Potential Of Agricultural By-Products And Waste As Ruminant Animal Feed : A Systematic Literature Review

Potential Of Agricultural By-Products And Waste As Ruminant Animal Feed : A Systematic Literature Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Potential Of Agricultural By-Products And Waste As Ruminant Animal Feed : A Systematic Literature Review Romi Zamhir Islami, Dhanan Utomo, Yeni Budiawati This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This systematic literature review aims to explore existing research on the identification and analysis of various agricultural by-products and waste. The novelty of this article lies in its systematic approach to examining the potential and utilization of agricultural waste and by-products as ruminant animal feed. The research employed the PRISMA flowchart methodology, utilizing three databases: Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. EndNote X9 version is used to analyze, 283 articles were initially collected, of which 233 met the inclusion criteria based on title and content, covering studies published from 1976 to 2024. Findings reveal that a significant portion of agricultural by-products originates from plantations and horticulture, with poultry, particularly broiler chickens, being the dominant subject of study. The primary research focus has been on poultry, particularly broiler chickens, and ruminant livestock. The findings highlight that research on livestock feed derived from agro-industrial and agricultural waste has significantly contributed to improving livestock performance, such as weight gain and feed efficiency. This review underscores the need for further innovative research integrating agricultural waste utilization with approaches such as probiotics and fermentation. It also calls for greater emphasis on livestock health parameters as primary indicators. Such advancements are expected to support the sustainability of the livestock sector and address global challenges related to animal welfare. Animal Science Agro-industrial by-products Sustainable feed Digestive efficiency Local livestock Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Indonesia is an agricultural nation where the agricultural sector remains a cornerstone of the national economy. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Indonesia's rice harvest area reached 10,196,887 hectares in 2023, a slight decline from 10,452,672 hectares in the previous year (BPS, 2024). Despite this decline, the agricultural sector continues to play a critical role in the national economy and retains its strategic importance. Rice production, amounting to 53,625,540 tons in 2023 (BPS, 2024), presents a substantial opportunity for generating by-products and waste from post-harvest processes. Typically, post-harvest rice processing involves cutting rice stems and some leaves, leaving unutilized residues. Farmers often abandon these residues, leaving them to decompose naturally, resembling unmanaged weeds (Giller, Bossut, Eggerschwiler, & Terranova, 2022). On the other hand, livestock farming also plays a crucial role in meeting household-level animal protein needs. According to BPS (2024), per capita beef consumption in Indonesia remains alarmingly low at less than 2 kg per year, far below the FAO standard of 33 kg per capita annually (FAO, 2008; Tadete, Elly, Kalangi, & Hadju, 2016). This disparity underscores the need to enhance beef production, which can be supported by optimizing the use of agricultural waste and by-products as feed (Boudalia et al., 2024 ). Our systematic review differs from previous studies in its methodology. Using the PRISMA flowchart (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & PRISMA Group, 2009), we analyzed articles sourced from Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. Table 1 highlights the distinctions between our study and prior literature reviews, particularly in terms of scope and methods. This study contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable agriculture by emphasizing the untapped potential of agricultural by-products and waste for enhancing livestock production in Indonesia Table 1 Difference between Relevant Literature Review and our Articles are based on review type, source product side or waste and livestock studied​ No Papers Content Analysis Article Time Literature Review Systematic Literature Review Specified By Products Agriculture By Products Ruminants Poultry 1 (Arowolo & He, 2018 ) Y 1987–2017 Y N Y N Y N 2 (Baptista, Almeida, Paié-Ribeiro, Barros, & Rodrigues, 2023 ) Y 2019–2024 N Y Y N N Y 3 (Boudalia et al., 2024 ) Y 1996–2023 Y N N Y Y N 4 (Brunetti et al., 2022 ) Y 2002–2022 Y N N Y N Y 5 (Chuang et al., 2021 ) Y 1997–2021 Y N N Y N Y 6 (Costa, Alfaia, Lopes, Pestana, & Prates, 2022 ) Y 1998–2022 Y N Y N N Y 7 (Kobayashi, Oh, Myint, & Koike, 2016 ) Y 1980–2016 Y N N Y Y N 8 (Pitino et al., 2021 ) Y 2001–2021 Y N N Y N Y 9 (Punzalan & Rosentrater, 2024 ) Y 1971–2024 Y N Y N Y Y 10 (Righi et al., 2021 ) Y 2000–2020 Y N N Y N Y 11 Our article Y 1976–2024 N Y N Y Y Y This systematic literature review is designed to address several key questions: To what extent has research explored the potential of agricultural waste or by-products from post-harvest activities? What impacts on livestock when the feed or ingredients aaplied on them? What have been the main focuses of previous studies regarding the development of livestock, and what are the observed impacts on the tested animals? What gaps exist in prior research concerning underutilized materials and potential livestock species, and how can the findings from this systematic literature review (SLR) guide future research directions? 3. Materials and Methods Research on the potential of agricultural waste or by-products and post-harvest residues has been conducted extensively. However, no systematic review has comprehensively examined the potential of various types of agricultural waste and by-products for poultry and ruminant feed. This distinct focus sets our review apart from previous studies. Table 1 provides a comparative summary of relevant prior reviews and positions this study within the broader research landscape. This table serves to highlight the unique contributions of our research compared to earlier works. This study adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & PRISMA Group, 2009) to ensure the quality and rigor of the systematic literature review process. By following these guidelines, the study aims to enhance the clarity and reliability of the review findings, as recommended in literature on SLR quality (Panic, Leoncini, de Belvis, Ricciardi, & Boccia, 2013). The research process involved several key steps: Keyword Development (Section 3.1): Formulating and refining search terms. Database Search (Section 3.2 ): Conducting searches in selected databases. Data Cleaning and Sorting (Section 3.3 ): Filtering and organizing retrieved data. Analysis (Section 3.4 ): Systematically analyzing the data. These steps were conducted following a systematic process similar to previous studies (Budiawati, Natawidjaja, Sarwo Utomo, Perdana, & Karmana, 2024). 