A Unified Approach for Real-Time Human Activity Recognition in Wearable Devices Using Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Networks and Optimized Sensor Data Processing

A Unified Approach for Real-Time Human Activity Recognition in Wearable Devices Using Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Networks and Optimized Sensor Data Processing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Unified Approach for Real-Time Human Activity Recognition in Wearable Devices Using Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Networks and Optimized Sensor Data Processing Wei-Jian Zhao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The advent of wearable sensor technologies has transformed sports science and personal health monitoring, but real-time Human Activity Recognition (HAR) remains a challenge, especially in dynamic environments. Existing approaches often struggle to adapt to rapid activity transitions, handle multimodal sensor noise, and optimize for computational efficiency on resource-constrained wearable devices. In this work, we introduce an innovative system that overcomes these limitations through a novel integration of deep learning models and sensor fusion techniques. At its core, our framework features the Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Network (AG-SFN), a deep neural network that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with a unique attention mechanism to dynamically prioritize the most relevant features from multimodal time-series data for accurate activity classification. To address sensor noise and improve data integrity, we propose the Adaptive Multimodal Kalman Fusion (AMKF) algorithm, which adapts the filtering process based on the motion intensity and sensor variance in real time. To ensure the efficient deployment of this model on wearable devices, we introduce a Dynamic Channel Pruning with Knowledge Distillation (DCP-KD) method, which significantly reduces the model size and computational load by pruning less relevant features and distilling knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model. Our system was rigorously evaluated on a custom dataset of 40 participants performing six distinct sport-related activities, achieving a state-of-the-art activity recognition accuracy of 98.6%, outperforming conventional models by a significant margin. The system also demonstrated exceptional real-time performance with heart rate monitoring error reduced to 0.85 beats per minute (bpm), latency under 90 ms, and a 35% reduction in energy consumption. This research establishes a new benchmark for the development of efficient and adaptive wearable systems for real-time sports health monitoring, offering a robust solution for next-generation wearable technologies with practical applications in sports, fitness, and healthcare. Physical sciences/Engineering Health sciences/Health care Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Wearable Sensors Human Activity Recognition CNN-LSTM Model Compression Sports Health Monitoring Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7401653","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":517207822,"identity":"6fb60eeb-3f57-40f2-ab9d-53c5e9ba9143","order_by":0,"name":"Wei-Jian Zhao","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACfmb+jw8S/9jY2bc3EKlFsr3B2OBjQ1qyAc8BIrUYnDlgJjmz4TDjBokEYm2ZkZBszLsjjdlc8vHGGww1NtEEtfBLJBx8zHvGhs9ydlqxBcOxtNwGwrYkNhvzsKUxM9zOMZNgbDhMWIvBjWQ2aR62w4wNN88Qq+XMMTbJmW1A79/gIVKLZHsPs8GHM2nJkj1AvyQQ4xd+Zh7GBwkVNnb87Ic33vhQY0NYC4ojiY4aJC2k6hgFo2AUjIKRAQC3y0H6AuYKQAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Normal University of Special Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wei-Jian","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 16:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91738179,"identity":"f043e8a5-ce9f-40ea-90da-cc7c8a30349c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3935116,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscriptZhaoscientificreports.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/5cbab388485d7e374bdbfc6b.docx"},{"id":91738147,"identity":"f0e55aa1-d01c-408c-8828-f37a4706dc54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:33","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8c3f3d711ee343aab8f4072681e88765.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/ac768ff1c1300959b7895e1f.json"},{"id":91739311,"identity":"5ed0a31e-892c-4cf5-bb04-916ebbff390b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":165268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8c3f3d711ee343aab8f4072681e887651enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/98acd985646b36a4f6beacc6.xml"},{"id":91738148,"identity":"943d1577-f27e-464e-8981-bd8914950be2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:33","extension":"emf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/5dc487beb95c2189690217c2.emf"},{"id":91739327,"identity":"735e86ea-7f34-4bbf-bcfb-512403796600","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"emf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1080512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a5fb99e2f8e9f62fc89c5de9.emf"},{"id":91738150,"identity":"08ed3b4f-f88e-4687-8a99-d7a84