assam, Channa punctatus is prepared in a decoction with black pepper to treat tuberculosis. Similarly, the air bladder of Wallago attu is frequently used for its anti-inflammatory properties to alleviate asthma symptoms. The therapeutic applications of fish for respiratory disorders are shown in Tables 1 – 4 . Table 1 Ethnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Assam Scientific Name Family Vernacular Name Ethnic Tribe Medicinal Use References Heteropneustes fossilis Heteropneustidae Singee Bodo, Assamese Used for anemia, blood purifier, fever, post-birth recovery, jaundice (dried fish) Duarah et al., 2019, Borah & Prasad, 2017 Pethia aequipinnatus Cyprinidae Nune Karbi Tribe Improves memory, vision; used for physical weakness. Teronpi et al., 2012 ; 2013 Danio rerio Cyprinidae Nijou Bodo Tribe Improves eyesight and general health. Basumatary et al., 2023 Labeo gonius Cyprinidae Kursa Bodo Tribe Used for gastrointestinal problems, digestion, and enhancing strength. Basumatary et al., 2023 Labeo rohita Cyprinidae Rou mas Idu-Mishimi Used for stomach ailments, general weakness, and post-delivery recovery. Borah & Prasad, 2017 Pethia sarana Cyprinidae Pitikri Bodo Tribe Improves memory, vision, and used to increase strength and general health. Basumatary et al., 2023 Mystus tengara Bagridae Tengwna Bodo Tribe Used for dysentery, post-birth recovery, and to improve digestive health. Basumatary et al., 2023 Anabas testudineus Anabantidae Kawoi Idu-Mishimi Used for general weakness, malaria, and recovery from illness. Borah & Prasad, 2016 Monopterus cuchia Synbranchidae Cuchia Idu-Mishimi Used for weakness after delivery, anemia, and as an energy booster. Borah & Prasad, 2017 Esomus danricus Cyprinidae Darikana Bodo Tribe Improves eyesight, helps increase lactation. Duarah et al., 2019 Cirrhinus mrigala Cyprinidae Mirika Assamese Dried fish is consumed in malaria treatment. Duarah et al., 2019 Clarias batrachus Clariidae Magur Bodo, Assamese Used for diarrhea, anemia, smallpox, weakness after delivery. Duarah et al., 2019 Channa punctata Channidae Goroi Bodo, Karbi Used for malaria, post-birth recovery, body pain, general weakness. Duarah et al., 2019 Notopterus notopterus Notopteridae Kanduli Bodo, Assamese Used for abdominal pain and digestive problems. Duarah et al., 2019 Wallago attu Siluridae Borali Karbi, Bodo Used in liver ailments, to increase body strength. Duarah et al., 2019 Amblypharyngodon mola Cyprinidae Moa Bodo, Assamese Dried fish consumed for common cold, menstrual pain, asthma. Duarah et al., 2019 Macrognathus pancalus Mastacembelidae Turi Bodo, Assamese Dried fish consumed for common cold, to increase strength. Duarah et al., 2019 Xenentodon cancila Channidae Kokila Bodo, Karbi Dried fish used to relieve headaches, used as surgical tool for healing bruises Borah & Prasad, 2017 Anguilla bengalensis Anguillidae Bami Bodo, Karbi Used for piles, rheumatoid arthritis (fat for massage). Duarah & Das, 2019 Badis badis Badidae Puwati Bodo Used for postpartum respiratory issues (flesh and head). Borah & Prasad, 2017 Botia dario Cobitidae Gedgedi Bodo Used for mild cold, fever, anemia (flesh and head). Duarah et al., 2019 Chaca chaca Chacidae - Karbi Used for asthma (dry fish ground and prescribed to be drunk with water). Duarah et al., 2019 Table 2 Ethnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Arunachal Pradesh Scientific Name Family Vernacular Name Ethnic Tribe Medicinal Use References Labeo rohita Cyprinidae Ngui Nyishi tribe Used to treat various ailments; improves digestion and strength Chakravorty et al., 2011 Labeo sp. Cyprinidae Nyahnyal Tangsa tribe Used in treatment of digestive issues and as a strength enhancer Jugli et al., 2020 Pethia sp. Cyprinidae Puthi mach Adi tribe Treats digestive disorders, improves energy levels Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; Singh et al., 2019 Semiplotus sp. Cyprinidae — Nyishi tribe Used for strengthening the body Chakravorty et al., 2011 Mystus cavasius Bagridae Tengna Adi tribe Used to treat stomach ailments and improve vitality Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b Sperata seenghala Bagridae Ari machh Adi tribe Treats fever, body aches, and improves digestion Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Singh et al., 2020 Channa punctata Channidae Goroi Adi tribe Used to treat fever, skin issues, and muscle pain Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b Mastacembelus armatus Mastacembelidae Ngahchim Tangsa tribe Used for body aches, muscle relaxation, and general weakness Jugli et al., 2020 Mastacembelus armatus Mastacembelidae Ngahpuh Wancho tribe Used for treating muscle cramps and general fatigue Jugli et al., 2020 Monopterus cuchia Synbranchidae Powshai Tangsa tribe Treats digestive issues, and is consumed during fever Jugli et al., 2020 Anabas testudineus Anabantidae Kaoui Adi tribe Used for treating body pains and improving digestion Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Singh et al., 2020 Anguilla sp. Anguillidae — Nyishi and Galo tribe Used for improving digestion and strength Chakravorty et al., 2011 ; Sharma et al., 2017 Clarias batrachus Clariidae Magur Adi tribe Used for treating joint pain, and to increase body strength Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Sharma et al., 2020 Clarias batrachus Clariidae Ngahpak Tangsa tribe Treats stomach problems, improves energy and stamina Jugli et al., 2020 Amblyceps sp. Amblycipitidae Ngui Galo tribe Used to treat general body weakness and stomach issues Chakravorty et al., 2011 ; Singh et al., 2019 Chaca chaca Chacidae — Nyishi, Apatani, Monpa Used to treat body pain and fever Solanki & Chutia, 2009 ; Singh et al., 2019 Heteropneustes fossilis Heteropneustidae Singhi Adi tribe Used for blood purification, fever, and as a general tonic Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Sharma et al., 2021 Psilorhynchus balitora Psilorhynchidae — Nyishi (Ngoka ngui), Galo (Nyoka pagra) Used for treating various infections and body pains Chakravorty et al., 2011 Bagarius bagarius Sisoridae Nguri Galo tribe Used for treating stomach ailments and improving strength Chakravorty et al., 2011 ; Singh et al., 2019 Table 3 Ethnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Manipur Scientific Name Family Vernacular Name Ethnic Tribe Medicinal Use References Labeo pangusia Cyprinidae Ngatin Meitei, Meitei Pangals Used for treating digestive problems and improving strength. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Ngaomei et al., 2016; Singh, 2020 Pethia manipurensis Cyprinidae Ngakhameingangbi Meitei, Meitei Pangals Boiled for treating stomach disorders and general weakness. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Pethia ticto Cyprinidae Ngakha Meitei, Meitei Pangals Used in soups for improving digestion and vitality. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, 2020 Puntius sophore Cyprinidae Phabounga Meitei, Chothe Consumed for treating general body weakness and enhancing energy levels. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Mystus ngasep Bagridae Nga-shep Meitei, Chothe Used to treat fever and body pain. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Channa punctata Channidae Ngamubogla Meitei, Meitei Pangals Fish eyes used to treat eye diseases; fish body for general body strength. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Monopterus albus Synbranchidae Ngaprum Meitei, Kabui Consumed for treating stomach issues and fatigue. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, 2020 Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis Anguillidae Ngaril laina Meitei, Kabui Used for treating piles and gastric disorders. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, 2020 Clarias magur Clariidae Ngakra Meitei, Kom Boiled with medicinal herbs for improving blood circulation and treating anemia. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Heteropneustes fossilis Heteropneustidae Ngachik Meitei, Kom Consumed to relieve joint pain and inflammation. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Wallago attu Siluridae Shareng Meitei, Kuki Fish head used for treating body pain and fever. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Channa marulius Channidae Pangra Meitei, Kuki Boiled to treat body weakness and improve stamina. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, 2020 Channa striata Channidae Ngamu Meitei, Rongmei Consumed for enhancing energy and vitality, especially in post-delivery recovery. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, 2020 Channa gachua Channidae Nga-nga Meitei, Rongmei Fish body used for improving skin health and treating inflammation. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Mystus tengara Bagridae Nga-kor Meitei, Kuki Used for treating sore throat and swelling. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Silonia silondia Siluridae Pangti Meitei, Kuki Used in cases of fever, cold, and body pain. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Amphipnous cuchia Synbranchidae Kacha Meitei, Kuki Used to treat muscle pain and general body weakness. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Clarias batrachus Clariidae Mukha Meitei, Meitei Pangals Boiled for treating body weakness, particularly in post-partum recovery. Singh et al., 1998 ; Devi et al., 2015 ; 2017 ; Chanu et al., 2017 Table 4 Ethnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Sikkim State Scientific Name Family Vernacular Name Ethnic Tribe Medicinal Use References Nagaland Clarias batrachus Clariidae Ngakra Naga Used for measles, chicken pox, weakness, and anemia Kakati and Doulo, 2002 ; Jamir & Lal, 2005 ; Kakati et al., 2006 ; Chanu et al., 2016 Nagaland Heteropneustes fossilis Heteropneustidae Singee Naga Used for sting pain, anemia, weakness, and blood purification Kakati and Doulo, 2002 ; Jamir & Lal, 2005 ; Kakati et al., 2006 ; Chanu et al., 2016 Nagaland Amphipnous cuchia Synbranchidae Kuchia Naga Used for body weakness and digestive issues Kakati and Doulo, 2002 ; Jamir & Lal, 2005 ; Kakati et al., 2006 ; Chanu et al., 2016 Nagaland Puntius ticto Cyprinidae Puthi Chakhesang Used for digestion and treating fever Kakati and Doulo, 2002 ; Jamir & Lal, 2005 ; Kakati et al., 2006 ; Chanu et al., 2016 Tripura Puntius ticto Cyprinidae Puthi – Used for digestive health, anemia, and general health purposes Das, 2015 ; Sonar et al., 2025 Tripura Esomus danricus Cyprinidae – – Used for lactation, eyesight, and general health Das, 2015 ; Sonar et al., 2025 Meghalaya Channa striata Channidae Dohthli Khasi Used for respiratory disorders and general health improvement Mihsill & Keshan, 2017 Meghalaya Channa orientalis Channidae – Khasi Used for wounds, blood purification, and respiratory issues Hazarika, 2021 Meghalaya Amphipnous cuchia Synbranchidae – Garo Used for general tonic and treating anemia Chanu et al., 2016 Meghalaya Mystus cavasius Bagridae Tengna Khasi Used for improving vitality and curing stomach ailments Hazarika, 2021 Mizoram Puntius sophore Cyprinidae Puthi – Used for general health and digestion Lalramnghinglova, 1999 Mizoram Labeo rohita Cyprinidae Sa ngha – Used for improving strength and digestion Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Hussain & Tynsong, 2021 . Mizoram Channa striata Channidae Dohthli Mizo Used for respiratory issues and pain relief Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Hussain & Tynsong, 2021 . Sikkim Puntius sp. Cyprinidae Karkara Limbu Used for digestive health and general well-being Das et al., 2017 Sikkim Channa marulius Channidae Chao Lepcha Used for treating joint pain, respiratory issues, and general health Das et al., 2017 Sikkim Schizothorax spp. Cyprinidae – Lepcha Used to strengthen bones and treat digestive problems Das et al., 2017 Sikkim Puntius conchonius Cyprinidae – Limbu Used to treat joint pain and general weakness Das et al., 2017 Gastrointestinal Disorders: Labeo pangusia and Pethia manipurensis are traditionally employed to address digestive problems, especially in postpartum women. These species are typically boiled and consumed to reduce abdominal pain, enhance digestion, and stimulate appetite. Fish bile from species like Labeo rohita is also used to treat gastric ulcers. The therapeutic applications of fish for gastrointestinal disorders are shown in Tables 1 – 4 . Skin and Wound Care : Fish such as Channa striata (Striped Snakehead) and Barbus sp. are widely used for treating skin diseases and promoting wound healing. In Nagaland, the mucus of Barbus sp. is applied to chickenpox lesions to reduce itching and accelerate healing. Fish skin, valued for its collagen content, is used to promote tissue regeneration and reduce recovery time. The therapeutic applications of fish for skin and wound care are shown in Table 1 – 4 . Blood-Related Disorders : Fish species like Monopterus albus and Amphipnous cuchia are consumed for their