Larvicidal effects of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti

Larvicidal effects of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Larvicidal effects of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti Negesse Gebissa, Ketema Tolossa, Araya Gebresilassie, Esayas Aklilu, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Tropical Medicine and Health → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract ABSTRACT Background: The emergence of resistance, along with their harmful effects on human health, non-target organisms, and the environment, of synthetic insecticides necessitate the development new complementary insecticides that are effective, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and target-specific. This study was undertaken to evaluate larvicidal activities of 80% methanol and n-hexane extracts of four plants that are traditionally used by communities against mosquitoes. Methods: The dried leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium, Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi, and seeds of Lepidium sativum were extracted with 80% methanol and n-hexane solvents. Larvicidal activities of these extracts were evaluated under laboratory condition in the range of 62.5 to 2000 ppm against the late 3rd - early 4th instar larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes. Larvae mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. The mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90 values. Results: At 2000 ppm concentration, the n-hexane extract of the tested plants: Ocimum lamiifolium against An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae.aegypti, and Amaranthus hybridus against An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, Lepidium sativum and Premna schimperi against An. Arabiensis exhibited 100%, larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 values of 666.07, 1278.22, 713.25 & 1920.82, 2139.91 & 988.90; 874.78, 636.761 and 1426.03, 1122.94; 412 & 1222.62, and 736.150 & 1120.67 respectively. All the n-hexane extracts showed larvicidal activity whereas, all the 80% methanol crude extracts were not selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assay, yielding the mortality of larvae< 40% after 24 h during the preliminary screening at 2000 ppm. Conclusion: The n-hexane crude extracts of the tested plants have the potential to be used as larvicides against larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake studies that focused on bioassay-guided isolation, purification & structural elucidation of active compound (s) from the most active n-hexane fractions of tested plants to develop a product that complement the current existing vector control tools. Mosquitoes larvae medicinal plants Malaria Arboviral diseases insecticides Figures Figure 1 Background Mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are increasingly prevalent due to the resultant impact of global change with significant health and economic impacts worldwide [1]. Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes are among the most important groups of arthropods with medical significance that transmit several important parasitic and arboviral diseases [2]. Malaria, a life-threatening disease, is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, including An. arabiensis and An. stephensi [3]. An. arabiensis is also a major malaria vector within the An. gambiae species complex in sub-Saharan Africa and surrounding islands [4]. Arboviruses continue to generate significant health and economic burdens for people living in endemic regions such as East Africa including Ethiopia [5]. These viruses (dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus) are transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes [6]. Arbovirus infections are a global public health threat, accounting for approximately 73% of the total emerging and re-emerging human infections, where the burden is worsened in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia [7]. Malaria, caused by protozoans and arboviral diseases caused by viruses can lead to high mortality and morbidity in tropical and sub-tropical regions [8]. The spread of these mosquito vectors in different parts of East African Region including Ethiopia has become a serious concern for malaria and arboviral diseases prevention and elimination strategies [9]. Global malaria cases and deaths have been significantly reduced following the scaling up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [10]. However, widespread use of synthetic insecticides in controlling mosquito vectors has resulted in the persistence and accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals in the ecosystem, development of resistance to insecticides in vectors, and toxic effects in non-target organisms including humans [11]. As evidenced in recent studies from different parts of Ethiopia, all the three mosquito species have shown resistance to insecticides belonging to the four chemical classes (such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids) and approved for IRS and ITNs [12]. There is evidence of changes in biting and resting behavior of the main malaria vectors as a result of selective pressures by the widespread and long-term use of bed nets and indoor residual spraying [13]. The emergence of insecticide resistance necessitates an urgent need to develop natural product-based mosquito control methods that are biodegradable, economical, effective and less toxic to non-target organisms including edible aquatic animals, humans and the environment [14]. In this regard, plant extracts with insecticidal potential are recognized as complementary and/ alternative plant-based products to synthetic insecticides in mosquito control programs due to their ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal and repellence properties that may enhance the discovery of botanical-based products that are safe, biodegradable, and target specific natural agents [15]. Therefore, in view of the recently increased interest in developing plant-derived larvicides/insecticides, the present study was designed with the objective of evaluating the larvicidal potential of polar (80% methanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) plant extracts against An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, and Ae. aegypti from four different test plant species namely; Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus, and Premna schimperi that are repeatedly used traditionally as mosquito control and reported to be effective against larvae of mosquito vectors of malaria and arboviral diseases in Ethiopia, following the standard WHO bioassay test methods and procedures. Here, the present study results will be used as a prerequisite for future research to develop eco-friendly and efficient alternatives to synthetic larvicides in large-scale mosquito control programs that target vectors of malaria and viral infections under laboratory conditions. Materials and Methods Selection and Collection of Plant Specie s The plant species that were evaluated for larvicidal properties were collected following the ethno-taxonomic approach by searching targeted plant families from the literature in the manner discussed by [16]. The information on larvicidal plants were collected from published articles, theses and research reports. Different ethno botanical publications by different researchers over the past couple of decades were reviewed. Google Scholar and Pub med were browsed using some important key words such as insecticide, larvicides and medicinal plants. Appropriate data collection format was prepared to tabulate scientific, family and local names of species, plant part used, method of application and the sources of references for each species. In order to select the most relevant and promising species based on the use report for insecticides for the purpose of screening, the candidate test plant species were listed by taking into consideration the fidelity level (Fidelity level is a statistical tool to measure the potentiality of the specific plant for treating the specific disease [17], whereby it enables the scholar to identify the most important species), the citation frequency of medicinal plants (at least in 3 reviewed articles) and the availability of important and adequate information of each of the medicinal plants in the reviewed documents. Accordingly, the candidate plant species were initially compiled from literature followed by field trips. Four plant species namely Ocimum lamiifolium , Lepidium sativum L., Amaranthus hybridus L.and Premna schimperi Engl. were selected, and collected based on their traditional use as larvicides/insecticides . The plant materials both (voucher specimens, and materials for extraction and testing) were collected during field trips at the sites in the months of August and November, 2024, respectively, from Oromia Regional State, Jimma zone, Asendabo district and Southwest Ethiopia Regional State, Kaffa Zone, Bonga district, , Ethiopia. Voucher Specimen Collection and Identification The plant species were authenticated by a plant taxonomist at the National Herbarium, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, AAU, Ethiopia. The voucher specimens were deposited at the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University. A good recorder of the location, habitat and geography of the collection environment, was also properly labeled and kept as summarized in table 1. S.N Species name Family name Collection Place Local name Habitat GPS coordinates Altitude 1 Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. Ex. Walp (LG-01) Lamiaceae Asendabo Damakase (AO) Home Stead (07 0 46′15.155″N) (037 0 14′03.585″E) 1,761 m 2 Lepidium sativum L. (LG-10) Lamiaceae Asendabo Feto (AO) Stead (07043′20.34″N) (36018′09.79″E) 1,772m 3 Amaranthus hybridus L. (LG-06) Amaranthaceae Bonga Asangira (AO) Forest (07 0 43′20.34″N) (36 0 18′09.79″E) 1,772m 4 Premna schimperi Engl. (LG-04) Lamiaceae Asendabo Urgessa (AO) Wild (07046′05.846″N) (037014′02.226″E) 1,757m Table­ 1 : A Recorders of the Four Test Plant Species Bulk Sample Collection and Processing The plant parts of Ocimum lamiifolium (leaf), Lepidium sativum (seeds), Premna schimperi (leaf) and Amaranthus hybridus (leaf) samples were collected and kept separately in plastic bags, tied with rubber bands and brought to the AAU, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research (ALIHR) laboratory. The collected plant materials were air-dried under shade at room temperature(25±2°C) for 7 days. The dried plant materials were separately powdered using electrical grinder and sieved to get 1-mm particle sizes to improve the subsequent extraction by rendering the sample more homogenous, increasing the surface area and facilitating the penetration of solvent into cells. The powdered plant materials were placed in air-tight plastic bags, labelled and stored in dark box at room temperature until used for crude extract preparation and bioassays. Preparation of Crude Extracts Hundred-grams of each finely powdered plant material was separately soaked in a clean 500 ml flask with 80% methanol and n-hexane solvent systems for extraction at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v) at room temperature for 3 days with continuous stirring at 120 rpm using shaker to ensure complete extraction. At the end of extraction, the micelle of each solvent system was separated from marc by filtration using four layered cloths. Afterwards, the crude extracts were centrifuged by HERMLE (Z 383 K) apparatus at 1500rpm/5min for clarification of the filtered sample extracts. Subsequently, the clear filtrates of extracts of both solvent systems were concentrated using rotary evaporator ( DREHSCHIEBR-VAKUUMPUMPE ROTARY VANE VAUUM PUMP) under reduced pressure at 40 o C, while the remaining aqueous portions were collected separately in amberoid glass bottles, and then evaporated to dryness using in an oven set at a temperature of 40 o C. The dried plant extracts were weighed, the percentage yields determined and stored in amber-colored vials at 4 o C until the stock solutions were prepared and used for bioassays. Rearing of Mosquitos larvae Larvae of the three mosquito vectors were reared at the insectary of Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, AAU, Ethiopia. The eggs of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae.aegypti were kept in the tray containing tap water under laboratory condition. After 24 h of incubation, the eggs were observed to hatch out into first instar larvae. Appropriate amount of nutrient (sterilized yeast powder and dog biscuit in 1:1 ratio) were added to enhance the growth of larvae. The late 3 rd to early 4 th instar larvae were used in the study. The Larvae colonies were maintained at standardized conditions in a separate room in the insectary at 25±2°C and 60%±10% RH under 12:12 (light: dark) photoperiod cycle in the insectary to ensure the reliability & reproducibility of data. Larvicidal Bioassay The larvicidal bioassay against laboratory-reared mosquitoes were carried out following the standard procedures of WHO larvicidal test method [18]. Twenty ml of 1% (w/v) stock solutions of each extract was prepared by dissolving 200 mg extracts in 20 ml of 5 dimethyl sulfoxide and twofold serial dilutions of the plant extracts test concentrations (2000, 1000, 500, 250,125 and 62.5 ppm) were prepared. The n-hexane extracts of the four selected plant species parts (namely: Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Premna schimperi and Amaranthus hybridus ) were evaluated against late 3 rd to early 4 th instar larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae.aegypti mosquitoes and then subjected to a dose-dependent bioassay to determine LC 50 and LC 90 values. For the bioassay, stock solutions of each extract test concentrations of the plant extracts were serially diluted with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide as described in the WHO larvae bioassay protocol [18]. The mixtures were gently stirred to ensure a homogeneous test solution and kept at ambient temperature. Determination of the desired lower concentrations were prepared by serial dilutions based on the dilution principle following the formula C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 as described [19]. One hundred fifty larvae of a given species were required to conduct a single dose-response tests; of these, 100 were exposed to the concentration being tested (in 4 replicates each of 25 mosquitos’ larvae) plus 25 larvae in the negative control and 25 larvae in the positive control groups. Each assay was repeated three times. At the end of the 24 h, the number of dead larvae was recorded and the percentage mortality was calculated using the formula [20]. The percentage of mortality = (No. of larva dead /No. of larvae)*100 In the first phase of bio-assay, the larvicidal activity of 80% methanol and n-hexane crude extracts of frequently used candidate test plants O. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus and P. schimperi were screened at 2000 ppm concentration. The mosquitoes’ larvae were exposed to 2000 ppm of test concentration and a control to find out the activity of the materials under test. Based on the preliminary screening, four levels of classifications were used to determine efficacy level of extracts: strong mortality> 80%; moderate mortality 80–60%; weak mortality 60–40%; little or no activity mortality 40% were selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assay. Whereas, none larval mortalities were observed in the corresponding negative control, while the corresponding positive control exhibited 100% mortalities of the respective mosquito larvae during the preliminary screening. Data Analysis Results were expressed as the mean percent mortality with standard deviations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS for windows (version 26) was used to test differences in mean larval mortality rates between crude extracts. Larvicidal activity was considered to be significantly different when 95% confidence limit levels failed to overlap or if 𝑃 value< 0.05. Comparisons between mean percent mortality rates of larvae that were treated with crude extracts, negative and positive controls were made by using Turkey’s Post Hoc testing. The mean mortality rates of 12 replicates were taken to determine the percent mortality after 24 h of exposure by using Turkey’s Post hoc HSD test. The average larval mortality data were subjected to generalized linear probit model analysis for calculating LC 50 , LC 90 and other statistics at 95% confidence limits of upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit, and Chi-square values were calculated. Results Plant Species collected for the larvicidal Tests The dried crude extracts were weighed and their percentage yield also calculated. The scientific names, solvents used for extraction and yield of crude extracts of the selected plants used for larvicidal bioassay are summarized in table 2. S.N Plant species Wt (%) 80% Methanol n-hexane 1 O. lamiifolium Hochst. ex. Walp. 5.31 4.7 2 Lepidium sativum L. 11.3 8.1 3 Amaranthus hybridus L. 9.7 2.9 4 Premna schimperi 13.3 4.8 Table 2 : The percentage yield of 80% methanol and n-hexane crude extracts of targeted plant species evaluated against larvae of An. arabiensis , An. Stephensi, and Ae. Aegypti . A total of four extracts from four different medicinal plants were tested for larvicidal activity against An. arabiensis , An. stephensi and Ae aegypti . The larvicidal activity of the candidate test plant species of 80% MeOH and n-hexane crude extracts were evaluated. From these, the n-hexane crude extracts of O. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus and P. schimperi were selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assays at concentrations of 2000, 1000, 500, 250,125 and 62.5 ppm (Table 3), yielding larvae mortality of >40% after 24 h during the preliminary screening, while all 80% MeOH crude extract treated larvae mortalities failed under 40% classification range in the first phase of bio-assay or during the screening. The results of larval mortality were obtained from bioassays of the n-hexane crude extracts of O. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus and P. schimperi against An. arabiensis , An. stephensi and Ae aegypti at different concentrations after 24 h exposure periods are presented in (Table 3 and Figure 1). All n-hexane crude extracts of test plants showed low, moderate, and high larvicidal activities between 62.5 to 2000 ppm treatments against the late 3 rd - early 4 th instar larvae of the respective mosquito larvae. Within the same exposure period, larval mortality was not recorded at lower concentrations (≤ 250 ppm) of extracts and the negative control, while the standard (temephos) achieved 100% of larval mortality. Plant species Mosquito species Conc. (ppm) Mean % Minimum Maximum Lepidium sativum L. An. arabiensis 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 100.0 1000 90.7* 80.3 100.0 500 41.3* 16.0 100.0 250 26.7* 8.00 68.0 125 13.7* 0 48.0 62.5 1.67* 0 16.0 Ae. aegypti 2000 97.3* 84.0 100.0 1000 89.0* 80.0 96.0 500 62.3* 24.0 92.0 250 2.0* 0 4.0 125 -* 0 .0 62.5 -* 0 .0 O. lamiifolium Hochst. ex. Walp. An. arabiensis 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 1000 93.0* 84.0 100.0 500 17.0* 8.0 40.0 250 10.3* 4.0 16.0 125 6.0* 0 16.0 62.5 2.3* 0 12.0 An. stephensi 2000 99.7* 96.00 100.0 1000 7.0* 0 12.0 500 .7* 0 4.0 250 .4* 0 4.0 125 -* 0 0 62.5 -* 0 0 Ae. aegypti 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 1000 91.0* 84.0 96.0 500 8.0* 0 12.0 250 -* 0 0 125 -* 0 0 62.5 -* 0 0 Amaranthus hybridus L. An. arabiensis 2000 31.3* 20.0 44.0 1000 3.0* .00 16.0 500 .7* .00 8.0 250 -* 0 0 125 -* 0 0 62.5 -* 0 0 An. stephensi 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 1000 62.3* 8.00 80.0 500 5.0* 0 20.0 250 .4* 0 4.0 125 -* 0 .0 62.5 -* 0 .0 Ae. aegypti 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 1000 83.3* 76.0 88.0 500 29.3* 20.0 48.0 250 2.0* 0 12.0 125 -* 0 .0 62.5 -* 0 .0 Premna schimperi Engl. An. arabiensis 2000 100.0* 100.0 100.0 1000 82.0* 56.0 96.0 500 12.3* 0 32.0 250 -* 0 0 125 -* 0 0 62.5 -* 0 0 Ae. aegypti 2000 70.3* 56.0 80.0 1000 56.3* 48.0 72.0 500 1.3* .00 12.0 250 -* 0 0 125 -* 0 0 62.5 -* 0 0 Table 3 . Mean percentage mortality of late 3 rd - 4 th instar larvae of An.arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae.aegypti larvae at different concentrations of tested plant extracts after 24 h of exposure. All values are in triplicate; -* implies no mortality There were statistically significant differences in mean percentage mortality of the respective mosquito larvae among different concentrations of the n hexane plant extracts at ≥ 500 ppm compared with negative control (P< 0.05) (Table 4). Statistical results (one-way ANOVA) have showed significantly high larvicidal activity(100% mortalities) of n-hexane solvent crude extracts (𝑃< .000) after 24 h exposure to four extracts of the test plants at concentrations of 2000 ppm, against An. Arabiensis mosquito larvae. The present study also showed that n-hexane crude extracts of Lepidium sativum and Ocimum lamiifolium had pronounced larvicidal activity followed by Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi . Significantly higher larvicidal activity (𝑃< 0.00) was exerted by Ocimum lamiifolium at a concentration ≥ 500 ppm. Around 100% mortalities against late 3 rd to early 4 th instar larvae of An.arabiensis , An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti by Ocimum lamiifolium and Amaranthus hybridus , and An.arabiensis by Lepidium sativum and Premna schimperi crude extracts were recorded respectivelyafter 24h of exposure at a concentration of 2000 ppm the same effect as 0.25 ppm temephos (P> 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant difference (P> 0.05) in the larvicidal potential of all n-hexane extracts at the lower concentrations (P< 500 ppm). The mortality effect of the test plant extracts against the test mosquitoes’larvae were dose dependent. No activity was observed in the negative control, while the positive control exhibited 100% larvae mortality (Table 4). Larvae mortality increased with increased concentrations of the tested crude extracts (Fig 1). Table 4 indicates one-way ANOVA (statistical) results that had showed significantly higher larvicidal activity (𝑃< 0.00) of the respective mosquito larvae after 24 h of exposure to Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum and Amaranthus hybridus n-hexane crude extracts at concentrations≥ 500 ppm. Plant Species Mosquito species Conc. ( PPM) MD SD 95% CI Sig. LB UB Lepidium sativum L. An. arabiensis 5% DMSO 1.000 5.810 118.04 81.96 1.000 2000 -100.000* 5.810 -118.04 -81.96 .000 1000 -90.667* 5.810 -108.71 -72.63 .000 500 -41.333* 5.810 -59.37 -23.29 .000 250 -26.667* 5.810 -44.71 -8.63 .005 125 -13.417 5.810 -31.71 4.37 .547 62.5 -1.417 5.810 -19.71 16.37 1.000 Ae. aegypti 2000 -96.750* 3.540 -113.54 -79.96 .000 1000 -86.500* 3.540 -103.29 -69.71 .000 500 -45.000* 3.540 -61.79 -28.21 .000 250 -13.500 3.540 -30.29 3.29 .999 125 -3.500 3.540 -20.29 13.29 1.000 62.5 .000 3.540 -16.79 16.79 1.000 Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex. Walp. An. arabiensis 2000 -100.000* 4.672 -106.17 -77.16 .000 1000 -93.00* 4.672 -99.17 -70.16 .000 500 -17.000* 4.672 -23.17 5.84 .585 250 -10.000* 4.672 -16.51 12.51 1.000 125 -6.000 4.672 -12.17 16.84 1.000 62.5 -1.583 4.672 -106.17 -77.16 .000 An. stephensi 2000 -99.667* .691 -101.81 -97.52 .000 1000 -7.000* .691 -9.15 -4.85 .000 500 -0.7 .691 -2.81 1.48 .978 250 -.333 .691 -2.48 1.81 1.000 125 .000 .691 -2.15 2.15 1.000 62.5 .000 .691 -2.15 2.15 1.000 Ae. aegypti 2000 -100.000* .744 -102.31 -97.69 .000 1000 -91.750* .744 -93.31 -88.69 .000 500 -8.000* .744 -10.31 -5.69 .000 250 .000 .744 -2.31 2.31 1.000 125 .000 .744 -2.31 2.31 1.000 62.5 .000 .744 -2.31 2.31 1.000 Amaranthus hybridus L. An. arabiensis 2000 -31.333* 1.298 -35.36 -27.30 .000 1000 -3.000 1.298 -7.03 1.03 .299 500 -.667 1.298 -4.70 3.36 1.000 250 .000 1.298 -4.03 4.03 1.000 125 .000 1.298 -4.03 4.03 1.000 62.5 .000 1.298 -4.03 4.03 1.000 An. stephensi 2000 -100.000* .734 -109.11 -90.89 .000 1000 -62.333* .734 -71.44 -53.22 .000 500 -5.000 .734 -14.11 4.11 .685 250 -.333 .734 -9.44 8.78 1.000 125 .000 .734 -9.11 9.11 1.000 62.5 .000 .734 -9.11 9.11 1.000 Ae. aegypti 2000 -100.000* 1.449 -104.50 -95.50 .000 1000 -83.333* 1.449 -87.83 -78.83 .000 500 -29.333* 1.449 -33.83 -24.83 .000 250 -2.500 1.449 -6.50 2.50 .864 125 .000 1.449 -4.50 4.50 1.000 62.5 .000 1.449 -4.50 4.50 1.000 Premna schimperi Engl. An. arabiensis 2000 -100.000* 1.999 -106.21 -93.79 .000 1000 -82.500* 1.999 -88.21 -75.79 .000 500 -12.083* 1.999 -18.54 -6.13 .000 250 .000 1.999 -6.21 6.21 1.000 125 .000 1.999 -6.21 6.21 1.000 62.5 .000 1.999 -6.21 6.21 1.000 Ae. aegypti 2000 -70.333 1.441 -74.81 -65.86 .000 1000 -56.33 1.441 -60.81 -51.86 .000 500 -1.333 1.441 -5.81 3.14 .983 250 .000 1.441 -4.47 4.47 1.000 125 .000 1.441 -4.47 4.47 1.000 62.5 .000 1.441 -4.47 4.47 1.000 Temephos 0.25 -100.000 5.810 -118.04 -81.96 .000 Table 4 . Results of Post Hoc Test of Multiple Comparisons of the test plant species against larvae of An.arabiensis, An. Stephensi, and Ae.aegypti at different concentrations after 24 h of exposure. All values are in triplicates, *the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level, MD-Mean Difference, SD-Std. Err. Determination of LC 50 and LC 90 of the Crude Extracts The lethal effects of four different test plant species crude extracts against larvae of the targeted vector mosquitos weresubjected to probit analysis. The n-hexane crude extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi plant extracts against larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti are shown in (Table 5). Plant extracts Mosquito species X 2 LC 50 95% CI LC 90 95% CI LB UB LB UB Lepidium sativum An. arabiensis (b,c) 5.7 545.36 451.61 669.48 982.160 822.99 1260.60 Ae. Aegypti (b,c) 6.22 642.24 423.37 755.90 1073.86 955.99 1260.06 Ocimum lamiifolium An. arabiensis (b,c) 13.80 843.70 633.50 1388.21 1386.79 1016.89 2452.24 An. stephensi ( b,c ) 19.83 1278.22 940.42 4537.28 1717.44 1309.95 9365.05 Ae. aegypti ( b,c) .004 713.25 622.76 815.92 988.90 858.00 1255.86 Amaranthus hybridus An. arabiensis (b,c) .408 2333.96 1985.3 3246.98 3225.87 2623.69 5155.50 An. stephensi (b,c) .963 874.78 744.23 1031.01 1240.27 1092.87 1545.77 Ae. aegypti (b,c) .167 636.76 536.86 755.90 1046.01 915.37 1260.06 Premna schimperi An. arabiensis (b,c) .050 736.15 633.92 854.78 1073.76 955.99 1271.54 Ae. aegypti (b,c) 6.38 1209.30 987.32 1525.25 2230.20 1538.14 7879.38 A) *LC 50 - Lethal concentration that kills 50% of the exposed larvae, LC 90 - Lethal concentration that kills 90% of the exposed larvae, X 2 - chi-square, LB- lower boundary limit, UB- Upper boundary limit B) A heterogeneity factor is used for split file Botanic crude extracts= Ocimum lamiifolium , exposed mosquito species = An. arabiensis mosquito larvae. C) A heterogeneity factor is used for split file Botanic crude extracts = Ocimum lamiifolium , exposed mosquito species = An. stephensi mosquito larvae. Table 5 : Lethal concentration of plant crude extracts against larvae of An. arabiensis, An. Stephensi & Ae.aegypti after 24 h of exposure (ppm) *According to probit analysis (Finney, 1971) % Mortality= mean ± SD Discussion Due to environmental concerns and the development of insect resistance to synthetic insecticides, the recent trend is to evaluate plants to obtain extracts that are safe for non-target animals and do not pose any residue problem but are still able to suppress vector populations. In view of this, the present study tested the larvicidal activities of n-hexane and 80% methanol crude extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi plants against An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, and Ae. aegypti . In this study, all 80% methanol crude extracts showed little/no insecticidal activities on the targed malaria and viral infections vectors, while n-hexane crude extracts of the test plants achieved lower, moderate, and high larvicidal activities. This suggests the presence of more non-polar solvent-soluble phytochemicals in the tested plant species and parts( Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi ) which are responsible for the observed bioactivities of these plants against larvae of An. arabiensis, An. Stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. The rationale for the use of solvents with different polarity such as water with methanol (P= 0.762), and n-hexane (P= 0.009) and methanol gradient with water such as 80% methanol was because different organic solvents and their combination with water show difference in dissolving the bioactive components present in the plant materials. Use of different solvents with differing polarities is necessary because different solvents can significantly affect the potency of extracted plant compounds [21]. This has also been shown by [22] in oak gall extraction and [23] in neem plant extraction, whereby a converse relationship between extract effectiveness and solvent polarity was observed. [24] Had also reported the extraction of more bioactive components from Acorus calms (Acoraceae) that had more lethal effect on adult mosquitoes with certain solvents than others. This is consistent with earlier reports [25] that showed decline in mortality of mosquitoes with increasing solvent polarity of a mosquitocidal plant extract. These authors showed that water extract of Zanthoxylum heitzii (Rutaceae) produced low adult mortalities whereas its ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts produced higher mortalities on Anopheles gambiae . From this, it is clear that the bioactive components responsible for the lethal effect on mosquitoes are extracted in greater amount and potency with certain solvents only and not with all. The current finding of bioassay of polar (80% methanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) plant extracts against An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae . aegypti larvae was in line with findings of earlier studies. The present study demonstrated that the larvicidal activity of n-hexane extractswere much higher compared to the 80% methanol extracts implies that the potency of the active constituents in the crude extracts might have been masked by non-polar and major/ minor constituents. All the n-hexane extracts showed larvicidal activities against larvae of An.arabiensis and Ae.aegypti mosquitos. Among the tested extracts, the high larvicidal activity shown by n-hexane extract of Ocimum lamiifolium against the larvae of the three mosquito vectors in Ethiopia is not surprising since it has been reported as a multipurpose traditional medicine. Due to its pharmacological effects, this plant has been widely used traditionally for the treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, and kidney damage [26]. These properties come from the secondary metabolite components that are abundant in Ocimum plants such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics [27]. In addition, the abundant components of essential oils make Ocimum a plant that can fight the growth of organisms [28]. Ocimum lamiifolium has many pharmacological properties that is the reason why they are well-known, praised, and widely used as home remedies [29]. The most widely