Effect of Dietary Amylose/amylopectin Ratio on Diarrhea and Gut Microorganism of Weaned Pigs Challenged With Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide

Effect of Dietary Amylose/amylopectin Ratio on Diarrhea and Gut Microorganism of Weaned Pigs Challenged With Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Effect of Dietary Amylose/amylopectin Ratio on Diarrhea and Gut Microorganism of Weaned Pigs Challenged With Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide can yang, min wang, xiaowu tang, huansheng yang, fengna li, yancan wang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) plays important role in piglets’ immune system. It is controversial whether diarrhea could be relieved by changing DRA in weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 60 (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male pigs (initial body weight 6.51 ± 0.64 kg) were allotted to 5 groups (1 pig/cage and 12 replicates/group) in a randomized complete block design according to their BW. Piglets were fed ad libitum with diets different in DAR (0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80) for 28 days. Feed transition occurs at day 15. 100 μg/kg body weight lipopolysaccharides or same amount of saline were injected via abdomen on day 29, 12 h before slaughter. Results: Diarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher when DAR was 0.40 than in groups 0.20 and 0.80 during third weed ( P <0.05). Iso-valeric acid of ileum decreased after LPS stress ( P <0.05). Cecal iso-butyrate acid and iso-valeric acid concentrations increased after LPS stress ( P <0.05). Iso- and valeric acid concentration of ileal chyme was higher in group 0.20 compared with other groups ( P ＜0.05). Cecal acetic acid and propionic acid concentration were higher in group 0.40 than in group 0.20 ( P ＜0.05). Alpha diversity of cecal microbial representative by goods coverage was higher in group 0.40 when compared with group 0.20 ( P ＜0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_ NK4A214_ group and Anaerotruncus in cecal chyme of Group 0.20 was significantly higher than that in Group 0.40 ( P 0.05). The abundance of Cetobacterium was significant lower in cecal chyme from Group 0.20 compared with pigs from Group 0.40( P 0.05). Diarrhea rate during third week negative correlated with abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_ gut_ group and X.Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group (P <0.05). Conclusions: Diarrhea happened when weaned piglets received diet with DAR 0.40 during feed transition, but they will regulate cecal microorganism and metabolites such as acetic acid and propionic acid to restore their health. Animal Science weaning pigs dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio diarrhea microorganism Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Background The microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of immunity, protecting the host against pathogenic microbes and producing vitamins and other essential nutrients [ 1 ]. There is mounting evidence pointing to marked alteration of the structure and function of the gut microbiome and its role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea-associated systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota exerts a primordial role promoting fermentation of fermentable fiber for production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA is vital nutrients for the colonic epithelial cells and the regulatory T lymphocytes (T-reg) that are essential for the maintenance of the immunological self-tolerance and limitation of the inflammatory response [ 2 ]. Diet rich in fermentable fiber promotes increased production of SCFAs which can contribute to the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and attenuate local and systemic inflammation in chronic kidney disease rats [ 3 ]. High dietary total fiber intake (59% wt/wt HAMRS2) was associated with lower risk of inflammation and mortality in kidney disease and the associations were stronger in magnitude in those with kidney disease compared with individual without chronic kidney disease [ 4 ]. The ratio of SCFA production is dependent on fermentation substrate, the microbial composition, and colonic transit time. Weaning is a stage during which piglets have to face pathogenic challenges because pathways refer to innate system response were changed during this stage [ 5 ]. During weaning, piglets experience a radical change in diet and environment, milk from the sow is replaced by solid grain, this is likely very critical for the immature digestive and immune system of weanling pigs. The syndrome of postweaning diarrhea is a consequence of this situation. The most significant network altered by weaning is associated with antimicrobial and inflammatory response [ 5 ]. As the ratio of amylose to amylopectin raises, the enzymatic digestibility of the starch decreases because of the contact of amylose with amylopectin, thus diminishing the accessibility of enzymes to hydrolyze starch molecules[ 6 ]. Resistant starch which cannot be digested in small intestine can be fermented to SCFA, and then affect inflammation response during weaning stress. It was hypothesized that given an immune challenge, piglets receiving diet high in dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) will have well-balanced immune responses that suppress potentially harmful inflammation compared to challenged control pigs. Therefore, in the current study, the aim was to determine the response of piglets receiving diet different in DAR to an immune system challenge with E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gut microbial composition and their metabolites during post-weaning period. Methods Experimental procedure in this study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hunan international joint laboratory of animal intestinal ecology and health, Hunan Normal University. Animals and diets Sixty castrated male pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire) with an initial average body weight (BW) of 6.51 ± 0.64 kg were selected, blocked by BW and allotted to five dietary treatments with 12 cages per treatment and 1 pig per metabolic cage. The experimental diet was formulated on the basis of nutrient requirements established by the NRC [7] for 7～11 kg pigs. The A, B, C, D, E diets differed only in DAR, 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 or 0.80 respectively (Table 1). Nursing diets were provided in a 2-phase feeding program. Phase Ⅰ lasted from d 1 to d 14. Phase Ⅱ lasted from d 15 to 28. Pigs were fed ad libitum. Water was provided ad libitum. On day 29, 12 h before slaughter, 6 pigs every treatment were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from Escherichia coli O55:B5, Sigma Chemical Inc., St Louis, MO, USA, L2880) whereas an equivalent amount of sterile saline was administered to other 6 pigs. LPS was dissolved in sterile saline and administered intraperitoneal injection at 100 μg/kg body weight. One pig from A, B, D, E died 11 h after LPS stress. Slaughter surveys and sampling Diarrhea of piglets was recorded every day during the experimental period. On day 29, 12 h post-challenge, pigs were euthanized. Immediately after removal of the gastrointestinal tract from the carcass, digesta samples from stomach, proximal duodenum, distal jejunum, end of ileum, cecal and colon were taken. Mucosa from jejunum and ileum were sampled using glass slide scraping intestinal wall. A 5 cm section of cecal and colon was fixed by immersion in 10% buffer neutral formalin. In addition, the remaining digesta samples underwent determination of pH value (Testo 206, pH meter, Testo AG, Lenzkirch, Germany). Mucosa and chyme samples were stored at -80℃ until required for analysis. Analysis Diarrhea incidence Fecal consistency was scored as follows: 0 = normal, 5 = liquid. Diarrhea degree was calculated as the sum of the fecal scores for every piglet each week. Piglets diarrhea rates were recorded daily and calculated as follows: Diarrhea rate = total number of pigs with diarrhea/(total number of pigs × experimental days) × 100, where total number of pigs with diarrhea was defined as the number of pigs with diarrhea observed on each day. Intestinal morphology Fixed intestine was dehydrated, embedded, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The mean crypt depth was quantified using a 40 × combined magnification, and an image processing and analysis system (Version 1, Leica Imaging Systems Ltd., Cambridge, UK). A minimum of 20 crypts were randomly chosen and measured per subject. Crypt depth was measured using a light microscope fitted with an image analysis system (AxioScope A1, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Volatile fatty acid analysis Volatile fatty acid (VFA) determination was conducted on metaphosphoric acid derived samples using gas chromatographic methods described by Mathew [8]. Gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies 7890B GC System; AGILENT) and DB-FFAP column (30 m×250 μm×0.25 μm) were used for determination of propionate, acetate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentrations. Gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR Total RNA was isolated from mucosa using RNAiso Plus (TaKaPa) and then reverse transcription reactions were performed using RT reagent kit (TaKaPa). All the procedures were carried out as described by the manufacturer’s protocol. The quantity and quality of RNA were determined using NanoDrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Real-time RT-PCR primers were designed to assay genes related to tight connection and inflammation (Table 2). 18S were used as reference gene. Real-time RT-PCR for target genes were performed on MyIQ instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California) using SYBR Green quantitative PCR mix (TaKaRa). 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing Total genome DNA from cecal digesta of saline stressed piglets was extracted using CTAB/SDS method. The hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA genes were chosen for pyrosequencing to investigated the taxonomic compositions of the microbial community. The PCR amplification was conducted in triplicate utilizing the barcoded universal bacterial primers. Triplicates were pooled, and the PCR amplicons were sequenced using IlluminaHiSeq2500 platform and 250 bp paired-end reads were generated according to previous study [9, 10]. The raw sequence data were processed and analyzed with a QIIME software package. Then, sequences with a threshold of 97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of representative sequences using Uparse v7.0.1001 and GreenGene Database. R software (version 2.15.3) with the ‘vegan’ package was used to perform bacterial analysis of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities based on the levels of changed gut microbiota. Statistical analysis Gene expression data from replicate measurement within the same RNA extraction were averaged and analyzed using Livak’s (2001) [11] method to measure the difference between the five DAR diets. Data of diarrhea occurrence, microorganism were examined by single factor design using GLM procedure. Other data were analyzed by double factor with the DAR and LPS stress as main effects, using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS 8.0. Duncan differences were determined to compare differences among the groups. Results were presented as means ± sem. Differences with P < 0.05 were considered to be significant. Results Diarrhea occurrence Diarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher in group 0.40 than in group 0.20 and 0.80 during third week ( P <0.05). No statistical difference of diarrhea rate and degree could be observed between different experimental treatments during first, second, fourth and total four weeks ( P ＞0.05) (Table 3). pH value and VFA of digesta No significant difference of pH could be observed between five groups in digesta of stomach, jejunum and ileum ( P ＞0.05) (Table 4). Cecal pH was affected by DAR and LPS stress, pH value was higher in group 0.20 than in groups 0.80 and 0.00 ( P 0.05). Cecal and colonic pH value increased after LPS stress ( P <0.05). No effect of interaction between DAR and LPS stress was found on pH value. The DAR had no significant effect on SCFA such as acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, iso-Valeric acid and total amount of SCFA concentration