perceived benefits in improving blood health, particularly for treating anemia. These species, known for their high iron content, are used to increase hemoglobin levels. Additionally, Puntius sp. is used as a blood purifier, reflecting its significant role in traditional healthcare. The therapeutic applications of fish for blood-related disorders are shown in Tables 1 – 4 . Cultural and Spiritual Significance In addition to their therapeutic roles, many fish species hold cultural and spiritual importance. For instance, Channa striata is often used in spiritual rituals in Meghalaya, combining physical healing with ceremonies aimed at ensuring protection from negative energies. The integration of physical health with spiritual beliefs is a consistent theme throughout the region, with fish-based remedies often accompanied by prayers or rituals. Sustainability and Conservation Concerns The study highlighted the growing concerns about the sustainability of medicinal fish species. Overfishing, habitat destruction, and environmental changes have led to a noticeable decline in the availability of species like Channa punctatus and Monopterus cuchia . Communities expressed concerns that these pressures could jeopardize traditional healing practices. Many respondents advocated for sustainable harvesting practices, the establishment of fish sanctuaries, and the creation of regulated fishing zones to ensure the long-term availability of these vital resources. Discussion NE - India, a region rich in cultural and biological diversity, stands as a remarkable example of the intersection of traditional knowledge and natural resource utilization. Indigenous communities in this region, particularly in states like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur, have developed intricate and sustainable systems of ethnomedicine, with a significant focus on ichthyofauna (fish species) as therapeutic agents. These practices highlight the profound relationship between the local communities and their environment, especially in the use of fish-based remedies for managing various health conditions. The role of fish in these traditional healing practices transcends physical health, linking cultural and spiritual beliefs with medicinal uses, thereby offering a holistic approach to well-being (Prakash & Prakash, 2021). The Role of Fish in Traditional Medicine The role of fish in traditional medicine across NE - India is multifaceted, with fish-based remedies being used to treat a wide array of ailments, from common colds and gastrointestinal issues to more complex conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. Fish species such as Channa punctatus (Spotted Snakehead) and Monopterus cuchia (Cuchia Eel) are commonly used for their health benefits, particularly for conditions like respiratory ailments, anaemia, general weakness, and digestive disorders. These species are frequently consumed either in their entirety or in specific parts, such as their flesh, blood, skin, or mucus, each believed to offer unique therapeutic properties (Das et al., 2017 ). Research on the medicinal value of fish highlights the presence of bioactive compounds in these species that contribute to their efficacy. For instance, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils are widely recognized for their anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects (Ashraf et al., 2020 ). Similarly, collagen found in fish skin and bones has proven benefits in skin health and wound healing, which is particularly relevant to the region’s use of fish skin in treating skin conditions such as chickenpox and wounds (Simopoulos, 2002 ; Furtado et al., 2022 ). The consumption of fish also offers a rich source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which play an important role in overall health, boosting immunity, and supporting tissue regeneration (Awuchi et al., 2022 ). Fish-Based Remedies Across Different States of Northeast India Fish-based remedies are an integral part of traditional healthcare across NE - India, with each state having unique practices that highlight the region's deep connection to ichthyofauna. In Nagaland, tribes like the Naga and Chakhesang use fish species such as Monopterus cuchia and Amphipnous cuchia to treat asthma, anaemia, and general weakness by consuming their blood or mucus (Jamir & Lal, 2005 ; Kakati et al., 2006 ). In Tripura, particularly in the Khowai district, Channa punctatus is used to treat sexual dysfunction, and Monopterus cuchia is applied to treat hair loss through the massaging of fresh fish blood (Das, 2015 ). Meghalaya's Khasi and Garo tribes also utilize fish in unique ways, with the Khasi using Channa striatus to treat white blemishes on newborns' tongues and lips, while the Garo use Amphipnous cuchia blood to combat general weakness (Mihsill & Keshan, 2017 ; Hazarika, 2021 ). Mizoram relies on Cyprinus carpio and Bagarius bagarius for fever, headaches, and joint pain relief, with the latter used in combination with other natural substances (Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; b ). In Assam, communities such as the Bodo and Mishing rely on fish like Channa striatus for postnatal recovery and Wallago attu for bone healing and joint pain (Purwanti et al., 2019 ; Duarah, & Das, 2019 ). Arunachal Pradesh's indigenous tribes, like the Adi and Nyishi, use Tor putitora and Schizothorax richardsonii for fatigue and malnutrition, with fermented fish paste used for gastrointestinal health by the Apatani tribe (Solanki & Chutia, 2009 ; Chakravorty et al., 2011 ; Chinlampianga et al., 2013a ; 2013b ; Jugli et al., 2020 ). In Manipur, the Meitei and tribal communities use species such as Esomus danricus and Puntius sophore for improving digestion and treating fever, while Monopterus albus is consumed for respiratory illnesses (Chanu et al., 2016 ). In Sikkim, indigenous communities use various fish species for ethnomedicinal purposes, treating ailments such as gastric problems, asthma, and night blindness. Fish like Rohu ( Labeo rohita ) and Catfish ( Clarias batrachus ) are commonly consumed in cooked or dried forms to alleviate health issues. These practices are deeply rooted in the local culture and offer a valuable source of traditional healthcare​ (Dhakal et al., 2020 ; Daimari et al., 2023) Table 5 illustrates the distribution of fish species used in ethnomedicine across the region, with Cyprinidae being the most common family, particularly in Assam, followed by Bagridae . Similar trends are found in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, while other states also feature Cyprinidae , Channidae , and Synbranchidae . Table 6 complements this by presenting the IUCN status of these species, showing that while many are classified as Least Concern (LC), some, like Bagarius bagarius and Schistura rupecula , are Vulnerable (VU), underscoring the need for conservation. These examples reflect the deep cultural connection to fish across the ethnic communities in NE - India, where fish are considered both a source of nourishment and integral to health and spiritual practices. The diverse fish-based remedies highlight the significance of local ecological knowledge and the intimate relationship indigenous populations maintain with their natural resources. Table 5 Family-Wise Distribution of Fish Species Used in Ethnomedicine in Northeast India State Fish Family Name of Species Assam Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Cyprinidae Pethia aequipinnatus , Danio rerio , Labeo gonius , Labeo rohita , Pethia sarana , Esomus danricus , Cirrhinus mrigala , Amblypharyngodon mola Bagridae Mystus tengara Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Synbranchidae Monopterus cuchia Clariidae Clarias batrachus Channidae Channa punctata , Xenentodon cancila Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Siluridae Wallago attu Mastacembelidae Macrognathus pancalus Anguillidae Anguilla bengalensis Badidae Badis badis Cobitidae Botia dario Chacidae Chaca chaca Arunachal Pradesh Cyprinidae Labeo rohita , Labeo sp., Pethia sp., Semiplotus sp. Bagridae Mystus cavasius , Sperata seenghala Channidae Channa punctata Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus Synbranchidae Monopterus cuchia Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Anguillidae Anguilla sp. Clariidae Clarias batrachus Amblycipitidae Amblyceps sp. Chacidae Chaca chaca Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Psilorhynchidae Psilorhynchus balitora Sisoridae Bagarius bagarius Manipur Cyprinidae Labeo pangusia Cyprinidae Pethia manipurensis Cyprinidae Pethia ticto Cyprinidae Puntius sophore Bagridae Mystus ngasep Channidae Channa punctata Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Anguillidae Anguilla bengalensis Clariidae Clarias magur Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Siluridae Wallago attu Channidae Channa marulius Channidae Channa striata Channidae Channa gachua Bagridae Mystus tengara Siluridae Silonia silondia Synbranchidae Amphipnous cuchia Clariidae Clarias batrachus Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim Clariidae Clarias batrachus Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Synbranchidae Amphipnous cuchia Cyprinidae Puntius ticto Cyprinidae Esomus danricus Channidae Channa striata Channidae Channa orientalis Synbranchidae Amphipnous cuchia Bagridae Mystus cavasius Cyprinidae Puntius sophore Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Channidae Channa striata Cyprinidae Puntius sp. Channidae Channa marulius Cyprinidae Schizothorax spp. Cyprinidae Puntius conchonius Table 6 IUCN Conservation Status of Fish Species Used in Ethnomedicine in Northeast India Family Scientific Name IUCN Status Amblycipitidae Amblyceps sp. Data Deficient (DD) Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodon mola Least Concern (LC) Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Least Concern (LC) Anguillidae Anguilla bengalensis Near Threatened (NT) Badidae Badis badis Least Concern (LC) Bagridae Bagarius bagarius Vulnerable (VU) Botiidae Botia dario Least Concern (LC) Chacidae Chaca chaca Least Concern (LC) Channidae Channa gachua Least Concern (LC) Channidae Channa marulius Least Concern (LC) Channidae Channa orientalis Vulnerable (VU) Channidae Channa punctata Least Concern (LC) Channidae Channa striata Least Concern (LC) Clariidae Clarias batrachus Least Concern (LC) Clariidae Clarias magur Endangered (EN) Cyprinidae Danio rerio Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Esomus danricus Least Concern (LC) Heteropneustidae Heteropneustes fossilis Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Labeo gonius Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Labeo pangusia Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Labeo rohita Least Concern (LC) Gobiidae Macrognathus pancalus Least Concern (LC) Mastacembelidae Mastacembelus armatus Least Concern (LC) Anabantidae Monopterus albus Least Concern (LC) Anabantidae Monopterus cuchia Least Concern (LC) Bagridae Mystus cavasius Least Concern (LC) Bagridae Mystus ngasep Least Concern (LC) Bagridae Mystus tengara Least Concern (LC) Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Pethia aequipinnatus Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Pethia manipurensis Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Pethia sarana Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Pethia ticto Least Concern (LC) Psilorhynchidae Psilorhynchus balitora Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Puntius conchonius Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Puntius sophore Least Concern (LC) Cyprinidae Schizothorax spp. Least Concern (LC) Siluridae Silonia silondia Least Concern (LC) Siluridae Wallago attu Least Concern (LC) Channidae Xenentodon cancila Least Concern (LC) The Bioactive Compounds in Fish and Their Medicinal Potential The therapeutic potential of fish species used in traditional medicine is attributed to several bioactive compounds present in these species. Omega-3 fatty acids, found abundantly in fish oils, have demonstrated benefits in reducing inflammation and enhancing heart health (Simopoulos, 2002 ). Furthermore, collagen from fish skin is a key component in wound healing, offering antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Furtado et al., 2022 ). The consumption of fish also provides essential nutrients like vitamins A and D, as well as minerals like iodine and selenium, all of which contribute to general health and well-being (Awuchi et al., 2022 ). In addition to the nutrients, certain fish species are believed to possess medicinal compounds that enhance blood circulation, improve digestion, and boost the immune system. For example, Monopterus cuchia and Channa punctatus are consumed not only for their nutritional benefits but also for their therapeutic effects, including their ability to treat respiratory conditions, improve blood health, and