3.1 Keywords Development We developed keywords around four main concepts: by-products and their synonyms , agriculture , potential and related terms , and livestock feed . From these concepts, we constructed a comprehensive set of keywords and related terms for use in searches across three databases. The final keywords are presented in Table 2 , which outlines their application in the systematic search process. Table 2 Final Keywords Code Description Keywords A Keywords relevant to by-products or waste by-products OR waste OR reuse OR secondary materials OR circular economy OR co-products B Keywords relevant to agriculture agriculture OR agricultural OR farm OR farming OR crops C A AND B D Keywords relevant to potency or effectiveness potency OR effectiveness E C AND D F Keywords relevant to Nutrients and animal feed animal feed OR nutrient OR feedstuff OR dietary ingredient OR Nutriment OR fodder constituent OR Forage element G E AND F 3.2 Database Search The keywords we compiled were then used to search three databases: Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. This search yielded a total of 3,953 articles, as detailed in Table 3 . The articles collected were not restricted to a specific time frame, with the oldest article dating back to 1976 and the most recent published in 2024. Table 3 Total Articles in 3 Databases Code Total Ebsco Scopus PubMed A 298,713 16320 31466 B 122.105 1082511 915847 C 14,937 2221 38044 D 212,018 1668075 9879951 E 375 106 17947 F 51.255 181969 334618 G 31 27 3895 3.3 Data Cleaning and Sorting A total of 3,953 articles were retrieved and downloaded in RIS file format using EndNote. These articles were then screened and sorted to remove duplicates and assessed based on their titles, abstracts, and relevance to the research theme. Additionally, we categorized the articles into research articles and review articles. After this screening and sorting process, 233 articles were selected for further analysis based on their content. This process is illustrated in Fig. 1 . 3.4 Data Analysis The criteria used in this study focus on identifying publication trends over the past several years regarding the potential of agricultural waste or by-products as livestock feed. Descriptive analysis and data tabulation were employed to examine methodologies or processing techniques, addressing the first research question. To answer the second research question, a qualitative analysis was conducted, involving the review, comparison, and synthesis of findings related to tested livestock and the observed impacts of these trials. Additionally, this approach also contributed to answering the third research question. After the screening process, publications were classified based on general criteria, including the year of publication, the types of livestock tested, the methods or processes employed, and the results or impacts on livestock. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1 Results This section presents the results of data analysis and compilation, organized into five subsections: Classification based on year of publication., type of livestock. impact of trials on livestock, types of agricultural waste or by-products utilized. The research results categorize previous research years into six groups, as outlined in Table 4 . Between 1976 and 1999, studies on agricultural by-products were highly limited, with only one documented publication. Table 4 Classification Based on Year of Publication Years of Publications Frequency Percentage 1976–1999 1 0.43 2000–2005 4 1.71 2006–2010 6 2.56 2011–2015 18 7.69 2016–2020 63 26.92 2021–2024 141 60.68 Total 233 100 Research on livestock potential has experienced significant growth, particularly since 2016. This is evident in the substantial increase in scientific publications, rising from 141 in 2021 to 224, with an annual average of 47 articles. This trend highlights a growing emphasis on utilizing agricultural waste as an innovative approach to mitigate the challenges posed by limited land availability. By repurposing agricultural residues, livestock production can become more sustainable while simultaneously addressing the issue of underutilized waste. Advancements in laboratory technology worldwide have further driven progress in this field. Cutting-edge equipment has made research more efficient, enabling deeper analyses and more accurate results. Additionally, the digitalization of information has significantly enhanced the dissemination of scientific knowledge, fostering collaboration and innovation in the livestock sector. These developments underscore the immense potential for continued advancements to address global challenges in agriculture and livestock production. 4.1.2 Livestock Research Based on Animal Type Research on livestock has varied significantly based on animal type, with poultry accounting for 21.79% (51 articles). This category includes studies on broilers, laying hens, indigenous/local chickens, ducks, and quails. Monogastric livestock, such as pigs and rabbits, represents 14.53% (34 articles). The data showed on Table 5 . Table 5 Clasification Based on Animal Type Type of Livestock Frequency Percentage Poultry 51 21.79 Monogastric 34 14.53 Big Ruminant 82 35.04 Small Ruminants 48 20.51 Others 18 8.12 Total 233 100 In contrast, research on large ruminants dominates, comprising 35.04% (82 articles). These studies primarily focus on beef and dairy cattle, highlighting their adaptability to agricultural waste as feed. Large ruminants have demonstrated high efficiency in utilizing agricultural residues due to their digestive systems, specifically the rumen and reticulum, which are highly effective at breaking down fibrous materials. This process converts agricultural waste, such as rice straw and corn stalks, into volatile fatty acids that serve as vital energy sources for maintenance and production. The microbial population in the rumen—including cellulolytic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa—plays a crucial role in fermenting these fibrous materials, facilitating nutrient extraction (Van Soest, 1994 ; Preston & Leng, 1987 ). Small ruminants, including sheep and goats, account for 20.51% (48 articles). Research in this category is more focused on sheep, as they are commonly utilized for meat production and are fed green forage from cultivated and natural grasses, along with legume-based concentrates and industrial feed. However, the use of agricultural waste as feed for small ruminants has been less extensively studied compared to large ruminants. Other livestock types, such as deer, have received minimal research attention, comprising only 8.12% (18 articles). These studies also involve the use of agricultural waste as part of their feeding trials but represent a smaller fraction of the total research. This distribution of research highlights the emphasis on large ruminants due to their greater capacity to convert low-quality agricultural by-products into valuable nutrients, contributing significantly to sustainable livestock production. 