in jejunum ( P >0.05) (Table 5). Jejunal butyrate acid was affected by DAR, it was higher in group 0.80 compared with groups 0.00, 0.40, 0.60 ( P <0.05). Jejunal butyrate acid increased in group 0.00 and 0.20 but decreased in groups 0.60 and 0.80 after LPS stress ( P <0.05). Valeric acid concentration in jejunum increased after LPS stress in groups 0.00, 0.20, 0.80 but decreased in groups 0.40 and 0.60 ( P <0.05). Ileum acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrate acid, iso-butyrate acid, valeric acid and total amount of SCFA were not affected by DAR or LPS stress except that iso-valeric acid of ileum decreased after LPS stress ( P <0.05). Cecal SCFA except butyrate acid was affected by DAR ( P <0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA concentrations were higher in group 0.40 compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 ( P <0.05). Iso-butyrate acid and iso-valeric acid concentrations increased after LPS stress ( P <0.05), they were both higher in group 0.20 than in other groups ( P <0.05). Valeric acid concentration was higher in group 0.20 compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 ( P <0.05). Total amount of SCFA was higher in group 0.40 when compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 ( P 0.05). Colonic SCFA except valeric acid was affected by LPS stress but not DAR, all of SCFA such as acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid decreased after LPS stress ( P <0.05). Crypt depth of large intestine Crypt depth of cecal was lower in group 0.80, lower than other groups except group 0.40 ( P 0.05) (Table 6). Expression of genes related to gut health Expression of genes such as claudin, zo-1 in mucosa were showed in Table 7. DAR did not alter the mRNA expression of ZO-1,IL-1β, TNFα in mucosa of jejunal, the Occludin,ZO-1,IL-1β in mucosa of ileum ( P ＞0.05). LPS stress caused lower mRNA expression of claudin in jejunal ( P <0.05). Claudin mRNA expression was higher in group 0.60 when compared with other groups ( P =0.045) in jejunal, and it was higher in group 0.20 than in other groups in mucosa of ileum ( P <0.01). Ingestion of diet with DAR 0.00 resulted in lowest TNFα mRNA levels in ileum mucosa, lower than groups 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 ( P <0.05). The bacterial community composition in the cecum The reads for each sample is in the range of 70049 to 96176. After quality trimming and chimera checking, each sample has 77296±7459 tags with a minimum length of 410 nucleotides, a maximum length of 426. 791 OUTs were shared by the five groups, and 169, 211, 194, 368, 247 OTUs were only found in ceca of group 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 respectively (Fig. 1). No significant differences were found on Shannon, Simpson, ACE, PD_whole tree indexes and beta diversity of bacteria between different DAR groups (Fig.2 A and Fig.2 B). Alpha diversity representative by chao1 of group 0.40 tended to be lower than group 0.60 ( P =0.053), with no significant difference compared with other groups ( P >0.05). Alpha diversity representative by goods coverage of groups 0.20 and 0.40 was lower than group 0.60 ( P 0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes were predominantly found in the cecal samples from different DAR groups. No significant difference was found in phylum between different DAR groups ( P >0.05) (Fig.3A). At phyla level, no significant difference was found between different DAR groups ( P >0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Anaerotruncus in cecal chyme of Group 0.20 was significantly higher than that in Group 0.60 ( P 0.05) (Fig.3B). The abundance of Cetobacterium was significant lower in cecal chyme from Group 0.20 compared with pigs from Group 0.60 ( P 0.05). Relationship between bacterial abundance and apparent indicators According Fig 4, diarrhea rate during third week was negative correlated with abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and X.Eubacterium_ coprostanoligenes_ group (P <0.05). Abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG.002, Ruminococcaceae_ NK4A214_ group was positive correlated with cecal total SCFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid concentrations (P <0.05). Abundance of Anaerotruncus was positive correlated with cecal iso-valeric acid concentration (P <0.05). Abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG.005, Prevotellaceae_ NK3B31_ group, Leeia was positive correlated with serum cholesterol concentrations (P <0.05). Discussion An inappropriate balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 would lead to inflammation in local tissues such as bowel [ 12 ]. Elevation in expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL-6 are the hallmark of acute bowel inflammation [ 13 ]. Therefore, our cytokine profiling results suggest that acute bowel inflammation had occurred in Group 0.40 but not in Group 0.00 and 0.20 under 100 µg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in weaning pigs. This is inconsistent with other reports. High level of amylose is associated with high resistant starch (RS) level. Chronic kidney disease rats consuming diets supplemented with amylopectin exhibited inflammation, activation of NF k B, upregulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant molecules, impaired nuclear transcription factor (Nrf2) activity, down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and disruption of colonic epithelial tight junction, but the high resistant starch diet significantly attenuated these abnormalities [ 14 ].RS supplementation has proven to be effective in reducing markers of inflammation in the state of the disease [ 15 ]. Studiers found a reduction of TNF-α concentrations in prediabetes patients supplemented with 45 g/d high-amylose maize for 12 weeks [ 16 , 17 ]). Supplementation of HAM-RS2 20 g/d in the first month and 25 g/d during the second month led to a decrease in serum urea, IL-6, TNFα in end-stage renal disease patients [ 17 ]. Moreover, consumption of retrograded high-amylose corn resistant starch at 15% may protect the colon from developing inflammation by enhancing IL-10 abundance in pigs, but not affected TNFα and IL-6 abundance in colon [ 18 ].Though gut injury was observed in piglets that received 60 [ 19 ] or 100 [ 20 ] µg/kg of E.coli LPS and injection of LPS stimulated the production of cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α and IFN-γ [ 21 ]. But 11 h post-challenge showed no effect of LPS on TNFα mRNA expression in jejunal and ileal mucosa of weaning pigs in our result. The acute bowel inflammation in Group 0.40 was due to severe diarrhea happened during the last week before LPS stress. Diarrhea resulted adverse effect on average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F:G) during the next week (data not shown). Prebiotic approaches also typically fail to consider the potential to cause detrimental changes in individuals in whom the gut microbiota is already substantially disrupted, such as the selective promotion of potentially pathogenic taxa. Phylum Proteobacteria abundance was higher in Group 0.40. Previous studies indicated that the abnormal increase of Prevotellaceae abudndance exacerbated the occurrence of inflammation [ 22 ]. Genus Sutterella belongs to Prevotellaceae phylum, and it has been found to elevated in feces from dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea [ 23 ]. The genus Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group was significantly increased in the high-fat diet with high-dose genistein mice group [ 24 ] and in isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia group [ 25 ]. In the present study, we observed the significant negative correlation between abundance of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and diarrhea rate during third week. Thus, the increase of Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group might associate with the gut inflammation. Although piglets from Group 0.40 suffered severe diarrhea, they got the same ADG and feed intake as other groups during the whole four experimental weeks. This result, in part, be due to SCFAs’ modulating inflammation response. In this study, 11 h post-LPS- challenge pigs showed a significant reduction in acetate, propionic acid, butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in colonic digesta. Supplementation of diet with DAR 0.40 in weaning piglets resulted in a significant increase in these SCFA in cecum digesta compared with Group 0.00. SCFAs have a wide range of anti-inflammatory properties, including the ability to increase colonic regulatory T cells [ 26 ], alter dendritic cell and macrophage function [ 27 ], and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 28 ]. Gut microbiotal conversion of inulin-type fructose into propionate could inhibit malignant cell proliferation, lessens systemic inflammation in liver [ 29 ]. The reduction in intestinal pH due to increased SCFA production decreases the formation of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant uremic toxins from colonic bacteria [ 14 ]. 0.20-fed piglets exhibited less microbial diversity than 0.6-fed piglets. More microbial diversity is generally associated with a healthier phenotype [ 30 ]. Both Ruminococcaceae_ NK4A214_group and Anaerotruncus abundance in cecal chyme were higher in Group 0.20 than that in Group 0.60. It is well known that intestinal microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining intestinal barrier and harmful metabolites’ transfer. They can affect the intestinal permeability, enhance the transfer of harmful substances in blood, and stimulated inflammatory response [ 31 ].The regulation of gut microbiota such as Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Anaerotruncus could be developed to an increase in cecal SCFA such as iso-butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid concentration. The higher levels of iso-BCFAs may be associated with alteration in the metabolism of BCAAs, namely valine, leucine, and isoleucine, which can serve as precursors of BCFAs [ 32 ]. Thus, the increased production of iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid should indicate increased protein degradation during LPS stress in Group 0.20. LPS challenge increases the plasma-urea nitrogen level in piglets due to muscle proteolysis as result of increased inflammation [ 33 ]. Study found inverse correlations between circulating iso-branched-chain fatty acids and C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammatory marker) in patients with morbid obesity [ 34 ]. Released amino acids due to inflammation may be channeled to the liver to synthesize acute phase proteins and/or to serve as an energy source [ 35 ]. Further examination of the these and other related markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are warranted in studies of longer duration. Claudin-1 and occluding are key components of the epithelial tight junction. LPS stress caused lower claudin mRNA expression in jejunal mucosa. As a result, intestinal barrier function was affected as claudin mRNA expression decreased in Group 0.20 compared with Group 0.60. Conclusions In conclusion, diarrhea was affected by dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR). Diarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher when DAR was 0.40 and lower when it was 0.20 or 0.80 during third weed after weaning. Consumption of diet with DAR 0.20 leads to increase in cecal pH, iso- and valeric acid concentration and in claudin mRNA expression in mucosa of ileum. After diarrhea, microbial composition changed to restore intestinal health in piglets supplemented diet with DAR 0.40. This was confirmed by higher alpha diversity and higher cecal acetic acid and propionic acid concentration in this group (0.40). Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Experimental procedure in this study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hunan international joint laboratory of animal intestinal ecology and health, Hunan Normal University. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and material The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research was supported by Research foundation of the Education of Hunan Province (18B374), China postdoctoral science foundation funded project (No.2016M600630) and Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Foundation of HuNan Province (No. 2016JC2034). Authors' contributions Yin Yulong and Yang Huansheng organized the experiment and gave some advice on experiment idea. Yang Can conducted the experiment and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. Wang Min, Tang Xiaowu and Wang Yancan conducted the experimental analysis. Li Fengna reviewed the manuscript and gave some advice on experiment idea. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements Not applicable Authorship Can Yang, postdoctor in Hunan Normal University, tutor is Dr. Yulong Yin. References Sommer F,Bckhed F. The gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology. NAT REV MICROBIOL, 2013. 11 : 227-238. 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Tables Table 1 Composition of experimental diets (as fed basis) Ingredients, % Pre-care period Late-care period A B C D E A B C D E Waxy corn starch 54.80 45.21 38.36 33.43 29.32 53.54 44.17 37.48 32.66 28.64 High-Maize 1043 - 9.59 16.44 21.37 25.48 - 9.37 16.06 20.88 24.90 Soybean meal 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 Full fat expanded soybean meal 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Fermented soybean meal 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 Fish meal 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.80 5.80 5.80 5.80 5.80 Whey, dried 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Plasma protein powder 4.84 4.84 4.84 4.84 4.84 - - - - - Monocalcium Phosphate 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 Soybean oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 - - - - - Premix 1 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 Choline chloride 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Limestone 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 DL-lysine 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 DL Methionine 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 Salt - - - - - 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Calculated nutrient content 2 Amylose/amylopectin ratio 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 Digestive energy, kcal/kg 3500 3500 3500 3500 3500 3408 3408 3408 3408 3408 Crude protein,% 18.50 18.50 18.50 18.50 18.50 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Ca,% 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 Av.P,% 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 Salt,% 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Amino acids, %SID 3 Lys 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 TSAA 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 Thr 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 Trp 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 1 Vitamin-mineral premix supplied per kilogram of feed: 10,000 IU of Vitamin A, 1,000 IU of Vitamin D3, 80 IU of Vitamin E, 2.0 mg of Vitamin K3, 0.03 mg of Vitamin B12, 12 mg of riboflavin, 40 mg of niacin, 25 mg of d-pantothenic acid, 0.25 mg of biotin, 1.6 mg of folic acid, 3.0 mg of thiamine, 2.25 mg of pyridoxine, 300 mg of choline chloride, 150 mg of Fe (FeSO4), 100 mg of Zn (ZnSO4), 30 mg of Mn (MnSO4), 25 mg of Cu (CuSO4), 0.5 mg of I (KIO3), 0.3 mg of Co (CoSO4), 0.3 mg of Se (Na2SeO3), and 4.0 mg of ethoxyquin 2 Nutrient content of diets based on estimted nutrient contents of ingredients according to NRC(2012). 3 SID, Standardized ileal digestible. Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Table 2 RT-PCR primers related to tight connection and inflammation Name 1 F/R Primer Claudin F TTTCCTCAATACAGGAGGGAAGC R CCCTCTCCCCACATTCGAG Occludin F CAGGTGCACCCTCCAGATTG R GGACTTTCAAGAGGCCTGGAT ZO-1 F CTGAGGGAATTGGGCAGGAA R TCACCAAAGGACTCAGCAGG IL-1β F ACCTGGACCTTGGTTCTC R GGATTCTTCATCGGCTTC TNF-α F ACGCTCTTCTGCCTACTGC R TCCCTCGGCTTTGACATT 18S F GAGCGAAAGCATTTGCCAAG R GGCATCGTTTATGGTCGGAAC ZO-1: tight junction protein zonula occluden-1, IL-1 β: interleukin 1 β, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor, alpha. Table 3 Effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on diarrhea occurrence of weaned piglets challenged with E.coli LPS Items A B C D E SEM P value Diarrhea rate First week 19.64 17.86 9.52 11.90 13.69 2.08 0.517 Second week 13.89 24.31 29.86 21.53 20.14 2.76 0.464 Third week 23.21 AB 11.31 BC 29.17 A 18.45 ABC 7.74 C 2.25 0.024 Fourth week 1 19.64 8.33 24.40 19.05 9.52 2.79 0.293 Total four weeks 1 19.29 15.12 22.99 17.59 12.50 1.51 0.238 Diarrhea degree First week 7.42 6.75 4.00 5.67 5.75 0.90 0.790 Second week 5.83 10.42 13.25 10.50 8.33 1.31 0.466 Third week 10.42 AB 4.67 B 14.25 A 9.17 AB 3.08 B 1.19 0.029 Fourth week 1 8.92 3.67 11.92 10.17 4.42 1.45 0.295 Total four weeks 1 32.58 25.50 43.42 35.50 21.58 3.19 0.224 1 Statistical analysis ended in day 27. Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Table 4 Effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on pH value of digest of weaned piglets challenged with E.coli LPS Items 1 A B C D E SEM P value LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL DAR STRESS D*S Stomach 2.77 3.15 3.40 3.46 3.54 3.22 3.79 2.62 3.39 2.79 0.11 0.91 0.35 0.69 Jejunum 5.85 5.57 5.76 6.35 6.14 5.79 5.54 6.16 5.28 6.13 0.08 0.92 0.33 0.57 Ileum 6.84 6.50 6.21 7.17 6.49 7.20 6.92 6.66 6.84 7.10 0.05 0.83 0.15 0.11 Cecum 6.14 B 6.13 6.71 A 6.34 6.43 AB 6.15 6.55 AB 6.06 6.03 B 6.10 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.22 Colon 6.55 6.76 6.80 6.56 6.92 6.32 6.93 6.37 6.91 6.40 0.05 1.00 0.00 0.14 1 LPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly ( P <0.05). Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Table 5 Effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in digest of weaned piglets challenged with E.coli LPS Items 1 A B C D E SEM P value LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL DAR STRESS D*S Jejunum Acetic acid 41.84 30.39 300.98 56.52 58.57 17.84 69.97 99.37 49.07 27.86 10.63 0.24 0.28 0.33 Propionic acid 11.14 7.23 77.46 28.46 22.61 7.96 13.32 20.08 24.19 10.67 2.95 0.28 0.33 0.70 Iso-Butyrate acid 0.00 0.00 12.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.88 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.55 0.59 0.83 Butyrate acid 10.35 B 0.00 62.50 AB 0.00 0.00 B 0.00 0.00 B 6.57 37.87 A 86.79 3.37 0.00 0.77 0.04 Iso-Valeric acid 6.68 7.69 20.16 0.00 0.00 4.64 9.11 25.37 15.59 13.49 1.84 0.38 0.81 0.28 Valeric acid 27.52 9.05 46.52 0.00 27.48 33.69 7.90 18.08 37.25 23.59 1.88 0.23 0.04 0.00 Total amount of SCFA 97.53 54.37 520.04 84.98 108.66 64.13 100.30 173.35 163.97 162.40 13.92 0.25 0.26 0.13 Ileum Acetic acid 594.22 927.69 786.89 631.66 541.72 928.44 634.98 544.22 942.19 848.87 37.54 0.18 0.33 0.08 Propionic acid 44.18 58.87 91.71 41.11 81.28 73.66 48.28 60.25 77.71 104.72 11.91 0.83 0.97 0.88 Iso-Butyrate acid 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.55 0.39 0.55 Butyrate acid 48.89 52.47 51.66 28.96 44.53 62.24 27.83 30.76 78.89 68.53 5.35 0.14 0.87 0.82 Iso-Valeric acid 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.03 0.00 17.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.04 1.25 0.15 0.02 0.15 Valeric acid 1.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.60 0.39 0.60 Total amount of SCFA 688.62 1039.03 930.26 711.75 667.53 1086.28 711.09 635.23 1098.79 1025.16 39.02 0.06 0.33 0.06 Cecal Acetic acid 2746.25 B 3610.85 3433.77 AB 4426.02 4198.72 A 4643.30 3093.49 B 3187.17 2901.98 B 3329.84 148.66 0.03 0.08 0.90 Propionic acid 1242.81 B 1476.83 1631.64 AB 1805.10 2204.71 A 1844.70 1391.95 B 1414.73 1473.23 B 1279.86 69.77 0.02 0.87 0.67 Iso-Butyrate acid 86.89 BC 89.75 211.57 A 135.97 124.75 B 117.36 132.88 BC 63.96 82.11 C 70.14 5.42 ＜0.0001 0.01 0.10 Butyrate acid 585.71 965.03 637.10 712.82 820.75 966.94 802.65 778.01 668.31 758.83 45.61 0.65 0.17 0.75 Iso-Valeric acid 113.68 B 110.53 309.97 A 184.45 201.58 B 122.02 255.10 B 80.98 117.09 B 83.84 10.09 0.00 0.00 0.10 Valeric acid 192.85 B 200.68 379.11 A 292.34 295.05 AB 232.47 245.74 B 142.09 211.27 B 159.77 14.57 0.02 0.06 0.82 Total amount of SCFA 4968.18 B 6453.67 6603.15 AB 7556.70 7845.56 A 7926.79 5921.81 B 5666.94 5453.97 B 5682.28 260.26 0.03 0.37 0.86 Colon Acetic acid 2862.32 3032.80 2292.78 3213.04 2378.01 3367.35 2104.43 3360.75 1701.21 3347.96 65.92 0.40 ＜0.0001 0.04 Propionic acid 1225.44 1169.05 1080.91 1280.66 1030.95 1375.93 940.75 1397.74 772.60 1348.47 33.87 0.71 0.00 0.09 Iso-Butyrate acid 126.31 132.60 185.56 144.87 161.69 110.50 134.54 128.63 161.95 125.40 5.36 0.26 0.03 0.45 Butyrate acid 607.55 750.58 561.84 758.93 685.08 923.08 475.83 861.94 488.16 918.83 31.77 0.60 0.00 0.62 Iso-Valeric acid 201.67 200.77 343.89 216.31 273.89 148.26 220.49 186.95 298.49 173.75 11.99 0.24 0.00 0.36 Valeric acid 229.56 225.36 355.00 240.91 259.62 241.07 190.01 236.07 235.32 241.87 9.30 0.08 0.39 0.12 Total amount of SCFA 5252.84 5511.16 4819.99 5854.72 4789.24 6166.18 4066.05 6172.07 3657.73 6156.28 124.10 0.64 ＜0.0001 0.09 1 LPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly ( P <0.05). Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Tabel 6 Effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on crypt depth of intestinal of weaned piglets challenged with E.coli LPS Items 1 A B C D E SEM P value LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL DAR STRESS D*S Cecal 429.98 A 424.59 401.36 A 429.59 396.38 AB 385.18 396.34 A 414.19 372.74 B 362.18 5.26 0.01 0.73 0.69 Colon 436.03 475.67 470.36 461.69 450.36 474.08 446.81 477.60 464.20 434.81 7.12 0.96 0.45 0.55 1 LPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly ( P <0.05). Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Table7 Effect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on gene expression of intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets challenged with E.coli LPS Items 1 A B C D E SEM P value LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL LPS SAL DAR STRESS D*S Jejunal mucosa claudin 0.75 B 1.04 0.98 B 1.03 1.01 B 1.02 1.11 A 1.51 0.79 B 1.16 0.04 0.045 0.01 0.49 zo-1 0.92 1.03 0.96 1.04 0.96 1.00 0.82 0.71 0.61 0.96 0.04 0.15 0.22 0.46 IL-1β 0.84 1.11 0.60 0.91 0.39 0.73 0.65 0.77 0.37 0.87 0.08 0.53 0.06 0.97 TNFa 1.25 1.06 0.75 1.63 0.61 0.83 0.65 0.73 0.47 0.79 0.13 0.50 0.32 0.78 Ileal mucosa 0.00 Occludin 1.49 1.06 1.27 1.93 1.08 1.44 0.98 1.05 1.08 1.62 0.10 0.55 0.26 0.51 claudin 1.15 B 1.04 2.37 A 2.20 1.25 B 1.53 1.13 B 1.24 1.22 B 1.38 0.05 ＜0.0001 0.60 0.60 ZO-1 1.07 1.06 1.07 1.25 1.21 1.02 0.82 0.92 0.90 1.11 0.06 0.63 0.65 0.84 IL1β 0.80 1.14 1.12 1.60 0.79 1.16 0.62 2.45 1.00 1.16 0.18 0.82 0.09 0.60 TNFa 0.76 C 1.02 0.97 BC 1.02 1.96 A 1.25 1.30 A 1.84 1.46 AB 1.42 0.07 0.01 0.87 0.10 1 LPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly ( P <0.05). ZO-1: tight junction protein zonula occluden-1, IL-1 β: interleukin 1 β, TNFα: tumor necrosis factor, alpha. Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-118698","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":5547245,"identity":"e2531749-f08f-4924-8acb-d4afd7f1c4d6","order_by":0,"name":"can yang","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8973-6994","institution":"Hunan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"can","middleName":"","lastName":"yang","suffix":""},{"id":5547246,"identity":"d99045a4-bcf6-41cd-a989-a456b4c4d466","order_by":1,"name":"min wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"min","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""},{"id":5547247,"identity":"386d87b3-42ad-4d80-ac17-9a587a8c595b","order_by":2,"name":"xiaowu tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan vocational technical college of environment and biology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"xiaowu","middleName":"","lastName":"tang","suffix":""},{"id":5547248,"identity":"263d7f67-a943-43e5-996c-dd3dd45235c6","order_by":3,"name":"huansheng yang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAr0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCQbGxwg2kVqYjUnWwiZNmhaD2+3Pqgvb7uQZHGA+eJuHwS6PsJY7Z8xuz2x7VmxwgC3ZmochuZiwlhs5bLd52w4nbjjAYybNw3AgsYGwlvRnxRAt/N+I1ZJgxgy1hY04LZI3coylec4dTpx5mM3Yco5BMmEtfDfSH37mKTuc2He8+eGNNxV2hLUoHICxmMHuJKQeCOQJGjoKRsEoGAWjAABOhT0WKyrdXAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1164-5771","institution":"Hunan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"huansheng","middleName":"","lastName":"yang","suffix":""},{"id":5547249,"identity":"da904a01-06d0-4e64-8872-6c3b2550dfd9","order_by":4,"name":"fengna li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"fengna","middleName":"","lastName":"li","suffix":""},{"id":5547250,"identity":"0707f5c7-9639-475d-980c-882a8097eb4d","order_by":5,"name":"yancan wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yancan","middleName":"","lastName":"wang","suffix":""},{"id":5547251,"identity":"8b6d0b3d-ffc9-4e4e-ba08-6941c390ba32","order_by":6,"name":"yulong yin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hunan Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"yulong","middleName":"","lastName":"yin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-11-30 12:43:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":4072789,"identity":"7d88eb8c-bae1-4c72-bd58-0232a68d2627","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-12-07 16:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The Venn diagram of the shared and unique OTUs between different DAR groups\nDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. 