alleviate gastrointestinal problems (Hussain & Tynsong, 2021 ). These bioactive compounds make fish-based remedies in NE - India not only effective traditional treatments but also potentially valuable for further pharmacological research. By exploring the active compounds in these species, there may be opportunities to integrate traditional knowledge with modern medicine, contributing to the development of new therapeutic agents. Conservation of Medicinal Fish Species One of the major challenges facing the continued use of fish in traditional medicine is the sustainability of these fish species. Overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change have contributed to the decline of many fish species that are crucial for medicinal purposes, such as Channa punctatus and Monopterus cuchia (IUCN, 2020 ). The depletion of these species not only threatens biodiversity but also jeopardizes the cultural heritage of indigenous communities who rely on them for their health practices. In response, some communities have adopted traditional conservation practices, such as seasonal fishing bans and the establishment of protected areas, to help ensure the sustainability of medicinal fish species. Additionally, aquaculture is being explored as a potential solution to supplement wild fish stocks, allowing communities to maintain their traditional practices while reducing pressure on wild populations (Kechu & Pankaj, 2023 ). Conservation strategies need to be integrated with community-led efforts, ensuring that indigenous knowledge is not only preserved but also respected in modern conservation policies. Efforts to create fish sanctuaries and regulate the harvesting of medicinal species can help balance the need for sustainable resource management with the preservation of cultural traditions (Sharma et al., 2015 ; Tynsong et al., 2020 ). Fish-based remedies remain an integral part of the traditional healing systems of NE - India, showcasing the deep knowledge indigenous communities have developed about their natural environment. The use of ichthyofauna for treating a range of ailments, from respiratory conditions to gastrointestinal issues, reflects both the medicinal value of fish species and their cultural significance. As research into the bioactive compounds in these fish species continues to expand, there is growing potential for integrating these traditional remedies into modern healthcare systems. However, the sustainability of medicinal fish species is threatened by various environmental challenges, and there is an urgent need for conservation efforts. By combining indigenous conservation strategies with modern scientific research, it is possible to ensure the continued availability of these valuable fish species. Furthermore, interdisciplinary research focusing on the pharmacological potential of these species could pave the way for the development of new medicines, benefiting both local communities and global healthcare systems. This study serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge systems and integrating them into contemporary healthcare practices. The intersection of biodiversity conservation, cultural heritage, and modern medicine offers a unique opportunity to address healthcare challenges while respecting the wisdom of indigenous communities. Conclusion This study explores the ethnomedicinal practices and therapeutic uses of fish species in NE - India, highlighting the strong connection between indigenous communities and their aquatic ecosystems. It reveals how species like Channa punctatus , Monopterus cuchia , and Labeo pangusia are used to treat various ailments, reflecting deep traditional knowledge. The cultural and spiritual significance of these practices emphasizes a holistic approach to health, where physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being are interconnected. However, the sustainability of these practices is threatened by environmental challenges like habitat destruction, overfishing, and climate change, which endanger vital fish species. To address these issues, a collaborative approach involving indigenous communities, conservationists, and policymakers is essential. Efforts should include sustainable fishing practices, fish sanctuaries, and habitat restoration. The study also suggests the potential integration of traditional fish-based remedies into modern healthcare systems, particularly for conditions such as respiratory and gastrointestinal issues. Scientific validation of these remedies could lead to novel, affordable treatments. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of combining biodiversity conservation with the preservation of indigenous knowledge, encouraging further research into medicinal fish species and sustainable practices. Declarations Subtitle: Fish as Medicine: Traditional Healing Practices in Northeast India Funding ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal. The English language of this article was improved using Chat GPT 3.5 (trial version) to make it clearer and easier to read. Ethics statements : Not Applicable Clinical Trial Number : Not Applicable Author Contribution Author Contributions StatementVeselu Khesoh conceptualized and conducted the fieldwork, gathered ethnomedicinal data, and performed the primary data analysis. She also drafted the initial version of the manuscript and coordinated communication with local communities during data collection.Mayur Mausoom Phukan contributed significantly to the methodological design, assisted in ethnobotanical data validation, and provided critical revisions related to ecological and conservation aspects. He also supported the interpretation of findings within the broader context of traditional ecological knowledge systems.Pranay Punj Pankaj supervised the overall research process, guided the ethnopharmacological and zoological interpretations, and critically reviewed and refined the manuscript. He also handled all correspondence as the corresponding author and ensured the scholarly rigor and coherence of the final version. Acknowledgement PPP gratefully acknowledges the financial support from ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal References Alves RR, Rosa IL (2005) Why study the use of animal products in traditional medicines? 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6639274","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":457462700,"identity":"1c6b15c2-3525-4c21-ac85-5f4b3cc20746","order_by":0,"name":"Veselu Khesoh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nagaland University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Veselu","middleName":"","lastName":"Khesoh","suffix":""},{"id":457462701,"identity":"822ac052-35cd-4219-8b56-60f1cd45838e","order_by":1,"name":"Mayur Phukan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nagaland University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayur","middleName":"","lastName":"Phukan","suffix":""},{"id":457462702,"identity":"91874e29-18b2-404d-8e16-1b4f73aafdc1","order_by":2,"name":"Pranay Punj Pankaj","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCDwweAhIQMKVqOJYC08JCihccATBJUZy59+NmDn213Ercznvn86kaNBQ8D++GjG/BpsexLMzfsbXuWuLPh7DbrnGNAh/Gkpd3Ap8XgDIOZBG/b4cQNB85uM85hA2qR4DEjoIX9m+RfsJYzz4xz/hGlhcdMGmLLGebHuW1EaLHs4SmTljn3zHjDgWNmzLl9EjxshPxizsO+TfJN2R3ZDTcOP/6c861Ojp/98DH8DgMRjGwHgJF4gE0CxGHDpxyuheEPUAt/A/MHQqpHwSgYBaNgZAIAgrZPUUU+WDsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Nagaland University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pranay","middleName":"Punj","lastName":"Pankaj","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-11 11:23:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83048330,"identity":"949bc701-5984-450d-8812-3f4bacf93ec3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 12:08:36","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95389,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation map of North-east India.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6639274/v1/043510caa0062a4b7dedcba0.jpg"},{"id":83048533,"identity":"26d74e33-0435-4974-beaf-5d4008dd7803","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 12:08:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1698261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6639274/v1/cfa4625a-3bdb-4d07-9061-9c02e4c8613f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Fish as Medicine: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Practices in Northeast India","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNortheast (NE) India is a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot, distinguished by its extraordinary variety of ecosystems and cultural heritage. This region, comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, is characterized by an intricate mosaic of ethnic communities. Each community possesses extensive traditional knowledge about their surrounding environment, including its medicinal properties. Among the many elements of traditional medicine, the use of ichthyofauna stands out as a significant practice. For generations, ichthyotherapy has been a cornerstone of indigenous healthcare systems, deeply embedded within the socio-cultural fabric and ecological context of the region (Hussain \u0026amp; Tynsong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, despite its importance, the therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna remain underexplored in modern scientific literature. This oversight represents a critical bottleneck in efforts to document and preserve these invaluable traditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aquatic ecosystems of NE - India, encompassing rivers, wetlands, and lakes, are biodiversity hotspots that support a wide range of endemic fish species. These ecosystems sustain a multitude of freshwater fish species, many of which are endemic to the region. Beyond their role as a source of sustenance, these fish are integral to the traditional medicine systems of indigenous communities (Deb \u0026amp; Haque, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Chinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). The therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna in this region illuminate the intersection of biodiversity and traditional knowledge, showcasing how local communities have used fish species to address various health conditions, ranging from respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders to dermatological ailments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study hypothesizes that the fish species employed in traditional medicine across NE - India possess bioactive compounds that contribute to their therapeutic efficacy. By systematically documenting these practices, this research seeks to bridge the gap between indigenous knowledge and modern scientific understanding. It further hypothesizes that the cultural practices surrounding these therapeutic uses play an equally crucial role in promoting community health and well-being. This dual emphasis on biological and cultural dimensions underscores the holistic nature of ichthyotherapy in the region (Jugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cultural significance of ichthyofauna in traditional healing cannot be overstated. Indigenous communities in NE - India regard their aquatic resources not only as sources of nutrition but also as sacred elements of their spiritual and medicinal traditions. Ritualistic practices often accompany the use of fish-based remedies, reflecting the deep connection between physical health and spiritual well-being. For instance, certain fish species are believed to possess symbolic or mystical properties that enhance their healing capabilities. This belief system aligns with the broader principles of ethnomedicine, which emphasizes the interplay of natural resources, cultural practices, and healthcare (Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Mahawar \u0026amp; Jaroli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnomedicine refers to the use of natural resources, including plants and animals, to treat various health conditions based on indigenous knowledge systems. Within this framework, zootherapy: the practice of using animals for medicinal purpose, is a widely recognized tradition (Alves \u0026amp; Rosa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). In NE - India, zootherapeutic practices involving ichthyofauna are particularly noteworthy. Communities such as the Bodo, Ao, and Naga tribes have long utilized fish species to treat a diverse array of ailments. These remedies are often prepared using specific parts of the fish, such as the flesh, blood, skin, or mucus, each believed to possess distinct healing properties (Chakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Borah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For example, the mucus of certain fish species is