Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Study

Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Study Ding Weichao, Muhammad Rafiq This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6944021/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background - Drawing on Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, this study investigates how job insecurity (JI) affects insomnia (INSOM) among frontline hotel employees in Pakistan. It further explores psychological distress (PD) as a mediator and financial stress (FS) as a moderator in this relationship. Methods - A cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting data from 292 full-time frontline hotel employees across five 4- and 5-star hotels in three major cities in Pakistan. Standardized scales were used to measure JI, PD, FS, and INSOM. Data were analyzed using SPSS PROCESS macro (Models 4 and 7) with bootstrapping to assess mediation and moderation effects. Results - The results revealed that JI was significantly and positively associated with INSOM. PD partially mediated the relationship between JI and INSOM. Moreover, FS significantly moderated the relationship between JI and PD, such that the effect was stronger when FS was high. These findings support the proposed moderated mediation model grounded in COR theory. Conclusions - This study highlights the detrimental psychological effects of job insecurity on sleep quality among frontline hospitality workers, particularly under financial stress. The findings emphasize the need for organizational strategies to mitigate job-related stressors and enhance employee well-being in economically vulnerable settings. Hotel frontline workers job insecurity psychological distress insomnia financial stress Pakistan Figures Figure 1 Introduction Job insecurity (JI) has become a significant concern in today volatile environment, driven by economic fluctuations, political changes, technological progress, and recessions [ 1 ]. This insecurity contributes to stress among employees, adversely affecting their mental and physical health. According to the C Gibbons [ 2 ] prolonged stress can lead to negative behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles. In Pakistan, the prevalence of insomnia (INSOM)—a common stress-related disorder—is notably high. A study conducted in Pakistan reported that 31.3% of adults experience INSOM, with 30.2% of these individuals resorting to sleep medications [ 3 ]. Another study focusing on the educational community in Pakistan found that 45.2% of individuals suffer from INSOM, highlighting the widespread nature of sleep disturbances in the country [ 4 ]. These sleep disorders are associated with various factors, including psychological distress, health-related issues, and exposure to adverse events, all of which are exacerbated by job insecurity. Despite the significance of these issues, limited attention has been given to understanding the relationship between job insecurity and insomnia in the hospitality industry, particularly among frontline employees, highlighting a critical gap in the existing literature. The COVID-19 pandemic, alongside rising geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainties, has adversely impacted both employees and organizations, making the verdicts of this study increasingly important. Within organizations, these challenges has resulted in limited social and professional support for employees, increased work pressure, and irregular working hours [ 5 ]. In this situation, frontline hotel staff face severe challenges, especially those working directly deal with customers [ 6 ], often face difficulties in finding new employment and feel uncertain about their future job prospects. This JI contributes to the development of INSOM among frontline hotel staff. In light of these challenges, addressing INSOM within the hospitality industry is now more crucial than ever. On the other hand, previous research has examined the impact of JI on various outcomes, such as suicide/self-harm [ 7 ], mental health [ 2 ], service performance [ 8 ], emotional exhaustion [ 9 ], job satisfaction [ 10 ], perceived employability [ 11 ], psychological capital [ 12 ], emotional labour [ 13 ], economic hardship [ 14 ], turnover intention [ 15 ], work intensification [ 16 ], INSOM [ 17 ]. However, there is still a gap in the context of the hospitality sector, there is limited scholarship focus on the relationship between JI and INSOM among frontline workers in the hospitality industry. In this regard, B Liu-Lastres, H Wen and W-J Huang [ 18 ] highlights that most frontline workers face challenges such as low-paying jobs, high workload, and working in uncertain conditions. In industries that are prone to uncertainty, understanding the association between INSOM and JI is very decisive for individual well-being. In Pakistan, frontline hotel workers continue to face challenges in spite of the economic downturn [ 19 ]. The lack of financial resources makes workers especially vulnerable since they are dependent on their employment to survive. To understand the causes and symptoms of INSOM in this industry, and how JI relates to it, it is essential to understand the factors that contribute to it. By nature, the relationship between JI and INSOM seems obvious, but the question is: why has previous scholarship not focused on this relationship? It might be the case that sometimes relationships appear easy, but in reality, they are complex. Considering the importance of this complexity, research suggests that individual and contextual factors often help explain the intricate mechanisms to provide clarity [ 20 ]. Researchers suggest that psychological distress (PD) can serve as a mediator in situations that are unclear [ 21 ]. Employees with JI are more likely to suffer PD than those with stable jobs due to the uncertain situation at work [ 22 ]. Consequently, PD increases the likelihood of INSOM among employees. On the other hand, it is assumed that the relationship between JI, PD and INSOM vary from employee to employee and may required additional factors may influence on this mechanism. FS considered as an essential moderator in this regard. SR Devasahay, DA DeBrun, DM Galligan and PE McAuliffe [ 23 ] reported that frontline workers are more likely to experience financial difficulties at workplace most of the times. Accordingly, JI exacerbates FS, which can enhance the relationship between JI and PD, resulting in an increased prevalence of INSOM among employees. The conservation of resource (COR) theory, proposed by SE Hobfoll [ 24 ], can help us better understand the underlying framework of this research. The COR theory posits that individuals strive to obtain and protect their resources, and the loss or threat of these resources can have psychological and behavioral implications. I apply the COR theory to this study to comprehend the associations between JI, PD, FS, and INSOM. Job Insecurity is identified as a major concern, leading to increased anxiety, distress, and tension. This heightened state of worry not only affects personal well-being but also disrupts regular sleep patterns, contributing to symptoms of insomnia. Additionally, the effects of job insecurity are compounded when individuals are also dealing with financial stress. This dual burden significantly intensifies psychological distress due to a more pronounced loss of resources and increased mental strain. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between JI and INSOM among hotel workers in Pakistan, focusing on the mediating role of PD and the moderating effect of FS. