Evaluating the Effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) on Coal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW) Stabilization

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) on Coal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW) Stabilization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating the Effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) on Coal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW) Stabilization E. C. Kalyani, Shivam Pandey, Amit Kumar Verma, Arvind Kumar Jha, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 18 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Coal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW), characterized by its loose structure, low cohesion, and high erodibility, poses significant challenges in geotechnical and environmental engineering. This study investigates the application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) as a sustainable bio-stabilization technique to improve CMOW’s mechanical properties. Three ureolytic strains of Sporosarcina pasteurii (SP77, SP78, SP79) were evaluated using cementation solutions (CaCl 2 -Urea) at 0.5 Molar (M), 1.0 M, and 1.5 M concentrations. The SP77 strain at 0.5 M exhibited optimal performance, achieving an average unconfined compressive strength of 873.82 kPa and 8.69% calcite content. Stress–strain responses revealed notable improvements in stiffness, ductility, and post-peak behaviour, indicating a transition from brittle to ductile failure. FESEM and XRD analyses confirmed effective calcite precipitation, interparticle bonding, and pore filling. These results highlight MICP’s potential as an eco-friendly, effective solution for enhancing CMOW stability and promoting sustainable mine site rehabilitation. Biocementation CMOW MICP UCS Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 19 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 16 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 05 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 18 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 07 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 22 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8337830","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572929252,"identity":"6fdcd18d-90be-4c9b-801c-fd469ac90d5b","order_by":0,"name":"E. C. 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N Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Patna","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"T.","middleName":"N","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-11 14:38:51","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100368553,"identity":"b3e5f289-b969-4545-8721-1a2331441fe5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:58:04","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1214271,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8337830/v1/918793abe310c5d61721441e.docx"},{"id":100368844,"identity":"abe047be-df2b-461d-9d94-04824b64bf4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 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Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Biocementation, CMOW, MICP, UCS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCoal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW), characterized by its loose structure, low cohesion, and high erodibility, poses significant challenges in geotechnical and environmental engineering. This study investigates the application of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) as a sustainable bio-stabilization technique to improve CMOW\u0026rsquo;s mechanical properties. Three ureolytic strains of \u003cem\u003eSporosarcina pasteurii\u003c/em\u003e (SP77, SP78, SP79) were evaluated using cementation solutions (CaCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-Urea) at 0.5 Molar (M), 1.0 M, and 1.5 M concentrations. The SP77 strain at 0.5 M exhibited optimal performance, achieving an average unconfined compressive strength of 873.82 kPa and 8.69% calcite content. Stress\u0026ndash;strain responses revealed notable improvements in stiffness, ductility, and post-peak behaviour, indicating a transition from brittle to ductile failure. FESEM and XRD analyses confirmed effective calcite precipitation, interparticle bonding, and pore filling. These results highlight MICP\u0026rsquo;s potential as an eco-friendly, effective solution for enhancing CMOW stability and promoting sustainable mine site rehabilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) on Coal Mine Overburden Waste (CMOW) Stabilization","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-13 12:33:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8337830/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-19T06:35:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-16T11:19:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-05T08:54:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-18T17:40:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"96417707899955200908487559570114051217","date":"2026-02-12T08:59:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"15085172982624949831536369034073752162","date":"2026-02-11T23:17:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"327481438334006918780166186523957996100","date":"2026-02-09T05:47:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180879964639606203158214471171296441512","date":"2026-02-08T13:03:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-07T15:28:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3817039463621126258866223115878017051","date":"2026-02-01T12:04:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"303593164876032867493681195670887251814","date":"2026-01-27T08:37:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T13:18:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"190325159728332605633960474208336590688","date":"2026-01-14T16:52:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"82831409986541456508418024788986849883","date":"2026-01-12T02:57:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T11:54:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T09:21:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T05:48:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Civil Engineering","date":"2025-12-22T05:38:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-civil-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Civil Engineering](https://www.springer.com/journal/44290)","snPcode":"44290","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44290","title":"Discover Civil Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a19c2412-d3da-45ba-9d6c-4780cd1dc49f","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-09T10:24:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 12:33:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8337830","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8337830","identity":"rs-8337830","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}