b1872a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:33","extension":"emf","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1423708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/877c224b175f6d8005d1b70e.emf"},{"id":91738153,"identity":"8bc43ef9-c265-47ff-89d9-8b510ce78f0a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:33","extension":"emf","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3413164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/dad33f3d96dc1981d27d3422.emf"},{"id":91740251,"identity":"ed60b974-8d7b-4d1e-9e11-29ef6c286442","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:34","extension":"emf","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3371616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/671ddc85a4b2501e040305a0.emf"},{"id":91739326,"identity":"5a658ba6-c6f9-43ed-b259-239268b6c0e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6a95b8926d60b106abf6789a.png"},{"id":91738158,"identity":"c3fdaf10-5405-4753-8c0d-826b47fc2eee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/d01c7d35ac694bc5db086423.emf"},{"id":91739310,"identity":"d537de96-0d5e-4ee4-b057-ef230d570fa1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:33","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7bd6dec6212069028edf1085.png"},{"id":91739309,"identity":"3dd8eeb1-7a3e-4e38-a50c-9d463461f45a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:33","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":133770,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/8ee44c2cf40e92294a4ee5f1.png"},{"id":91738162,"identity":"731f30ce-841e-477b-b9ca-2c47fa6b1756","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"emf","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":524740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/8210c8db0d26f63eaca3e327.emf"},{"id":91739353,"identity":"c9da10c8-fb60-4475-942e-10b0b7a3b9ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"emf","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2064708,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/60b79257aad57f6da7c13727.emf"},{"id":91738182,"identity":"ccc75896-47a6-4463-ad55-f4249b11d677","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"emf","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2337396,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/4def733ec5509164f674c385.emf"},{"id":91739322,"identity":"ce8052de-515d-4fd3-91ed-7350596c90f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":159626,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7eb8d88381cd9d482f8ac0ba.png"},{"id":91738152,"identity":"b6a1ef38-7e6f-4c34-a09c-e937019da1fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:33","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image10.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/9d3ff81a88cc4adabba7a757.wmf"},{"id":91738156,"identity":"1bae214a-88dd-410b-9250-de2ed1f06c1e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image11.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/262326095b42c565afa6e9eb.wmf"},{"id":91740249,"identity":"2d0d6376-5a80-4e4a-8631-730d6986cb76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image12.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/76ba8524fc214c2e8158c35a.wmf"},{"id":91738175,"identity":"9bbfa84f-9ef4-4536-af50-19b736dbc62a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image13.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/4965e6a5d79e3e580cc24102.wmf"},{"id":91738174,"identity":"e4995ae8-6bd1-4822-8e36-8c975b4c112b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9758,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image14.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/0e1b9bfbb71cfde9f9970da2.wmf"},{"id":91738159,"identity":"80863d46-8276-4cda-a7cc-3951794f04a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image15.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a1de153e732b8514e32f1287.wmf"},{"id":91738160,"identity":"c4ab88ba-1f69-430c-9a38-7afda93c7e93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image16.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b6605fbaddfb635fa7af87d4.wmf"},{"id":91738186,"identity":"23b5f3d8-9456-4b6c-a4a3-58da7f8405b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/f51531e0e09b41ddfc3aff35.wmf"},{"id":91738170,"identity":"cd029796-99a0-4676-9b7a-61929dfdaba1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image18.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/1c4054af335490e50803be33.wmf"},{"id":91738161,"identity":"8daad3b4-e6de-4173-bba7-f9975e4a6469","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image2.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/d83c5964e4a19243caed4249.wmf"},{"id":91738234,"identity":"5822b4da-963c-4762-8348-02fa39bf1c20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image21.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/56e54ad2e5e6766a64a98705.wmf"},{"id":91739319,"identity":"36a56750-46ed-4a8a-85e5-895cf7a77f90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image22.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/f9b6892d156e1ada952f9e9b.wmf"},{"id":91738154,"identity":"28f3ccc8-728d-42ca-bf79-7b71916b27f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image23.