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to: Develop a model that investigates the relationship between JI and INSOM. Analyze the mediating role of PD in the relationship between JI and INSOM. Investigate the moderating effect of FS on the association between JI and PD. Literature review JI and INSOM The notion of perceived JI related to the uncertainty that individuals experience regarding the continued availability of their employment in the future [ 25 ]. Scholars have relied on unidimensional as well as multidimensional approaches to figure out JI [ 25 ]. However, there is still no agreement on which approach is more viable [ 26 ]. Unidimensional definitions of JI concentrate mainly on the anticipation of job continuity, whereas multidimensional definitions encompass additional factors which include the level of threat severity and one's incapacity to evade it [ 27 ]. Although definitions of JI may vary, research repeatedly indicates that it is associated with ongoing stress and decreased overall mental health [ 28 ]. In addition, research also suggest that when individual have minimal control over their job, they have less possibly to handle the potential job-related threats [ 29 ]. As a result, the inability to control employment conditions adversely affects workers' physiological and overall mental health. The phenomenon of JI is commonly acknowledged as a stressor in the workplace, which encompasses various job-related factors that have the potential to adversely affect both the psychological and physical well-being of employees [ 26 ]. A number of previous studies have demonstrated the negative effects of JI, including negative effects on physical health and mental health [ 30 , 31 ]. Furthermore, W-M Hur and Y Shin [ 13 ] state that JI has many negative outcomes, but the disturbance of sleep patterns (i.e., INSOM) is particularly crucial because it adversely affects not only the psychological and physical well-being of employees but also their long-term health. The phenomenon of JI and INSOM is further explained through COR theory. According to COR theory, individuals endeavor to gain and protect valuable resources, such as financial stability, job security, and well-being. When individuals experience threats to these resources that are important to them, such as facing JI and losing their jobs, it can lead to stress and negative workplace outcomes. JI poses a threat to income, career prospects, stability, and various job-related resources. When individuals experience a loss of these essential resources, JI induces heightened levels of stress and anxiety. This increased stress and anxiety can disturb normal sleep patterns, leading to symptoms of INSOM. Therefore, the experience of JI depletes individuals' resources and triggers the stress response, ultimately resulting in insomnia. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, the following hypothesis was formulated: Hypothesis 1 JI is positively associated with INSOM. JI and PD Previous studies, including those by HD Witte [ 32 ] and Y Kachi, H Hashimoto and H Eguchi [ 33 ], have consistently identified a positive association between JI and PD. In the Pakistani hotel industry, front-line employees are confronted with economic difficulties. In this context, the issue of JI may be especially significant and exert a greater influence on their psychological health. The experience of JI can elicit emotional responses such as depression, anxiety, and psychological strain, which can result in elevated levels of PD. Consequently, it is postulated that JI will exhibit a positive association with PD among front-line workers in the hotel industry of Pakistan. In these days, numerous organisations have engaged in downsizing as a routine strategically important human resources practise [ 34 ], despite the fact that it has been observed to elicit negative emotional disruptions among the workforces. The condition of JI is a type of stress in the workplace that has a significant impact on both an individual's work performance and their psychological well-being [ 35 ]. Furthermore, scholars have uncovered a noteworthy link between a JI and sleep problems, mental anguish, occupational exhaustion, job satisfaction, and family conflict [ 25 , 36 ]. However, there is a dearth of research on the relationship between JI and PD among healthcare workers [ 37 ]. The hotel industry has not been studied in depth. Based on COR theory, JI poses a significant threat to several valuable resources, including one's sense of professional control, social connections at work, and financial security. Individuals often experience feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, and helplessness when they perceive the potential loss of these essential resources, which are closely linked with PD. The COR Theory further asserts that individuals facing job insecurity are more prone to experiencing PD due to the heightened vulnerability of their resources. Subsequently, JI leads to PD by delicately upsetting the balance of individuals' resources. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, a hypothesis was formulated as follows: Hypothesis 2 JI is positively associated with PD. PD and INSOM PD encompasses various negative emotional experiences, including stress, sadness, and mental exhaustion [ 38 , 39 ]. These experiences can have a significant impact on sleep patterns and overall sleep quality [ 40 ]. It has been suggested that maintaining good mental health depends on getting enough sleep, which is a behavior that can be modified [ 40 ]. Research has established a connection between disrupted sleep, such as insufficient sleep duration and INSOM, and the development and progression of psychological disorders, particularly anxiety [ 41 ] and depressive symptoms [ 42 ]. Sleep disturbances and INSOM often exhibit symptoms similar to those of mental health disorders, and they can serve as both catalysts and indicators of anxiety and depression. Addressing disrupted sleep patterns can help alleviate adverse psychological symptoms, as proposed by SL Chellappa and D Aeschbach [ 41 ]. Previous outbreaks of infectious diseases have also shown disrupted sleep and suboptimal sleep quality [ 43 ]. Multiple studies have indicated that healthcare workers during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing sleep deprivation and INSOM symptoms [ 44 ]. It is likely that a significant number of frontline workers in the hotel industry in Pakistan, who face challenging work environments and financial difficulties, experience heightened levels of PD. PD can disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulties in falling asleep and staying asleep, ultimately resulting in INSOM. Using the COR theory, the threat or depletion of personal resources, including emotional and cognitive resources, can have a profound impact on psychological well-being. One consequence of this resource depletion is PD, which is characterized by heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and overall emotional strain. PD significantly influences the quality of sleep. Distress or unease can disturb sleep patterns, making it challenging to achieve restorative sleep, initiate sleep, and maintain sleep. Consequently, these disruptions exacerbate the symptoms of INSOM. According to the COR theory, when personal resources are depleted or under threat, it can increase PD, negatively affecting sleep patterns and contributing to INSOM symptoms. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, a hypothesis was formulated as follows: Hypothesis 3 PD is positively associated with INSOM. Mediating Role of PD PD, specifically depression, has been validated to play an important mediating role between attitude and behavior outcomes [ 21 , 45 ]. For instance, W-Y Chen, L Yan, Y-R Yuan, X-W Zhu, Y-H Zhang and S-L Lian [ 46 ] conducted a study on Chinese college students where they employed PD as a mediator in the association between preference for solitude and mobile phone addiction. According to this study, students with a high preference for solitude may experience more anxiety, depression, and stress, which, in turn, may increase their risk of mobile phone addiction. Another study conducted by P Choudhary, D Pandita and M Kunte [ 21 ] reported that PD acts as a mediator in the association between employee bullying behaviour and family conflict. Choudhary and colleagues found that employees bullying affects employees in multiple ways, both emotionally and mentally. In such intense situations, employees may feel anxiety and PD. They explore the negative consequences of employees bullying on their behavior and how anxiety and PD contribute to the development of family role conflicts. This study argues that employees who feel highly insecure in their jobs may experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, which can lead to sleep disorders such as INSOM. The COR theory suggests that PD may serve as a mediator between JI and INSOM. JI poses a significant threat to different resources, which then triggers PD. Consequently, the distress experienced leads to the development or exacerbation of INSOM symptoms. PD plays a crucial role in transmitting JI symptoms to INSOM. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, the following hypothesis was formulated: Hypothesis 4 PD mediates the relation between JI and INSOM. Moderating role of financial insecurity FS refers to the feeling of financial insufficiency and the worries and concerns one has about their financial situation [ 47 ]. Moreover, JB Turner, RC Kessler and JS House [ 48 ] have found an association between JI and the experience of FS. However, establishing causality in this relationship is complicated. Unfortunately, there have been only a few studies conducted on the moderating role of FS to date [ 49 ]. For instance, a study by F Ren, Q Zhang and X Wei [ 50 ] examined 245 Chinese employees from five companies and found that FS moderated the association between autonomous motivation and job performance. Another study conducted by L Liu and H Zhang [ 49 ] reported that FS moderates the relationship financial literacy and risky credit behavior. Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated that FS significantly influences individuals’ behavior and psychological well-being [ 50 ]. The COR theory proposes that the availability of resources can influence individuals' ability to cope with stressful situations. FS, as a specific type of resource loss or threat, can magnify the impact of JI on PD. When faced with JI and FS simultaneously, individuals may experience a severe depletion of their resources, making it even more challenging for them to cope with the psychological consequences. Consequently, higher levels of FS may be linked to a stronger association between JI and PD. Accordingly, the hypothesis was formulated: Hypothesis 5 FS moderates the relation between JI and PD. Methodology Participants and procedures Pakistan's hospitality sector, like many others worldwide, has been severely impacted by economic challenges, resulting in significant job losses and financial hardships for workers in the industry. Prior to these challenges, the overall Asian-Pacific region, including Pakistan, contributed USD 3.061 trillion to the GDP and generated approximately 185.1 million jobs in 2019 [ 51 ]. However, the hospitality industry has faced a sharp decline, with one of Pakistan's top five-star hotels laying off 20% of its employees due to room occupancy dropping to a mere 3% [ 52 ]. Additionally, the Pakistani hotel and tourism market, estimated at USD 20 billion in 2020, continues to grapple with long working hours, low salaries, and a lack of basic benefits like insurance, medical coverage, and paid leave [ 53 ]. This study focused on five 4-star and 5-star hotels located in the three largest cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. These hotels were selected because they represent the upper-tier segment of the hospitality industry, catering to a mix of local and international guests. Data were collected from frontline employees, who are directly impacted by job insecurity and financial challenges, making them a suitable target population for the study. The author collaborated with the Human Resource (HR) departments of these hotels to distribute questionnaires to the participants. To ensure anonymity and minimize response bias, the completed questionnaires were returned directly to the HR departments. A total of 325 questionnaires were distributed, yielding an 88% response rate. The final sample included 173 females and 119 males, with an average age of 29.41 years (SD = 7.48) and an average organizational tenure of 5.52 years. Instruments JI JI was assessed by the four items adapted from H De Witte [ 54 ]. Sample items are “I feel insecure about the future of my job” and “I am sure I can keep my job’ (reverse coded)”. Participants answered each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.78 in this study. PD PD was assessed using the six items version of K6 scale [ 55 ], which has been repeatedly used in the literature [ 56 , 57 ]. Sample items are “During the last 30 days, about how often did you feel nervous?” and “During the last 30 days, about how often did you feel hopeless?” Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each of the feeling during the past day on a point Likert scale (1 = “none of the time”, to 5 = “all of the time”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 in this study. FS FS was measured by the seven items adapted from [ 58 ]. Sample items are “I feel fatigued because I worry about my financial situation” and “I feel anxious about my financial situation”. Participants answered each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 in this study. INSOM INSOM was measured by the four items adapted from J Greenberg [ 59 ]. Explicitly, respondents specified the degree to which they experienced each of the following symptoms in the last couple of months: a) waking up feeling tired and worn out, b) difficulty staying asleep (including waking up too early), c) waking up several times per night, and d) difficulty falling sleep. Participants rated each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.79 in this study. Control variables The study control different demographic variables for this study such as gender, age, education, and experience that may affect JI and prior scholarships frequently used as control variables [ 36 ]. Data Analysis A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to address measurement issues. The subsequent step involved calculating Cronbach's alphas, bivariate correlations, means, and standard deviations using SPSS version 26.0. In the final step, SPSS macro-PROCESS 4.1 (models 4 and 7) was utilized to test Hayes' direct effect, mediation, and moderation models as proposed by AF Hayes [ 60 ]. Results Measurement issues The hypothesized four-factor structure of JI, PD, FS, and INSOM was validated through CFA. o assess the goodness-of-fit of the model, χ 2 , CFI, RMSEA, and TLI indices were applied following the guidelines of JC Anderson and DW Gerbing [ 61 ]. Additionally, different models were compared to the hypothesized four-factor model. The results indicated that the hypothesized four-factor model fit the data well (χ 2 = 263.25, df = 183, CFI = .98, TLI = .98, NFI = .94, RMSEA = .04, p < .001), as shown in Table 1 . Specifically, the four-factor model demonstrated a better fit to the data compared to models with three factors, two