791 OUTs were shared by the five groups, and 169, 211, 194, 368, 247 OTUs were only found in ceca of group 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 respectively.","description":"","filename":"Fig.1venndisplay.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-118698/v1/47f9dc1da36611f61f40c626.png"},{"id":4072790,"identity":"6a3399da-5de9-44d9-9508-bf3fcdddf71b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-12-07 16:59:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":160544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Alpha (Fig.2 A) and Beta (Fig.2 B) difference between different DAR groups \nDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. No significant differences were found on Shannon, Simpson, ACE, PD_whole tree indexes and beta diversity of bacteria between different DAR groups (Table S2, Fig S1, S2). Alpha diversity representative by chao1 of group 0.40 tended to be lower than group 0.60 (P=0.053), with no significant difference compared with other groups (P\u003e0.05). Alpha diversity representative by goods coverage of groups 0.20 and 0.40 was lower than group 0.60 (P\u003c0.05), with no significant difference compared with other groups (P\u003e0.05). ","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-118698/v1/860c2bb1d9bda1620e130e10.jpg"},{"id":4072791,"identity":"4a7caabc-6cc2-4a9b-9763-6e9a38d461a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-12-07 16:59:29","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":371420,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"3A Bar graph showing the phylum level composition of bacteria. Color-coded bar plot showing the relative abundance of bacterial phyla across the different samples (Fig.3 A left) or different groups (Fig.3 A right). One representative sequence from a set of related sequences belonging to a same OUT was selected for continuous species annotation with RDP classifier, and the bacterial composition at phylum level of each sample was stated and visualized with histogram. First C represented it comes from ceca chyme. Second C represented dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR), DAR of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively. No significant difference were found in phylum between different DAR groups.\n3B The first 100 genus composition of bacteria.\nAt the genus level, the abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Anaerotruncus in cecal chyme of Group 0.20 was significantly higher than that in Group 0.60 pigs (P\u003c0.05), with no significant difference compared with other groups (P\u003e0.05). The abundance of Cetobacterium was significant lower in cecal chyme from Group 0.20 compared with pigs from Group 0.60 (P\u003c0.01), with no significant difference compared with other groups (P\u003e0.05).","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-118698/v1/d390491734b420d2b533c963.jpg"},{"id":4072792,"identity":"5b4ccff4-49a7-4b95-9310-9499e07f0c01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-12-07 16:59:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55873,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Correlation of environment and abundance of bacteria at genus level. \nSpecies information are arranged in rows and environment factors are arranged vertically and are on the horizontal axis (x-axis). Different colors indicate the relative abundance between species and environment factors, r\u003c0 represented negative correlation, r\u003e0 represented positive correlation. ＊means P\u003c0.05. A: Acetic acid, P: Propionic acid, IB: Iso-Butyrate acid, B: Butyrate acid, IV: Iso-Valeric acid, V:Valeric acid, TS: Total amount of SCFA, TG:Triglyceride, CHO:Cholesterol, DR: diarrhea rate during third week.\nDiarrhea rate during third week negative correlated with abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and X.Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group (P\u003c0.05). Abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG.002, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was positive correlated with cecal total SCFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid concentrations (P\u003c0.05). Abundance of Anaerotruncus was positive correlated with cecal iso-valeric acid concentration (P\u003c0.05). Abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG.005, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Leeia was positive correlated with serum cholesterol concentrations (P\u003c0.05).","description":"","filename":"Fig.4correlation.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-118698/v1/95fc35e251bf4b6cbefa44ea.png"},{"id":15670481,"identity":"a2f8d934-80df-4ef8-848c-b4c7f3ebbeb2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-18 13:59:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":710261,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-118698/v1/e9e4b653-7d9d-43dd-8676-49102598168c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Dietary Amylose/amylopectin Ratio on Diarrhea and Gut Microorganism of Weaned Pigs Challenged With \u003cem\u003eEscherichia Coli \u003c/em\u003eLipopolysaccharide\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":" \u003cp\u003eThe microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of immunity, protecting the host against pathogenic microbes and producing vitamins and other essential nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. There is mounting evidence pointing to marked alteration of the structure and function of the gut microbiome and its role in the pathogenesis of diarrhea-associated systemic inflammation. The gut microbiota exerts a primordial role promoting fermentation of fermentable fiber for production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA is vital nutrients for the colonic epithelial cells and the regulatory T lymphocytes (T-reg) that are essential for the maintenance of the immunological self-tolerance and limitation of the inflammatory response [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Diet rich in fermentable fiber promotes increased production of SCFAs which can contribute to the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier and attenuate local and systemic inflammation in chronic kidney disease rats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. High dietary total fiber intake (59% wt/wt HAMRS2) was associated with lower risk of inflammation and mortality in kidney disease and the associations were stronger in magnitude in those with kidney disease compared with individual without chronic kidney disease [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ratio of SCFA production is dependent on fermentation substrate, the microbial composition, and colonic transit time. Weaning is a stage during which piglets have to face pathogenic challenges because pathways refer to innate system response were changed during this stage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. During weaning, piglets experience a radical change in diet and environment, milk from the sow is replaced by solid grain, this is likely very critical for the immature digestive and immune system of weanling pigs. The syndrome of postweaning diarrhea is a consequence of this situation. The most significant network altered by weaning is associated with antimicrobial and inflammatory response [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. As the ratio of amylose to amylopectin raises, the enzymatic digestibility of the starch decreases because of the contact of amylose with amylopectin, thus diminishing the accessibility of enzymes to hydrolyze starch molecules[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Resistant starch which cannot be digested in small intestine can be fermented to SCFA, and then affect inflammation response during weaning stress. It was hypothesized that given an immune challenge, piglets receiving diet high in dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) will have well-balanced immune responses that suppress potentially harmful inflammation compared to challenged control pigs. Therefore, in the current study, the aim was to determine the response of piglets receiving diet different in DAR to an immune system challenge with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gut microbial composition and their metabolites during post-weaning period.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eExperimental procedure in this study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hunan international joint laboratory of animal intestinal ecology and health, Hunan Normal University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimals and diets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSixty castrated male pigs (Landrace \u0026times; Yorkshire) with an initial average body weight (BW) of 6.51 \u0026plusmn; 0.64 kg were selected, blocked by BW and allotted to five dietary treatments with 12 cages per treatment and 1 pig per metabolic cage. The experimental diet was formulated on the basis of nutrient requirements established by the NRC [7] for 7～11 kg pigs. The A, B, C, D, E diets differed only in DAR, 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 or 0.80 respectively (Table 1). Nursing diets were provided in a 2-phase feeding program. Phase Ⅰ lasted from d 1 to d 14. Phase Ⅱ lasted from d 15 to 28. Pigs were fed ad libitum. Water was provided ad libitum. On day 29, 12 h before slaughter, 6 pigs every treatment were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS, from Escherichia coli O55:B5, Sigma Chemical Inc., St Louis, MO, USA, L2880) whereas an equivalent amount of sterile saline was administered to other 6 pigs. LPS was dissolved in sterile saline and administered intraperitoneal injection at 100 \u0026mu;g/kg body weight. One pig from A, B, D, E died 11 h after LPS stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlaughter surveys and sampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea of piglets was recorded every day during the experimental period. On day 29, 12 h post-challenge, pigs were euthanized. Immediately after removal of the gastrointestinal tract from the carcass, digesta samples from stomach, proximal duodenum, distal jejunum, end of ileum, cecal and colon were taken. Mucosa from jejunum and ileum were sampled using glass slide scraping intestinal wall. A 5 cm section of cecal and colon was fixed by immersion in 10% buffer neutral formalin. In addition, the remaining digesta samples underwent determination of pH value (Testo 206, pH meter, Testo AG, Lenzkirch, Germany). Mucosa and chyme samples were stored at -80℃ until required for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalysis \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiarrhea incidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFecal consistency was scored as follows: 0 = normal, 5 = liquid. Diarrhea degree was calculated as the sum of the fecal scores for every piglet each week. Piglets diarrhea rates were recorded daily and calculated as follows: Diarrhea rate = total number of pigs with diarrhea/(total number of pigs \u0026times; experimental days) \u0026times; 100, where total number of pigs with diarrhea was defined as the number of pigs with diarrhea observed on each day.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIntestinal morphology \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFixed intestine was dehydrated, embedded, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The mean crypt depth was quantified using a 40 \u0026times; combined magnification, and an image processing and analysis system (Version 1, Leica Imaging Systems Ltd., Cambridge, UK). A minimum of 20 crypts were randomly chosen and measured per subject. Crypt depth was measured using a light microscope fitted with an image analysis system (AxioScope A1, Carl Zeiss, Germany).