used to treat skin conditions, while their flesh may be consumed to address nutritional deficiencies or respiratory issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe diversity of ichthyofauna in NE - India is paralleled by the diversity of its therapeutic applications. Fish species from families such as Cyprinidae, Channidae, and Clariidae are commonly employed in traditional medicine. Notable examples include \u003cem\u003eLabeo gonius, Channa striatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eClarias magur\u003c/em\u003e. These species are reputed for their roles in treating ailments such as asthma, anemia and dermatological disorders (Basumatary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Their widespread use highlights the intricate ecological knowledge possessed by indigenous communities, who have developed highly specific practices for harvesting and preparing these remedies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the richness of these traditions, the therapeutic use of ichthyofauna faces numerous challenges. Environmental degradation, overfishing, and climate change threaten the biodiversity of aquatic ecosystems, thereby jeopardizing the availability of medicinal fish species. Concurrently, the erosion of indigenous knowledge systems due to socio-economic and cultural changes poses a significant risk to the continuity of these practices (Das et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mihsill \u0026amp; Keshan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The combined impact of these factors underscores the urgent need for documentation and preservation efforts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe scientific validation of traditional ichthyotherapeutic practices represents another critical frontier. While these practices are deeply rooted in empirical observations and cultural beliefs, modern pharmacological studies have yet to fully explore the bioactive compounds present in medicinal fish species. Understanding the biochemical basis of these remedies could pave the way for their integration into contemporary healthcare systems. For instance, certain compounds found in fish tissues, such as omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, and peptides, are already known for their health benefits (Simopoulos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Ellulu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Further research may reveal additional bioactive molecules with potential applications in treating chronic diseases, infections, and other medical conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic applications of ichthyofauna in NE - India span a wide range of ailments, offering practical and cost-effective remedies in regions with limited access to modern healthcare. These treatments address both physical and spiritual needs, underscoring the interconnectedness of body, mind, and environment within traditional health systems. Fish species are integral to these practices, showcasing the deep ecological knowledge of indigenous communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eChanna\u003c/em\u003e species, particularly \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e, are renowned for their anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator properties, making them effective in treating respiratory conditions such as asthma and tuberculosis (Borah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e, a freshwater eel, is widely utilized for respiratory health; its blood is consumed to alleviate asthma and clear respiratory passages (Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e are traditionally employed to treat gastrointestinal disorders, particularly in postpartum women, as they aid digestion and reduce abdominal discomfort (Deb \u0026amp; Haque, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). These medicinal applications are further enriched by the cultural and spiritual significance attached to ichthyofauna, where rituals accompany their usage, invoking spiritual protection and healing (Chakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory conditions, including asthma and tuberculosis, are prevalent in NE - India due to environmental and climatic factors. Fish-based remedies, particularly those using \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e, are central to traditional treatments. In Assam, \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e is boiled with black pepper and consumed to combat tuberculosis, reflecting its efficacy in addressing chronic respiratory ailments. Similarly, \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e is consumed for its powerful medicinal properties, with its blood believed to alleviate asthma symptoms and improve airflow (Teronpi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e is another species used for respiratory relief, with its air bladder consumed for its anti-inflammatory effects (Hussain \u0026amp; Tynsong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal issues, particularly among postpartum women, are commonly treated with fish species like \u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e. These fish are boiled and consumed to alleviate abdominal pain, improve digestion, and stimulate appetite (Deb \u0026amp; Haque, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, fish bile is used in treating gastric ulcers, with local healers grinding the bile of species such as \u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e into a paste for symptom relief. The nutritional profile of fish, rich in essential fatty acids, proteins, and amino acids, further enhances their effectiveness in promoting gastrointestinal health (Awuchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish-based remedies are extensively used for treating skin diseases and promoting wound healing in NE - India. \u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e (Striped Snakehead) and \u003cem\u003eBarbus sp.\u003c/em\u003e are commonly applied topically for conditions like chickenpox, fungal infections, and wounds. In Nagaland, the mucus of \u003cem\u003eBarbus sp.\u003c/em\u003e is specifically applied to chickenpox lesions to reduce itching and accelerate healing. Fish skin, known for its high collagen content, is valued for its wound-healing properties, aiding tissue regeneration and reducing recovery times. This aligns with global findings where fish skin, such as Tilapia, demonstrates antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Simopoulos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Furtado et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish species like \u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e are consumed for their blood-purifying properties, believed to enhance iron levels and overall blood health. These species are particularly effective in treating anaemia and fatigue, with their high iron and protein content contributing to the restoration of energy levels and blood quality (Awuchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These remedies are especially valuable in remote areas where access to conventional pharmaceuticals is limited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic uses of ichthyofauna in NE - India highlight the intersection of ecological knowledge, cultural practices, and healthcare. However, the sustainability of these resources is under threat from overfishing, habitat destruction, and climate change, which jeopardize the continuation of these traditional healing practices. Systematic documentation and scientific validation of ichthyotherapeutic remedies are crucial to preserving this invaluable heritage and integrating it into modern healthcare systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study documents the use of fish species in traditional medicine among NE - India's diverse indigenous communities, exploring their cultural and spiritual significance. It also assesses the sustainability of these practices amid environmental and socio-economic pressures, while identifying potential bioactive compounds with applications in modern healthcare. By integrating insights from anthropology, ecology, pharmacology, and public health, this research highlights the ethnomedicinal and zootherapeutic value of ichthyofauna as a vital intersection of biodiversity and cultural heritage. Ultimately, it aims to honour indigenous wisdom and contribute to healthcare innovation and biodiversity conservation through systematic documentation and scientific inquiry. This study aims to preserve and highlight indigenous knowledge and practices as a valuable resource for promoting biodiversity conservation and developing sustainable, culturally rooted healthcare solutions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Area and Selection of Sites\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study was encompassing the eight states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These regions were chosen due to their rich biodiversity, cultural diversity, and the prevalent use of traditional medicinal practices involving ichthyofauna. Geographically, NE - India is situated between approximately 29.45\u0026deg; N and 22.00\u0026deg; N latitude and 97.50\u0026deg; E and 89.78\u0026deg; E longitude. The Brahmaputra, Chindwin and Barak are river system along with their wetlands and aquatic ecosystems, offer vital habitats for a wide range of fish species, making it an ideal setting for exploring ethnomedicinal practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Sources and Literature Search\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn extensive literature search was conducted to gather information from peer-reviewed articles, books, and reports on the ethnomedicinal use of ichthyofauna in NE - India. Academic databases such as Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar were utilized alongside repositories including DSpace, ePrints, PubMed Central (PMC), ResearchGate, ProQuest Dissertations \u0026amp; Theses Global (PQDT), and Shodhganga. Search terms included \u0026ldquo;Fish-derived Treatments,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Ichthyological Therapeutics,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Fish Medicine,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Aquatic-based Remedies,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Ichthyotherapy Remedies,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Traditional Fish Healing,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Fish-Infused Remedies,\u0026rdquo; \u0026ldquo;Fish-Based Therapy,\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Ichthyotherapeutic Treatments.\u0026rdquo; Publications spanning all years were reviewed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject. Additionally, manual searches of reference lists from key articles were performed to identify studies that may not have been included in the database searches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study employed specific inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance of the collected data. Titles and abstracts of retrieved articles were initially screened to evaluate their focus on the medicinal use of fish in NE - India. Articles were included if they provided detailed information on: Medicinal applications of freshwater fish species in NE - India, Preparation methods, cultural significance, or spiritual aspects of fish-based remedies. Studies were excluded if they: Focused on marine species or research conducted in geographical regions outside NE - India, Lacked specific information on the ethnomedicinal use of ichthyofauna.