factors, and one factor. These findings suggest that the study variables possess adequate construct validity. Furthermore, this study confirmed or established the reliability and validity of the measurement model using methods recommended by previous studies [ 61 ]. Table 1 Measurement of model Model χ 2 df CFI TLI NFI RMSEA Four-factor model: JI; PD; FS; INSOM 263.25 183 .98 .98 .94 .04 Three-factor model A: JI + PD; FS; INSOM 557.53 186 .90 .89 .86 .08 Three-factor model B: JI; PD; FS + INSOM 646.47 186 .88 .87 .94 .09 Two-factor model A: JI + PD + FS; INSOM 1429.23 188 .68 .65 .65 .15 Two-factor model B: JI; PD + FS + INSOM 1423.36 188 .68 .64 .65 .15 One-factor model: JI + PD + FS + INSOM 1663.77 189 .63 .59 .60 .16 Note: n = 292; Job insecurity JI = JI; Psychological distress = PD; Financial stress = FS; Insomnia = INSOM. As presented in Table 2 , all variables in this study surpassed the threshold for average variance extracted (AVE) of 0.50, as recommended by JF Hair, RE Anderson, BJ Babin and WC Black [ 62 ]. Furthermore, the average and maximum shared variances of all variables were lower than the AVE. These findings provide clear evidence of good convergent and discriminant validities in this study. Moreover, the Cronbach's alphas and composite reliability values for all constructs exceeded 0.70. Additionally, all items exhibited factor loadings above the cut-off point of 0.50, as suggested by Y Truong and R McColl [ 63 ]. These results, in conjunction with the item reliability, confirm the reliability of the constructs. Table 2 Factor loadings estimate. Paths Loadings SE α CR AVE MSV ASV JI JI- JI 1 0.58 - 0.78 0.83 0.57 0.50 0.37 JI - JI 2 0.84 0.083 JI - JI 3 0.85 0.075 JI - JI 4 0.71 0.105 PD PD - PD 1 0.67 - 0.92 0.93 0.70 0.42 0.34 PD - PD 2 0.87 0.080 PD - PD 3 0.86 0.079 PD - PD 4 0.76 0.060 PD - PD 5 0.90 0.075 PD - PD 6 0.93 0.096 FS FS - FS1 0.81 - 0.91 0.92 0.61 0.28 0.21 FS - FS2 0.79 0.072 FS - FS3 0.78 0.065 FS - FS4 0.64 0.064 FS - FS5 0.77 0.075 FS - FS6 0.81 0.082 FS - FS7 0.85 0.077 INSOM INSOM - INSOM1 0.52 - 0.79 0.80 0.51 0.50 0.34 INSOM - INSOM2 0.73 0.188 INSOM - INSOM3 0.68 0.175 INSOM - INSOM4 0.87 0.230 Note: n = 292; Job insecurity = JI; Psychological distress = PD; Financial stress = FS; Insomnia = INSOM. Table 3 Bivariate correlations analysis 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Gender 1 2. Age − .10 1 3. Education .14 * − .29 ** 1 4. Experience .14 * .30 ** − .03 1 5. Job insecurity .03 .08 .09 .04 1 6. Psychological distress .05 .04 .10 .01 .57 ** 1 7. Financial stress − .07 .04 .01 .03 .38 ** .47 ** 1 8. Insomnia .01 .06 .09 − .01 .56 ** .48 ** .34 ** 1 Mean .41 3.27 2.07 2.29 1.71 2.04 1.95 2.03 Standard Deviation .49 1.51 .48 1.32 .47 .51 .53 .39 Note: n = 292; p** = 0.0.1; p* = 0.0.5 Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations Table 3 displays the Cronbach’s alphas, bivariate correlations, means, and standard deviations. Consistent with the hypothesized expectations, JI exhibited positive correlations with PD ( r = .57, p < .01), INSOM ( r = .56, p < .01), and FS ( r = .38, p < .01). Furthermore, PD and FS were significantly positively correlated with INSOM ( r = .48, p < .01; r = .34, p < .01), in accordance with the expectations. Testing direct, mediation, and moderation effect Hypothesis 1 JI is positively associated with INSOM. The results provide strong support for Hypothesis 1 . Job insecurity was found to have a significant positive association with insomnia ( β = .46, SE = .04, p < .01; 95% CI = [.3863, .5439]) when no mediator was included. The 95% confidence interval does not include zero, confirming the statistical significance of this effect. This finding suggests that employees experiencing higher levels of job insecurity are more likely to report symptoms of insomnia. Hypothesis 2 JI is positively associated with PD. The analysis also supports Hypothesis 2 . Job insecurity demonstrated a significant positive relationship with psychological distress ( β = .61, SE = .05, p < .01; 95% CI = [.5101, .7173]). This indicates that employees perceiving greater job insecurity experience elevated levels of psychological distress, consistent with the study's expectations and theoretical framework. Hypothesis 3 PD is positively associated with INSOM. The results further validate Hypothesis 3 . Psychological distress was found to have a significant positive association with insomnia (β = .19, SE = .04, p < .01; 95% CI = [.1004, .2713]). This finding suggests that higher levels of psychological distress contribute to increased symptoms of insomnia among employees. As a result, hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 are supported. Table 4 Results for mediation and moderation analysis Mediational analysis Bootstrapping results Estimated effect SE CI (95%) Indirect effect .11 .07 .0061, .2937 Direct effect .35 .05 .2582, .4438 Total effect .46 .04 .3863, .5439 Moderation analysis Variables Psychological distress Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Job insecurity (JI) .33 .07 .1982, .4657 Financial stress (FS) .22 .05 .1209, .3201 JI × FS .12 .03 .0575, .1915 Note: n = 292; SE = Standard error; CI = Confidence interval Hypothesis 4 PD mediates the relation between JI and INSOM. Table 4 shows that JI and INSOM remained significant even after accounting for the mediators ( β = .35, SE = .05, p < .05; 95% CI = .0055, .3077). Furthermore, the bootstrapping results in Table 4 reveal that JI had an indirect effect on INSOM through PD ( β = .11, SE = .07; 95% CI = .0061, .2937). These results suggest that PD partially mediates the relationship between JI and INSOM, thus supporting hypothesis 4 . Hypothesis 5 FS moderates the relation between JI and PD. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS PROCESS (Model 7), with PD as mediator and FS as moderator. Above, the results of the mediation effect were reported. Based on the findings of this study, the interactions between JI and FS exhibited significant effects on PD ( β = .12, SE = .03, p < .05; 95% CI = .0575, .1915]). These results indicate that FS moderates the relationship between JI and PD. The summary of the moderation results is provided in Table 4 . Using simple slopes analysis, the interaction effect is further interpreted. Figure 1 portrays the relationship between JI and PD at one standard deviation below and above the mean levels of FS. The slope analysis in Fig. 1 revealed that JI was significantly and positively associated with PD for individuals with higher levels of FS ( β = .35, p < .01). Conversely, individuals with lower levels of FS also exhibited a significant relationship between JI and PD, but it was comparatively weaker ( β = .30, p < .01). As a result, hypothesis 5 is supported. Discussion This research reveals pivotal insights into the intricate relationship between JI, PD, FS, and INSOM, especially among frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan. By confirming the study hypotheses, this study significantly contributes to the understanding of the psychological effects of JI within this context. Conclusions Firstly, the results demonstrate a strong and statistically significant association between JI and INSOM, indicating that employees plagued by job instability are prone to sleep disorders. This finding aligns with prior research [ 36 , 64 ], which highlights the adverse psychological and behavioral effects of JI on employee well-being, particularly in relation to disrupted sleep patterns. However, while previous studies have primarily focused on high-income or economically stable regions, this study contributes uniquely by situating these effects in Pakistan’s hospitality sector, where employees face compounded vulnerabilities