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/ffec20e787be2f16c21d41b1.wmf"},{"id":91738172,"identity":"c45adfcf-311e-45f6-91d8-2c9d89a29f7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image24.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/0110d759be151707ef2d7cde.wmf"},{"id":91740253,"identity":"80cbed12-0a6e-40b8-9ae2-364c8a51e44b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":706,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image25.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/90c7cb864059cbf8ca534fdf.wmf"},{"id":91738254,"identity":"5f67143e-dc8a-4135-8cec-dcab1ba7bd58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image26.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b202bf012cad90f76731eb89.wmf"},{"id":91739358,"identity":"bbf05aa1-f430-4921-9527-ca557118fd54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image27.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/43fb3ffeb6559ee39a0aa87d.wmf"},{"id":91739312,"identity":"5da471c7-f5dc-4168-8d39-87bd6ccccc97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2770,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image28.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/0a4938aec37e900faa5ff14f.wmf"},{"id":91738225,"identity":"4b82a15a-36d2-43d9-bd5f-d8c6a5f78283","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image29.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b2f98f94290f19c5e9c2a708.wmf"},{"id":91739365,"identity":"f063cc25-4793-4858-bdb0-276fac98d6ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/785e0bafb1c4c2d17b778f8f.wmf"},{"id":91738214,"identity":"1f7a7ebf-85b3-460d-9432-34687ecf578e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1006,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image30.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/bf7f5ee2736c7c01d01e2e8a.wmf"},{"id":91738167,"identity":"bf99b380-d71d-45d1-84ff-3b8ef05bf054","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image31.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/e90ccbada9c170c29d01a207.wmf"},{"id":91739314,"identity":"de8a19ef-2039-45bd-a8ed-bf2a0f4b994b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5092,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image32.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/20cd637e2bbe21f92cdd53cc.wmf"},{"id":91738164,"identity":"bd8d93b3-125e-464b-90ab-9170b8006e47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image33.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/18ee2e21c582e83b4739cb80.wmf"},{"id":91738188,"identity":"ab4c5c63-ac9c-4892-b55a-1d8146095e8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1340,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image34.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b4f0caf100207463ba6ec277.wmf"},{"id":91740263,"identity":"62b28947-3b3e-4d0d-9a11-a94b08de0241","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image35.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6ee613fd646c0da683de4799.wmf"},{"id":91738196,"identity":"a690ca8e-5afa-4844-b351-6c090ef5dc67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image36.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/2c6078e7555b08f0636b644c.wmf"},{"id":91738220,"identity":"010d2664-bd65-4214-af7f-399def14f9ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image37.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a99ff41784174fa80f92b680.wmf"},{"id":91739316,"identity":"3df52730-42c1-4cd0-ba08-b2c1d0d01927","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1060,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image39.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/21dce8b1dc73778d1ff053cf.wmf"},{"id":91738178,"identity":"6adb5905-a6dc-4339-90d2-88381fb010c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image4.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/56e5518cd5b8cc6b0024966e.wmf"},{"id":91740262,"identity":"774893d1-f858-4e3e-b539-121712e845b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1188,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image40.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/e232139cee13368f28191a66.wmf"},{"id":91738263,"identity":"b9e46293-8bb9-4dd2-8a1d-2aa94ac66c4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":640,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image41.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a881da7be1bea8290ab32be5.wmf"},{"id":91738180,"identity":"5d71f6c1-8d08-481c-a4f2-e74caacbdef5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image42.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/84612902ee52149f49fad5af.wmf"},{"id":91738201,"identity":"214e1207-d3a6-4d36-bf18-0f9b1a3cc827","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image43.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/2922f46cbf79345e6bcf44b0.wmf"},{"id":91740257,"identity":"3c6bd93a-6371-4a53-b74c-80ea8d8bbc95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image44.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/aec955058fa379743ae2aa46.wmf"},{"id":91738230,"identity":"35c92cfd-655f-40d3-90d0-d3864b589489","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image45.