Strontium Oxide-Based Functional Ceramics: Microstructure, Dielectric Properties, and Suitability for 5G/6G and Millimeter-wave Applications

Strontium Oxide-Based Functional Ceramics: Microstructure, Dielectric Properties, and Suitability for 5G/6G and Millimeter-wave Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Strontium Oxide-Based Functional Ceramics: Microstructure, Dielectric Properties, and Suitability for 5G/6G and Millimeter-wave Applications Kagan Murat Purlu, Sekip Dalgac, Elif Isik, Betul Kafkaslioglu Yildiz, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8219329/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The influence of Strontium Oxide (SrO) doping on the structural, microstructural, and terahertz (THz) dielectric properties of Al₂O₃ ceramics is comprehensively investigated. Pure and SrO-doped Al₂O₃ samples are fabricated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). XRD analysis reveales the formation of SrAl₁₂O₁₉ secondary phases for doping levels of 0.3 vol% and above, while SEM observations indicate significant densification and grain refinement, particularly for the 0.3 vol% SrO composition, which exhibit the highest relative density and the most uniform microstructure. THz-TDS measurements demonstrate that SrO doping strongly affects the refractive index, absorption coefficient, dielectric permittivity, and loss tangent in a non-linear manner. All doped samples exhibit an increase in refractive index and permittivity compared to the pure Al₂O₃, whereas the absorption and dielectric losses are highly dependent on the microstructural quality and secondary-phase content. The 0.3 vol% SrO-doped ceramic shows the most favorable THz response, characterized by reduced absorption coefficient (< 20 cm⁻¹), and the lowest loss tangent (< 0.03), indicating minimal extrinsic scattering and optimized densification. In contrast, the 0.1 vol% composition exhibited higher losses due to insufficient microstructural refinement, while the 0.5 vol% samples display moderate losses associated with increased SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phase formation. Overall, the results demonstrate that SrO dopants play dual role in tailoring the THz dielectric response of Al₂O₃ ceramics. These findings highlight the potential of SrO-doped Al₂O₃ ceramics as promising materials for 5G/6G and millimeter-wave device applications, and sensing systems where low-loss and structurally stable components are essential. Terahertz Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy Strontium oxide Dielectric properties Effective medium theory Maxwell-Garnett approximation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8219329","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":554161796,"identity":"75502fe4-ca83-4715-9c8f-9543f5a76e49","order_by":0,"name":"Kagan Murat Purlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sivas University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kagan","middleName":"Murat","lastName":"Purlu","suffix":""},{"id":554161797,"identity":"563f0926-2510-467c-8206-6803bb5cb526","order_by":1,"name":"Sekip Dalgac","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sivas University of Science and 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Applications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Terahertz, Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Strontium oxide, Dielectric properties, Effective medium theory, Maxwell-Garnett approximation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8219329/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8219329/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe influence of Strontium Oxide (SrO) doping on the structural, microstructural, and terahertz (THz) dielectric properties of Al₂O₃ ceramics is comprehensively investigated. Pure and SrO-doped Al₂O₃ samples are fabricated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). XRD analysis reveales the formation of SrAl₁₂O₁₉ secondary phases for doping levels of 0.3 vol% and above, while SEM observations indicate significant densification and grain refinement, particularly for the 0.3 vol% SrO composition, which exhibit the highest relative density and the most uniform microstructure. THz-TDS measurements demonstrate that SrO doping strongly affects the refractive index, absorption coefficient, dielectric permittivity, and loss tangent in a non-linear manner. All doped samples exhibit an increase in refractive index and permittivity compared to the pure Al₂O₃, whereas the absorption and dielectric losses are highly dependent on the microstructural quality and secondary-phase content. The 0.3 vol% SrO-doped ceramic shows the most favorable THz response, characterized by reduced absorption coefficient (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20 cm⁻\u0026sup1;), and the lowest loss tangent (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.03), indicating minimal extrinsic scattering and optimized densification. In contrast, the 0.1 vol% composition exhibited higher losses due to insufficient microstructural refinement, while the 0.5 vol% samples display moderate losses associated with increased SrAl₁₂O₁₉ phase formation. Overall, the results demonstrate that SrO dopants play dual role in tailoring the THz dielectric response of Al₂O₃ ceramics. These findings highlight the potential of SrO-doped Al₂O₃ ceramics as promising materials for 5G/6G and millimeter-wave device applications, and sensing systems where low-loss and structurally stable components are essential.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Strontium Oxide-Based Functional Ceramics: Microstructure, Dielectric Properties, and Suitability for 5G/6G and Millimeter-wave Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-03 23:05:20","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8219329/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d3bd2616-a294-48a7-88c2-25cccc8448e6","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-09T16:02:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8219329","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-026-16680-8","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-materials-science-materials-in-electronics","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-06 15:58:42","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 6th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-03 23:05:20","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10854-026-16680-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-026-16680-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8219329","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8219329","identity":"rs-8219329","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}