due to systemic economic and political challenges. This context-specific perspective underscores the exacerbated impact of JI in low-resource settings, offering a new layer of understanding to existing literature. Additionally, the study provides evidence that frontline hospitality employees, often regarded as the backbone of service industries, are especially vulnerable to the cascading effects of JI, reinforcing the broader applicability of these findings within developing countries. Secondly, the positive association between JI and PD further deepens the understanding of mental health challenges faced by employees in unstable work environments. Consistent with findings by Y Kachi, H Hashimoto and H Eguchi [ 33 ] and M Sverke, J Hellgren and K Näswall [ 25 ], this study confirms that JI significantly elevates levels of psychological distress, including anxiety and emotional strain. However, this study extends prior research by examining this relationship in the hospitality sector of a developing economy, where precarious working conditions amplify the psychological toll of JI. Compared to studies in developed contexts, the relationship appears more pronounced in this setting, likely due to limited access to mental health resources and a heightened sense of financial insecurity among workers. These findings underscore the necessity of considering contextual factors when evaluating the psychological impact of JI, offering a more nuanced understanding of how socio-economic conditions shape employee responses to job insecurity. The link between PD and INSOM, demonstrated in this study, also coincides with existing research that has established PD as a significant predictor of sleep disturbances [ 40 ]. Prior studies suggest that PD disrupts the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to conditions such as INSOM. This study not only reaffirms this connection but also uniquely positions PD as a mediator in the JI-INSOM relationship within the hospitality industry. This mediating role provides a critical insight into the mechanisms through which JI contributes to sleep disorders, enriching the existing literature by integrating multiple layers of resource depletion, as posited by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989). While previous research has generally treated JI, PD, and INSOM as isolated factors, this study emphasizes their interconnectedness, providing a holistic understanding of how workplace stressors cascade into health-related outcomes, particularly for frontline hospitality employees in resource-constrained environments. In addition to the direct and mediating effects, the moderating role of FS yielded significant findings that offer new contributions to the literature. Specifically, this study confirmed that higher levels of FS exacerbate the relationship between JI and PD, amplifying the psychological strain caused by job insecurity. These findings align with Ren et al. (2021), who similarly found that FS intensifies the adverse effects of workplace stressors. However, this study builds on their work by demonstrating the heightened impact of FS in a developing country context, where financial stability is more precarious, and employees lack robust safety nets. Unlike studies in high-income settings, the interaction effect in this study appears stronger, likely due to the greater economic vulnerability of workers in Pakistan's hospitality industry. These results underscore the compounded challenges faced by employees dealing with both JI and FS, providing a more nuanced understanding of how these stressors interact to influence psychological well-being. This insight highlights the importance of addressing financial stress as part of broader organizational strategies to mitigate the negative effects of job insecurity, particularly in industries susceptible to economic fluctuations and uncertainties. Theoretical contributions The results of this study contribute to the theoretical understanding of the COR (Hobfoll, 1989). COR theory suggests that individuals strive to retain, protect, and build resources and that what is threatening to them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources (Hobfoll, 2001). The study enhances this theory by demonstrating how JI (a potential resource loss) can lead to PD and INSOM among employees, suggesting an expanded understanding of resource loss dynamics. Furthermore, the findings on the role of FS in exacerbating the negative effects of JI align with the COR theory emphasis on the spiraling loss of resources (Halbesleben, Neveu, Paustian-Underdahl, & Westman, 2014). In this case, JI, compounded by FS, causes a more significant drain on individuals' psychological resources, resulting in heightened distress and disrupted sleep. This research underscores the interactive and cumulative nature of resource loss, thereby adding a new layer of complexity to the understanding of COR theory. In addition, by illustrating these dynamics within the context of frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan, this research extends the applicability of the COR theory to this specific and under-studied demographic and geographic setting. Hence, this research contributes to the literature by offering a more nuanced understanding of how JI and FS interact to impact mental health outcomes through the lens of the COR theory. Practical contributions This study provides actionable recommendations for addressing JI and improving the well-being of frontline hotel staff in Pakistan. To address the uncertainty caused by JI, organizations can implement regular communication forums, such as weekly team briefings led by managers, where employees are updated on staffing decisions and operational changes. These briefings should include interactive elements to allow employees to voice concerns or ask questions. Additionally, concise updates via employee portals or departmental notice boards can ensure staff remain informed about key decisions without feeling overwhelmed. These initiatives aim to reduce speculation and anxiety while fostering a more inclusive workplace environment. Organizations should focus on delivering targeted training programs that directly enhance employees' professional capabilities in the hospitality sector. For example, partnerships with recognized hospitality training institutes can provide certifications in customer service, language proficiency, and conflict resolution. These certifications should align with both employee goals and organizational requirements to ensure their relevance and practical value. Employers can also offer on-the-job mentorship programs to support skill development and build employee confidence in handling diverse workplace challenges. Such measures equip employees with skills that not only improve their performance but also increase their career prospects within the industry. To address FS and PD, organizations can implement structured support programs. HR departments should establish emergency loan schemes or salary advance options to assist employees facing financial challenges. Additionally, external professionals can be invited to conduct financial literacy workshops, focusing on practical budgeting and debt management strategies. For PD, employers can collaborate with licensed counselors to provide one-on-one or group counseling sessions. Stress management workshops tailored to the hospitality sector can help employees navigate the pressures of their roles more effectively. Together, these measures mitigate the adverse impacts of JI and FS, fostering a more resilient and engaged workforce. Limitations and future research directions This research has some limitations that must needs to be improved