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles that passed the initial screening underwent a full-text review to confirm their relevance and ensure their inclusion in the final dataset. This systematic approach facilitated the collection of high-quality, relevant data to support the objectives of the studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFish Species Used in Traditional Medicine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study identified 40 fish species from 16 families that are used for medicinal purposes across NE - India (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The majority of species belong to the Cyprinidae (13 species), Channidae (6 species), and Bagridae (4 species) families. Commonly used species included \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e (Spotted Snakehead), \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e (Cuchia Eel) and \u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e (Goonch fish), which were noted for their diverse therapeutic applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTherapeutic Applications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fish species documented in the study were used to address a variety of ailments, broadly categorized into the following groups:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRespiratory Disorders:\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeveral fish species are utilized for treating respiratory ailments, including asthma, tuberculosis, and other chronic conditions. In Nagaland, \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e is commonly used, with its blood consumed to clear respiratory passages. In Assam, \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e is prepared in a decoction with black pepper to treat tuberculosis. Similarly, the air bladder of \u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e is frequently used for its anti-inflammatory properties to alleviate asthma symptoms. The therapeutic applications of fish for respiratory disorders are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Assam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVernacular Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Assamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for anemia, blood purifier, fever, post-birth recovery, jaundice (dried fish)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019, Borah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia aequipinnatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNune\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarbi Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproves memory, vision; used for physical weakness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeronpi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDanio rerio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNijou\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproves eyesight and general health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasumatary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo gonius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKursa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for gastrointestinal problems, digestion, and enhancing strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasumatary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRou mas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdu-Mishimi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for stomach ailments, general weakness, and post-delivery recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia sarana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePitikri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproves memory, vision, and used to increase strength and general health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasumatary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus tengara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTengwna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for dysentery, post-birth recovery, and to improve digestive health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasumatary et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnabas testudineus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKawoi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdu-Mishimi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for general weakness, malaria, and recovery from illness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCuchia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdu-Mishimi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for weakness after delivery, anemia, and as an energy booster.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarikana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImproves eyesight, helps increase lactation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCirrhinus mrigala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMirika\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDried fish is consumed in malaria treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Assamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for diarrhea, anemia, smallpox, weakness after delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoroi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Karbi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for malaria, post-birth recovery, body pain, general weakness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotopterus notopterus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotopteridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKanduli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Assamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for abdominal pain and digestive problems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorali\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarbi, Bodo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in liver ailments, to increase body strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblypharyngodon mola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Assamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDried fish consumed for common cold, menstrual pain, asthma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacrognathus pancalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Assamese\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDried fish consumed for common cold, to increase strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXenentodon cancila\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKokila\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Karbi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDried fish used to relieve headaches, used as surgical tool for healing bruises\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBami\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo, Karbi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for piles, rheumatoid arthritis (fat for massage).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah \u0026amp; Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBadis badis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBadidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuwati\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for postpartum respiratory issues (flesh and head).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorah \u0026amp; Prasad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotia dario\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobitidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGedgedi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBodo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for mild cold, fever, anemia (flesh and head).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaca chaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChacidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarbi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for asthma (dry fish ground and prescribed to be drunk with water).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuarah et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Arunachal Pradesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVernacular Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyishi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat various ailments; improves digestion and strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyahnyal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangsa tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in treatment of digestive issues and as a strength enhancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuthi mach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreats digestive disorders, improves energy levels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSemiplotus sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyishi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for strengthening the body\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus cavasius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTengna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat stomach ailments and improve vitality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSperata seenghala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAri machh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreats fever, body aches, and improves digestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoroi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat fever, skin issues, and muscle pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMastacembelus armatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgahchim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangsa tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for body aches, muscle relaxation, and general weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMastacembelus armatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgahpuh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWancho tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating muscle cramps and general fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePowshai\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangsa tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreats digestive issues, and is consumed during fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnabas testudineus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaoui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating body pains and improving digestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyishi and Galo tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for improving digestion and strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating joint pain, and to increase body strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., 2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgahpak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTangsa tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreats stomach problems, improves energy and stamina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyceps sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmblycipitidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGalo tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat general body weakness and stomach issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaca chaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChacidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyishi, Apatani, Monpa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat body pain and fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolanki \u0026amp; Chutia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSinghi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdi tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for blood purification, fever, and as a general tonic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsilorhynchus balitora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsilorhynchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNyishi (Ngoka ngui), Galo (Nyoka pagra)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating various infections and body pains\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBagarius bagarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSisoridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNguri\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGalo tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating stomach ailments and improving strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., 2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Manipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVernacular Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgatin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Meitei Pangals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating digestive problems and improving strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ngaomei et al., 2016; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgakhameingangbi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Meitei Pangals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiled for treating stomach disorders and general weakness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgakha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Meitei Pangals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in soups for improving digestion and vitality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhabounga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Chothe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumed for treating general body weakness and enhancing energy levels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus ngasep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNga-shep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Chothe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat fever and body pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgamubogla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Meitei Pangals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish eyes used to treat eye diseases; fish body for general body strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgaprum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kabui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumed for treating stomach issues and fatigue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla bengalensis bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgaril laina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kabui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating piles and gastric disorders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias magur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgakra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiled with medicinal herbs for improving blood circulation and treating anemia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgachik\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumed to relieve joint pain and inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShareng\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kuki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish head used for treating body pain and fever.