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b31ec680f64ef478ad42b1e5.wmf"},{"id":91738217,"identity":"c915e959-a28b-40c3-b26b-e0ef7405db38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1602,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image46.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/84750ab5ac0e83ed4a34e221.wmf"},{"id":91738181,"identity":"188c0749-93e2-4053-af11-5b2b99732e5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image47.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/9860399e0e4c60717e232fce.wmf"},{"id":91740273,"identity":"04b99c82-1387-4826-b814-a92ec0b23683","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image48.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/2e31ef92513efe07dc739da4.wmf"},{"id":91738240,"identity":"3d7835e2-b65f-44aa-94bc-f07d2a4d1937","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image49.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/11c95c4b0637227251dfbe2a.wmf"},{"id":91739341,"identity":"56c4f3f2-18d8-422d-9263-03d4381c501f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"wmf","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b1a2c0a673887304e193cc17.wmf"},{"id":91738251,"identity":"e28bb12a-96bd-411f-9f81-aa78cb225801","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3200,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image50.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/837aa5ff685c48b0eafc71b2.wmf"},{"id":91738176,"identity":"6368a59a-aa17-44bf-b16f-ef587bf8626a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image51.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/4c58181f908ea7bae76d1cda.wmf"},{"id":91738189,"identity":"0ca84e37-f748-4d18-9b4a-fd174915ac70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image52.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a02dcca4c8485d9f0de86e4b.wmf"},{"id":91739364,"identity":"a5d6a440-760d-40fc-93c9-48c0590e5fc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":690,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image53.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7a6e1820c528d4e60ed615a7.wmf"},{"id":91738267,"identity":"cfbd3000-7209-4f6c-86ef-674bc44e8498","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/e3a7a6cd2f50ba29ecf0ab50.wmf"},{"id":91740252,"identity":"2c775c16-4b30-48cc-9f83-4333fad2216d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:34","extension":"wmf","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":798,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image7.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/9bc8a4bea042bc59ffb1de0f.wmf"},{"id":91738183,"identity":"b86b5090-8453-451b-8eb7-7e09646bb9e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"wmf","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image8.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/1024a0595fecb8eb23796bae.wmf"},{"id":91738246,"identity":"70a0e149-4b58-4482-9382-8aace72c6bea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"wmf","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image9.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a7fe1714fb4a663f2f96d40e.wmf"},{"id":91738231,"identity":"4b643777-9151-4b9c-8afd-bacf66e604e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/8cb9553b6c280a287619ee1b.png"},{"id":91740271,"identity":"254caffb-b222-4892-8dd3-bd9bdbe07fbf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/65d8f1e4776cf4a315620ba0.png"},{"id":91738221,"identity":"dd4d04be-f395-4020-9674-6c2b63d5eb15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":38071,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/41d835d49e0f3e57ced87fc5.png"},{"id":91740255,"identity":"b404b92b-536a-4dc7-a8a7-25ea954f031a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68432,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6effc12ba2c0bf865220aeec.png"},{"id":91739342,"identity":"67fff5a5-6296-495f-b559-d836bf372a32","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":23720,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/5f8ea94a2ba9ab405ecfb369.png"},{"id":91738193,"identity":"e5141406-0508-46cd-b850-48657429ffca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/4810d41c6058b8475ed091cc.png"},{"id":91738265,"identity":"30b3d35d-65fd-4cfd-883d-9842b8e904e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/416b233e7f7f0bd21153179e.png"},{"id":91739321,"identity":"67caaa9b-4aed-4ca3-953f-21316f8afa9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:34","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42785,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/dcd6831456dd991a8f225f0d.png"},{"id":91739332,"identity":"7108d08d-b29f-40d1-9034-082f9ecbf0bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51117,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/800f82fe255f3aba993954f9.png"},{"id":91738253,"identity":"e18fab6d-d90d-41ee-b21f-a01607d0476e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6e23cc725bff732e3402aa65.png"},{"id":91739323,"identity":"6a41cc3d-c10d-4c52-8e81-951dbeb7bdb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/9b3baf99472f83be81233620.png"},{"id":91739329,"identity":"144f036a-834e-4b4e-a380-59b8048c6b1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/d09f05692154a8767473ab32.png"},{"id":91739368,"identity":"4e4