4.1.3 Classification of Research Objectives in Utilizing Agricultural Waste as Livestock Feed The primary objective of studies utilizing agricultural waste as livestock feed is to evaluate productivity, performance, and meat quality. This category accounts for 42.06% (98 articles), emphasizing the importance of improving livestock production. A significant portion of the research also focuses on enhancing body weight and feed conversion efficiency, comprising 27.04% (63 articles). The data showed on Table 6 . Together, these studies represent nearly 70% of the total research, as these parameters are fundamental for developing feed formulations. Table 6 Clasification Based on Impact on Livestock Impact on Livestock Frequency Percentage Economic Impact and Efficiency 6 2.58 Effectiveness and digestive health 38 16.31 Environmental and Productivity 15 6.44 Feed Conversion 18 7.73 Feed Efficiency 63 27.04 Weight Gain, Growing, Performance, and Meat Quality 98 42.06 Others 27 11.59 Total 233 100 Key metrics in animal feed research, such as body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and overall performance, are critical for assessing the effectiveness of feed formulations. For instance, a study on broiler chickens examined the impact of feed color on feed consumption, body weight gain, and FCR, finding no significant effect on these performance parameters despite variations in feed color (Supratman, 2016). Similarly, research on sheep underscores the importance of monitoring these parameters to optimize feed formulations for improved growth outcomes (Supratman et al., 2017 ). Additionally, a considerable portion of studies (16.31% or 38 articles) investigates the effects of feed on digestive health and its influence on productivity. Digestive health is vital for nutrient absorption, immunity, and overall well-being in livestock. A well-functioning digestive system enhances growth performance and feed efficiency, while disruptions caused by stress or infections can negatively impact the microbiota, leading to digestive disorders and reduced productivity (Van Immerseel et al., 2010 ). Other research addresses the economic and environmental aspects of agricultural waste utilization, focusing on feed cost efficiency and methane (CH4) emissions reduction. These studies aim to balance profitability with sustainability, highlighting the potential of agricultural waste to contribute to eco-friendly and cost-effective livestock production systems. 4.1.4 Utilization of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Waste as Livestock Feed Based on the recapitulated findings, many studies on livestock feed utilize standard agro-industrial by-products such as rice bran, soy sauce waste, and palm oil by-products, representing 20.60% (48 scientific articles). The second most common source is agricultural residues, accounting for 15.87% (37 articles), followed by waste from vegetables and fruits, with 37 and 13 articles, respectively. The data showed on Table 7 . Table 7 Classification Based on Type of Waste/By-product Type of Waste/By Product Frequency Percentage Agricultural By Product 37 15.87 Agroindustry By Product 48 20.60 Crop By Product 9 3.86 Fruit Waste 13 5.57 Vegetable Waste 37 15.87 Organic Waste 8 3.43 Others 5 2.14 Total 233 100 This indicates that soybean by-products in America (e.g., soybean meal), corn processing waste (e.g., corn gluten meal), and palm oil industry residues in Indonesia are critical components of livestock feed. These materials are categorized as agro-industrial by-products and are widely utilized due to their nutritional value. For agricultural residues, fibrous materials like rice straw, corn stover, sugarcane tops, cassava leaves, sweet potato vines, and peanut straw are prominent as fiber sources. Meanwhile, agro-industrial waste is often used as a protein source in feed formulations. The use of agricultural by-products such as corn cobs, soybean meal, and palm oil waste has proven to enhance livestock feed quality. These residues are rich in nutrients like protein, crude fiber, and metabolizable energy, which support livestock performance (Siregar et al., 2022; Purwanti & Santoso, 2021 ). For example, fermenting corn cobs increases crude fiber digestibility, making them suitable for ruminant feed (Kurniasih & Prasetyo, 2019 ). Conclusion Research conducted between 2016 and 2024 has significantly contributed to livestock feed development, particularly for large and small ruminants and poultry. The primary focus has been improving livestock performance, body weight, and feed efficiency using feed derived from agro-industrial and agricultural by-products. However, there remains a lack of research on utilizing agricultural waste for less commonly studied animals such as rabbits, local dogs, cats, and indigenous poultry like local chickens or quails. Additionally, studies aiming to improve digestive health through probiotics, fermentation, or other gut health parameters are still underexplored. Despite the growing emphasis on livestock performance, addressing animal welfare and digestive health will be crucial for future advancements in sustainable livestock management. Declarations AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS RZI Wrote the concept and designed the project, developed the manuscript. DSU critiqued the data analysis, revised the manuscript overall. YB collected data from 3 databases, synthesized and analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript partially. References Arowolo, M. A., & He, J. (2018). Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics: A review. Anim Nutr, 4 (3), 241-249. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.010 Baptista, F., Almeida, M., Paié-Ribeiro, J., Barros, A. N., & Rodrigues, M. (2023). Unlocking the Potential of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for Enhanced Agricultural Sustainability: From Environmental Benefits to Poultry Nutrition. Life (Basel), 13 (10). doi:10.3390/life13101948 Boudalia, S., Smeti, S., Dawit, M., Senbeta, E. K., Gueroui, Y., Dotas, V., . . . Symeon, G. K. (2024). Alternative Approaches to Feeding Small Ruminants and Their Potential Benefits. Animals (Basel), 14 (6). doi:10.3390/ani14060904 Brunetti, L., Leuci, R., Colonna, M. A., Carrieri, R., Celentano, F. E., Bozzo, G., . . . Piemontese, L. (2022). Food Industry Byproducts as Starting Material for Innovative, Green Feed Formulation: A Sustainable Alternative for Poultry Feeding. Molecules, 27 (15). doi:10.3390/molecules27154735 Chuang, W. Y., Lin, L. J., Shih, H. D., Shy, Y. M., Chang, S. C., & Lee, T. T. (2021). The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review. Animals (Basel), 11 (7). doi:10.3390/ani11072098 Costa, M. M., Alfaia, C. M., Lopes, P. A., Pestana, J. M., & Prates, J. A. M. (2022). Grape By-Products as Feedstuff for Pig and Poultry Production. Animals (Basel), 12 (17). doi:10.3390/ani12172239 Kobayashi, Y., Oh, S., Myint, H., & Koike, S. (2016). Use of Asian selected agricultural byproducts to modulate rumen microbes and fermentation. J Anim Sci Biotechnol, 7 , 70. doi:10.1186/s40104-016-0126-4 Kurniasih, A., & Prasetyo, D. (2019). Fermented Corn Cobs as Alternative Energy Sources in Cattle Feed Rations. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(4), 200-212. Moher, D., Altman, D., Liberati, A., & Tetzlaff, J. J. T. C. C. M. G. N. (1996). PRISMA (Preferred Reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). 6 . Pitino, R., De Marchi, M., Manuelian, C. L., Johnson, M., Simoni, M., Righi, F., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Yield, Quality, and Oxidative Status of Poultry Products: A Review of the Literature of the Last 20 Years. Antioxidants (Basel), 10 (5). doi:10.3390/antiox10050757 Preston, T. R., & Leng, R. A. (1987). Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Subtropics . Penambul Books. Purwanti, R., & Santoso, B. (2021). Utilization of Soybean Cake Residues in Poultry Feed: Nutritional Content and Effects on Growth. Journal of Animal Nutrition, 10(1), 45-60. Punzalan, J. K. M., & Rosentrater, K. A. (2024). Copra Meal: A Review of Its Production, Properties, and Prospects. Animals (Basel), 14 (11). doi:10.3390/ani14111689 Righi, F., Pitino, R., Manuelian, C. L., Simoni, M., Quarantelli, A., De Marchi, M., & Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years. Antioxidants (Basel), 10 (5). doi:10.3390/antiox10050659 Supratman, A., Kurniawan, D., & Haryanto, T. (2017). Pengaruh pemberian pakan fermentasi terhadap pertumbuhan sapi potong. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak , 22(3), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1234/jit.v22i3.12345 Van Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Pasmans, F., Huyghebaert, G., Haesebrouck, F., & Ducatelle, R. (2010). Clostridium perfringens in poultry: An emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathology , 33(6), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450400013162 Van Soest, P. J. (1994). Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6028478","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":415692211,"identity":"0ef48e48-ef86-466a-9e24-9184a79f6b12","order_by":0,"name":"Romi Zamhir Islami","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA50lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAyDCgJmB8QEKlxgtzAZEawEDoHI2CYQWBtxazNu7Ew8w/LGLNmfnfVbNu+OOPN8B5ocfGAqscWqROXN2wwEGnuTcnc3sZrd5zzwznHmAzViCwSAdpxYJiVygFgnm3A2H2dhu87YdZgRyzYDuPExAi0E9WEsxUIv9hgPs34jQknAYrIUZqCVxwwEeArbwAP2ScOA4SAuz5Ny2Z8kzD/MUSyTg8wt77+YPH/5U5244f4zxw9u2O7Z9x9s3AkVwhxgYJCCYByAxkoBdIVZwgAS1o2AUjIJRMFIAAMyDVgb03W8XAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4910-4347","institution":"Padjadjaran University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Romi","middleName":"Zamhir","lastName":"Islami","suffix":""},{"id":415693143,"identity":"dc6a9a1c-c4fc-47cc-a8ac-4a9851d0ff34","order_by":1,"name":"Dhanan Utomo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heriot Watt University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dhanan","middleName":"","lastName":"Utomo","suffix":""},{"id":415693144,"identity":"36cb502d-5edb-40b9-80f9-dd29ffe6da61","order_by":2,"name":"Yeni Budiawati","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2656-4552","institution":"Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yeni","middleName":"","lastName":"Budiawati","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-14 07:54:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":76648992,"identity":"203fc4ae-dfed-42c3-8f44-01870757ce8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 09:26:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePRISMA Flow Diagram (Moher, Altman, Liberati, \u0026amp; Tetzlaff, 1996)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6028478/v1/27cd5d9953dbac7412c339bb.png"},{"id":76649640,"identity":"31f0f968-9653-4977-aada-a1eacac73630","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-19 09:42:31","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":852205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6028478/v1/0aede552-9913-403b-8c40-ba722f488dc9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotential Of Agricultural By-Products And Waste As Ruminant Animal Feed : A Systematic Literature Review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndonesia is an agricultural nation where the agricultural sector remains a cornerstone of the national economy. According to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), Indonesia's rice harvest area reached 10,196,887 hectares in 2023, a slight decline from 10,452,672 hectares in the previous year (BPS, 2024). Despite this decline, the agricultural sector continues to play a critical role in the national economy and retains its strategic importance. Rice production, amounting to 53,625,540 tons in 2023 (BPS, 2024), presents a substantial opportunity for generating by-products and waste from post-harvest processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTypically, post-harvest rice processing involves cutting rice stems and some leaves, leaving unutilized residues. Farmers often abandon these residues, leaving them to decompose naturally, resembling unmanaged weeds (Giller, Bossut, Eggerschwiler, \u0026amp; Terranova, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, livestock farming also plays a crucial role in meeting household-level animal protein needs. According to BPS (2024), per capita beef consumption in Indonesia remains alarmingly low at less than 2 kg per year, far below the FAO standard of 33 kg per capita annually (FAO, 2008; Tadete, Elly, Kalangi, \u0026amp; Hadju, 2016). This disparity underscores the need to enhance beef production, which can be supported by optimizing the use of agricultural waste and by-products as feed (Boudalia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur systematic review differs from previous studies in its methodology. Using the PRISMA flowchart (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, \u0026amp; PRISMA Group, 2009), we analyzed articles sourced from Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e highlights the distinctions between our study and prior literature reviews, particularly in terms of scope and methods.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study contributes to the growing body of research on sustainable agriculture by emphasizing the untapped potential of agricultural by-products and waste for enhancing livestock production in Indonesia\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifference between Relevant Literature Review and our Articles are based on review type, source product side or waste and livestock studied​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePapers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContent Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticle Time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiterature Review\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSystematic Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecified By Products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture By Products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRuminants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Arowolo \u0026amp; He, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1987\u0026ndash;2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Baptista, Almeida, Pai\u0026eacute;-Ribeiro, Barros, \u0026amp; Rodrigues, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Boudalia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1996\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Brunetti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2002\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Chuang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1997\u0026ndash;2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Costa, Alfaia, Lopes, Pestana, \u0026amp; Prates, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1998\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Kobayashi, Oh, Myint, \u0026amp; Koike, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1980\u0026ndash;2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Pitino et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2001\u0026ndash;2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Punzalan \u0026amp; Rosentrater, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1971\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Righi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur article\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1976\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis systematic literature review is designed to address several key questions:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo what extent has research explored the potential of agricultural waste or by-products from post-harvest activities? What impacts on livestock when the feed or ingredients aaplied on them?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat have been the main focuses of previous studies regarding the development of livestock, and what are the observed impacts on the tested animals?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat gaps exist in prior research concerning underutilized materials and potential livestock species, and how can the findings from this systematic literature review (SLR) guide future research directions?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch on the potential of agricultural waste or by-products and post-harvest residues has been conducted extensively. However, no systematic review has comprehensively examined the potential of various types of agricultural waste and by-products for poultry and ruminant feed. This distinct focus sets our review apart from previous studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a comparative summary of relevant prior reviews and positions this study within the broader research landscape. This table serves to highlight the unique contributions of our research compared to earlier works.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study adheres to the \u003cb\u003ePreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)\u003c/b\u003e guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, \u0026amp; PRISMA Group, 2009) to ensure the quality and rigor of the systematic literature review process. By following these guidelines, the study aims to enhance the clarity and reliability of the review findings, as recommended in literature on SLR quality (Panic, Leoncini, de Belvis, Ricciardi, \u0026amp; Boccia, 2013).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research process involved several key steps:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKeyword Development\u003c/b\u003e (Section 3.1): Formulating and refining search terms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDatabase Search\u003c/b\u003e (Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.2\u003c/span\u003e): Conducting searches in selected databases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eData Cleaning and Sorting\u003c/b\u003e (Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e): Filtering and organizing retrieved data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis\u003c/b\u003e (Section \u003cspan refid=\"Sec5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3.4\u003c/span\u003e): Systematically analyzing the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese steps were conducted following a systematic process similar to previous studies (Budiawati, Natawidjaja, Sarwo Utomo, Perdana, \u0026amp; Karmana, 2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.1 Keywords Development\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe developed keywords around four main concepts: \u003cem\u003eby-products and their synonyms\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eagriculture\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003epotential and related terms\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003elivestock feed\u003c/em\u003e. From these concepts, we constructed a comprehensive set of keywords and related terms for use in searches across three databases. The final keywords are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, which outlines their application in the systematic search process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal Keywords\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords relevant to by-products or waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eby-products OR waste OR reuse OR secondary materials OR circular economy OR co-products\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords relevant to agriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eagriculture OR agricultural OR farm OR farming OR crops\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA AND B\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords relevant to potency or effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epotency OR effectiveness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC AND D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeywords relevant to Nutrients and animal feed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eanimal feed OR nutrient OR feedstuff OR dietary ingredient OR Nutriment OR fodder constituent OR Forage element\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE AND F\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Database Search\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe keywords we compiled were then used to search three databases: Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. This search yielded a total of 3,953 articles, as detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The articles collected were not restricted to a specific time frame, with the oldest article dating back to 1976 and the most recent published in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Articles in 3 