Boosting the Excellence of Cocoon Production through Silkworm Excreta

Boosting the Excellence of Cocoon Production through Silkworm Excreta | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Boosting the Excellence of Cocoon Production through Silkworm Excreta Shanmugam R, Murugesh K A, Tilak M, Senguttuvan K, Sivakumar K, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Field experiments were conducted for two years to determine the effect of silkworm-rearing waste on the growth and yield of mulberry plants and silkworm growth and economic traits. Methodology: This study consisted of 11 treatments, including an absolute control with 3 replications. The results of this study were as follows: silkworm excreta alone (400 gm/plant yielded the longest shoot, greatest number of branches, greatest number of leaves, highest 100 leaf weight, and highest leaf yield. The silkworm excreta alone at 400 gm/plant had a significant and positive influence on larval and cocoon parameters, which recorded the highest values of larval weight, single cocoon weight, shell ratio, single cocoon filament length, and denier. Silkworm excreta Mulberry Silkworm Cocoon production Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Sericulture is a commercially sustainable farm-based economic enterprise favor the rural poor in the unorganized sector because of its relatively low requirement for fixed capital and high return. Moreover, four major phases of activity are involved: mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling, and silkworm egg production. During these different phases, various byproducts are produced. The major byproducts of silkworm rearing are unfed mulberry leaves and feces, which together constitute silkworm litter. This litter can be used as excellent organic manure. Quantifying the silkworm litter, it is estimated that 45% of the total leaves fed to the silkworm go to waste in the form of unfed leaves and shoots. The silkworm ingests only 40% of the leaf spread in the trays, of which only approximately 55% is digested and the remainder is converted to silkworm feces. By rearing silkworms, 2,416 kg of litter/acre is expected to be obtained under irrigated conditions, and 440 kg/acre is expected to be obtained under rainfed conditions. [ 4 ] Silkworm larval litter contains 3.47% nitrogen, 0.03% phosphorus, and 1.50% potash. The application of compost manure produced from sericulture waste, including silkworm litter, is highly beneficial for mulberry cultivation and is much more effective than the conventional use of farmyard manure. [ 1 ] Hence, this study utilized silkworm excreta as organic manure to increase the economic value of mulberry and silkworm. Materials and Methods The field experiments were conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam. Method of composting: The seriwaste composting technique was performed as formulated by the Department of Sericulture, TNAU. [ 5 ] : As a part of the experiment, the solid waste produced, viz. , silkworm litter, mulberry leaf litter, and mulberry shoot waste, was collected daily, and the quantity of manure produced was determined. Composting with microorganisms: Rearing waste and mulberry farm residues were collected and placed in a pit of convenient size at a depth of 1 m. The leftover stems/shoots were crushed before they were placed in the pit, which accelerated their decomposition. The thin layer of cattle dung and water or spent slurry from a biogas plant was spread into the pit regularly after every collection of a one-foot-thick compacted layer of waste. When the pit was filled, it was also plastered with a layer of mud and cattle dung. The pit was protected from rain and direct sunlight by providing a thatched shed. As the decomposition process usually takes approximately 4–5 months, the pit was left undisturbed and opened after only 5 months. The decomposition of organic waste is a complex process involving various biochemical activities of microorganisms, especially Bacillus, Trichoderma , and Aspergillus. Therefore, to speed up the process of decomposition, these microbes are cultured in combination with sericultural wastes. As Bacillus , Trichoderma , and Verticillium species are also known to be potential biocontrol agents for plant diseases, compost enriched with these microbes effectively controls soil-borne diseases in mulberry plants. Field experiments were conducted with 11 treatments and 3 replications. Manures were applied in five equal splits after pruning of mulberry as per the recommendations below. Treatment details: T1: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 300 g/plant T2: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 400 g/plant T3: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 500 g/plant T4: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 300 g/plant T5: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 400 g/plant T6: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 500 g/plant T7: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 300 g/plant T8: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 400 g/plant T9: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 500 g/plant T10: Vermicompost@400 g/plant T11: Absolute control Observations of both mulberry and silkworm economic traits were taken. For mulberry the parameters included shoot length (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per branch, intermodal length, leaf weight (100 leaf weight in g) and leaf yield (kg/ha/harvest). On Silkworm: 5th instar larval weight (g), Cocoon weight (g), Shell weight (g), Shell ratio (%), Filament length (m) and Denier. Results and Discussion Among the three waste types tested, silkworm excreta (SE) contained more N (2.05%), P (0.60%), K (2.20%), calcium (1.66), magnesium (0.71%), and sulfur (0.29%) than mulberry shoot and leaf waste (Table 1 ). Mishra and Dash [ 7 ] reported that dried silkworm larval litter contains 8.08% moisture, crude protein (14.78%), crude fat (2.14%), and crude fiber (19.70%). An experiment conducted by Rajanna et al. [ 8 ] using sericultural byproducts, viz. , pupal powder (PP), silkworm excreta (SWE), sheep manure (SM), swine waste (SW), and Pongamia cake (PC), in combination with recommended NPK fertilizers showed higher total soluble carbohydrate and crude protein levels in leaves from silkworm excreta and recommended NPK application than in those from plants grown with organic manures only Table 1 Nutrient analysis of silkworm rearing wastes Content Major nutrients Secondary nutrients N (%) P (%) K (%) Ca (ppm) Mg (ppm) S (ppm) Mulberry Silkworm excreta 2.05 0.60 2.20 1.66 0.71 0.29 Mulberry shoot waste 1.20 0.09 1.32 0.93 0.22 0.14 Mulberry leaf waste 1.44 0.17 1.89 1.02 