used mosquito repellent plant reported in Ethiopia is Allium sativum L. followed by Lepidium sativum L. and Capparis tomentosa Lam . [30, 31]. [31] Also reported that insecticides were made locally to kill insects by spraying all over the walls of the house. It is plausible to assume that it is the phytochemicals contained in such plants that are responsible for the insecticidal activities against both the larvae and adult stages of mosquitoes. The findings of the present study also indicated that n-hexane crude extract of Amaranthus hybridus showed statistically significant larvicidal activity (𝑃< 0.000) against late 3 rd - early 4 th instars larvae of An.arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti at concentrations of 2000, ≥ 1000, and ≥ 500 ppm respectively after 24 h exposure. The result of this finding is consistent with the research, [32] which showed the larvicidal activity of the same plant extract and their Cu nanoparticles (extract materials sized, from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter) against Culex and anopheles’ larvae. The highest mortality was found at 50 mg/L with the lethal dose or lethal concentration (LC) of 50% and 90% mortality calculated to be 0.861 and 0.995 respectively. The mortality is attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in the leaves of the plant extract. The current work also can be compared to the work of [33]. Similarly, the finding of [34] where ethanol leaf extract of D. stramonium was found to cause 70.56% mortality against 3 rd instar An. gambiae larvae at 1000 ppm in Eritrea though the concentrations are different. The petroleum ether extract of Datura stramonium also showed strong efficacy against the 4 th instar larvae Aedes aegypti 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure [35]. The difference in larvicidal activity in the current finding could be due to the difference in species and parts of plants, concentrations, extraction solvent, and season of collection and agro ecology of the plants. The biological activities of the phytochemicals that include alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, saponins and tannins extracted from several tropical plants have been receiving the attention of many researchers as potential sources of mosquitocides and for treatment of various vector-borne diseases [21, 36]. The crude extracts that caused high mortality to mosquitos’ larvae contained plant secondary metabolites with such as the alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, detected are among substances with insecticidal effects [32, 37]. Therefore, the high larvicidal potencies of n-hexane crude extracts of the four plants were the basis for considering further screening studies on the different solvent partitioned fractions against the three targeted mosquito vectors. The ethyl acetate extract of L. sativum damaged the midgut of Cx. pipiens larvae, interfering with development and survival. A similar result was obtained when Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus in Hasselquist) (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were treated with Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) extract, resulting in disorganization and damage in the midgut in comparison to the control [38]. Different plant derived larvicides caused deleterious effects in the larvae midgut, including vacuolization, cell hypertrophy, damage to microvilli, cell lysis, degeneration of epithelial cells, disruption of osmoregulation, and damage to the gastric caeca [39,40,41]. The remarkable larvicidal and ovicidal activities of L. sativum ethyl acetate extract might be due to the presence of phenol, which is known to possess promising insecticidal activity. Several compounds from different plants such as phenolics, steroids, alkaloids, essential oils, and terpenoids have been reported as promising potential insecticides [21], either in pure or crude extract form. The larvicidal effects of plant secondary metabolites vary based on plant species, parts used, geographical region, mosquito species, extraction methodology, and the polarity of the solvents used during extraction [42]. Due to the fact, all 80% methanol crude extracts caused lower larvicidal activities, only n-hexane solvents crude extracts were subjected to dose response bioassay to detect the lethal concentrations. The n-hexane extract of Lepidium sativum caused the highest larvicidal activities againstthe late 3 rd to early 4 th instar larvae of An. arabiensis and Ae.aegypti with the lowestLC 50 of 545.360 ppm and LC 90 of 982.160, Amaranthus hybridus showedthe relatively highest LC 50 and LC 90 (LC 50 = 2857.24 ppm,LC 90 = 6683.15 ppm) and, 642.244 and 1073.864 respectively. Similarly, the highest larvicidal activities against An. stephensi larvae were exhibited by n-hexane extract of Amaranthus hybridus with the lowest LC 50 of 874.78 ppm and LC 90 of 1240.27 ppm values. This difference could be arisen due to difference in environmental factors. In his review, [43] indicated that plant secondary metabolite accumulation is strongly dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity, and for most plants, a change in an individual factor may alter the content of secondary metabolites even if other factors remain constant. The highest larvicidal activities against An. stephensi larvae were exhibited by n-hexane extract of Amaranthus hybridus with the lowest LC 50 of 874.78 ppm and LC 90 of 1240.27 ppm values. Similarly, [44] reported that, petroleum ether extract of leaf powder Amaranthus hybridus resulted in the LC 50 of 409.87 ppm against 3 rd instar larvae of Culex species after 24 h of exposure. The difference in larvicidal activity might be occurred due to difference in susceptibility of the test species and solvent type. The difference in larvicidal activity in the current finding might be due to the above-described reasons. Therefore, we recommend bioassay guided fractionation, isolation, and characterization of the responsible active constituents of the four plants crude extracts. Conclusion This study showed that the n-hexane crude extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, and Premna schimperi could be considered as foreseeable products to be developed as potential larvicides against Anopheles arabiensis and Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. In addition, n-hexane crude extract of Ocimum lamiifolium had potent larvicidal activity against An. stephensi larvae. The 100% larvae mortality obtained with 2000 ppm crude extract of the test plant Amaranthus hybridus against the An. stephensi and Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is an indication of a very good potential that the four test plant species that can be easily cultivated, could be used to extract products for use as larvae control agents against the respective three targeted mosquito vectors of malaria and viral infections namely Anopheles arabiensis , Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti . There is, however, a need for further investigation on their efficacy under natural conditions so that can be potential larvicides in the fight against malaria vectors in endemic areas. These four plants could be used to develop effective,safe, biodegradable, and cheap botanical insecticides forvector control, potentially leading to improved resistancemanagement targeted against respective larvae ofmosquito vectors of malaria and viral infection in Ethiopiaand elsewhere. Therefore, further chemical analysis studieson the identification, preparation, and formulation ofbioactive compounds from these tested plants are recommended. Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance IRS Indoor residual insecticide spraying LLINs Long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences LC Lethal concentration Declarations Acknowledgements We are very grateful to the local field assistants those who support in the field investigation to conduct the study. We also thank Ms. Melaku Wondafirash for his support in identification and storage of the plant specimens. Authors’ Contributions N.G. designed the research, conducted data collection, analysis, and wrote the initial & final draft of the manuscript. S.D. conceived the idea, designed the research, acquired funding and involved in the write up. K.T. designed the research, funding acquisition, supervised the data collection, confirmed plant identification and involved in the write up of the manuscript. A.G involved in the designing of the research, contributed to the write up and reviewed the manuscript. E.A. involved in the designing of the research, and reviewed the manuscript. D.B. and B.K. involved in the planning and execution of the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This study was financed by the Office of the Vice President for Research and Technology Transfer, Addis Ababa University. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study may be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ethics approval and consent to participate The field data collection was conducted after receiving ethical clearance certificate from Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (ALIPB-IRERC) at Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University, with reference number: ALIP-IRERC/140/2024). References Mbaoma OC, Thomas SM, Beierkuhnlein C. Significance of vertical transmission of arboviruses in mosquito-borne disease epidemiology. Parasites Vectors. 2025; 18:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06761. Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, Awono-Ambene P, Parola P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. An update on the mosquito fauna and Mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasite Vectors. 2021; 14(1):527. Doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9. PMID: 34635176; PMCID: PMC8507310. Takken W, Charlwood, D. & Lindsay, S.W. The behaviour of adult Anopheles gambiae, sub-Saharan Africa’s principal malaria vector, and its relevance to malaria control: a review. Malar J. 2024; 23:161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04982-3. Ebhodaghe FI, Sanchez-Vargas I, Isaac C, Foy BD, Hemming-Schroeder E. Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria. Malar J. 2024 Feb 27; 23(1):60. Doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-04871-9. PMID: 38413961; PMCID: PMC10900747. Tajudeen YA, Oladipo HJ, Oladunjoye IO, Yusuf RO, Sodiq H, Omotosho AO, Adesuyi DS, Yusuff SI, El Sherbini MS. Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Concern in Africa: Priorities for Future Research and Control Strategies. Challenges. 2022; 13(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020060. Lim A, Shearer FM, Sewalk K. et al. The overlapping global distribution of dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. Nat Commun. 2025; 16:3418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58609-5. Gedefie A, Debash H, Kassaw AB et al. Epidemiology of arboviruses in humans and livestock in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2025; 25: 458. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10824-7. Cerilo-Filho M, Arouca ML, Medeiros EDS, Jesus MC, Sampaio MP, Reis NF, Silva JR, Baptista AR, Storti-Melo LM, Machado RL. Worldwide distribution, symptoms and diagnosis of the confections between malaria and arboviral diseases: a systematic review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2024; 119:e240015.Doi:10.1590/0074-02760240015. PMID: 38922217; PMCID: PMC11197440. Onen H, Luzala MM, Kigozi S, Sikumbili RM, Muanga CK, Zola EN, Wendji SN, Buya AB, Balciunaitiene A, Viškelis J, Kaddumukasa MA, Memvanga PB. Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles. Insects. 2023; 14(3):221.Doi: 10.3390/insects14030221. PMID: 36975906; PMCID: PMC10059804. Pryce J, Medley N, Choi L. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 1(1):CD012688. Doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012688.pub3. PMID: 35038163; PMCID: PMC8763033. Senthil-Nathan S. A Review of Resistance Mechanisms of Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals Phytochemicals, and Essential Oils as Alternative Larvicidal Agents against Mosquitoes. Front Physiol. 2020; 10:1591. Doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01591. PMID: 32158396; PMCID: PMC7052130. Chanyalew T, Natea G, Amenu D, Yewhalaw D, Simma EA. Composition of mosquito fauna and insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in Itang special district, Glabella, Southwestern Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022; 21(1):125. Doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04150-5. PMID: 35436961; PMCID: PMC9014582. Forson AO, Hinne IA, Dhikrullahi SB. et al. The resting behavior of malaria vectors in different ecological zones of Ghana and its implications for vector control. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15:246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071 022-05355-y. Engdahl CS, Tikhe CV, Dimopoulos G. Discovery of novel natural products for mosquito control. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15:481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05594-z. Şengül Demirak MŞ, Canpolat E. Plant-Based Bio insecticides for Mosquito Control: Impact on Insecticide Resistance and Disease Transmission. Insects. 2022; 13(2):162. Doi: 10.3390/insects13020162. PMID: 35206735; PMCID: PMC8878986. Martin, G.J. Ethno-botany: A methods manual. Chapman and Hall. 1995; London 267 pp. Friedman J., Yaniv Z., Dafni A., Palewitch D. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethno pharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. Journal of Ethno pharmacology.1986; 16:275-278. WHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. 2005, Geneva: WHO; 2005b. Kudom, A.A., Mensah, B.A. and Botchey, M.A. Aqueous neem. Extract versus neem powder on Cu/ex quinquefasciatus: Implications for control in anthropogenic habitats .J Insect Sci. 2011; 11:142. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 1925; 18: 265-267.32. SPSS (2007) SPSS for windows, version 16.0. Shaalan, E.A., Canyon, D., Younes, M.W.F., Abdel-Wahab, H. and Mansour, A. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ Int. 2005; 31: 1149- 1166. Aivazi, A.A. and Vijayan, V.A. Larvicidal activity of oak Quercus infectoria oliv. (Fagaceae) gall extracts against Anopheles stephensi Liston. Parasito/ Res. 2009; 104: 1289-1293. Mulla, M.S. and Su, T. Activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. Jam Mosq Cont. Assoc.1999; 15: 133-152. Hidayatulfathi, 0. Sallehuddin, S. and Ibrahim, J. Adulticidal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against Aedes aegypti Trap Biomed.2004; 21(2): 61-67. Overgaard, H.J., Sirisopa, P., Mikolo, B., Malternd, K.E., Wangensteen, H., Zou, Y., Paulsen, B.S., Massamba, D., Duchon, S., Corbel, V. and Chandre, F. Insecticidal activities of bark, leaf and seed extracts of Zanthoxy heitzii against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Molecules.2014; 19:21276-21290. Pavithra, K.H.; Narase Gowda, P.N.; Prasad, M.P. Studies on Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum Species of Karnataka against Clinical Isolates. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci.2019; 7:245–254. [CrossRef]. Joshi, B.; Lekhak, S.; Sharma, A. Antibacterial Property of Different Medicinal Plants: Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Xanthoxylum armatum and Origanum majorana. Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2009; 5:143–150. [CrossRef]. Kaˇcániová, M.; Galoviˇcová, L.; Borotová, P.; Vukovic, N.L.; Vukic, M.; Kunová, S.; Hanus, P.; Bakay, L.; Zagrobelna, E.; Kluz, M.; et al. Assessment of Ocimum basilicum essential oil anti-insect activity and antimicrobial protection in fruit and vegetable quality Plants. 