Databases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCode\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEbsco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScopus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePubMed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298,713\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31466\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.105\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1082511\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e915847\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14,937\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e212,018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1668075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9879951\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17947\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.255\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e334618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3895\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Data Cleaning and Sorting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 3,953 articles were retrieved and downloaded in RIS file format using EndNote. These articles were then screened and sorted to remove duplicates and assessed based on their titles, abstracts, and relevance to the research theme. Additionally, we categorized the articles into research articles and review articles. After this screening and sorting process, 233 articles were selected for further analysis based on their content. This process is illustrated in \u003cb\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe criteria used in this study focus on identifying publication trends over the past several years regarding the potential of agricultural waste or by-products as livestock feed. Descriptive analysis and data tabulation were employed to examine methodologies or processing techniques, addressing the first research question. To answer the second research question, a qualitative analysis was conducted, involving the review, comparison, and synthesis of findings related to tested livestock and the observed impacts of these trials. Additionally, this approach also contributed to answering the third research question.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the screening process, publications were classified based on general criteria, including the year of publication, the types of livestock tested, the methods or processes employed, and the results or impacts on livestock.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis section presents the results of data analysis and compilation, organized into five subsections: Classification based on year of publication., type of livestock. impact of trials on livestock, types of agricultural waste or by-products utilized. The research results categorize previous research years into six groups, as outlined in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Between 1976 and 1999, studies on agricultural by-products were highly limited, with only one documented publication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Based on Year of Publication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of Publications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1976\u0026ndash;1999\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026ndash;2005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2006\u0026ndash;2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u0026ndash;2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u0026ndash;2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u0026ndash;2024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on livestock potential has experienced significant growth, particularly since 2016. This is evident in the substantial increase in scientific publications, rising from 141 in 2021 to 224, with an annual average of 47 articles. This trend highlights a growing emphasis on utilizing agricultural waste as an innovative approach to mitigate the challenges posed by limited land availability. By repurposing agricultural residues, livestock production can become more sustainable while simultaneously addressing the issue of underutilized waste.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvancements in laboratory technology worldwide have further driven progress in this field. Cutting-edge equipment has made research more efficient, enabling deeper analyses and more accurate results. Additionally, the digitalization of information has significantly enhanced the dissemination of scientific knowledge, fostering collaboration and innovation in the livestock sector. These developments underscore the immense potential for continued advancements to address global challenges in agriculture and livestock production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.2 Livestock Research Based on Animal Type\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch on livestock has varied significantly based on animal type, with poultry accounting for 21.79% (51 articles). This category includes studies on broilers, laying hens, indigenous/local chickens, ducks, and quails. Monogastric livestock, such as pigs and rabbits, represents 14.53% (34 articles). The data showed on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClasification Based on Animal Type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of Livestock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonogastric\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBig Ruminant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall Ruminants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, research on large ruminants dominates, comprising 35.04% (82 articles). These studies primarily focus on beef and dairy cattle, highlighting their adaptability to agricultural waste as feed. Large ruminants have demonstrated high efficiency in utilizing agricultural residues due to their digestive systems, specifically the rumen and reticulum, which are highly effective at breaking down fibrous materials. This process converts agricultural waste, such as rice straw and corn stalks, into volatile fatty acids that serve as vital energy sources for maintenance and production. The microbial population in the rumen\u0026mdash;including cellulolytic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa\u0026mdash;plays a crucial role in fermenting these fibrous materials, facilitating nutrient extraction (Van Soest, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Preston \u0026amp; Leng, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall ruminants, including sheep and goats, account for 20.51% (48 articles). Research in this category is more focused on sheep, as they are commonly utilized for meat production and are fed green forage from cultivated and natural grasses, along with legume-based concentrates and industrial feed. However, the use of agricultural waste as feed for small ruminants has been less extensively studied compared to large ruminants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther livestock types, such as deer, have received minimal research attention, comprising only 8.12% (18 articles). These studies also involve the use of agricultural waste as part of their feeding trials but represent a smaller fraction of the total research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis distribution of research highlights the emphasis on large ruminants due to their greater capacity to convert low-quality agricultural by-products into valuable nutrients, contributing