upon the future scholarship. Firstly, in this study collected data from a specific group of frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan, which may influence on its generalizability. These findings should be used cautiously for different groups since JI and employee INSOM may vary across industries and cultures. Secondly, the study relied on self-report measures, which could be biased by social desirability or recollection [ 65 ]. Participants' subjective interpretations of JI, PD, and other factors may introduce measurement errors and undermine the reliability of the findings. The use of alternative data sources or objective metrics could enhance the validity of future studies. Furthermore, the cross-sectional study design makes it challenging to establish causal associations. Longitudinal studies might help elucidate the temporal dynamics and directionality of the connections observed in this study. Despite these limitations, the present study provides insights into the relationships between JI, employee ISNOM, and FS moderation, PD as mediation. These findings can be expanded upon by employing diverse samples and employing rigorous methodologies to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between JI and individual outcomes. The present research successfully achieves its objectives by examining the relationships between JI, PD, INSOM, and FS among frontline workers in Pakistan hospitality industry. The findings confirm that JI significantly influences both PD and INSOM, with PD mediating this relationship, while FS amplifies the psychological impact of JI. These results highlight the importance of addressing JI as a critical organizational issue to safeguard employee mental health and well-being. By achieving these objectives, this study provides actionable insights, emphasizing the need for policies that reduce JI, support employees experiencing PD, and address FS to enhance workplace stability and overall organizational success in a challenging industry context. Abbreviations JI Job Insecurity PD Psychological Distress FS Financial Stress INSOM Insomnia COR Conservation of Resources (Theory) CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis AVE Average Variance Extracted CR Composite Reliability SE Standard Error CI Confidence Interval SD Standard Deviation SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences NFI Normed Fit Index CFI Comparative Fit Index TLI Tucker-Lewis Index RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation χ² The Chi-Square df Degrees of Freedom Ratio Declarations Acknowledgements We thank all participants who voluntarily contributed to this study. Author contributions Study conception/design; DW, MR. Data collection; MR. Analysis; DW. Drafting of the manuscript; DW, MR. Supervision; MR. Funding No financial support was received during the research process. Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Graduate Business School Ethics Committee, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ref: UCSI/GBSEC/2025/0008). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Consent for publication Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6944021","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":485951302,"identity":"199db470-69c5-462f-a13d-fb113f7cc539","order_by":0,"name":"Ding Weichao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UCSI University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ding","middleName":"","lastName":"Weichao","suffix":""},{"id":485951303,"identity":"9fdc4a85-fcd5-4ed0-be13-88060df41fef","order_by":1,"name":"Muhammad Rafiq","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABF0lEQVRIie3Qv0rDQBzA8V84iQ4p3eQkyr3CTwqtEvFZLgSaRaiTZOgQKCRjXqD6DJkyJ/wgUx7AMaWrQkYn9eKfoXKNq+B9IXe5wAd+FwCT6U9mtSVEamfqkfD18r3qY1hCs0PY7wSsZPfLMJmlZJXPDyRE6kzbTXK1EOm45hB5fnzcoI6cNgFU9wWd5+TM0E/mlzkxm0MT+rF7oyUcFiWNCpLInCmXDSEyRayE9pPxFmi0JilWH+QNxaonrwOEB4rEJIF6EpUI/WBWPES2UK3rUN3FvlMkQCQ2uZB1OEnc+a1+sIB1T0tPiIyKkxe8RpFVm8du6Z1lbpBr/3Kf8+N8wKVabTjSDqYlrPvcD9u9xGQymf5T74E7WRpdlWe0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"UCSI University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"","lastName":"Rafiq","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-21 09:23:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6944021/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6944021/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86924003,"identity":"70b17842-981f-4b56-8119-dbab4d1baa0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-17 08:10:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9400,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eModerating role of FS in the association between JI and INSOM\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6944021/v1/6a9ce778819ffbd08fae4f2d.png"},{"id":96246000,"identity":"663c3894-66d0-4635-87ec-ed9f82632dfa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:24:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":917864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6944021/v1/a7d21380-0407-4c50-9f02-37d382ae6cf7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eJob insecurity (JI) has become a significant concern in today volatile environment, driven by economic fluctuations, political changes, technological progress, and recessions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This insecurity contributes to stress among employees, adversely affecting their mental and physical health. According to the C Gibbons [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] prolonged stress can lead to negative behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles. In Pakistan, the prevalence of insomnia (INSOM)—a common stress-related disorder—is notably high. A study conducted in Pakistan reported that 31.3% of adults experience INSOM, with 30.2% of these individuals resorting to sleep medications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Another study focusing on the educational community in Pakistan found that 45.2% of individuals suffer from INSOM, highlighting the widespread nature of sleep disturbances in the country [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These sleep disorders are associated with various factors, including psychological distress, health-related issues, and exposure to adverse events, all of which are exacerbated by job insecurity. Despite the significance of these issues, limited attention has been given to understanding the relationship between job insecurity and insomnia in the hospitality industry, particularly among frontline employees, highlighting a critical gap in the existing literature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe COVID-19 pandemic, alongside rising geopolitical tensions and economic uncertainties, has adversely impacted both employees and organizations, making the verdicts of this study increasingly important. Within organizations, these challenges has resulted in limited social and professional support for employees, increased work pressure, and irregular working hours [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. In this situation, frontline hotel staff face severe challenges, especially those working directly deal with customers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], often face difficulties in finding new employment and feel uncertain about their future job prospects. This JI contributes to the development of INSOM among frontline hotel staff. In light of these challenges, addressing INSOM within the hospitality industry is now more crucial than ever.