2022; 11:1030. [CrossRef]. Nigus Aweke Sahalie, Lijalem Hadush Abrha & Leta Deressa Tolesa: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of leave extract of Ocimum lamiifolium (Damakese) as a treatment for urinary tract infection, Cogent Chemistry.2018; 4:1, 1440894, DOI:10.1080/23312009.2018.1440894. Abebe, D., Debella, A. and Urga, K. Checklist of medicinal plants and other useful plants of Ethiopia. Camerapix pub, pvt. Ltd. Co., Singapore.2003; 312pp. Berhanu, A., Asfaw, Z. and Kelbessa, E. Ethno-botany of plants used as insecticides, repellents and anti-malarial agents in Jabitehnan district, West Gojjam. SINET: Ethiop Sci.2006; 29(1): 87-92. Bell, A.E., Fellows, L.E. and Simmonds, S.J. Natural products from plants for the control of insect pests, pp337 344. In: Safer insecticides development and use (Hodgson, E. and Kuhr, R.J. eds). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.1990; 593pp. Abubakar N., Mukhtar M. M., and Fujita R.,"Telfairia occidentalis as a potential larvicide against human malarial vector, Anopheles coluzzi [Diptera: Culicidae]: A first report," International Journal of Tropical Diseases.2022, vol. 5, no. 1. Ghebriel, O. & Adugna, H. In vitro studies of larvicidal effects of some plant extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2017; 11: 66–72. Anitha R. & Geethapriya D. Larvicidal activity of plant extracts on Aedes Aegypti L. 2012, Pages S1578-S1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60456-0. Chowdhury, J.U., Nandi, N.C. and Bhuiyan, N.I. Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Lan/ana camara L. Bangladesh J Bo. 2007; 36: 193-194. Rajkumar, S. and Jebanesan, A. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Solanum trilobatum leaf extract against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. J Insect Sci. 2005; 5: 15. Procopio TF, Fernandes KM, Pontual EV, Ximenes RM, De Oliveira ARC et al. Schinus terebinthifolius leaf extract causes midgut damage, interfering with survival and development of Aedes aegypti larvae. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0126612. Perumalsamy H, Kim J-R, Oh SM, Jung JW, Ahn Y-J et al. Novel histopathological and molecular effects of natural compound pellitorine on larval midgut epithelium and anal gills of Aedes aegypti. PLoS One.2013; 8: e80226. Costa MS, Cossolin JF, Pereira MJ, Sant’ana AE, Lima MD et al. Larvicidal and cytotoxic potential of squamocin on the midgut of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Toxins. 2014; 6: 1169-1176. Aydin T, Bayrak N, Baran E, Cakir. Insecticidal effects of extracts of Humulus lupulus (hops) L. cones and its principal component, xanthohumol. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2017; 107: 543. Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G. Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. The Indian Journal of Medical Research.2012; 135: 581. Li Yang, Kui-Shan Wen, Xiao Ruan, Ying-Xian Zhao, Feng Wei and Qiang Wang*. A Review Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors.2018. [email protected] (K.-S.W.); [email protected] (X.R.); [email protected] (Y. X.Z.); [email protected] (F.W.). Ullah MA, Tungmun nithum D, Garros L, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Monochromatic lights-induced trends in antioxidant and antidiabetic HEKMATSHOAR et al. Health-Promoting Properties of Lepidium sativum L. 723 polyphenol accumulation in in vitro callus cultures of Lepidium sativum L. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2019;196: 111505. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 31 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Tropical Medicine and Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 19 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7717103","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":525014182,"identity":"c613a462-4652-4faf-8af6-19553e776937","order_by":0,"name":"Negesse Gebissa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADHn755wcfgBh8xGqRkWzISTYAaWEjVouNwYEEMwkQi6AWc/b2iw9//LHhMThwIK3ya46dDBsD88NHN/Bosew5U2zM25bGI3mw8dht2W3JQIexGRvn4NFicCMnTZqx4TAP32GGtNuS25iBWnjYpPFquf8m/eePP/95GI4xmBVLbqsnQssN9mNANQd4BM4wmDF+3HaYCC1ncpileduSeSRn8CRLM247zsPGTMgvx48//Pjjj509vwT7wY8/t1Xb87M3P3yMTwsw7gzgTGYeMIlXOQiwP4AzGX8QVD0KRsEoGAUjEQAA/YxHXF9xOwwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Negesse","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebissa","suffix":""},{"id":525014184,"identity":"77196b84-b41e-42d7-a772-7ccf9b50c1c0","order_by":1,"name":"Ketema Tolossa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ketema","middleName":"","lastName":"Tolossa","suffix":""},{"id":525014186,"identity":"206ed015-1980-4536-8cb6-d97c5c5b419e","order_by":2,"name":"Araya Gebresilassie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Araya","middleName":"","lastName":"Gebresilassie","suffix":""},{"id":525014187,"identity":"0abae3f1-6034-47eb-9aaa-9c9eb84045f9","order_by":3,"name":"Esayas Aklilu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Esayas","middleName":"","lastName":"Aklilu","suffix":""},{"id":525014188,"identity":"8b40a825-fd31-4cb4-b905-97f523e2b292","order_by":4,"name":"Daniel Bisrat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniel","middleName":"","lastName":"Bisrat","suffix":""},{"id":525014189,"identity":"a7408dd5-6e52-4b0a-b679-722bd5e775ea","order_by":5,"name":"Bersissa Kumsa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bersissa","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumsa","suffix":""},{"id":525014190,"identity":"a2c12794-8210-42e9-8751-fdd9362df6fe","order_by":6,"name":"Sisay Dugassa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sisay","middleName":"","lastName":"Dugassa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-26 03:08:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00879-2","type":"published","date":"2025-12-31T15:58:26+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92977973,"identity":"f1996049-c61c-4dbe-84cd-d83953dc5af3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 18:50:21","extension":"rtf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3821695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NGMnforBMC.rtf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7717103/v1/21ba19e8d243816d8ec69eb4.rtf"},{"id":92977972,"identity":"a0cfce0b-d272-4d35-9c4c-23b11777d2d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 18:50:20","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fe518836c0894c75826362cb663d3d81.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7717103/v1/4c22b8f8fceccc579fd595a8.json"},{"id":92977971,"identity":"f1bcf832-821c-45f6-b027-427af4f57755","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-07 18:50:20","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndicated the larvicidal activity of different concentrations of n-hexane crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi \u003c/em\u003eplants against\u003cem\u003e An. arabiensis, An. stephensi, \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e Ae.aegypti.stephensi \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e Ae.aegypti.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7717103/v1/79d3e7b81bb3a878646f558f.jpg"},{"id":99545379,"identity":"fba1786f-2279-4d2d-a7b3-cb6cd496e764","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:06:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1241397,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7717103/v1/6f640a12-0f1d-4d91-87f6-030e93ea1673.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Larvicidal effects of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) are increasingly prevalent due to the resultant impact of global change with significant health and economic impacts worldwide [1]. \u003cem\u003eAnopheles\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes are among the most important groups of arthropods with medical significance that transmit several important parasitic and arboviral diseases [2]. Malaria, a life-threatening disease, is primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female \u003cem\u003eAnopheles\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, including \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[3]. \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e is also a major malaria vector within the \u003cem\u003eAn. gambiae\u003c/em\u003e species complex in sub-Saharan Africa and surrounding islands [4].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArboviruses continue to generate significant health and economic burdens for people living in endemic regions such as East Africa including Ethiopia [5]. These viruses (dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever virus) are transmitted mainly by \u003cem\u003eAedes\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes [6]. Arbovirus infections are a global public health threat, accounting for approximately 73% of the total emerging and re-emerging human infections, where the burden is worsened in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia [7]. Malaria, caused by protozoans and arboviral diseases caused by viruses can lead to high mortality and morbidity in tropical and sub-tropical regions [8]. The spread of these mosquito vectors in different parts of East African Region including Ethiopia has become a serious concern for malaria and arboviral diseases prevention and elimination strategies [9]. Global malaria cases and deaths have been significantly reduced following the scaling up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [10]. However, widespread use of synthetic insecticides in controlling mosquito vectors has resulted in the persistence and accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals in the ecosystem, development of resistance to insecticides in vectors, and toxic effects in non-target organisms including humans [11].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs evidenced in recent studies from different parts of Ethiopia, all the three mosquito species have shown resistance to insecticides belonging to the four chemical classes (such as organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids) and approved for IRS and ITNs [12]. There is evidence of changes in biting and resting behavior of the main malaria vectors as a result of selective pressures by the widespread and long-term use of bed nets and indoor residual spraying [13]. The emergence of insecticide resistance necessitates an urgent need to develop natural product-based mosquito control methods that are biodegradable, economical, effective and less toxic to non-target organisms including edible aquatic animals, humans and the environment [14]. In this regard, plant extracts with insecticidal potential are recognized as complementary and/ alternative plant-based products to synthetic insecticides in mosquito control programs due to their ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal and repellence properties that may enhance the discovery of botanical-based products that are safe, biodegradable, and target specific natural agents [15].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, in view of the recently increased interest in developing plant-derived larvicides/insecticides, the present study was designed with the objective of evaluating the larvicidal potential of polar (80% methanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) plant extracts against \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e from four different test plant species namely; \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethat are repeatedly used traditionally as mosquito control and reported to be effective against larvae of mosquito vectors of malaria and arboviral diseases in Ethiopia, following the standard WHO bioassay test methods and procedures. Here, the present study results will be used as a prerequisite for future research to develop eco-friendly and efficient alternatives to synthetic larvicides in large-scale mosquito control programs that target vectors of malaria and viral infections under laboratory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSelection and Collection of Plant Specie\u003c/strong\u003es\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant species that were evaluated for larvicidal properties were collected following the ethno-taxonomic approach by searching targeted plant families from the literature in the manner discussed by [16]. The information on larvicidal plants were collected from published articles, theses and research reports. Different ethno botanical publications by different researchers over the past couple of decades were reviewed. Google Scholar and Pub med were browsed using some important key words such as insecticide, larvicides and medicinal plants. Appropriate data collection format was prepared to tabulate scientific, family and local names of species, plant part used, method of application and the sources of references for each species. In order to select the most relevant and promising species based on the use report for insecticides for the purpose of screening, the candidate test plant species were listed by taking into consideration the fidelity level (Fidelity level is a statistical tool to measure the potentiality of the specific plant for treating the specific disease [17], whereby it enables the scholar to identify the most important species), the citation frequency of medicinal plants (at least in 3 reviewed articles) and the availability of important and adequate information of each of the medicinal plants in the reviewed documents. Accordingly, the candidate plant species were initially compiled from literature followed by field trips.