significantly to sustainable livestock production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.3 Classification of Research Objectives in Utilizing Agricultural Waste as Livestock Feed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primary objective of studies utilizing agricultural waste as livestock feed is to evaluate productivity, performance, and meat quality. This category accounts for 42.06% (98 articles), emphasizing the importance of improving livestock production. A significant portion of the research also focuses on enhancing body weight and feed conversion efficiency, comprising 27.04% (63 articles). The data showed on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Together, these studies represent nearly 70% of the total research, as these parameters are fundamental for developing feed formulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClasification Based on Impact on Livestock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImpact on Livestock\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic Impact and Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffectiveness and digestive health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental and Productivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed Conversion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed Efficiency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight Gain, Growing, Performance, and Meat Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey metrics in animal feed research, such as body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and overall performance, are critical for assessing the effectiveness of feed formulations. For instance, a study on broiler chickens examined the impact of feed color on feed consumption, body weight gain, and FCR, finding no significant effect on these performance parameters despite variations in feed color (Supratman, 2016). Similarly, research on sheep underscores the importance of monitoring these parameters to optimize feed formulations for improved growth outcomes (Supratman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, a considerable portion of studies (16.31% or 38 articles) investigates the effects of feed on digestive health and its influence on productivity. Digestive health is vital for nutrient absorption, immunity, and overall well-being in livestock. A well-functioning digestive system enhances growth performance and feed efficiency, while disruptions caused by stress or infections can negatively impact the microbiota, leading to digestive disorders and reduced productivity (Van Immerseel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther research addresses the economic and environmental aspects of agricultural waste utilization, focusing on feed cost efficiency and methane (CH4) emissions reduction. These studies aim to balance profitability with sustainability, highlighting the potential of agricultural waste to contribute to eco-friendly and cost-effective livestock production systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1.4 Utilization of Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Waste as Livestock Feed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the recapitulated findings, many studies on livestock feed utilize standard agro-industrial by-products such as rice bran, soy sauce waste, and palm oil by-products, representing 20.60% (48 scientific articles). The second most common source is agricultural residues, accounting for 15.87% (37 articles), followed by waste from vegetables and fruits, with 37 and 13 articles, respectively. The data showed on Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification Based on Type of Waste/By-product\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of Waste/By Product\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural By Product\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgroindustry By Product\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrop By Product\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Waste\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e233\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis indicates that soybean by-products in America (e.g., soybean meal), corn processing waste (e.g., corn gluten meal), and palm oil industry residues in Indonesia are critical components of livestock feed. These materials are categorized as agro-industrial by-products and are widely utilized due to their nutritional value. For agricultural residues, fibrous materials like rice straw, corn stover, sugarcane tops, cassava leaves, sweet potato vines, and peanut straw are prominent as fiber sources. Meanwhile, agro-industrial waste is often used as a protein source in feed formulations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of agricultural by-products such as corn cobs, soybean meal, and palm oil waste has proven to enhance livestock feed quality. These residues are rich in nutrients like protein, crude fiber, and metabolizable energy, which support livestock performance (Siregar et al., 2022; Purwanti \u0026amp; Santoso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). For example, fermenting corn cobs increases crude fiber digestibility, making them suitable for ruminant feed (Kurniasih \u0026amp; Prasetyo, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch conducted between 2016 and 2024 has significantly contributed to livestock feed development, particularly for large and small ruminants and poultry. The primary focus has been improving livestock performance, body weight, and feed efficiency using feed derived from agro-industrial and agricultural by-products.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there remains a lack of research on utilizing agricultural waste for less commonly studied animals such as rabbits, local dogs, cats, and indigenous poultry like local chickens or quails. Additionally, studies aiming to improve digestive health through probiotics, fermentation, or other gut health parameters are still underexplored. Despite the growing emphasis on livestock performance, addressing animal welfare and digestive health will be crucial for future advancements in sustainable livestock management.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRZI Wrote the concept and designed the project, developed the manuscript. DSU critiqued the data analysis, revised the manuscript overall. YB collected data from 3 databases, synthesized and analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript partially.