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVolatile fatty acid analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVolatile fatty acid (VFA) determination was conducted on metaphosphoric acid derived samples using gas chromatographic methods described by Mathew [8]. Gas chromatography (Agilent Technologies 7890B GC System; AGILENT) and DB-FFAP column (30 m\u0026times;250 \u0026mu;m\u0026times;0.25 \u0026mu;m) were used for determination of propionate, acetate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGene expression analysis by RT-qPCR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal RNA was isolated from mucosa using RNAiso Plus (TaKaPa) and then reverse transcription reactions were performed using RT reagent kit (TaKaPa). All the procedures were carried out as described by the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s protocol. The quantity and quality of RNA were determined using NanoDrop ND-2000 spectrophotometer system (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Real-time RT-PCR primers were designed to assay genes related to tight connection and inflammation (Table 2). 18S were used as reference gene. Real-time RT-PCR for target genes were performed on MyIQ instrument (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California) using SYBR Green quantitative PCR mix (TaKaRa).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16S ribosomal RNA sequencing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal genome DNA from cecal digesta of saline stressed piglets was extracted using CTAB/SDS method. The hypervariable regions V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA genes were chosen for pyrosequencing to investigated the taxonomic compositions of the microbial community. The PCR amplification was conducted in triplicate utilizing the barcoded universal bacterial primers. Triplicates were pooled, and the PCR amplicons were sequenced using IlluminaHiSeq2500 platform and 250 bp paired-end reads were generated according to previous study [9, 10]. The raw sequence data were processed and analyzed with a QIIME software package. Then, sequences with a threshold of 97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic units (OTUs) on the basis of representative sequences using Uparse v7.0.1001 and GreenGene Database. R software (version 2.15.3) with the \u0026lsquo;vegan\u0026rsquo; package was used to perform bacterial analysis of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities based on the levels of changed gut microbiota.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGene expression data from replicate measurement within the same RNA extraction were averaged and analyzed using Livak\u0026rsquo;s (2001) [11] method to measure the difference between the five DAR diets. Data of diarrhea occurrence, microorganism were examined by single factor design using GLM procedure. Other data were analyzed by double factor with the DAR and LPS stress as main effects, using general linear model (GLM) procedure of SAS 8.0. Duncan differences were determined to compare differences among the groups. Results were presented as means \u0026plusmn; sem. Differences with \u003cem\u003eP \u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05 were considered to be significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiarrhea occurrence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher in group 0.40 than in group 0.20 and 0.80 during third week (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). No statistical difference of diarrhea rate and degree could be observed between different experimental treatments during first, second, fourth and total four weeks (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＞0.05) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH value and VFA of digesta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo significant difference of pH could be observed between five groups in digesta of stomach, jejunum and ileum (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＞0.05) (Table 4). Cecal pH was affected by DAR and LPS stress, pH value was higher in group 0.20 than in groups 0.80 and 0.00 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), but with no significant difference when compared with groups 0.40 and 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). Cecal and colonic pH value increased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). No effect of interaction between DAR and LPS stress was found on pH value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe DAR had no significant effect on SCFA such as acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, iso-Valeric acid and total amount of SCFA concentration in jejunum (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 5). Jejunal butyrate acid was affected by DAR, it was higher in group 0.80 compared with groups 0.00, 0.40, 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Jejunal butyrate acid increased in group 0.00 and 0.20 but decreased in groups 0.60 and 0.80 after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Valeric acid concentration in jejunum increased after LPS stress in groups 0.00, 0.20, 0.80 but decreased in groups 0.40 and 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Ileum acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrate acid, iso-butyrate acid, valeric acid and total amount of SCFA were not affected by DAR or LPS stress except that iso-valeric acid of ileum decreased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Cecal SCFA except butyrate acid was affected by DAR (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA concentrations were higher in group 0.40 compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Iso-butyrate acid and iso-valeric acid concentrations increased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), they were both higher in group 0.20 than in other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Valeric acid concentration was higher in group 0.20 compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Total amount of SCFA was higher in group 0.40 when compared with groups 0.00, 0.60, 0.80 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), but with no significant difference compared with group 0.20 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). Colonic SCFA except valeric acid was affected by LPS stress but not DAR, all of SCFA such as acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid decreased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCrypt depth of large intestine\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrypt depth of cecal was lower in group 0.80, lower than other groups except group 0.40 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Crypt depth of colon was not affected by DAR and LPS stress(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05) (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression of genes related to gut health\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExpression of genes such as claudin, zo-1 in mucosa were showed in Table 7. DAR did not alter the mRNA expression of ZO-1,IL-1\u0026beta;, TNF\u0026alpha; in mucosa of jejunal, the Occludin,ZO-1,IL-1\u0026beta; in mucosa of ileum (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＞0.05). LPS stress caused lower mRNA expression of claudin in jejunal (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Claudin mRNA expression was higher in group 0.60 when compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.045) in jejunal, and it was higher in group 0.20 than in other groups in mucosa of ileum (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01). Ingestion of diet with DAR 0.00 resulted in lowest TNF\u0026alpha; mRNA levels in ileum mucosa, lower than groups 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe bacterial community composition in the cecum \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reads for each sample is in the range of 70049 to 96176. After quality trimming and chimera checking, each sample has 77296\u0026plusmn;7459 tags with a minimum length of 410 nucleotides, a maximum length of 426. 791 OUTs were shared by the five groups, and 169, 211, 194, 368, 247 OTUs were only found in ceca of group 0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 respectively (Fig. 1). No significant differences were found on Shannon, Simpson, ACE, PD_whole tree indexes and beta diversity of bacteria between different DAR groups (Fig.2 A and Fig.2 B). Alpha diversity representative by chao1 of group 0.40 tended to be lower than group 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.053), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). Alpha diversity representative by goods coverage of groups 0.20 and 0.40 was lower than group 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the phylum level, \u003cem\u003eFirmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes\u003c/em\u003e were predominantly found in the cecal samples from different DAR groups. No significant difference was found in phylum between different DAR groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05) (Fig.3A). At phyla level, no significant difference was found between different DAR groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_NK4A214_group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnaerotruncus\u003c/em\u003e in cecal chyme of Group 0.20 was significantly higher than that in Group 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05) (Fig.3B). The abundance of \u003cem\u003eCetobacterium\u003c/em\u003e was significant lower in cecal chyme from Group 0.20 compared with pigs from Group 0.60 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between bacterial abundance and apparent indicators \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording Fig 4, diarrhea rate during third week was negative correlated with abundance of \u003cem\u003eRikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX.Eubacterium_ coprostanoligenes_ group (P\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Abundance of \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_UCG.002, Ruminococcaceae_ NK4A214_ group\u003c/em\u003e was positive correlated with cecal total SCFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid concentrations \u003cem\u003e(P\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Abundance of \u003cem\u003eAnaerotruncus \u003c/em\u003ewas positive correlated with cecal iso-valeric acid concentration \u003cem\u003e(P\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Abundance of \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_UCG.005, Prevotellaceae_ NK3B31_ group,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eLeeia\u003c/em\u003e was positive correlated with serum cholesterol concentrations \u003cem\u003e(P\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn inappropriate balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1\u0026beta;, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u0026alpha;), and the anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 would lead to inflammation in local tissues such as bowel [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Elevation in expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF\u0026alpha; and IL-6 are the hallmark of acute bowel inflammation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, our cytokine profiling results suggest that acute bowel inflammation had occurred in Group 0.40 but not in Group 0.00 and 0.20 under 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;g/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in weaning pigs. This is inconsistent with other reports. High level of amylose is associated with high resistant starch (RS) level. Chronic kidney disease rats consuming diets supplemented with amylopectin exhibited inflammation, activation of NF\u003csub\u003ek\u003c/sub\u003eB, upregulation of pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant molecules, impaired nuclear transcription factor (Nrf2) activity, down-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, and disruption of colonic epithelial tight junction, but the high resistant starch diet significantly attenuated these abnormalities [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].RS supplementation has proven to be effective in reducing markers of inflammation in the state of the disease [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Studiers found a reduction of TNF-\u0026alpha; concentrations in prediabetes patients supplemented with 45\u0026nbsp;g/d high-amylose maize for 12 weeks [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]). Supplementation of HAM-RS2 20\u0026nbsp;g/d in the first month and 25\u0026nbsp;g/d during the second month led to a decrease in serum urea, IL-6, TNF\u0026alpha; in end-stage renal disease patients [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, consumption of retrograded high-amylose corn resistant starch at 15% may protect the colon from developing inflammation by enhancing IL-10 abundance in pigs, but not affected TNF\u0026alpha; and IL-6 abundance in colon [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].Though gut injury was observed in piglets that received 60 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] or 100 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] \u0026micro;g/kg of \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS and injection of LPS stimulated the production of cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-\u0026alpha; and IFN-\u0026gamma; [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. But 11\u0026nbsp;h post-challenge showed no effect of LPS on TNF\u0026alpha; mRNA expression in jejunal and ileal mucosa of weaning pigs in our result. The acute bowel inflammation in Group 0.40 was due to severe diarrhea happened during the last week before LPS stress. Diarrhea resulted adverse effect on average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (F:G) during the next week (data not shown).