c6bb8-2137-4f49-bc78-4b348d1ac874","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:38","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":57543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/31d5a29bd0811b69fd2ae773.png"},{"id":91740445,"identity":"8d137b8c-386a-452e-904e-25bc2e8b219b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:32:34","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/95189533ff398cff309fc1f5.png"},{"id":91739354,"identity":"5eb1dd6b-2769-4654-bab4-1e0f59e119be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":191,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6f38d427e12f6bfbc7e7e20c.png"},{"id":91738209,"identity":"b481b4ad-c0cb-484c-bffa-4ce74afeb6bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/0795486ffd2e9e51e348cfb1.png"},{"id":91738198,"identity":"eb172a39-b0a9-46f3-96c4-c2311fe16a07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/027f4e5f2236c49f4a134448.png"},{"id":91738210,"identity":"369402e0-8825-4ead-b6c4-6bf005564ee5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/4a57b60d91714b8dedbc4431.png"},{"id":91739335,"identity":"15b956e3-5068-496d-9d9b-4cf83d699e6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/825646cf2eec928e37d8a9b3.png"},{"id":91738184,"identity":"196b6de2-165f-4fe3-ab77-2267094dba6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/11c49900750e59a194ced69f.png"},{"id":91739348,"identity":"d791d042-92bd-4248-9a7a-0f8ead06239b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/56985a33bb1c17466976f2fd.png"},{"id":91740266,"identity":"520a65c2-cfcd-4c89-8932-b6f27cebd509","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:36","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":203,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/a3ebcff26d35505a108394b2.png"},{"id":91739334,"identity":"e3fcfb41-07e6-48e8-bde3-947caf6c6b6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:35","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/3170a4ece41e9e3afb3abcbb.png"},{"id":91740446,"identity":"3a209c91-dbe9-49b5-a9ef-74b02ba5c21b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:32:36","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/8e63b5bd7bfbc3fd14039476.png"},{"id":91740270,"identity":"b23c1c4f-c86c-4c11-aad7-11b21481b31c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/08c2e71ceda2bdd903714f95.png"},{"id":91738248,"identity":"ee1a2523-767d-484b-922a-b8edb9807535","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/25d65270507b9b4a7d4dcf87.png"},{"id":91738206,"identity":"96bd6bd6-4cae-417b-8085-cc49ee6eb744","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":973,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6a503cb1737377b85545d286.png"},{"id":91738257,"identity":"18fb65b5-7f52-42d3-ab64-4115b0018068","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":175,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/09862b1ed87ceb15332020dd.png"},{"id":91739350,"identity":"1b47c29a-68d8-4541-b8d5-30e050fe2ef9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/f44f40b06d8700bbdd4e8188.png"},{"id":91739359,"identity":"86b814a6-b417-4da6-9040-0d9c58cc0cd5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/3b64615dd7d12e5c43135152.png"},{"id":91739336,"identity":"2c043cde-1fca-47f4-8988-21cfeca0b7cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/bf012516ef3dc6b64d7146b7.png"},{"id":91738278,"identity":"e4a667e8-1a23-4522-bbfd-05d85f653c01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:38","extension":"png","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/af017085d38160c470c5806b.png"},{"id":91738226,"identity":"17b04c13-6125-4cc7-8ef0-d941a120c8d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/bd0e9c8b1ff6872cf6e58876.png"},{"id":91740258,"identity":"81c2f773-4e9d-4c10-a085-d63eb169a9c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/253722a2b49c1c294ec24ae9.png"},{"id":91740256,"identity":"05f521ed-f900-4fe4-8f4d-98f7a16626c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"png","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":151,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/241a1d999554a05f6b28ee42.png"},{"id":91738239,"identity":"52146ebb-e9f5-482c-ae16-720b08bf51e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/ada876064152c9a5cdeeffcc.png"},{"id":91739338,"identity":"3e876d49-93c7-42f3-b713-b7e8811299b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":390,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/8f77d12b7d4bb7cf83b19b97.png"},{"id":91740254,"identity":"a15ef7ef-21f1-4f0a-9890-12209bba821c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"png","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":242,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/3c520d1bff1aefab1e70f812.png"},{"id":91739343,"identity":"52b3b9ee-e902-45f0-b067-af8ffa7ecc7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":103,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":161,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/eb85e8bed38947fd5543d7da.png"},{"id":91740272,"identity":"92ad9124-e6db-4a95-87dc-7b44ab8203a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":104,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/16bf8e588d374138fffad632.png"},{"id":91739346,"identity":"6712efc6-a04f-41bc-b391-00c36afb8acd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":105,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/b9d3dc02c245063aa94dd45a.png"},{"id":91738271,"identity":"5b29facd-ebd8-47b5-99d7-ec9eea64d23b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":106,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage39.