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour plant species namely \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L.,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Premna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEngl. were selected, and collected based on their traditional use as larvicides/insecticides\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e The plant materials both (voucher specimens, and\u0026nbsp;materials for extraction and testing) were collected during field trips at the sites in the months of August\u0026nbsp;and November, 2024, respectively,\u0026nbsp;from Oromia Regional State, Jimma zone, Asendabo district and Southwest Ethiopia Regional State, Kaffa Zone, Bonga district, , Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVoucher Specimen Collection and Identification\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc163268358\"\u003eThe plant species were authenticated by a plant taxonomist at the National Herbarium, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, AAU, Ethiopia. The voucher specimens were deposited at the National Herbarium of Addis Ababa University. A good recorder of the location, habitat and geography of the collection environment, was also properly labeled and kept as summarized in table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"733\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecies name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily name\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollection\u0026nbsp;Place\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLocal name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHabitat\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPS coordinates\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAltitude\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHochst. Ex. Walp (LG-01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsendabo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDamakase (AO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHome Stead\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(07\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e46\u0026prime;15.155\u0026Prime;N) (037\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e14\u0026prime;03.585\u0026Prime;E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,761 m\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. (LG-10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsendabo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFeto (AO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStead\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(07043\u0026prime;20.34\u0026Prime;N) (36018\u0026prime;09.79\u0026Prime;E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,772m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL. (LG-06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmaranthaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBonga\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsangira (AO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForest\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(07\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e43\u0026prime;20.34\u0026Prime;N) (36\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e18\u0026prime;09.79\u0026Prime;E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,772m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEngl. (LG-04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsendabo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrgessa (AO)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(07046\u0026prime;05.846\u0026Prime;N) (037014\u0026prime;02.226\u0026Prime;E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,757m\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026shy; 1\u003c/strong\u003e: A Recorders of the Four Test Plant Species\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBulk Sample Collection and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcessing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plant parts of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ocimum lamiifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(leaf),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(seeds),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Premna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e (leaf) and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(leaf) samples were collected and kept separately in plastic bags, tied with rubber bands and brought to the AAU, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research (ALIHR) laboratory. The collected plant materials were air-dried under shade at room temperature(25\u0026plusmn;2\u0026deg;C) for 7 days. The dried plant materials were separately powdered using electrical grinder and sieved to get 1-mm particle sizes to improve the subsequent extraction by rendering the sample more homogenous, increasing the surface area and facilitating the penetration of solvent into cells. The powdered plant materials were placed in air-tight plastic bags, labelled and stored in dark box at room temperature until used for crude extract preparation and bioassays.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of Crude Extracts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHundred-grams\u0026nbsp;of each\u0026nbsp;finely powdered plant material was separately soaked in a clean 500 ml flask with 80%\u0026nbsp;methanol\u0026nbsp;and n-hexane\u0026nbsp;solvent systems for extraction\u0026nbsp;at a ratio of 1:5 (w/v)\u0026nbsp;at room temperature for 3 days\u0026nbsp;with continuous stirring at 120 rpm using shaker to ensure complete extraction. At the end of extraction, the micelle of each solvent system was separated from marc by filtration using four layered cloths. Afterwards, the\u0026nbsp;crude extracts\u0026nbsp;were centrifuged by HERMLE (Z 383 K) apparatus at 1500rpm/5min for clarification of the filtered\u0026nbsp;sample extracts. Subsequently, the clear filtrates of extracts of both solvent systems were concentrated using rotary evaporator (\u003cem\u003eDREHSCHIEBR-VAKUUMPUMPE\u003c/em\u003e ROTARY VANE VAUUM PUMP) under reduced pressure at 40\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC, while the remaining aqueous portions were collected separately in amberoid glass bottles, and then evaporated to dryness using in an oven set at a temperature of 40\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The dried plant extracts were weighed, the percentage yields determined and stored in amber-colored vials at 4\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC until the stock solutions were prepared and used for bioassays.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRearing of Mosquitos larvae\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLarvae of the three mosquito vectors were reared at the insectary of Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, AAU, Ethiopia. The eggs of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe.aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere kept in the tray containing tap water under laboratory condition. After 24 h of incubation, the eggs were observed to hatch out into first instar larvae. Appropriate amount of nutrient (sterilized yeast powder and dog biscuit in 1:1 ratio) were added to enhance the growth of larvae. The late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e to early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae were used in the study. The Larvae colonies were maintained at standardized conditions in a separate room in the insectary at 25\u0026plusmn;2\u0026deg;C and 60%\u0026plusmn;10% RH under 12:12 (light: dark) photoperiod cycle in the insectary to ensure the reliability \u0026amp; reproducibility of data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLarvicidal Bioassay\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe larvicidal bioassay against laboratory-reared mosquitoes were carried out following the standard procedures of WHO larvicidal test method [18]. Twenty ml of 1% (w/v) stock solutions of each extract was prepared by dissolving 200 mg extracts in 20 ml of 5 dimethyl sulfoxide and twofold serial dilutions of the plant extracts test concentrations (2000, 1000, 500, 250,125 and 62.5 ppm) were prepared. The n-hexane extracts of the four selected plant species parts (namely: \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Premna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u003c/em\u003e) were evaluated against late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eto early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae.aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquitoes and then subjected to a dose-dependent bioassay to determine LC\u003csub\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the bioassay, stock solutions of each extract test concentrations of the plant extracts were serially diluted with 5% dimethyl sulfoxide as described in the WHO larvae bioassay protocol [18]. The mixtures were gently stirred to ensure a homogeneous test solution and kept at ambient temperature. Determination of the desired lower concentrations were prepared by serial dilutions based on the dilution principle following the formula C\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eV\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e as described [19].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne hundred fifty larvae of a given species were required to conduct a single dose-response tests; of these, 100 were exposed to the concentration being tested (in 4 replicates each of 25 mosquitos\u0026rsquo; larvae) plus 25 larvae in the negative control and 25 larvae in the positive control groups. Each assay was repeated three times. At the end of the 24 h, the number of dead larvae was recorded and the percentage mortality was calculated using the formula [20].\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;The percentage of mortality = (No. of larva dead /No. of larvae)*100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the first phase of bio-assay, the larvicidal activity of 80% methanol and n-hexane crude extracts of frequently used candidate test plants\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;O. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eP. schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere screened at 2000 ppm concentration. The mosquitoes\u0026rsquo; larvae were exposed to 2000 ppm of test concentration and a control to find out the activity of the materials under test. Based on the preliminary screening, four levels of classifications were used to determine efficacy level of extracts: strong mortality\u0026gt; 80%; moderate mortality 80\u0026ndash;60%; weak mortality 60\u0026ndash;40%; little or no activity mortality\u0026lt; 40%. Hence, extracts yielding the mortality of larvae\u0026gt; 40% were selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assay. Whereas, none larval mortalities were observed in the corresponding negative control, while the corresponding positive control exhibited 100% mortalities of the respective mosquito larvae during the preliminary screening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults were expressed as the mean percent mortality with standard deviations. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS for windows (version 26) was used to test differences in mean larval mortality rates between crude extracts. Larvicidal activity was considered to be significantly different when 95% confidence limit levels failed to overlap or if\u0026nbsp;𝑃\u0026nbsp;value\u0026lt; 0.05. Comparisons between mean percent mortality rates of larvae that were treated with crude extracts, negative and positive controls were made by using Turkey\u0026rsquo;s Post Hoc testing. The mean mortality rates of 12 replicates were taken to determine the percent mortality after 24 h of exposure by using Turkey\u0026rsquo;s Post hoc HSD test.\u0026nbsp;The average larval mortality data were subjected to generalized linear probit model analysis for calculating LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e, LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e and other statistics at 95% confidence limits of upper confidence limit and lower confidence limit, and Chi-square values were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Species collected for the larvicidal Tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dried crude extracts were weighed and their percentage yield also calculated. The scientific names, solvents used for extraction and yield of crude extracts of the selected plants used for larvicidal bioassay are summarized in table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"702\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.N\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant species\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWt (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80% Methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en-hexane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. lamiifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHochst. ex. Walp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e: The percentage yield of 80% methanol and n-hexane crude extracts of targeted plant species evaluated against larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAn. Stephensi,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. Aegypti\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of\u0026nbsp;four\u0026nbsp;extracts from\u0026nbsp;four\u0026nbsp;different medicinal plants were tested for\u0026nbsp;larvicidal\u0026nbsp;activity\u0026nbsp;against \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae aegypti\u003c/em\u003e.\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;larvicidal\u0026nbsp;activity of\u0026nbsp;the candidate test plant species of 80% MeOH and n-hexane crude extracts were evaluated. From these, the n-hexane crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eO. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eP. schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assays at concentrations of 2000, 1000, 500, 250,125 and 62.5 ppm (Table\u0026nbsp;3), yielding larvae mortality of \u0026gt;40% after 24 h during the preliminary screening, while all 80% MeOH crude extract treated larvae mortalities failed under 40% classification range in the first phase of bio-assay or during the screening.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of larval mortality were obtained from bioassays of the n-hexane crude extracts of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eO. lamiifolium, L. sativum, A. hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eP. schimperi\u003c/em\u003eagainst \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae aegypti\u003c/em\u003e at different concentrations after 24 h exposure periods are presented in (Table\u0026nbsp;3\u0026nbsp;and Figure\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll n-hexane crude extracts of test plants showed low, moderate, and high larvicidal activities between 62.5 to 2000 ppm treatments against the late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e- early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae of the respective mosquito larvae. Within the same exposure period, larval mortality was not recorded at lower concentrations (\u0026le; 250 ppm) of extracts and the negative control, while the standard (temephos) achieved 100% of larval mortality.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"679\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMosquito species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 100.0\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eO. lamiifolium Hochst. ex. Walp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.4*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.7*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.4*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEngl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.0*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Mean percentage mortality of late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e- 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe.aegypti\u003c/em\u003e larvae at different concentrations of tested plant extracts after 24 h of exposure.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll values are in triplicate; -* implies no mortality\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere were statistically significant differences in mean percentage mortality of the respective mosquito larvae among different concentrations of the n hexane plant extracts at \u0026ge; 500 ppm compared with negative control (P\u0026lt; 0.05) (Table 4). Statistical results (one-way ANOVA) have showed significantly high larvicidal activity(100% mortalities) of n-hexane solvent crude extracts (𝑃\u0026lt; .000) after 24 h exposure to four extracts of the test plants at concentrations of 2000 ppm, against \u003cem\u003eAn. Arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquito larvae.