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrebiotic approaches also typically fail to consider the potential to cause detrimental changes in individuals in whom the gut microbiota is already substantially disrupted, such as the selective promotion of potentially pathogenic taxa. Phylum \u003cem\u003eProteobacteria\u003c/em\u003e abundance was higher in Group 0.40. Previous studies indicated that the abnormal increase of \u003cem\u003ePrevotellaceae\u003c/em\u003e abudndance exacerbated the occurrence of inflammation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Genus \u003cem\u003eSutterella\u003c/em\u003e belongs to \u003cem\u003ePrevotellaceae\u003c/em\u003e phylum, and it has been found to elevated in feces from dogs with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The genus \u003cem\u003eRikenellaceae\u003c/em\u003e RC9 \u003cem\u003egut group\u003c/em\u003e was significantly increased in the high-fat diet with high-dose genistein mice group [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] and in isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia group [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, we observed the significant negative correlation between abundance of \u003cem\u003eRikenellaceae\u003c/em\u003e RC9 \u003cem\u003egut group\u003c/em\u003e and diarrhea rate during third week. Thus, the increase of \u003cem\u003eRikenellaceae\u003c/em\u003e RC9 \u003cem\u003egut group\u003c/em\u003e might associate with the gut inflammation. Although piglets from Group 0.40 suffered severe diarrhea, they got the same ADG and feed intake as other groups during the whole four experimental weeks. This result, in part, be due to SCFAs\u0026rsquo; modulating inflammation response. In this study, 11\u0026nbsp;h post-LPS- challenge pigs showed a significant reduction in acetate, propionic acid, butyric acid and total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) in colonic digesta. Supplementation of diet with DAR 0.40 in weaning piglets resulted in a significant increase in these SCFA in cecum digesta compared with Group 0.00. SCFAs have a wide range of anti-inflammatory properties, including the ability to increase colonic regulatory T cells [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], alter dendritic cell and macrophage function [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Gut microbiotal conversion of inulin-type fructose into propionate could inhibit malignant cell proliferation, lessens systemic inflammation in liver [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. The reduction in intestinal pH due to increased SCFA production decreases the formation of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant uremic toxins from colonic bacteria [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20-fed piglets exhibited less microbial diversity than 0.6-fed piglets. More microbial diversity is generally associated with a healthier phenotype [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Both \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_ NK4A214_group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnaerotruncus\u003c/em\u003e abundance in cecal chyme were higher in Group 0.20 than that in Group 0.60. It is well known that intestinal microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining intestinal barrier and harmful metabolites\u0026rsquo; transfer. They can affect the intestinal permeability, enhance the transfer of harmful substances in blood, and stimulated inflammatory response [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].The regulation of gut microbiota such as \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_NK4A214_group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnaerotruncus\u003c/em\u003e could be developed to an increase in cecal SCFA such as iso-butyrate acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid concentration. The higher levels of iso-BCFAs may be associated with alteration in the metabolism of BCAAs, namely valine, leucine, and isoleucine, which can serve as precursors of BCFAs [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the increased production of iso-butyric acid and iso-valeric acid should indicate increased protein degradation during LPS stress in Group 0.20. LPS challenge increases the plasma-urea nitrogen level in piglets due to muscle proteolysis as result of increased inflammation [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Study found inverse correlations between circulating iso-branched-chain fatty acids and C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammatory marker) in patients with morbid obesity [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Released amino acids due to inflammation may be channeled to the liver to synthesize acute phase proteins and/or to serve as an energy source [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Further examination of the these and other related markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are warranted in studies of longer duration. Claudin-1 and occluding are key components of the epithelial tight junction. LPS stress caused lower claudin mRNA expression in jejunal mucosa. As a result, intestinal barrier function was affected as claudin mRNA expression decreased in Group 0.20 compared with Group 0.60.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, diarrhea was affected by dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR). Diarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher when DAR was 0.40 and lower when it was 0.20 or 0.80 during third weed after weaning. Consumption of diet with DAR 0.20 leads to increase in cecal pH, iso- and valeric acid concentration and in claudin mRNA expression in mucosa of ileum. After diarrhea, microbial composition changed to restore intestinal health in piglets supplemented diet with DAR 0.40. This was confirmed by higher alpha diversity and higher cecal acetic acid and propionic acid concentration in this group (0.40).\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExperimental procedure in this study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hunan international joint laboratory of animal intestinal ecology and health, Hunan Normal University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was supported by Research foundation of the Education of Hunan Province (18B374), China postdoctoral science foundation funded project (No.2016M600630) and Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Foundation of HuNan Province (No. 2016JC2034).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYin Yulong and Yang Huansheng organized the experiment and gave some advice on experiment idea. Yang Can conducted the experiment and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. Wang Min, Tang Xiaowu and Wang Yancan conducted the experimental analysis. Li Fengna reviewed the manuscript and gave some advice on experiment idea. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCan Yang, postdoctor in Hunan Normal University, tutor is Dr. Yulong Yin.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSommer F,Bckhed F.\u003cem\u003eThe gut microbiota-masters of host development and physiology.\u003c/em\u003e NAT REV MICROBIOL, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e: 227-238. 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DOI：10.2527/1997.7561514x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMika A, Stepnowski P, Kaska L, Proczko M, Wisniewski P, Sledzinski M,et al.\u003cem\u003e A comprehensive study of serum odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in patients with excess weight.\u003c/em\u003e Obesity, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e: 1669\u0026ndash;1676. DOI：10.1002/oby.21560.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOwusu-Asiedu A, Nyachoti CM, Marquardt RR. \u003cem\u003eResponse of early-weaned pigs to an enterotoxigenic (K88) challenge when fed diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma or pea protein isolate plus egg yolk antibody, zinc oxide, fumaric acid, or antibiotic.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Animal science, 2003. \u003cstrong\u003e81\u003c/strong\u003e: 1790-1798. DOI：10.2527/2003.8171790x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComposition of experimental diets (as fed basis)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIngredients, %\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"34%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePre-care period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"34%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLate-care period\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaxy corn starch\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e38.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e53.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigh-Maize 1043\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFull fat expanded soybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFermented soybean meal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFish meal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhey, dried\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlasma protein powder\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonocalcium Phosphate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSoybean oil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePremix\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCholine chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDL-lysine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDL Methionine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTOTAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalculated nutrient content\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmylose/amylopectin ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDigestive energy, kcal/kg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3408\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCrude protein,%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCa,%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAv.P,%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSalt,%\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmino acids, %SID\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLys\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTSAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThr\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"30%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eVitamin-mineral premix supplied per kilogram of feed: 10,000 IU of Vitamin A, 1,000 IU of Vitamin D3, 80 IU of Vitamin E, 2.0 mg of Vitamin K3, 0.03 mg of Vitamin B12, 12 mg of riboflavin, 40 mg of niacin, 25 mg of d-pantothenic acid, 0.25 mg of biotin, 1.6 mg of folic acid, 3.0 mg of thiamine, 2.25 mg of pyridoxine, 300 mg of choline chloride, 150 mg of Fe (FeSO4), 100 mg of Zn (ZnSO4), 30 mg of Mn (MnSO4), 25 mg of Cu (CuSO4), 0.5 mg of I (KIO3), 0.3 mg of Co (CoSO4), 0.3 mg of Se (Na2SeO3), and 4.0 mg of ethoxyquin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003eNutrient content of diets based on estimted nutrient contents of ingredients according to NRC(2012).