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna marulius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePangra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kuki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiled to treat body weakness and improve stamina.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgamu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Rongmei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumed for enhancing energy and vitality, especially in post-delivery recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017; Singh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna gachua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNga-nga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Rongmei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish body used for improving skin health and treating inflammation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus tengara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNga-kor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kuki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating sore throat and swelling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSilonia silondia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePangti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kuki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed in cases of fever, cold, and body pain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKacha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Kuki\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat muscle pain and general body weakness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeitei, Meitei Pangals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoiled for treating body weakness, particularly in post-partum recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., 2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnomedicinal Use of Fish Species in Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Sikkim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVernacular Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnic Tribe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal Use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNagaland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgakra\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for measles, chicken pox, weakness, and anemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakati and Doulo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Jamir \u0026amp; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNagaland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for sting pain, anemia, weakness, and blood purification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakati and Doulo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Jamir \u0026amp; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNagaland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuchia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for body weakness and digestive issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakati and Doulo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Jamir \u0026amp; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNagaland\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuthi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChakhesang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for digestion and treating fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakati and Doulo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Jamir \u0026amp; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Chanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTripura\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuthi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for digestive health, anemia, and general health purposes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sonar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTripura\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for lactation, eyesight, and general health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sonar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeghalaya\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDohthli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhasi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for respiratory disorders and general health improvement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMihsill \u0026amp; Keshan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeghalaya\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna orientalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhasi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for wounds, blood purification, and respiratory issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazarika, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeghalaya\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for general tonic and treating anemia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMeghalaya\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus cavasius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTengna\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKhasi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for improving vitality and curing stomach ailments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHazarika, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMizoram\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePuthi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for general health and digestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLalramnghinglova, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMizoram\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSa ngha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for improving strength and digestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Hussain \u0026amp; Tynsong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMizoram\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDohthli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMizo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for respiratory issues and pain relief\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Hussain \u0026amp; Tynsong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSikkim\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKarkara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimbu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for digestive health and general well-being\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSikkim\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna marulius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChao\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLepcha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed for treating joint pain, respiratory issues, and general health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSikkim\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchizothorax spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLepcha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to strengthen bones and treat digestive problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSikkim\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius conchonius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimbu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsed to treat joint pain and general weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eGastrointestinal Disorders:\u003c/h3\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e are traditionally employed to address digestive problems, especially in postpartum women. These species are typically boiled and consumed to reduce abdominal pain, enhance digestion, and stimulate appetite. Fish bile from species like \u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e is also used to treat gastric ulcers. The therapeutic applications of fish for gastrointestinal disorders are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eSkin and Wound Care\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish such as \u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e (Striped Snakehead) and \u003cem\u003eBarbus sp.\u003c/em\u003e are widely used for treating skin diseases and promoting wound healing. In Nagaland, the mucus of \u003cem\u003eBarbus sp.\u003c/em\u003e is applied to chickenpox lesions to reduce itching and accelerate healing. Fish skin, valued for its collagen content, is used to promote tissue regeneration and reduce recovery time. The therapeutic applications of fish for skin and wound care are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cem\u003eBlood-Related Disorders\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish species like \u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e are consumed for their perceived benefits in improving blood health, particularly for treating anemia. These species, known for their high iron content, are used to increase hemoglobin levels. Additionally, \u003cem\u003ePuntius sp.\u003c/em\u003e is used as a blood purifier, reflecting its significant role in traditional healthcare. The therapeutic applications of fish for blood-related disorders are shown in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCultural and Spiritual Significance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to their therapeutic roles, many fish species hold cultural and spiritual importance. For instance, \u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e is often used in spiritual rituals in Meghalaya, combining physical healing with ceremonies aimed at ensuring protection from negative energies. The integration of physical health with spiritual beliefs is a consistent theme throughout the region, with fish-based remedies often accompanied by prayers or rituals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSustainability and Conservation Concerns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study highlighted the growing concerns about the sustainability of medicinal fish species. Overfishing, habitat destruction, and environmental changes have led to a noticeable decline in the availability of species like \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e. Communities expressed concerns that these pressures could jeopardize traditional healing practices. Many respondents advocated for sustainable harvesting practices, the establishment of fish sanctuaries, and the creation of regulated fishing zones to ensure the long-term availability of these vital resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eNE - India, a region rich in cultural and biological diversity, stands as a remarkable example of the intersection of traditional knowledge and natural resource utilization. Indigenous communities in this region, particularly in states like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Manipur, have developed intricate and sustainable systems of ethnomedicine, with a significant focus on ichthyofauna (fish species) as therapeutic agents. These practices highlight the profound relationship between the local communities and their environment, especially in the use of fish-based remedies for managing various health conditions. The role of fish in these traditional healing practices transcends physical health, linking cultural and spiritual beliefs with medicinal uses, thereby offering a holistic approach to well-being (Prakash \u0026amp; Prakash, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Role