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present study also showed that n-hexane crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e had pronounced larvicidal activity followed by \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e. Significantly higher larvicidal activity (𝑃\u0026lt; 0.00) was exerted by\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e at a concentration \u0026ge; 500 ppm. Around 100% mortalities against late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e to early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003einstar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e by \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e by \u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e crude extracts were recorded respectivelyafter 24h of exposure at a concentration of 2000 ppm the same effect as 0.25 ppm temephos (P\u0026gt; 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant difference (P\u0026gt; 0.05) in the larvicidal potential of all n-hexane extracts at the lower concentrations (P\u0026lt; 500 ppm). The mortality effect of the test plant extracts against the test mosquitoes\u0026rsquo;larvae were dose dependent. No activity was observed in the negative control, while the positive control exhibited 100% larvae mortality (Table 4). Larvae mortality increased with increased concentrations of the tested crude extracts (Fig 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 indicates one-way ANOVA (statistical) results that had showed significantly higher larvicidal activity (𝑃\u0026lt; 0.00) of the respective mosquito larvae after 24 h of exposure to \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u003c/em\u003e n-hexane crude extracts at concentrations\u0026ge; 500 ppm.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"697\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u0026nbsp;Species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMosquito species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConc. ( PPM)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"13\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5% DMSO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-118.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-81.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90.667*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-108.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-72.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-41.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-59.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-26.667*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-44.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-31.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.547\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-96.750*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-113.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-79.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-86.500*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-103.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-69.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-45.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-61.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-30.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-20.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.540\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"18\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e Hochst. ex. Walp.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-106.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-77.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-93.00*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-99.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-70.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-17.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-106.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-77.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-99.667*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-101.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-97.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-102.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-97.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-91.750*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-93.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-88.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.744\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"12\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eL.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-31.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-35.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-27.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-109.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-62.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-71.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-53.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-14.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-104.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-95.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-83.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-87.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-78.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-29.333*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-33.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-24.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEngl.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-106.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-93.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-82.500*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-88.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-75.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.083*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-18.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-70.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-74.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-65.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-56.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-60.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-51.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.441\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemephos 0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-100.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-118.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-81.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Results of Post Hoc Test of Multiple Comparisons of the test plant species against larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis, An. Stephensi,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae.aegypti\u003c/em\u003e at different concentrations after 24 h of exposure. All values are in triplicates, *the mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level, MD-Mean Difference, SD-Std. Err.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of the Crude Extracts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe lethal effects of four different test plant species crude extracts against larvae of the targeted vector mosquitos weresubjected to probit analysis. The n-hexane crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e plant extracts\u0026nbsp;against larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e are shown in (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"703\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMosquito species\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95% CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e(b,c) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e545.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e669.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e982.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e822.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1260.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. Aegypti\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e642.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e755.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1073.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e955.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1260.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e843.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e633.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1388.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1386.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1016.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2452.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e (\u003csup\u003eb,c\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1278.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4537.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1717.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1309.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9365.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAe. aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e(\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003eb,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e713.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e815.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e988.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e858.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1255.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2333.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1985.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3246.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3225.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2623.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5155.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.963\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e874.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e744.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1031.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1240.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1092.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1545.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e636.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e536.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e755.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1046.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e915.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1260.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e736.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e633.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e854.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1073.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e955.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1271.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e(b,c)\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1209.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e987.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1525.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2230.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1538.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7879.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\" width=\"692\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA) *LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e- Lethal concentration that kills 50% of the exposed larvae, LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e- Lethal concentration \u0026nbsp;that kills 90% of the exposed larvae, X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e- chi-square,\u0026nbsp;LB- lower boundary limit, UB- Upper boundary limit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB) A\u0026nbsp;heterogeneity factor is used for split file Botanic crude extracts=\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eOcimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e, exposed mosquito species = \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquito larvae.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC) A heterogeneity factor is used for split file Botanic crude extracts =\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eOcimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e, exposed mosquito species = \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e mosquito larvae. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e: Lethal concentration of plant crude extracts against larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. Stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026amp; \u003cem\u003eAe.aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eafter 24 h of exposure (ppm) *According to probit analysis (Finney, 1971) % Mortality= mean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to environmental concerns and the development of insect resistance to synthetic insecticides, the recent trend is to evaluate plants to obtain extracts that are safe for non-target animals and do not pose any residue problem but are still able to suppress vector populations. In view of this, the present study tested the larvicidal activities of n-hexane and 80% methanol crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e plants against\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi,\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e. In this study, all 80% methanol crude extracts showed little/no insecticidal activities on\u0026nbsp;the targed malaria and viral infections vectors, while n-hexane\u0026nbsp;crude extracts of the test plants achieved lower, moderate, and high larvicidal activities. This suggests the presence of more non-polar solvent-soluble phytochemicals in the tested plant species and parts(\u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum, Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePremna schimperi\u003c/em\u003e) which are responsible for the observed bioactivities of these plants against larvae of\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. Stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae. aegypti\u003c/em\u003emosquitoes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rationale for the use of solvents with different polarity such as water with methanol (P= 0.762), and n-hexane (P= 0.009) and methanol gradient with water such as 80% methanol was because different organic solvents and their combination with water show difference in dissolving the bioactive components present in the plant materials. Use of different solvents with differing polarities is necessary because different solvents can significantly affect the potency of extracted plant compounds [21].\u0026nbsp;This has also been shown by\u0026nbsp;[22]\u0026nbsp;in oak gall extraction and\u0026nbsp;[23]\u0026nbsp;in neem plant extraction, whereby a converse relationship between extract effectiveness and solvent polarity was observed.\u0026nbsp;[24]\u0026nbsp;Had also reported the extraction of more bioactive components from \u003cem\u003eAcorus calms\u003c/em\u003e (Acoraceae) that had more lethal effect on adult mosquitoes with certain solvents than others.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is consistent with earlier reports [25]\u0026nbsp;that showed decline in mortality of mosquitoes with increasing solvent polarity of a mosquitocidal plant extract. These authors showed that water extract of \u003cem\u003eZanthoxylum heitzii\u003c/em\u003e (Rutaceae) produced low adult mortalities whereas its ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts produced higher mortalities on \u003cem\u003eAnopheles gambiae\u003c/em\u003e. From this, it is clear that the bioactive components responsible for the lethal effect on mosquitoes are extracted in greater amount and potency with certain solvents only and not with all. The current finding of bioassay of polar (80% methanol) and non-polar (n-hexane) plant extracts against \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis, An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eaegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elarvae was in line with findings of earlier studies.