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eSID, Standardized ileal digestible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"98%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRT-PCR primers related to tight connection and inflammation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eName\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/R\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClaudin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTTTCCTCAATACAGGAGGGAAGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCCCTCTCCCCACATTCGAG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccludin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCAGGTGCACCCTCCAGATTG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGGACTTTCAAGAGGCCTGGAT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZO-1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CTGAGGGAATTGGGCAGGAA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCACCAAAGGACTCAGCAGG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIL-1\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eACCTGGACCTTGGTTCTC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGGATTCTTCATCGGCTTC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTNF-\u0026alpha;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eACGCTCTTCTGCCTACTGC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTCCCTCGGCTTTGACATT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18S\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGAGCGAAAGCATTTGCCAAG\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"35%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"50%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGGCATCGTTTATGGTCGGAAC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZO-1: tight junction protein zonula occluden-1, IL-1 \u0026beta;: interleukin 1 \u0026beta;, TNF\u0026alpha;: tumor necrosis factor, alpha.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on diarrhea occurrence of weaned piglets challenged with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.517\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.464\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThird week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.21\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.31\u003csup\u003eBC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e29.17\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.45\u003csup\u003eABC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.74\u003csup\u003eC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourth week\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal four weeks\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiarrhea degree\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecond week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThird week\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.42\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.67\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.25\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.17\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.08\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFourth week\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"23%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal four weeks\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e32.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e35.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eStatistical analysis ended in day 27. Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on \u003cem\u003epH\u003c/em\u003e value of digest of weaned piglets challenged with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDAR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTRESS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD*S\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStomach\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJejunum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIleum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCecum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.14\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.71\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.43\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.03\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eLPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in digest of weaned piglets challenged with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDAR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTRESS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD*S\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJejunum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e300.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e49.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Butyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.35\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.50\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.87\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Valeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of SCFA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e520.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e84.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e108.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e64.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e173.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e163.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e162.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIleum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e594.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e927.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e786.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e631.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e541.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e928.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e634.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e544.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e942.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e848.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e37.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e58.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e41.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e81.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e77.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e104.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Butyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e52.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e44.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e62.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e27.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Valeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of SCFA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e688.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1039.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e930.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e711.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e667.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1086.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e711.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e635.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1098.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1025.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e39.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCecal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2746.25\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3610.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3433.77\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4426.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4198.72\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4643.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3093.49\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3187.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2901.98\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3329.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e148.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1242.81\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1476.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1631.64\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1805.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2204.71\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1844.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1391.95\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1414.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1473.23\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1279.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Butyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e86.89\u003csup\u003eBC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e89.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211.57\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e135.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e124.75\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e117.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132.88\u003csup\u003eBC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e82.11\u003csup\u003eC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e70.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e＜0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e585.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e965.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e637.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e712.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e820.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e966.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e802.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e778.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e668.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e758.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Valeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e113.68\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e309.97\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e184.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e201.58\u003csup\u003e B\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e122.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e255.10\u003csup\u003e B\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e117.09\u003csup\u003e B\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192.85\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e379.11\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e292.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e295.05\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e232.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e245.74\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e142.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e211.27\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e159.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of SCFA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4968.18\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6453.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6603.15\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7556.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7845.56\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7926.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5921.81\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5666.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5453.97\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5682.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e260.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcetic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2862.