The effect of background information and motion speed on the performance of TTC estimation

Background: Motion perception is an essential skill for individuals in everyday life, and estimating when a moving object will reach a given position is a very important ability. In previous studies, most research on motion perception have been conducted under background-free condition when the stimulus moved in a plane parallel to the observer. In real-life situations, people’s perception of the motion state of objects is usually done under different visual noise. Based on the occlusion paradigm, this study aimed to investigate whether different background information and motion speed affect the trend and accuracy of time-to-collision (TTC) estimation when stimuli move in a plane parallel to the observer. Methods 35 college students(mean age = 20.94, SD = 2.95, range = 18-28years) participated in experiment 1, and used a 2 (background orientation: horizontal, vertical) × 3 (motion speed: slow, medium, fast) two-factor within-subjects experimental design to explore the effect of different line segment orientations and motion speed on TTC estimation performance; 36 college students(mean age = 20.81, SD = 2.82, range = 18-28years) participated in experiment 2, and used a 2 (background dimension: two-dimensional background, three-dimensional background) × 3 (motion speed: slow, medium, fast) two-factor within-subjects experimental design to explore the effect of different background dimensions and motion speed on the performance of TTC estimation. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Results The results revealed that: (1) The TTC was underestimated for the slow speed condition and overestimated for the medium and fast speed conditions. (2) The highest accuracy of TTC estimation was obtained for the fast condition. (3) The TTC were overestimated for the vertical background condition and underestimated for the horizontal background condition. (4) The TTC were more accurately estimated for the vertical line segment background in the slow condition and the horizontal line segment background in the medium speed condition. (5) Compared to the two-dimensional background, the TTC was overestimated in the three-dimensional background. Conclusions Object motion speed affected the TTC estimation performance, and different background information affected the TTC estimation performance when the object moved in a plane parallel to the observer. Meanwhile, the impact of background orientation and motion speed showed significant interactions.