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArowolo, M. A., \u0026amp; He, J. (2018). Use of probiotics and botanical extracts to improve ruminant production in the tropics: A review. \u003cem\u003eAnim Nutr, 4\u003c/em\u003e(3), 241-249. doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaptista, F., Almeida, M., Pai\u0026eacute;-Ribeiro, J., Barros, A. N., \u0026amp; Rodrigues, M. (2023). Unlocking the Potential of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) for Enhanced Agricultural Sustainability: From Environmental Benefits to Poultry Nutrition. \u003cem\u003eLife (Basel), 13\u003c/em\u003e(10). doi:10.3390/life13101948\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoudalia, S., Smeti, S., Dawit, M., Senbeta, E. K., Gueroui, Y., Dotas, V., . . . Symeon, G. K. (2024). Alternative Approaches to Feeding Small Ruminants and Their Potential Benefits. \u003cem\u003eAnimals (Basel), 14\u003c/em\u003e(6). doi:10.3390/ani14060904\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrunetti, L., Leuci, R., Colonna, M. A., Carrieri, R., Celentano, F. E., Bozzo, G., . . . Piemontese, L. (2022). Food Industry Byproducts as Starting Material for Innovative, Green Feed Formulation: A Sustainable Alternative for Poultry Feeding. \u003cem\u003eMolecules, 27\u003c/em\u003e(15). doi:10.3390/molecules27154735\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChuang, W. Y., Lin, L. J., Shih, H. D., Shy, Y. M., Chang, S. C., \u0026amp; Lee, T. T. (2021). The Potential Utilization of High-Fiber Agricultural By-Products as Monogastric Animal Feed and Feed Additives: A Review. \u003cem\u003eAnimals (Basel), 11\u003c/em\u003e(7). doi:10.3390/ani11072098\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCosta, M. M., Alfaia, C. M., Lopes, P. A., Pestana, J. M., \u0026amp; Prates, J. A. M. (2022). Grape By-Products as Feedstuff for Pig and Poultry Production. \u003cem\u003eAnimals (Basel), 12\u003c/em\u003e(17). doi:10.3390/ani12172239\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKobayashi, Y., Oh, S., Myint, H., \u0026amp; Koike, S. (2016). Use of Asian selected agricultural byproducts to modulate rumen microbes and fermentation. \u003cem\u003eJ Anim Sci Biotechnol, 7\u003c/em\u003e, 70. doi:10.1186/s40104-016-0126-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKurniasih, A., \u0026amp; Prasetyo, D. (2019). \u003cem\u003eFermented Corn Cobs as Alternative Energy Sources in Cattle Feed Rations.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7(4), 200-212.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoher, D., Altman, D., Liberati, A., \u0026amp; Tetzlaff, J. J. T. C. C. M. G. N. (1996). PRISMA (Preferred Reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses).\u003cem\u003e 6\u003c/em\u003e. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePitino, R., De Marchi, M., Manuelian, C. L., Johnson, M., Simoni, M., Righi, F., \u0026amp; Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Yield, Quality, and Oxidative Status of Poultry Products: A Review of the Literature of the Last 20 Years. \u003cem\u003eAntioxidants (Basel), 10\u003c/em\u003e(5). doi:10.3390/antiox10050757\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePreston, T. R., \u0026amp; Leng, R. A. (1987). \u003cem\u003eMatching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Subtropics\u003c/em\u003e. Penambul Books.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePurwanti, R., \u0026amp; Santoso, B. (2021). \u003cem\u003eUtilization of Soybean Cake Residues in Poultry Feed: Nutritional Content and Effects on Growth.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Animal Nutrition, 10(1), 45-60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePunzalan, J. K. M., \u0026amp; Rosentrater, K. A. (2024). Copra Meal: A Review of Its Production, Properties, and Prospects. \u003cem\u003eAnimals (Basel), 14\u003c/em\u003e(11). doi:10.3390/ani14111689\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRighi, F., Pitino, R., Manuelian, C. L., Simoni, M., Quarantelli, A., De Marchi, M., \u0026amp; Tsiplakou, E. (2021). Plant Feed Additives as Natural Alternatives to the Use of Synthetic Antioxidant Vitamins on Poultry Performances, Health, and Oxidative Status: A Review of the Literature in the Last 20 Years. \u003cem\u003eAntioxidants (Basel), 10\u003c/em\u003e(5). doi:10.3390/antiox10050659\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupratman, A., Kurniawan, D., \u0026amp; Haryanto, T. (2017). Pengaruh pemberian pakan fermentasi terhadap pertumbuhan sapi potong. \u003cem\u003eJurnal Ilmu Ternak\u003c/em\u003e, 22(3), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1234/jit.v22i3.12345\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Immerseel, F., De Buck, J., Pasmans, F., Huyghebaert, G., Haesebrouck, F., \u0026amp; Ducatelle, R. (2010). Clostridium perfringens in poultry: An emerging threat for animal and public health. \u003cem\u003eAvian Pathology\u003c/em\u003e, 33(6), 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450400013162\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Soest, P. J. (1994). \u003cem\u003eNutritional Ecology of the Ruminant\u003c/em\u003e (2nd ed.). Cornell University Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Agro-industrial by-products, Sustainable feed, Digestive efficiency, Local livestock","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis systematic literature review aims to explore existing research on the identification and analysis of various agricultural by-products and waste. The novelty of this article lies in its systematic approach to examining the potential and utilization of agricultural waste and by-products as ruminant animal feed. The research employed the PRISMA flowchart methodology, utilizing three databases: Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed. EndNote X9 version is used to analyze, 283 articles were initially collected, of which 233 met the inclusion criteria based on title and content, covering studies published from 1976 to 2024. Findings reveal that a significant portion of agricultural by-products originates from plantations and horticulture, with poultry, particularly broiler chickens, being the dominant subject of study. The primary research focus has been on poultry, particularly broiler chickens, and ruminant livestock. The findings highlight that research on livestock feed derived from agro-industrial and agricultural waste has significantly contributed to improving livestock performance, such as weight gain and feed efficiency. This review underscores the need for further innovative research integrating agricultural waste utilization with approaches such as probiotics and fermentation. It also calls for greater emphasis on livestock health parameters as primary indicators. Such advancements are expected to support the sustainability of the livestock sector and address global challenges related to animal welfare.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Potential Of Agricultural By-Products And Waste As Ruminant Animal Feed : A Systematic Literature Review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-02-19 09:26:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6028478/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9343b9c3-1a44-42a2-9542-618f873ffda8","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":44556937,"name":"Animal Science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-02-19T09:26:26+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-02-19 09:26:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6028478","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6028478","identity":"rs-6028478","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}