0.41 0.31 Effect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry plants Mulberry growth parameters Shoot length (cm) All the treatments were found to be effective at increasing shoot length. The longest shoot length of 99.00 cm was recorded in treatment 2. The T1 (97.50 cm) and T3 (96.70 cm) treatments were on par with treatment 2. The absolute control recorded a shoot length of 87.15 cm. The number of branches per plant All the treatments were equally effective in terms of the number of branches per plant. Among the treatments, the values ranged from 9.50 (T2) to 9.00 (T10), while the control plot had a value of 8.40. The number of leaves per branch All the treatments effectively produced more leaves per branch than did the control treatment. Treatment 2 was found to be superior in terms of the number of leaves per branch (28.15). This was followed by the T1 and T3 treatments, and the latter two were on par. For the control plot, 22.15 leaves were recorded per branch. Internodal length (cm) Internodal length was not influenced by the treatments. The internodal length ranged from 3.97 to 3.73 cm (Table 2 ). A similar effect was observed by Faruque et al. [ 3 ] in mulberry, in which the highest production occurred in combination with the recommended basal dose of NPK and seriwaste compost treatment. Seriwaste compost is applied only mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. It contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production. The new trend is to use seriwaste field crops to increase the yield and quality of agricultural crops and products. The success of future agriculture depends upon the sustainability of the agricultural production system, as observed by Kalaiyarasan et al. [ 6 ] . Table 2 Effect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry growth parameters Treatment Shoot length (cm) No. of branches/ plant No. of leaves/branch Internodal length (cm) T1 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant 97.50 9.50 26.40 3.97 T2 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant 99.00 9.50 28.15 3.85 T3 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant 96.70 9.40 26.00 3.88 T4 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant 90.06 8.81 22.06 3.77 T5 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant 91.00 9.00 23.10 3.79 T6 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant 90.74 8.09 22.01 3.68 T7 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant 91.60 9.30 24.00 3.73 T8 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant 92.34 9.10 24.15 3.78 T9 - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant 90.80 8.97 22.16 3.71 T10 – Vermicompost 400 g/plant 92.40 9.30 24.69 3.79 T11 - Absolute Control 87.15 8.40 22.15 3.76 S. Ed 1.68 0.22 0.54 0.14 C. D at 5% 3.71 0.50 1.21 NS Mulberry yield parameters The data related to mulberry yield parameters such as 100 leaf weight and leaf yield are given in Table 3 . Table 3 Effect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry yield Treatment 100 leaf weight (g) Leaf yield (kg/ha/harvest) T1 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant 415.22 12322.0 T2 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant 450.35 12935.4 T3 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant 409.13 12272.6 T4 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant 278.15 9351.8 T5 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant 301.52 10474.7 T6 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant 287.65 9911.4 T7 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant 334.64 10573.0 T8 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant 368.15 10767.7 T9 - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant 298.31 10312.3 T10 – Vermicompost 400 g/plant 372.14 10862.3 T11 - Absolute Control 265.27 8791.5 S. Ed 15.61 49.2 C. D at 5% 33.15 104.1 100 leaf weight (g) The application of sericulture waste had a positive and significant effect on leaf weight in all the treatments. The 100-leaf weight was the highest in Treatment 2 (450.35 g), and the other treatment groups that were on par were T1 (415.22 g), T3 (409.13 g), T10 (372.14 g), T7 (334.64 g) and T5 (301.52 g). The absolute control plot had the lowest weight (265.27 g/100 leaves). Leaf yield (kg/ha/harvest) : All the treatments were significantly superior to the control in terms of leaf yield in kg per hectare per harvest. Treatment 2 had the highest leaf yield, at 12935.4 kg/ha/harvest. This was followed by T1 (12322.0) and T3 (12272.6), and the latter two were on par. The lowest leaf yield of 8791.5 kg /hectare /harvest was produced in the control treatment (Table 3 ). The same impact on the application of 100% RDF (150:75:75 kg NPK ha-1) + 75% organic manure (Seriwaste) and 50% RDF + 50% organic manure increased the productivity of maize as well as that of succeeding sunflower with enhanced net return and B:C ratio in a Maize-Sunflower sequential cropping system without any harmful residual effect was reported by Shanmugam and Ramamoorthy [ 9 ] . Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. The seriwaste of field crops increases the yield and quality of agricultural crops and products. The success of future agriculture depends upon the sustainability of the agricultural production system, as detected by Kalaiyarasan et al. [ 6 ] . Silkworm growth parameters Larval weight (g) : The fifth instar larval weight was significantly and positively influenced by the application of sericulture waste practices. The highest larval weight of 2.82 g was recorded in treatment 2. This was followed by T1 (2.48 g) and T3 (2.45 g), which were on par with each other. The lowest value of 2.02 g per larva was recorded for the absolute control. Cocoon weight (g) : A single cocoon weight of 1.26 g was the greatest weight recorded in treatment 2. As for larval weight, the T1 (1.22 g) and T3 (1.20 g) treatments were the next best treatments. All the sericulture waste practices were significantly superior to absolute control (1.11 g). Shell weight (g) All the treatments except the absolute control were on par in terms of shell weight, which ranged between 0.18 g and 0.20 g, while the control treatment had the lowest value of 0.15 g (Table 4 ). Sudhakar et al. [ 10 ] reported that to avoid this, rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good quality nutrient-rich compost, and the same approach can be applied to mulberry fields to improve the fertility and health status of the soil and impact silkworm growth and cocoon yield. Furthermore, this approach is economical and eco-friendly. Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. Konalia parahaemolyticus contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production, as reported by Kalaiyarasan et al. [ 6 ] . Table 4 Effect of the application of sericulture waste on silkworm growth parameters Treatment Larval weight (g) Cocoon weight (g) Shell weight (g) T1 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant 2.48 1.22 0.19 T2 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant 2.82 1.26 0.20 T3 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant 2.45 1.20 0.19 T4 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant 2.04 1.12 0.16 T5 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant 2.10 1.11 0.18 T6 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant 2.08 1.15 0.16 T7 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant 2.25 1.15 0.18 T8 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant 2.29 1.17 0.19 T9 - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant 2.09 1.18 0.17 T10 – Vermicompost 400 g/plant 2.31 1.16 0.19 T11 - Absolute Control 2.02 1.11 0.15 S. Ed 0.03 0.01 0.01 C. D at 5% 0.07 0.03 0.02 Silkworm economic traits Shell ratio (%) The silk content in terms of shell ratio was 17.05, 16.98, and 16.70% in T2, T1, and T3, respectively. These values were superior to those of the other treatments and were on par among them. The lowest value of 15.84% was recorded in the absolute control plots. Filament length (m) The single cocoon filament length was positively and significantly influenced by the sericulture waste treatment. The longest filament length of 872.90 meters was reeled in treatment 2. The other sericulture waste treatments, viz. , T1, T2, T10, and T8, were on par. The shortest length of silk filaments was recorded in the absolute control treatment (635.4 m). Denier The silk filament thickness was also significantly influenced by the treatment. The highest denier of 2.48 was recorded in treatments 2 and 1. This was followed by T3 (2.33), T10 (2.35) and T8 (2.31), which were on par with each other. A minimum denier of 2.20 was recorded for the absolute control (Table 5 ). Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients and contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production, as noted by Kalaiyarasan et al. [ 6 ] . The silkworm-rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good-quality nutrient-rich compost, and the same process can be applied to mulberry fields to improve the fertility and health status of the soil; moreover, the impacts on silkworm growth and cocoon yield were reported by Sudhakar et al. [ 10 ] . Table 5 Effect of the application of sericulture waste on silkworm economic traits Treatment Shell ratio (%) Filament length (m) Denier T1 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant 16.98 781.5 2.48 T2 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant 17.05 872.9 2.48 T3 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant 16.70 772.9 2.33 T4 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant 16.10 701.5 2.21 T5 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant 16.98 714.6 2.23 T6 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant 16.31 710.5 2.22 T7 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant 16.38 738.9 2.24 T8 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant 16.46 773.3 2.31 T9 - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant 16.54 711.3 2.22 T10 – Vermicompost 400 g/plant 16.68 777.4 2.35 T11 - Absolute Control 15.84 635.4 2.20 S. Ed 0.13 35.8 0.01 C. D at 5% 0.27 76.1 0.03 Effect of seriwaste compost on nutrient uptake by mulberry plants Among the different treatments, Treatment 2 had the highest value of macronutrient uptake by mulberry plants (Table 6 ). These beneficial synergetic effects improved the production of plant growth substances and enzyme activity within the mulberry plant, which in turn improved the nutritional status of mulberry leaves treated with the recommended basal dose of seriwaste compost reported by Faruque et al. [ 3 ] . Sudhakar et al. [ 10 ] reported that to avoid this, rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good quality nutrient-rich compost, and applying the same method to mulberry fields will improve the fertility and health status of the soil. Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. Moreover, Kalaiyarasan et al. [6] reported that plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, contribute to increased production. Similarly, a study conducted by Chakraborty and Kundu [ 2 ] obtained the same results with mulberry plants. Likewise, an experiment conducted by Rajanna et al. [ 8 ] using sericultural byproducts, viz. , pupal powder (PP), silkworm excreta (SWE), sheep manure (SM), swine waste (SW), and Pongamia cake (PC), in combination with recommended NPK showed higher total soluble carbohydrates and crude protein in leaves under silkworm excreta and recommended NPK application than in leaves grown with organic manures only Table 6 Effect of seriwaste compost on macronutrient uptake by mulberry (kg ha − 1 harvest − 1 ) Treatments Macronutrients N P 2 O 5 K 2 O T1 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant 19.26 4.84 9.86 T2 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant 20.94 5.21 11.05 T3 – Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant 19.22 3.92 8.98 T4 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant 14.75 3.09 6.72 T5 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant 16.06 2.83 6.16 T6 – Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant 14.05 2.85 6.21 T7 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant 17.81 3.62 7.33 T8 – Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant 17.30 2.65 7.77 T9 - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant 17.29 2.34 6.15 T10 – Vermicompost 400 g/plant 19.12 3.01 8.21 T11 - Absolute Control 11.90 2.68 5.86 SEd 0.80 0.16 0.50 CD(P = 0.05) 1.67 0.33 1.06 Conclusion The effective utilization of seriwaste compost was found to be a good source of organic manure; moreover, the best dosage for mulberry is silkworm excreta alone (400 g/plant). It also had a better impact on silkworm economic traits. Declarations Competing Interest: “Who ensures that no animals were harmed during the field experiment?” References Bhogesha, K.; Das, P.K.; Madhava Rao, Y.R. Effect of various sericultural composts on mulberry leaf yield and quality under irrigated conditions. Indian J. Seric. 1997 , 36 , 30-34. Chakraborty, B.; Kundu, M. Effect of biofertilizer in combination with organic manures on growth and foliar constituents of mulberry under rainfed lateritic soil condition. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 2015 , 4 , 16-20. Faruque, A. ; Rafia , S.; Oli, A.;Md. Toufiq, I . Seriwaste Compost Enhances Mulberry Leaf Yield and Quality in Bangladesh. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology. 2016, 7 , 1-10. Hanumappa, H.G.; Prabhakar, L.S. Byproduct from Sericulture. Indian Silk. 1985, 24 (3), 19-24. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/seri_waste%20proct.html Kalaiyarasan, V.; Udhaya, N. D.; Udhayakumar, K. Seriwaste vermicompost- A trend of new sustainable generation – A Review. Agri. Review . 2015 , 36 (2), 159-163. Mishra, S.C.; Dash, M.C. 1992, Utility of sericultural wastes and byproducts in Sericulture. Indian Silk. 1992 , 31, 38-40 . Rajanna, B.H.; Chinnaswamy, K.P.; Govindan, R.; Sannappa, B.; Sundar Raj, S., 2000, Influence of sericulture byproducts and other organic manures on rearing performance of NB 4 D 2 silkworm ( Bombyx mori ). In NSTS-99 Silkworm Rearing in Tropics; Govindan, R.; Chinnaswamy, K. P.; Krishna Prasad, N. K.; D.N.R. Reddy, Eds.; Department of Sericulture, UAS, Bangalore, 2000, 2 , 192-195. Shanmugam, R.; Ramamoorthy, K. Effect of nutrient recycling in seri-based integrated farming system on soil fertility, productivity and profitability in the maize-sunflower cropping system. Trends Biosci. 2014 , 7 , 317-321. Sudhakar, P. S. K.; Hanumantharayappa, Jalaja; Kumar, S.; Sivaprasad, V. Recycling of Seri-farm residue into viable compost- Value addition to sericulture. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 2018, 7 (6), 82-86 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4429947","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":303178407,"identity":"f0c65376-e908-41d5-9fff-c6cb8f8400df","order_by":0,"name":"Shanmugam R","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHvv25gNAWkKGaC0yBjzHEkBaeIjWYmMgkWMAto6gUvkZuUc38/yy4zFnyPn86kaNBQ8D++GjG/BpMbiRl3abty+Zx7Lh7DbrnGNAh/Gkpd3Aq0Uix+w2bw8zD8PB3m3GOWxALRI8Zni1yM8Aa6nnYTjM88w45x8RWhhuALXw/DjMY3CMh/lxbhsRWgzOvDG7ObfhOI9kD5sZc26fBA8bIb/It+eY3Xjzp9qeX/7x48853+rk+NkPH8PvMBBgbANTbBJgkqByMPgDJpk/EKd6FIyCUTAKRhoAAPM5RrbnKqRjAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shanmugam","middleName":"","lastName":"R","suffix":""},{"id":303178408,"identity":"cc4253d7-a12f-4a82-8e3a-c73f54ea808c","order_by":1,"name":"Murugesh K A","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Murugesh","middleName":"K","lastName":"A","suffix":""},{"id":303178409,"identity":"7010538b-a0d0-4300-9eff-a3ec889d6581","order_by":2,"name":"Tilak M","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of AgroForestry, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tilak","middleName":"","lastName":"M","suffix":""},{"id":303178410,"identity":"a664801d-6c87-4df4-b898-2c860fea3467","order_by":3,"name":"Senguttuvan K","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, amil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Senguttuvan","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""},{"id":303178411,"identity":"4995faec-23f7-4ca1-a272-d030c82ad7a3","order_by":4,"name":"Sivakumar K","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sivakumar","middleName":"","lastName":"K","suffix":""},{"id":303178412,"identity":"81f527bf-bcbc-475e-99e1-6d215459def3","order_by":5,"name":"Radha P","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Basic Science, Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Radha","middleName":"","lastName":"P","suffix":""},{"id":303178413,"identity":"65f3ac70-39b1-4089-813c-fbb7866b88ea","order_by":6,"name":"Jothimani P","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jothimani","middleName":"","lastName":"P","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-16 09:22:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":56639402,"identity":"955cbf75-9025-498a-811f-6aa8e29bd234","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-17 05:08:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113475,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSeriwaste compost application\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Compostapplication.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4429947/v1/d44adc8046db961b7e7bc5d5.jpg"},{"id":56639401,"identity":"6827d8e5-b7ed-4a65-ac25-5a4b63c2ae27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-17 05:08:50","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1272366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSilkworm Rearing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SilkwormRearing.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4429947/v1/37afd3ba5d39c600d3d41af9.png"},{"id":56639656,"identity":"c0802ef7-81ab-4952-b2c0-c4528322e02b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-17 05:16:51","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2074250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4429947/v1/dcbd1544-52ad-4852-bfb8-f62e5ff27178.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoosting the Excellence of Cocoon Production through Silkworm Excreta\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSericulture is a commercially sustainable farm-based economic enterprise favor the rural poor in the unorganized sector because of its relatively low requirement for fixed capital and high return. Moreover, four major phases of activity are involved: mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling, and silkworm egg production. During these different phases, various byproducts are produced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe major byproducts of silkworm rearing are unfed mulberry leaves and feces, which together constitute silkworm litter. This litter can be used as excellent organic manure. Quantifying the silkworm litter, it is estimated that 45% of the total leaves fed to the silkworm go to waste in the form of unfed leaves and shoots. The silkworm ingests only 40% of the leaf spread in the trays, of which only approximately 55% is digested and the remainder is converted to silkworm feces. By rearing silkworms, 2,416 kg of litter/acre is expected to be obtained under irrigated conditions, and 440 kg/acre is expected to be obtained under rainfed conditions. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Silkworm larval litter contains 3.47% nitrogen, 0.03% phosphorus, and 1.50% potash. The application of compost manure produced from sericulture waste, including silkworm litter, is highly beneficial for mulberry cultivation and is much more effective than the conventional use of farmyard manure. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Hence, this study utilized silkworm excreta as organic manure to increase the economic value of mulberry and silkworm.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe field experiments were conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam. Method of composting: The seriwaste composting technique was performed as formulated by the Department of Sericulture, TNAU. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a part of the experiment, the solid waste produced, \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, silkworm litter, mulberry leaf litter, and mulberry shoot waste, was collected daily, and the quantity of manure produced was determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposting with microorganisms: Rearing waste and mulberry farm residues were collected and placed in a pit of convenient size at a depth of 1 m. The leftover stems/shoots were crushed before they were placed in the pit, which accelerated their decomposition. The thin layer of cattle dung and water or spent slurry from a biogas plant was spread into the pit regularly after every collection of a one-foot-thick compacted layer of waste. When the pit was filled, it was also plastered with a layer of mud and cattle dung. The pit was protected from rain and direct sunlight by providing a thatched shed. As the decomposition process usually takes approximately 4\u0026ndash;5 months, the pit was left undisturbed and opened after only 5 months.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe decomposition of organic waste is a complex process involving various biochemical activities of microorganisms, especially \u003cem\u003eBacillus, Trichoderma\u003c/em\u003e, and Aspergillus. Therefore, to speed up the process of decomposition, these microbes are cultured in combination with sericultural wastes. As \u003cem\u003eBacillus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTrichoderma\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eVerticillium\u003c/em\u003e species are also known to be potential biocontrol agents for plant diseases, compost enriched with these microbes effectively controls soil-borne diseases in mulberry plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted with 11 treatments and 3 replications. Manures were applied in five equal splits after pruning of mulberry as per the recommendations below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTreatment details:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3: Silkworm Excreta (SE) @ 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT5: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT6: Mulberry shoot waste (MSW) @ 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT7: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT8: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT9: Mulberry leaf waste (MLW) @ 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT10: Vermicompost@400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT11: Absolute control\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObservations of both mulberry and silkworm economic traits were taken. For mulberry the parameters included shoot length (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per branch, intermodal length, leaf weight (100 leaf weight in g) and leaf yield (kg/ha/harvest). On Silkworm: 5th instar larval weight (g), Cocoon weight (g), Shell weight (g), Shell ratio (%), Filament length (m) and Denier.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the three waste types tested, silkworm excreta (SE) contained more N (2.05%), P (0.60%), K (2.20%), calcium (1.66), magnesium (0.71%), and sulfur (0.29%) than mulberry shoot and leaf waste (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Mishra and Dash \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that dried silkworm larval litter contains 8.08% moisture, crude protein (14.78%), crude fat (2.14%), and crude fiber (19.70%). An experiment conducted by Rajanna et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e using sericultural byproducts, \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, pupal powder (PP), silkworm excreta (SWE), sheep manure (SM), swine waste (SW), and Pongamia cake (PC), in combination with recommended NPK fertilizers showed higher total soluble carbohydrate and crude protein levels in leaves from silkworm excreta and recommended NPK application than in those from plants grown with organic manures only\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNutrient analysis of silkworm rearing wastes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMajor nutrients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary nutrients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCa (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMg (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMulberry Silkworm excreta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMulberry shoot waste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMulberry leaf waste\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry plants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMulberry growth parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShoot length (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the treatments were found to be effective at increasing shoot length. The longest shoot length of 99.00 cm was recorded in treatment 2. The T1 (97.50 cm) and T3 (96.70 cm) treatments were on par with treatment 2. The absolute control recorded a shoot length of 87.15 cm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe number of branches per plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the treatments were equally effective in terms of the number of branches per plant. Among the treatments, the values ranged from 9.50 (T2) to 9.00 (T10), while the control plot had a value of 8.40.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe number of leaves per branch\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the treatments effectively produced more leaves per branch than did the control treatment. Treatment 2 was found to be superior in terms of the number of leaves per branch (28.15). This was followed by the T1 and T3 treatments, and the latter two were on par. For the control plot, 22.15 leaves were recorded per branch.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInternodal length (cm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternodal length was not influenced by the treatments. The internodal length ranged from 3.97 to 3.73 cm (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). A similar effect was observed by Faruque et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e in mulberry, in which the highest production occurred in combination with the recommended basal dose of NPK and seriwaste compost treatment. Seriwaste compost is applied only mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. It contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production. The new trend is to use seriwaste field crops to increase the yield and quality of agricultural crops and products. The success of future agriculture depends upon the sustainability of the agricultural production system, as observed by Kalaiyarasan et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry growth parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShoot length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. of branches/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eplant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. of leaves/branch\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternodal length (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e99.