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3032.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2292.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3213.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2378.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3367.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2104.43\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3360.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1701.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3347.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e＜0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePropionic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1225.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1169.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1080.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1280.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1030.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1375.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e940.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1397.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e772.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1348.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Butyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e132.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e185.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e144.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e161.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e110.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e134.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e128.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e161.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e125.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyrate acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e607.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e750.58\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e561.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e758.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e685.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e923.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e475.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e861.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e488.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e918.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIso-Valeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e201.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e343.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e216.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e273.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e148.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e220.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e186.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e298.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e173.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValeric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e229.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e225.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e355.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e240.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e259.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e190.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e236.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e235.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e241.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal amount of SCFA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5252.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5511.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4819.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5854.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4789.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6166.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4066.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6172.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3657.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6156.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e124.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e＜0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eLPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTabel 6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on crypt depth of intestinal of weaned piglets challenged with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"14%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"14%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"14%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"14%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"14%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDAR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTRESS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD*S\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCecal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e429.98\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e424.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e401.36\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e429.59\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e396.38\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e385.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e396.34\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e414.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e372.74\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e362.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eColon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e436.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e475.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e470.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e461.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e450.36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e474.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e446.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e477.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e464.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e434.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eLPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio on gene expression of intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets challenged with \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e LPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSEM\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"3\" width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLPS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAL\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDAR\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSTRESS\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD*S\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJejunal mucosa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eclaudin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ezo-1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIL-1\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTNFa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIleal mucosa\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOccludin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eclaudin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.37\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e＜0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZO-1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd 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width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003csup\u003eC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97\u003csup\u003eBC\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.96\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003csup\u003eAB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"5%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"4%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eLPS:lipopolysaccharide, SAL:saline, DAR:dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio.Means within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZO-1: tight junction protein zonula occluden-1, IL-1 \u0026beta;: interleukin 1 \u0026beta;, TNF\u0026alpha;: tumor necrosis factor, alpha. Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio of A, B, C, D, E was 0.00, 0.20, 0.40,0.60 and 0.80 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"weaning pigs, dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio, diarrhea, microorganism","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Dietary amylose/amylopectin ratio (DAR) plays important role in piglets’ immune system. It is controversial whether diarrhea could be relieved by changing DRA in weaning piglets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A total of 60 (Landrace × Yorkshire) castrated male pigs (initial body weight 6.51 ± 0.64 kg) were allotted to 5 groups (1 pig/cage and 12 replicates/group) in a randomized complete block design according to their BW. Piglets were fed ad libitum with diets different in DAR (0.00, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80) for 28 days. Feed transition occurs at day 15. 100 μg/kg body weight lipopolysaccharides or same amount of saline were injected via abdomen on day 29, 12 h before slaughter. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003eDiarrhea rate and diarrhea degree were higher when DAR was 0.40 than in groups 0.20 and 0.80 during third weed (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Iso-valeric acid of ileum decreased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Cecal iso-butyrate acid and iso-valeric acid concentrations increased after LPS stress (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). Iso- and valeric acid concentration of ileal chyme was higher in group 0.20 compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＜0.05). Cecal acetic acid and propionic acid concentration were higher in group 0.40 than in group 0.20 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＜0.05). Alpha diversity of cecal microbial representative by goods coverage was higher in group 0.40 when compared with group 0.20 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e＜0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of \u003cem\u003eRuminococcaceae_ NK4A214_ group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAnaerotruncus\u003c/em\u003e in cecal chyme of Group 0.20 was significantly higher than that in Group 0.40 (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). The abundance of \u003cem\u003eCetobacterium\u003c/em\u003e was significant lower in cecal chyme from Group 0.20 compared with pigs from Group 0.40(\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01), with no significant difference compared with other groups (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026gt;0.05). Diarrhea rate during third week negative correlated with abundance of \u003cem\u003eRikenellaceae_RC9_ gut_ group\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eX.Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group (P\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.05). \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions: \u003c/strong\u003eDiarrhea happened when weaned piglets received diet with DAR 0.40 during feed transition, but they will regulate cecal microorganism and metabolites such as acetic acid and propionic acid to restore their health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Dietary Amylose/amylopectin Ratio on Diarrhea and Gut Microorganism of Weaned Pigs Challenged With Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-12-07 16:59:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-118698/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"766eb602-dacb-4db1-bee3-8f2f4f8babe0","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 7th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":1354889,"name":"Animal Science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-12-07T16:59:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-12-07 16:59:10","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-118698","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-118698","identity":"rs-118698","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}