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/1210d92392833bb1d07b88b4.png"},{"id":91740259,"identity":"4dcc6bd3-cae0-485f-bec3-6a628c40595d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:35","extension":"png","order_by":107,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/69ca1ae4ef99ace3281efda8.png"},{"id":91740267,"identity":"fccd6c20-22ab-4b7d-b880-1a8c4c16efa0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":108,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/132086592e524f93a21ea588.png"},{"id":91738224,"identity":"b3b7e2ad-04d5-4cf8-87db-9ca3d32ea8f0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":109,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/1c55d9af536e8b37c732b6cd.png"},{"id":91738273,"identity":"90e8b92f-8a00-4894-9236-3c57f5f04478","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:38","extension":"png","order_by":110,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage42.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6e5b01573404015c1841db31.png"},{"id":91740448,"identity":"5c5baea5-a2f5-4597-b3eb-4366ef138b66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:32:37","extension":"png","order_by":111,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":180,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage43.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/14e19fd4be899d39216ebc43.png"},{"id":91738259,"identity":"078531d0-ae10-41db-8502-68495a24966a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":112,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage44.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7edcc25f94b275526f7f95d5.png"},{"id":91738208,"identity":"fa353d4d-688c-44f9-b4f7-8e251b6f6bb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":113,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":216,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage45.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/c0f0418deb92c34e53fb059c.png"},{"id":91740261,"identity":"ee723201-8e06-42ed-aea7-c59b271bdee0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:36","extension":"png","order_by":114,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage46.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7c5677df2523e5ca370f6991.png"},{"id":91738202,"identity":"d0832e60-4c41-4584-86ca-695ee234828a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":115,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage47.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/475c62fcd53a8eb1c9abdefa.png"},{"id":91738238,"identity":"893cf6ef-b619-4db2-9c64-bae99d894b74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":116,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage48.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/07794444906237aacefe549b.png"},{"id":91740449,"identity":"f5cd36c0-3f8d-45fa-98ad-283a152732ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:32:37","extension":"png","order_by":117,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage49.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/971f43012c5e0c992caaf57e.png"},{"id":91739367,"identity":"f27abfdb-7e42-447f-8fe7-0b6696969af9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"png","order_by":118,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/7382af623f6f82fe0db8fa5f.png"},{"id":91740269,"identity":"2f09fb7a-48ba-4885-993b-a3a630600864","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:37","extension":"png","order_by":119,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage50.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/f4f0e679ca2572468ce24832.png"},{"id":91738212,"identity":"7dfb3d5a-a373-4f64-83a1-6819d68961dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":120,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/56ed84e0c530447bc16a4595.png"},{"id":91738241,"identity":"cd45908a-71ea-4332-94ad-ea9b70986c49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:36","extension":"png","order_by":121,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage52.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/d62d28d56f0115004355a911.png"},{"id":91739351,"identity":"b08c3ea8-2c06-47ef-8f3a-a5a4b41fd5a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:36","extension":"png","order_by":122,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":169,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage53.