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e28.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e91.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.80\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Vermicompost 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e92.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.69\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e - Absolute Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e87.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e22.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. Ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.68\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.54\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. D at 5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMulberry yield parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data related to mulberry yield parameters such as 100 leaf weight and leaf yield are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of the application of sericulture waste on mulberry yield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e100 leaf weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeaf yield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(kg/ha/harvest)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e415.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12322.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e450.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12935.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e409.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12272.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e278.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9351.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e301.52\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10474.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e287.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9911.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e334.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10573.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e368.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10767.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e298.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10312.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Vermicompost 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e372.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10862.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e - Absolute Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e265.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8791.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. Ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e49.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. D at 5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33.15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e104.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100 leaf weight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe application of sericulture waste had a positive and significant effect on leaf weight in all the treatments. The 100-leaf weight was the highest in Treatment 2 (450.35 g), and the other treatment groups that were on par were T1 (415.22 g), T3 (409.13 g), T10 (372.14 g), T7 (334.64 g) and T5 (301.52 g). The absolute control plot had the lowest weight (265.27 g/100 leaves).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLeaf yield (kg/ha/harvest)\u003c/strong\u003e: All the treatments were significantly superior to the control in terms of leaf yield in kg per hectare per harvest. Treatment 2 had the highest leaf yield, at 12935.4 kg/ha/harvest. This was followed by T1 (12322.0) and T3 (12272.6), and the latter two were on par. The lowest leaf yield of 8791.5 kg /hectare /harvest was produced in the control treatment (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The same impact on the application of 100% RDF (150:75:75 kg NPK ha-1)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;75% organic manure (Seriwaste) and 50% RDF\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;50% organic manure increased the productivity of maize as well as that of succeeding sunflower with enhanced net return and B:C ratio in a Maize-Sunflower sequential cropping system without any harmful residual effect was reported by Shanmugam and Ramamoorthy \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. The seriwaste of field crops increases the yield and quality of agricultural crops and products. The success of future agriculture depends upon the sustainability of the agricultural production system, as detected by Kalaiyarasan et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSilkworm growth parameters\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLarval weight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e: The fifth instar larval weight was significantly and positively influenced by the application of sericulture waste practices. The highest larval weight of 2.82 g was recorded in treatment 2. This was followed by T1 (2.48 g) and T3 (2.45 g), which were on par with each other. The lowest value of 2.02 g per larva was recorded for the absolute control. \u003cstrong\u003eCocoon weight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e: A single cocoon weight of 1.26 g was the greatest weight recorded in treatment 2. As for larval weight, the T1 (1.22 g) and T3 (1.20 g) treatments were the next best treatments. All the sericulture waste practices were significantly superior to absolute control (1.11 g).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShell weight (g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the treatments except the absolute control were on par in terms of shell weight, which ranged between 0.18 g and 0.20 g, while the control treatment had the lowest value of 0.15 g (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Sudhakar et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that to avoid this, rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good quality nutrient-rich compost, and the same approach can be applied to mulberry fields to improve the fertility and health status of the soil and impact silkworm growth and cocoon yield. Furthermore, this approach is economical and eco-friendly. Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. Konalia parahaemolyticus contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production, as reported by Kalaiyarasan et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of the application of sericulture waste on silkworm growth parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarval weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCocoon weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShell weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(g)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Vermicompost 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e - Absolute Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. Ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. D at 5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.07\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSilkworm economic traits\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShell ratio (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe silk content in terms of shell ratio was 17.05, 16.98, and 16.70% in T2, T1, and T3, respectively. These values were superior to those of the other treatments and were on par among them. The lowest value of 15.84% was recorded in the absolute control plots.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFilament length (m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe single cocoon filament length was positively and significantly influenced by the sericulture waste treatment. The longest filament length of 872.90 meters was reeled in treatment 2. The other sericulture waste treatments, \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, T1, T2, T10, and T8, were on par. The shortest length of silk filaments was recorded in the absolute control treatment (635.4 m).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDenier\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe silk filament thickness was also significantly influenced by the treatment. The highest denier of 2.48 was recorded in treatments 2 and 1. This was followed by T3 (2.33), T10 (2.35) and T8 (2.31), which were on par with each other. A minimum denier of 2.20 was recorded for the absolute control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients and contains more plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, which contribute to increased production, as noted by Kalaiyarasan et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The silkworm-rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good-quality nutrient-rich compost, and the same process can be applied to mulberry fields to improve the fertility and health status of the soil; moreover, the impacts on silkworm growth and cocoon yield were reported by Sudhakar et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of the application of sericulture waste on silkworm economic traits\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShell ratio (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilament length (m)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDenier\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e781.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e872.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e772.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e701.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e714.6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e710.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e738.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e773.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e711.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Vermicompost 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e777.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e - Absolute Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e635.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. Ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. D at 5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e76.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEffect of seriwaste compost on nutrient uptake by mulberry plants\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the different treatments, Treatment 2 had the highest value of macronutrient uptake by mulberry plants (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). These beneficial synergetic effects improved the production of plant growth substances and enzyme activity within the mulberry plant, which in turn improved the nutritional status of mulberry leaves treated with the recommended basal dose of seriwaste compost reported by Faruque et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Sudhakar et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that to avoid this, rearing residue can be recycled properly by adopting the above-described technologies for generating good quality nutrient-rich compost, and applying the same method to mulberry fields will improve the fertility and health status of the soil. Seriwaste compost is applied only to mulberry plants to produce high yields and healthy leaves to improve silk yield, and sericulture waste serves as a good source of organic nutrients. Moreover, Kalaiyarasan et al. [6] reported that plant nutrients, such as macro- and micronutrients, contribute to increased production. Similarly, a study conducted by Chakraborty and Kundu \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e obtained the same results with mulberry plants. Likewise, an experiment conducted by Rajanna et al. \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e using sericultural byproducts, \u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, pupal powder (PP), silkworm excreta (SWE), sheep manure (SM), swine waste (SW), and Pongamia cake (PC), in combination with recommended NPK showed higher total soluble carbohydrates and crude protein in leaves under silkworm excreta and recommended NPK application than in leaves grown with organic manures only\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEffect of seriwaste compost on macronutrient uptake by mulberry (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e harvest\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/caption\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMacronutrients\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eP\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT1\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT2 \u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e Silkworm Excreta (SE) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.94\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT3\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Silkworm Excreta (SE) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.98\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT4\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT5\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT6\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Shoot Waste (MSW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT7\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 300 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT8\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT9\u003c/strong\u003e - Mulberry Leaf Waste (MLW) 500 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT10\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026ndash; Vermicompost 400 g/plant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eT11\u003c/strong\u003e - Absolute Control\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.50\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD(P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.67\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.33\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.06\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effective utilization of seriwaste compost was found to be a good source of organic manure; moreover, the best dosage for mulberry is silkworm excreta alone (400 g/plant). It also had a better impact on silkworm economic traits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Who ensures that no animals were harmed during the field experiment?\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBhogesha, K.; Das, P.K.; Madhava Rao, Y.R. Effect of various sericultural composts on mulberry leaf yield and quality under irrigated conditions. Indian J. Seric. \u003cstrong\u003e1997\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e, 30-34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChakraborty, B.; Kundu, M. Effect of biofertilizer in combination with organic manures on growth and foliar constituents of mulberry under rainfed lateritic soil condition. Int. J. Eng. Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, 16-20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaruque, A.\u003cstrong\u003e; \u003c/strong\u003eRafia\u003cstrong\u003e, S.; \u003c/strong\u003eOli, A.;Md. Toufiq, I\u003cstrong\u003e. \u003c/strong\u003eSeriwaste Compost Enhances Mulberry Leaf Yield and Quality in Bangladesh. American Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Technology. 2016, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHanumappa, H.G.; Prabhakar, L.S. Byproduct from Sericulture. Indian Silk. \u003cstrong\u003e1985,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003e24 \u003c/em\u003e(3), 19-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehttp://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/seri_waste%20proct.html\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalaiyarasan, V.; Udhaya, N. D.; Udhayakumar, K. Seriwaste vermicompost- A trend of new sustainable generation \u0026ndash; A Review. Agri. Review\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e2015\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e (2), 159-163.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMishra, S.C.; Dash, M.C. 1992, Utility of sericultural wastes and byproducts in Sericulture. Indian Silk. \u003cstrong\u003e1992\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e, 31, \u003c/em\u003e38-40\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajanna, B.H.; Chinnaswamy, K.P.; Govindan, R.; Sannappa, B.; Sundar Raj, S., 2000, Influence of sericulture byproducts and other organic manures on rearing performance of NB\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eD\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e silkworm (\u003cem\u003eBombyx mori\u003c/em\u003e). In \u003cem\u003eNSTS-99\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eSilkworm Rearing in Tropics; \u003c/em\u003eGovindan, R.; Chinnaswamy, K. P.; Krishna Prasad, N. K.; D.N.R. Reddy, Eds.; Department of Sericulture, UAS, Bangalore, 2000, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 192-195.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShanmugam, R.; Ramamoorthy, K. Effect of nutrient recycling in seri-based integrated farming system on soil fertility, productivity and profitability in the maize-sunflower cropping system. Trends Biosci. \u003cstrong\u003e2014\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 317-321.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSudhakar, P. S. K.; Hanumantharayappa, Jalaja; Kumar, S.; Sivaprasad, V. Recycling of Seri-farm residue into viable compost- Value addition to sericulture. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. \u003cstrong\u003e2018,\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e (6), 82-86\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Forest College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Silkworm excreta, Mulberry, Silkworm, Cocoon production","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eField experiments were conducted for two years to determine the effect of silkworm-rearing waste on the growth and yield of mulberry plants and silkworm growth and economic traits. Methodology: This study consisted of 11 treatments, including an absolute control with 3 replications. The results of this study were as follows: silkworm excreta alone (400 gm/plant yielded the longest shoot, greatest number of branches, greatest number of leaves, highest 100 leaf weight, and highest leaf yield. The silkworm excreta alone at 400 gm/plant had a significant and positive influence on larval and cocoon parameters, which recorded the highest values of larval weight, single cocoon weight, shell ratio, single cocoon filament length, and denier.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Boosting the Excellence of Cocoon Production through Silkworm Excreta","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-17 05:08:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4429947/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e0eb08f5-d823-44e3-b5fe-bed0790d44f3","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-17T05:08:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-17 05:08:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4429947","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4429947","identity":"rs-4429947","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}