of Fish in Traditional Medicine\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe role of fish in traditional medicine across NE - India is multifaceted, with fish-based remedies being used to treat a wide array of ailments, from common colds and gastrointestinal issues to more complex conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. Fish species such as \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e (Spotted Snakehead) and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e (Cuchia Eel) are commonly used for their health benefits, particularly for conditions like respiratory ailments, anaemia, general weakness, and digestive disorders. These species are frequently consumed either in their entirety or in specific parts, such as their flesh, blood, skin, or mucus, each believed to offer unique therapeutic properties (Das et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on the medicinal value of fish highlights the presence of bioactive compounds in these species that contribute to their efficacy. For instance, omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils are widely recognized for their anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects (Ashraf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, collagen found in fish skin and bones has proven benefits in skin health and wound healing, which is particularly relevant to the region\u0026rsquo;s use of fish skin in treating skin conditions such as chickenpox and wounds (Simopoulos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Furtado et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The consumption of fish also offers a rich source of protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which play an important role in overall health, boosting immunity, and supporting tissue regeneration (Awuchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFish-Based Remedies Across Different States of Northeast India\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish-based remedies are an integral part of traditional healthcare across NE - India, with each state having unique practices that highlight the region's deep connection to ichthyofauna. In Nagaland, tribes like the Naga and Chakhesang use fish species such as \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e to treat asthma, anaemia, and general weakness by consuming their blood or mucus (Jamir \u0026amp; Lal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Kakati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In Tripura, particularly in the Khowai district, \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e is used to treat sexual dysfunction, and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e is applied to treat hair loss through the massaging of fresh fish blood (Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Meghalaya's Khasi and Garo tribes also utilize fish in unique ways, with the Khasi using \u003cem\u003eChanna striatus\u003c/em\u003e to treat white blemishes on newborns' tongues and lips, while the Garo use \u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e blood to combat general weakness (Mihsill \u0026amp; Keshan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Hazarika, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Mizoram relies on \u003cem\u003eCyprinus carpio\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBagarius bagarius\u003c/em\u003e for fever, headaches, and joint pain relief, with the latter used in combination with other natural substances (Chinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e). In Assam, communities such as the Bodo and Mishing rely on fish like \u003cem\u003eChanna striatus\u003c/em\u003e for postnatal recovery and \u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e for bone healing and joint pain (Purwanti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Duarah, \u0026amp; Das, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Arunachal Pradesh's indigenous tribes, like the Adi and Nyishi, use \u003cem\u003eTor putitora\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSchizothorax richardsonii\u003c/em\u003e for fatigue and malnutrition, with fermented fish paste used for gastrointestinal health by the Apatani tribe (Solanki \u0026amp; Chutia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Chakravorty et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Chinlampianga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e; Jugli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In Manipur, the Meitei and tribal communities use species such as \u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e for improving digestion and treating fever, while \u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e is consumed for respiratory illnesses (Chanu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In Sikkim, indigenous communities use various fish species for ethnomedicinal purposes, treating ailments such as gastric problems, asthma, and night blindness. Fish like \u003cem\u003eRohu\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eCatfish\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e) are commonly consumed in cooked or dried forms to alleviate health issues. These practices are deeply rooted in the local culture and offer a valuable source of traditional healthcare​ (Dhakal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Daimari et al., 2023)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e illustrates the distribution of fish species used in ethnomedicine across the region, with \u003cem\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/em\u003e being the most common family, particularly in Assam, followed by \u003cem\u003eBagridae\u003c/em\u003e. Similar trends are found in Arunachal Pradesh and Manipur, while other states also feature \u003cem\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChannidae\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/em\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e complements this by presenting the IUCN status of these species, showing that while many are classified as Least Concern (LC), some, like \u003cem\u003eBagarius bagarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSchistura rupecula\u003c/em\u003e, are Vulnerable (VU), underscoring the need for conservation. These examples reflect the deep cultural connection to fish across the ethnic communities in NE - India, where fish are considered both a source of nourishment and integral to health and spiritual practices. The diverse fish-based remedies highlight the significance of local ecological knowledge and the intimate relationship indigenous populations maintain with their natural resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily-Wise Distribution of Fish Species Used in Ethnomedicine in Northeast India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eState\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish Family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of Species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia aequipinnatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDanio rerio\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLabeo gonius\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePethia sarana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCirrhinus mrigala\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAmblypharyngodon mola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus tengara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnabas testudineus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eXenentodon cancila\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotopteridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotopterus notopterus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacrognathus pancalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBadidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBadis badis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobitidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotia dario\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChacidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaca chaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"12\" rowspan=\"13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArunachal Pradesh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLabeo\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003ePethia\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eSemiplotus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus cavasius\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSperata seenghala\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMastacembelus armatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnabas testudineus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmblycipitidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyceps\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChacidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaca chaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsilorhynchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsilorhynchus balitora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSisoridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBagarius bagarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"17\" rowspan=\"18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManipur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus ngasep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias magur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna marulius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna gachua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus tengara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSilonia silondia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"15\" rowspan=\"16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna orientalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSynbranchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmphipnous cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus cavasius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna marulius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchizothorax spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius conchonius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIUCN Conservation Status of Fish Species Used in Ethnomedicine in Northeast India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific Name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIUCN Status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmblycipitidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyceps sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Deficient (DD)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblypharyngodon mola\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnabas testudineus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnguillidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguilla bengalensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNear Threatened (NT)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBadidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBadis badis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBagarius bagarius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulnerable (VU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotiidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBotia dario\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChacidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaca chaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna gachua\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna marulius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna orientalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVulnerable (VU)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna punctata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChanna striata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias batrachus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClariidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClarias magur\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndangered (EN)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDanio rerio\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEsomus danricus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeteropneustidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeteropneustes fossilis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo gonius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLabeo rohita\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGobiidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacrognathus pancalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMastacembelidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMastacembelus armatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus albus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnabantidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus cavasius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus ngasep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBagridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMystus tengara\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNotopteridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotopterus notopterus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia aequipinnatus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia manipurensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia sarana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePethia ticto\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsilorhynchidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsilorhynchus balitora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius conchonius\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePuntius sophore\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyprinidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSchizothorax spp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSilonia silondia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiluridae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWallago attu\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChannidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eXenentodon cancila\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeast Concern (LC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Bioactive Compounds in Fish and Their Medicinal Potential\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe therapeutic potential of fish species used in traditional medicine is attributed to several bioactive compounds present in these species. Omega-3 fatty acids, found abundantly in fish oils, have demonstrated benefits in reducing inflammation and enhancing heart health (Simopoulos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, collagen from fish skin is a key component in wound healing, offering antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties (Furtado et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The consumption of fish also provides essential nutrients like vitamins A and D, as well as minerals like iodine and selenium, all of which contribute to general health and well-being (Awuchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to the nutrients, certain fish species are believed to possess medicinal compounds that enhance blood circulation, improve digestion, and boost the immune system. For example, \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e are consumed not only for their nutritional benefits but also for their therapeutic effects, including their ability to treat respiratory conditions, improve blood health, and alleviate gastrointestinal problems (Hussain \u0026amp; Tynsong, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese bioactive compounds make fish-based remedies in NE - India not only effective traditional treatments but also potentially valuable for further pharmacological research. By exploring the active compounds in these species, there may be opportunities to integrate traditional knowledge with modern medicine, contributing to the development of new therapeutic agents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConservation of Medicinal Fish Species\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the major challenges facing the continued use of fish in traditional medicine is the sustainability of these fish species. Overfishing, habitat degradation, and climate change have contributed to the decline of many fish species that are crucial for medicinal purposes, such as \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e (IUCN, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The depletion of these species not only threatens biodiversity but also jeopardizes the cultural heritage of indigenous communities who rely on them for their health practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn response, some communities have adopted traditional conservation practices, such as seasonal fishing bans and the establishment of protected areas, to help ensure the sustainability of medicinal fish species. Additionally, aquaculture is being explored as a potential solution to supplement wild fish stocks, allowing communities to maintain their traditional practices while reducing pressure on wild populations (Kechu \u0026amp; Pankaj, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConservation strategies need to be integrated with community-led efforts, ensuring that indigenous knowledge is not only preserved but also respected in modern conservation policies. Efforts to create fish sanctuaries and regulate the harvesting of medicinal species can help balance the need for sustainable resource management with the preservation of cultural traditions (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Tynsong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish-based remedies remain an integral part of the traditional healing systems of NE - India, showcasing the deep knowledge indigenous communities have developed about their natural environment. The use of ichthyofauna for treating a range of ailments, from respiratory conditions to gastrointestinal issues, reflects both the medicinal value of fish species and their cultural significance. As research into the bioactive compounds in these fish species continues to expand, there is growing potential for integrating these traditional remedies into modern healthcare systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the sustainability of medicinal fish species is threatened by various environmental challenges, and there is an urgent need for conservation efforts. By combining indigenous conservation strategies with modern scientific research, it is possible to ensure the continued availability of these valuable fish species. Furthermore, interdisciplinary research focusing on the pharmacological potential of these species could pave the way for the development of new medicines, benefiting both local communities and global healthcare systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study serves as a reminder of the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge systems and integrating them into contemporary healthcare practices. The intersection of biodiversity conservation, cultural heritage, and modern medicine offers a unique opportunity to address healthcare challenges while respecting the wisdom of indigenous communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the ethnomedicinal practices and therapeutic uses of fish species in NE - India, highlighting the strong connection between indigenous communities and their aquatic ecosystems. It reveals how species like \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLabeo pangusia\u003c/em\u003e are used to treat various ailments, reflecting deep traditional knowledge. The cultural and spiritual significance of these practices emphasizes a holistic approach to health, where physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being are interconnected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, the sustainability of these practices is threatened by environmental challenges like habitat destruction, overfishing, and climate change, which endanger vital fish species. To address these issues, a collaborative approach involving indigenous communities, conservationists, and policymakers is essential. Efforts should include sustainable fishing practices, fish sanctuaries, and habitat restoration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also suggests the potential integration of traditional fish-based remedies into modern healthcare systems, particularly for conditions such as respiratory and gastrointestinal issues. Scientific validation of these remedies could lead to novel, affordable treatments. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of combining biodiversity conservation with the preservation of indigenous knowledge, encouraging further research into medicinal fish species and sustainable practices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubtitle: Fish as Medicine: Traditional Healing Practices in Northeast India\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe English language of this article was improved using Chat GPT 3.5 (trial version) to make it clearer and easier to read.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statements\u003c/strong\u003e: Not Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Trial Number\u003c/strong\u003e: Not Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions StatementVeselu Khesoh conceptualized and conducted the fieldwork, gathered ethnomedicinal data, and performed the primary data analysis. She also drafted the initial version of the manuscript and coordinated communication with local communities during data collection.Mayur Mausoom Phukan contributed significantly to the methodological design, assisted in ethnobotanical data validation, and provided critical revisions related to ecological and conservation aspects. He also supported the interpretation of findings within the broader context of traditional ecological knowledge systems.Pranay Punj Pankaj supervised the overall research process, guided the ethnopharmacological and zoological interpretations, and critically reviewed and refined the manuscript. He also handled all correspondence as the corresponding author and ensured the scholarly rigor and coherence of the final version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePPP gratefully acknowledges the financial support from ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlves RR, Rosa IL (2005) Why study the use of animal products in traditional medicines? 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Anc Sci Life 32:99\u0026ndash;103. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.118547\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4103/0257-7941.118547\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTynsong H, Dkhar M, Tiwari BK (2020) Traditional ecological knowledge of tribal communities of North East India. Biodiversitas 21(7):3209\u0026ndash;3224. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210743\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.13057/biodiv/d210743\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Ethnomedicine, Zootherapy, Ichthyofauna, Traditional Healing, Northeast India, Biodiversity Conservation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNortheast India, often referred to as the bio-geographical gateway of India. It is home to rich biodiversity and diverse indigenous communities with deep-rooted traditional knowledge systems. Among these, ichthyofauna plays a pivotal role in ethnomedicinal practices, reflecting the intricate relationship between humans and their environment. This study aims to document and analyse the therapeutic applications of fish species traditionally used for healthcare in Northeast India. Data were collected through secondary sources as well as inclusion and exclusion criteria across states: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Sikkim that involved interviews with indigenous healers and ethnographic documentation. A total of 40 fish species from 16 families were identified, including \u003cem\u003eChanna punctatus\u003c/em\u003e (Spotted Snakehead) and \u003cem\u003eMonopterus cuchia\u003c/em\u003e (Cuchia Eel), which are commonly used for respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments. Findings reveal that fish-based remedies are deeply integrated into the cultural and spiritual beliefs of local communities, emphasizing a holistic approach to health. This study highlights the potential of integrating traditional ichthyotherapeutic knowledge with modern medicine to create sustainable and culturally appropriate healthcare solutions. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of preserving this indigenous knowledge for future generations while ensuring ecological sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Fish as Medicine: Indigenous Traditional Knowledge and Practices in Northeast India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 12:08:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6639274/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"27d26fc0-300b-41db-a333-a5dbabe049ff","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-19T12:08:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 12:08:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6639274","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6639274","identity":"rs-6639274","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}