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/31f7807a6758961e6e1d0056.png"},{"id":91738207,"identity":"0a8a262e-4d50-4535-9aee-e9a181a9af8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:35","extension":"png","order_by":123,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/9031ff58cef988ca850a99ab.png"},{"id":91739361,"identity":"b65be8b6-e551-46c2-89ac-511700faea00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"png","order_by":124,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/d735b3dd3fceefbad12d5612.png"},{"id":91738280,"identity":"12e50b6a-2fef-497b-b694-5f0dacf13831","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:38","extension":"png","order_by":125,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":177,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/17dd8bd2da1d9303999736e8.png"},{"id":91738258,"identity":"b1473d67-aa8f-4504-8a80-57b5db241bd8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:08:37","extension":"png","order_by":126,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/6d39f9baf7b0370e1761434e.png"},{"id":91739362,"identity":"8dbeca00-5995-4ea5-8288-8f86e292de81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:16:37","extension":"xml","order_by":127,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163763,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"8c3f3d711ee343aab8f4072681e887651structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/63998469b052e452513e2000.xml"},{"id":91740264,"identity":"2a443c11-c17e-4759-bc9b-3f90b8b88f03","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-19 18:24:36","extension":"html","order_by":128,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":173232,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1/ede590be101ce837d90dbcc1.html"},{"id":102962983,"identity":"e759db01-bc46-441c-80e0-4be66242fabd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-19 04:12:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3580966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscriptZhaoscientificreports.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401653/v1_covered_f05d4ba1-3f62-4329-a8f1-94c784d26ded.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A Unified Approach for Real-Time Human Activity Recognition in Wearable Devices Using Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Networks and Optimized Sensor Data Processing","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wearable Sensors, Human Activity Recognition, CNN-LSTM, Model Compression, Sports Health Monitoring","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe advent of wearable sensor technologies has transformed sports science and personal health monitoring, but real-time Human Activity Recognition (HAR) remains a challenge, especially in dynamic environments. Existing approaches often struggle to adapt to rapid activity transitions, handle multimodal sensor noise, and optimize for computational efficiency on resource-constrained wearable devices. In this work, we introduce an innovative system that overcomes these limitations through a novel integration of deep learning models and sensor fusion techniques. At its core, our framework features the Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Network (AG-SFN), a deep neural network that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with a unique attention mechanism to dynamically prioritize the most relevant features from multimodal time-series data for accurate activity classification. To address sensor noise and improve data integrity, we propose the Adaptive Multimodal Kalman Fusion (AMKF) algorithm, which adapts the filtering process based on the motion intensity and sensor variance in real time. To ensure the efficient deployment of this model on wearable devices, we introduce a Dynamic Channel Pruning with Knowledge Distillation (DCP-KD) method, which significantly reduces the model size and computational load by pruning less relevant features and distilling knowledge from a large teacher model to a smaller student model. Our system was rigorously evaluated on a custom dataset of 40 participants performing six distinct sport-related activities, achieving a state-of-the-art activity recognition accuracy of 98.6%, outperforming conventional models by a significant margin. The system also demonstrated exceptional real-time performance with heart rate monitoring error reduced to 0.85 beats per minute (bpm), latency under 90 ms, and a 35% reduction in energy consumption. This research establishes a new benchmark for the development of efficient and adaptive wearable systems for real-time sports health monitoring, offering a robust solution for next-generation wearable technologies with practical applications in sports, fitness, and healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Unified Approach for Real-Time Human Activity Recognition in Wearable Devices Using Attention-Gated Spatiotemporal Fusion Networks and Optimized Sensor Data Processing","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-19 18:08:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401653/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d072413d-3bf5-4af8-a20a-5eb314f607ae","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":54961096,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":54961097,"name":"Health sciences/Health care"},{"id":54961098,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-16T15:25:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-19 18:08:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7401653","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7401653","identity":"rs-7401653","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}