\u0026nbsp;The present study demonstrated that the larvicidal activity of n-hexane extractswere much higher compared to the 80% methanol extracts implies that the potency of the active constituents in the crude extracts might have been masked by non-polar and major/ minor constituents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the n-hexane extracts showed larvicidal activities against larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ae.aegypti\u003c/em\u003e mosquitos. Among the tested extracts, the high larvicidal activity shown by n-hexane extract of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e against the larvae of the three mosquito vectors in Ethiopia is not surprising since it has been reported as a multipurpose traditional medicine. Due to its pharmacological effects, this plant has been widely used traditionally for the treatment of headaches, coughs, diarrhea, constipation, warts, and kidney damage [26]. These properties come from the secondary metabolite components that are abundant in \u003cem\u003eOcimum\u003c/em\u003e plants such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolics [27]. In addition, the abundant components of essential oils make \u003cem\u003eOcimum\u003c/em\u003e a plant that can fight the growth of organisms [28]. \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u003c/em\u003e has many pharmacological properties that is the reason why they are well-known, praised, and widely used as home remedies [29].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most widely used mosquito repellent plant reported in Ethiopia is \u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L. followed by \u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u003c/em\u003e L. and \u003cem\u003eCapparis tomentosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eLam\u003cem\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e[30, 31]. [31] Also reported that insecticides were made locally to kill insects by spraying all over the walls of the house. It is plausible to assume that it is the phytochemicals contained in such plants that are responsible for the insecticidal activities against both the larvae and adult stages of mosquitoes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study also indicated that n-hexane crude extract of \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eshowed statistically significant larvicidal activity (𝑃\u0026lt; 0.000) against late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e - early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instars larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn.arabiensis,\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAe. aegypti\u003c/em\u003e at concentrations of 2000, ≥ 1000, and ≥ 500 ppm respectively after 24 h exposure. \u0026nbsp;The result of this finding is consistent with the research, [32] which showed the larvicidal activity of the same plant extract and their Cu nanoparticles (extract materials sized, from 1 to 100 nanometers in diameter) against Culex and anopheles’ larvae. The highest mortality was found at 50 mg/L with the lethal dose or lethal concentration (LC) of 50% and 90% mortality calculated to be 0.861 and 0.995 respectively. The mortality is attributed to the presence of phytochemicals in the leaves of the plant extract. The current work also can be compared to the work of [33]. Similarly, the finding of [34]\u0026nbsp;where ethanol leaf extract of \u003cem\u003eD. stramonium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewas found to cause 70.56% mortality against 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003einstar \u003cem\u003eAn. gambiae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elarvae at 1000 ppm in Eritrea though the concentrations are different. The petroleum ether extract of \u003cem\u003eDatura stramonium\u003c/em\u003e also showed strong efficacy against the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure [35]. The difference in larvicidal activity in the current finding could be due to the difference in species and parts of plants, concentrations, extraction solvent, and season of collection and agro ecology of the plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe biological activities of the phytochemicals that include alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenols, saponins and tannins extracted from several tropical plants have been receiving the attention of many researchers as potential sources of mosquitocides and for treatment of various vector-borne diseases [21, 36]. The crude extracts that caused high mortality to mosquitos’ larvae contained plant secondary metabolites with such as the alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, detected are among substances with insecticidal effects [32, 37]. Therefore, the high larvicidal potencies of n-hexane crude extracts of the four plants were the basis for considering further screening studies on the different solvent partitioned fractions against the three targeted mosquito vectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ethyl acetate extract of \u003cem\u003eL. sativum\u003c/em\u003e damaged the midgut of \u003cem\u003eCx. pipiens\u003c/em\u003e larvae, interfering with development and survival. A similar result was obtained when \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e (Linnaeus in Hasselquist) (Diptera:\u0026nbsp;Culicidae) larvae were treated with \u003cem\u003eSchinus terebinthifolius\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eRaddi (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) extract, resulting in disorganization and damage in the midgut in comparison to the control [38]. Different plant derived larvicides caused deleterious effects in the larvae midgut, including vacuolization, cell hypertrophy, damage to microvilli, cell lysis, degeneration of epithelial cells, disruption of osmoregulation, and damage to the gastric caeca [39,40,41]. The remarkable larvicidal and ovicidal activities of \u003cem\u003eL. sativum\u003c/em\u003e ethyl acetate extract might be due to the presence of phenol, which is known to possess promising insecticidal activity. Several compounds from different plants such as phenolics,\u0026nbsp;steroids, alkaloids, essential oils, and terpenoids have been reported as promising potential insecticides [21], either in pure or crude extract form. The larvicidal effects of plant secondary metabolites vary based on plant species, parts used, geographical region, mosquito species, extraction methodology, and the polarity of the solvents used during extraction [42].\u0026nbsp;Due to the fact, all 80% methanol crude extracts caused lower larvicidal activities, only n-hexane solvents crude extracts were subjected to dose response bioassay to detect the lethal concentrations. The n-hexane extract of \u003cem\u003eLepidium sativum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecaused the highest larvicidal activities againstthe late 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eto early 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e instar larvae of \u003cem\u003eAn. arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eAe.aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith the lowestLC\u003csub\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eof 545.360 ppm and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of 982.160, \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eshowedthe relatively highest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e(LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e = 2857.24 ppm,LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e = 6683.15 ppm) and, 642.244 and 1073.864 respectively. Similarly, the highest larvicidal activities against \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e larvae were exhibited by n-hexane extract of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eof 874.78 ppm and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of 1240.27 ppm values. This difference could be arisen due to difference in environmental factors. In his review, [43]\u0026nbsp;indicated that plant secondary metabolite accumulation is strongly dependent on a variety of environmental factors such as light, temperature, soil water, soil fertility and salinity, and for most plants, a change in an individual factor may alter the content of secondary metabolites even if other factors remain constant.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe highest larvicidal activities against\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e larvae\u0026nbsp;were exhibited by n-hexane extract of\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Amaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith the lowest LC\u003csub\u003e50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eof 874.78 ppm and LC\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e of 1240.27 ppm values. Similarly, [44] reported that, petroleum ether extract of leaf powder \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eresulted in the LC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 409.87 ppm against 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003einstar larvae of Culex species after 24 h of exposure. The difference in larvicidal activity might be occurred due to difference in susceptibility of the test species and solvent type. The difference in larvicidal activity in the current finding might be due to the above-described reasons. Therefore, we recommend bioassay guided fractionation, isolation, and characterization of the responsible active constituents of the four plants crude extracts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that the n-hexane crude extracts of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium, Lepidium sativum,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Premna schimperi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecould be considered as foreseeable products to be developed as potential larvicides against \u003cem\u003eAnopheles arabiensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Aedes aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquito larvae. In addition, n-hexane crude extract of \u003cem\u003eOcimum lamiifolium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad potent larvicidal activity against \u003cem\u003eAn. stephensi\u003c/em\u003e larvae.\u0026nbsp;The 100% larvae mortality obtained with 2000 ppm crude extract of the test plant \u003cem\u003eAmaranthus hybridus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eagainst the\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;An. stephensi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Aedes aegypti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003emosquito\u0026nbsp;larvae is an indication of a very good potential that the four test plant species that can be easily cultivated, could be used to extract products for use as larvae control agents against the respective three targeted mosquito vectors of malaria and viral infections namely \u003cem\u003eAnopheles arabiensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnopheles stephensi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e. There is, however, a need for further investigation on their efficacy under natural conditions so that can be potential larvicides in the fight against malaria vectors in endemic areas. These four plants could be used to develop effective,safe, biodegradable, and cheap botanical insecticides forvector control, potentially leading to improved resistancemanagement targeted against respective larvae\u0026nbsp;ofmosquito vectors of malaria and viral infection in Ethiopiaand elsewhere. Therefore, further chemical analysis studieson the identification, preparation, and formulation ofbioactive compounds from these tested plants are recommended.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Analysis of variance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Indoor residual insecticide spraying\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLLINs \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Long-lasting insecticide-treated mosquito nets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;LC \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Lethal concentration\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are very grateful to the local field assistants those who support in the field investigation to conduct the study. We also thank Ms. Melaku Wondafirash for his support in identification and storage of the plant specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eN.G. designed the research, conducted data collection, analysis, and wrote the initial \u0026amp; final draft of the manuscript. S.D. conceived the idea, designed the research, acquired funding and involved in the write up. K.T. designed the research, funding acquisition, supervised the data collection, confirmed plant identification and involved in the write up of the manuscript. A.G involved in the designing of the research, contributed to the write up and reviewed the manuscript. E.A. involved in the designing of the research, and reviewed the manuscript. D.B. and B.K. involved in the planning and execution of the research. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was financed by the Office of the Vice President for Research and Technology Transfer, Addis Ababa University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study may be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Conflicting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field data collection was conducted after receiving ethical clearance certificate from Institutional Research Ethics Review Committee (ALIPB-IRERC) at Aklilu Lemma Institute of Health Research, Addis Ababa University, with reference number: ALIP-IRERC/140/2024).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMbaoma OC, Thomas SM, Beierkuhnlein C. Significance of vertical transmission of arboviruses in mosquito-borne disease epidemiology. Parasites Vectors. 2025; 18:137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-025-06761.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, Awono-Ambene P, Parola P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. An update on the mosquito fauna and Mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasite Vectors. 2021; 14(1):527. Doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9. PMID: 34635176; PMCID: PMC8507310.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTakken W, Charlwood, D. \u0026amp; Lindsay, S.W. The behaviour of adult Anopheles gambiae, sub-Saharan Africa\u0026rsquo;s principal malaria vector, and its relevance to malaria control: a review. Malar J. 2024; 23:161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-024-04982-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEbhodaghe FI, Sanchez-Vargas I, Isaac C, Foy BD, Hemming-Schroeder E. Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria. Malar J. 2024 Feb 27; 23(1):60. Doi: 10.1186/s12936-024-04871-9. PMID: 38413961; PMCID: PMC10900747.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTajudeen YA, Oladipo HJ, Oladunjoye IO, Yusuf RO, Sodiq H, Omotosho AO, Adesuyi DS, Yusuff SI, El Sherbini MS. Emerging Arboviruses of Public Health Concern in Africa: Priorities for Future Research and Control Strategies. Challenges. 2022; 13(2):60. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe13020060.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLim A, Shearer FM, Sewalk K. et al. The overlapping global distribution of dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. Nat Commun. 2025; 16:3418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58609-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGedefie A, Debash H, Kassaw AB et al. Epidemiology of arboviruses in humans and livestock in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2025; 25: 458. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10824-7. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCerilo-Filho M, Arouca ML, Medeiros EDS, Jesus MC, Sampaio MP, Reis NF, Silva JR, Baptista AR, Storti-Melo LM, Machado RL. Worldwide distribution, symptoms and diagnosis of the confections between malaria and arboviral diseases: a systematic review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2024; 119:e240015.Doi:10.1590/0074-02760240015. PMID: 38922217; PMCID: PMC11197440.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnen H, Luzala MM, Kigozi S, Sikumbili RM, Muanga CK, Zola EN, Wendji SN, Buya AB, Balciunaitiene A, Vi\u0026scaron;kelis J, Kaddumukasa MA, Memvanga PB. Mosquito-Borne Diseases and Their Control Strategies: An Overview Focused on Green Synthesized Plant-Based Metallic Nanoparticles. Insects. 2023; 14(3):221.Doi: 10.3390/insects14030221. PMID: 36975906; PMCID: PMC10059804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePryce J, Medley N, Choi L. Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022; 1(1):CD012688. Doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012688.pub3. PMID: 35038163; PMCID: PMC8763033.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSenthil-Nathan S. A Review of Resistance Mechanisms of Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals Phytochemicals, and Essential Oils as Alternative Larvicidal Agents against Mosquitoes. Front Physiol. 2020; 10:1591. Doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01591. PMID: 32158396; PMCID: PMC7052130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChanyalew T, Natea G, Amenu D, Yewhalaw D, Simma EA. Composition of mosquito fauna and insecticide resistance status of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato in Itang special district, Glabella, Southwestern Ethiopia. Malar J. 2022; 21(1):125. Doi: 10.1186/s12936-022-04150-5. PMID: 35436961; PMCID: PMC9014582.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForson AO, Hinne IA, Dhikrullahi SB. et al. The resting behavior of malaria vectors in different ecological zones of Ghana and its implications for vector control. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15:246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071 022-05355-y.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEngdahl CS, Tikhe CV, Dimopoulos G. Discovery of novel natural products for mosquito control. Parasites Vectors. 2022; 15:481. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05594-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eŞeng\u0026uuml;l Demirak MŞ, Canpolat E. Plant-Based Bio insecticides for Mosquito Control: Impact on Insecticide Resistance and Disease Transmission. Insects. 2022; 13(2):162. Doi: 10.3390/insects13020162. PMID: 35206735; PMCID: PMC8878986.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMartin, G.J. Ethno-botany: A methods manual. Chapman and Hall. 1995; London 267 pp. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFriedman J., Yaniv Z., Dafni A., Palewitch D. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethno pharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. Journal of Ethno pharmacology.1986; 16:275-278.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. 2005, Geneva: WHO; 2005b.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKudom, A.A., Mensah, B.A. and Botchey, M.A. Aqueous neem. Extract versus neem powder on Cu/ex quinquefasciatus: Implications for control in anthropogenic habitats .J Insect Sci. 2011; 11:142. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 1925; 18: 265-267.32. SPSS (2007) SPSS for windows, version 16.0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaalan, E.A., Canyon, D., Younes, M.W.F., Abdel-Wahab, H. and Mansour, A. A review of botanical phytochemicals with mosquitocidal potential. Environ Int. 2005; 31: 1149- 1166. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAivazi, A.A. and Vijayan, V.A. Larvicidal activity of oak Quercus infectoria oliv. (Fagaceae) gall extracts against Anopheles stephensi Liston. Parasito/ Res. 2009; 104: 1289-1293. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulla, M.S. and Su, T. Activity and biological effects of neem products against arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. Jam Mosq Cont. Assoc.1999; 15: 133-152. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHidayatulfathi, 0. Sallehuddin, S. and Ibrahim, J. Adulticidal activity of some Malaysian plant extracts against Aedes aegypti Trap Biomed.2004; 21(2): 61-67.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOvergaard, H.J., Sirisopa, P., Mikolo, B., Malternd, K.E., Wangensteen, H., Zou, Y., Paulsen, B.S., Massamba, D., Duchon, S., Corbel, V. and Chandre, F. Insecticidal activities of bark, leaf and seed extracts of Zanthoxy heitzii against the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Molecules.2014; 19:21276-21290. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePavithra, K.H.; Narase Gowda, P.N.; Prasad, M.P. Studies on Antimicrobial Activity of Ocimum Species of Karnataka against Clinical Isolates. Int. J. Pure Appl. Biosci.2019; 7:245\u0026ndash;254. [CrossRef].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi, B.; Lekhak, S.; Sharma, A. Antibacterial Property of Different Medicinal Plants: Ocimum sanctum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXanthoxylum armatum and Origanum majorana. Kathmandu Univ. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2009; 5:143\u0026ndash;150. [CrossRef].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaˇc\u0026aacute;niov\u0026aacute;, M.; Galoviˇcov\u0026aacute;, L.; Borotov\u0026aacute;, P.; Vukovic, N.L.; Vukic, M.; Kunov\u0026aacute;, S.; Hanus, P.; Bakay, L.; Zagrobelna, E.; Kluz, M.; et al. Assessment of Ocimum basilicum essential oil anti-insect activity and antimicrobial protection in fruit and vegetable quality Plants. 2022; 11:1030. [CrossRef].\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNigus Aweke Sahalie, Lijalem Hadush Abrha \u0026amp; Leta Deressa Tolesa: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of leave extract of Ocimum lamiifolium (Damakese) as a treatment for urinary tract infection, Cogent Chemistry.2018; 4:1, 1440894, DOI:10.1080/23312009.2018.1440894.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbebe, D., Debella, A. and Urga, K. Checklist of medicinal plants and other useful plants of Ethiopia. Camerapix pub, pvt. Ltd. Co., Singapore.2003; 312pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerhanu, A., Asfaw, Z. and Kelbessa, E. Ethno-botany of plants used as insecticides, repellents and anti-malarial agents in Jabitehnan district, West Gojjam. SINET: Ethiop Sci.2006; 29(1): 87-92. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBell, A.E., Fellows, L.E. and Simmonds, S.J. Natural products from plants for the control of insect pests, pp337 344. In: Safer insecticides development and use (Hodgson, E. and Kuhr, R.J. eds). Marcel Dekker, New York, USA.1990; 593pp.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbubakar N., Mukhtar M. M., and Fujita R.,\u0026quot;Telfairia occidentalis as a potential larvicide against human malarial vector, Anopheles coluzzi [Diptera: Culicidae]: A first report,\u0026quot; International Journal of Tropical Diseases.2022, vol. 5, no. 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhebriel, O. \u0026amp; Adugna, H. In vitro studies of larvicidal effects of some plant extracts against Anopheles gambiae larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2017; 11: 66\u0026ndash;72.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnitha R. \u0026amp; Geethapriya D. Larvicidal activity of plant extracts on Aedes Aegypti L. 2012, Pages S1578-S1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60456-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChowdhury, J.U., Nandi, N.C. and Bhuiyan, N.I. Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of Lan/ana camara L. Bangladesh J Bo. 2007; 36: 193-194.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajkumar, S. and Jebanesan, A. Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent activities of Solanum trilobatum leaf extract against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. J Insect Sci. 2005; 5: 15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProcopio TF, Fernandes KM, Pontual EV, Ximenes RM, De Oliveira ARC et al. Schinus terebinthifolius leaf extract causes midgut damage, interfering with survival and development of Aedes aegypti larvae. PLoS One. 2015; 10:e0126612. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePerumalsamy H, Kim J-R, Oh SM, Jung JW, Ahn Y-J et al. Novel histopathological and molecular effects of natural compound pellitorine on larval midgut epithelium and anal gills of Aedes aegypti. PLoS One.2013; 8: e80226. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCosta MS, Cossolin JF, Pereira MJ, Sant\u0026rsquo;ana AE, Lima MD et al. Larvicidal and cytotoxic potential of squamocin on the midgut of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Toxins. 2014; 6: 1169-1176.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAydin T, Bayrak N, Baran E, Cakir. Insecticidal effects of extracts of Humulus lupulus (hops) L. cones and its principal component, xanthohumol. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2017; 107: 543.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G. Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. The Indian Journal of Medical Research.2012; 135: 581.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Yang, Kui-Shan Wen, Xiao Ruan, Ying-Xian Zhao, Feng Wei and Qiang Wang*. A Review Response of Plant Secondary Metabolites to Environmental Factors.2018. [email protected] (K.-S.W.); [email protected] (X.R.); [email protected] (Y. X.Z.); [email protected] (F.W.).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUllah MA, Tungmun nithum D, Garros L, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Monochromatic lights-induced trends in antioxidant and antidiabetic HEKMATSHOAR et al. Health-Promoting Properties of Lepidium sativum L. 723 polyphenol accumulation in in vitro callus cultures of Lepidium sativum L. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2019;196: 111505.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-medicine-and-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tmah","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Medicine and Health](https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"41182","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41182/3","title":"Tropical Medicine and Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mosquitoes, larvae, medicinal plants, Malaria, Arboviral diseases, insecticides","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"ABSTRACT \nBackground: The emergence of resistance, along with their harmful effects on human health, non-target organisms, and the environment, of synthetic insecticides necessitate the development new complementary insecticides that are effective, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, and target-specific. This study was undertaken to evaluate larvicidal activities of 80% methanol and n-hexane extracts of four plants that are traditionally used by communities against mosquitoes.\n\nMethods: The dried leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium, Amaranthus hybridus and Premna schimperi, and seeds of Lepidium sativum were extracted with 80% methanol and n-hexane solvents. Larvicidal activities of these extracts were evaluated under laboratory condition in the range of 62.5 to 2000 ppm against the late 3rd - early 4th instar larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes. Larvae mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. The mortality data were subjected to probit analysis to determine LC50 and LC90 values.\n\nResults: At 2000 ppm concentration, the n-hexane extract of the tested plants: Ocimum lamiifolium against An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae.aegypti, and Amaranthus hybridus against An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, Lepidium sativum and Premna schimperi against An. Arabiensis exhibited 100%, larvicidal activity with LC50 and LC90 values of 666.07, 1278.22, 713.25 \u0026 1920.82, 2139.91 \u0026 988.90; 874.78, 636.761 and 1426.03, 1122.94; 412 \u0026 1222.62, and 736.150 \u0026 1120.67 respectively. All the n-hexane extracts showed larvicidal activity whereas, all the 80% methanol crude extracts were not selected and subjected to dose-response bio-assay, yielding the mortality of larvae\u003c 40% after 24 h during the preliminary screening at 2000 ppm.\n\nConclusion: The n-hexane crude extracts of the tested plants have the potential to be used as larvicides against larvae of An. arabiensis, An. stephensi and Ae. Aegypti. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake studies that focused on bioassay-guided isolation, purification \u0026 structural elucidation of active compound (s) from the most active n-hexane fractions of tested plants to develop a product that complement the current existing vector control tools.","manuscriptTitle":"Larvicidal effects of Selected Medicinal Plant Extracts against Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles stephensi, and Aedes aegypti","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-07 18:50:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7717103/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-03T09:28:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-03T09:17:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T05:16:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"72549508522631356476756988412761660152","date":"2025-10-22T03:53:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"183317159154164941697808260217547790373","date":"2025-10-20T04:47:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"64401064957373999337742851309502174202","date":"2025-10-20T03:37:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T23:37:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T23:16:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T23:16:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Medicine and Health","date":"2025-09-26T03:00:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-medicine-and-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tmah","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Medicine and Health](https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"41182","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41182/3","title":"Tropical Medicine and Health","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8beb62c6-8af0-4bd6-b2db-3f58e87ab3cb","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T16:02:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7717103","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00879-2","journal":{"identity":"tropical-medicine-and-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Medicine and Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-31 15:58:26","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 31st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-07 18:50:16","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s41182-025-00879-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-025-00879-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7717103","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7717103","identity":"rs-7717103","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}