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, previous research has examined the impact of JI on various outcomes, such as suicide/self-harm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], service performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], emotional exhaustion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], job satisfaction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], perceived employability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], psychological capital [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], emotional labour [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], economic hardship [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], turnover intention [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], work intensification [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], INSOM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is still a gap in the context of the hospitality sector, there is limited scholarship focus on the relationship between JI and INSOM among frontline workers in the hospitality industry. In this regard, B Liu-Lastres, H Wen and W-J Huang [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] highlights that most frontline workers face challenges such as low-paying jobs, high workload, and working in uncertain conditions. In industries that are prone to uncertainty, understanding the association between INSOM and JI is very decisive for individual well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Pakistan, frontline hotel workers continue to face challenges in spite of the economic downturn [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The lack of financial resources makes workers especially vulnerable since they are dependent on their employment to survive. To understand the causes and symptoms of INSOM in this industry, and how JI relates to it, it is essential to understand the factors that contribute to it. By nature, the relationship between JI and INSOM seems obvious, but the question is: why has previous scholarship not focused on this relationship? It might be the case that sometimes relationships appear easy, but in reality, they are complex. Considering the importance of this complexity, research suggests that individual and contextual factors often help explain the intricate mechanisms to provide clarity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearchers suggest that psychological distress (PD) can serve as a mediator in situations that are unclear [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Employees with JI are more likely to suffer PD than those with stable jobs due to the uncertain situation at work [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, PD increases the likelihood of INSOM among employees. On the other hand, it is assumed that the relationship between JI, PD and INSOM vary from employee to employee and may required additional factors may influence on this mechanism. FS considered as an essential moderator in this regard. SR Devasahay, DA DeBrun, DM Galligan and PE McAuliffe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] reported that frontline workers are more likely to experience financial difficulties at workplace most of the times. Accordingly, JI exacerbates FS, which can enhance the relationship between JI and PD, resulting in an increased prevalence of INSOM among employees.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe conservation of resource (COR) theory, proposed by SE Hobfoll [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], can help us better understand the underlying framework of this research. The COR theory posits that individuals strive to obtain and protect their resources, and the loss or threat of these resources can have psychological and behavioral implications. I apply the COR theory to this study to comprehend the associations between JI, PD, FS, and INSOM. Job Insecurity is identified as a major concern, leading to increased anxiety, distress, and tension. This heightened state of worry not only affects personal well-being but also disrupts regular sleep patterns, contributing to symptoms of insomnia. Additionally, the effects of job insecurity are compounded when individuals are also dealing with financial stress. This dual burden significantly intensifies psychological distress due to a more pronounced loss of resources and increased mental strain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between JI and INSOM among hotel workers in Pakistan, focusing on the mediating role of PD and the moderating effect of FS. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDevelop a model that investigates the relationship between JI and INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalyze the mediating role of PD in the relationship between JI and INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvestigate the moderating effect of FS on the association between JI and PD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiterature review\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJI and INSOM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe notion of perceived JI related to the uncertainty that individuals experience regarding the continued availability of their employment in the future [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Scholars have relied on unidimensional as well as multidimensional approaches to figure out JI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is still no agreement on which approach is more viable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Unidimensional definitions of JI concentrate mainly on the anticipation of job continuity, whereas multidimensional definitions encompass additional factors which include the level of threat severity and one's incapacity to evade it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Although definitions of JI may vary, research repeatedly indicates that it is associated with ongoing stress and decreased overall mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In addition, research also suggest that when individual have minimal control over their job, they have less possibly to handle the potential job-related threats [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, the inability to control employment conditions adversely affects workers' physiological and overall mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe phenomenon of JI is commonly acknowledged as a stressor in the workplace, which encompasses various job-related factors that have the potential to adversely affect both the psychological and physical well-being of employees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. A number of previous studies have demonstrated the negative effects of JI, including negative effects on physical health and mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, W-M Hur and Y Shin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] state that JI has many negative outcomes, but the disturbance of sleep patterns (i.e., INSOM) is particularly crucial because it adversely affects not only the psychological and physical well-being of employees but also their long-term health. The phenomenon of JI and INSOM is further explained through COR theory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to COR theory, individuals endeavor to gain and protect valuable resources, such as financial stability, job security, and well-being. When individuals experience threats to these resources that are important to them, such as facing JI and losing their jobs, it can lead to stress and negative workplace outcomes. JI poses a threat to income, career prospects, stability, and various job-related resources. When individuals experience a loss of these essential resources, JI induces heightened levels of stress and anxiety. This increased stress and anxiety can disturb normal sleep patterns, leading to symptoms of INSOM. Therefore, the experience of JI depletes individuals' resources and triggers the stress response, ultimately resulting in insomnia. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, the following hypothesis was formulated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI is positively associated with INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJI and PD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies, including those by HD Witte [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and Y Kachi, H Hashimoto and H Eguchi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], have consistently identified a positive association between JI and PD. In the Pakistani hotel industry, front-line employees are confronted with economic difficulties. In this context, the issue of JI may be especially significant and exert a greater influence on their psychological health. The experience of JI can elicit emotional responses such as depression, anxiety, and psychological strain, which can result in elevated levels of PD. Consequently, it is postulated that JI will exhibit a positive association with PD among front-line workers in the hotel industry of Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn these days, numerous organisations have engaged in downsizing as a routine strategically important human resources practise [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], despite the fact that it has been observed to elicit negative emotional disruptions among the workforces. The condition of JI is a type of stress in the workplace that has a significant impact on both an individual's work performance and their psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, scholars have uncovered a noteworthy link between a JI and sleep problems, mental anguish, occupational exhaustion, job satisfaction, and family conflict [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is a dearth of research on the relationship between JI and PD among healthcare workers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. The hotel industry has not been studied in depth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on COR theory, JI poses a significant threat to several valuable resources, including one's sense of professional control, social connections at work, and financial security. Individuals often experience feelings of anxiety, uncertainty, and helplessness when they perceive the potential loss of these essential resources, which are closely linked with PD. The COR Theory further asserts that individuals facing job insecurity are more prone to experiencing PD due to the heightened vulnerability of their resources. Subsequently, JI leads to PD by delicately upsetting the balance of individuals' resources. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, a hypothesis was formulated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI is positively associated with PD.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePD and INSOM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD encompasses various negative emotional experiences, including stress, sadness, and mental exhaustion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. These experiences can have a significant impact on sleep patterns and overall sleep quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been suggested that maintaining good mental health depends on getting enough sleep, which is a behavior that can be modified [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Research has established a connection between disrupted sleep, such as insufficient sleep duration and INSOM, and the development and progression of psychological disorders, particularly anxiety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] and depressive symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Sleep disturbances and INSOM often exhibit symptoms similar to those of mental health disorders, and they can serve as both catalysts and indicators of anxiety and depression. Addressing disrupted sleep patterns can help alleviate adverse psychological symptoms, as proposed by SL Chellappa and D Aeschbach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious outbreaks of infectious diseases have also shown disrupted sleep and suboptimal sleep quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Multiple studies have indicated that healthcare workers during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are experiencing sleep deprivation and INSOM symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. It is likely that a significant number of frontline workers in the hotel industry in Pakistan, who face challenging work environments and financial difficulties, experience heightened levels of PD. PD can disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to difficulties in falling asleep and staying asleep, ultimately resulting in INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing the COR theory, the threat or depletion of personal resources, including emotional and cognitive resources, can have a profound impact on psychological well-being. One consequence of this resource depletion is PD, which is characterized by heightened levels of anxiety, depression, and overall emotional strain. PD significantly influences the quality of sleep. Distress or unease can disturb sleep patterns, making it challenging to achieve restorative sleep, initiate sleep, and maintain sleep. Consequently, these disruptions exacerbate the symptoms of INSOM. According to the COR theory, when personal resources are depleted or under threat, it can increase PD, negatively affecting sleep patterns and contributing to INSOM symptoms. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, a hypothesis was formulated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD is positively associated with INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMediating Role of PD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD, specifically depression, has been validated to play an important mediating role between attitude and behavior outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, W-Y Chen, L Yan, Y-R Yuan, X-W Zhu, Y-H Zhang and S-L Lian [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] conducted a study on Chinese college students where they employed PD as a mediator in the association between preference for solitude and mobile phone addiction. According to this study, students with a high preference for solitude may experience more anxiety, depression, and stress, which, in turn, may increase their risk of mobile phone addiction. Another study conducted by P Choudhary, D Pandita and M Kunte [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] reported that PD acts as a mediator in the association between employee bullying behaviour and family conflict. Choudhary and colleagues found that employees bullying affects employees in multiple ways, both emotionally and mentally. In such intense situations, employees may feel anxiety and PD. They explore the negative consequences of employees bullying on their behavior and how anxiety and PD contribute to the development of family role conflicts. This study argues that employees who feel highly insecure in their jobs may experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, which can lead to sleep disorders such as INSOM. The COR theory suggests that PD may serve as a mediator between JI and INSOM. JI poses a significant threat to different resources, which then triggers PD. Consequently, the distress experienced leads to the development or exacerbation of INSOM symptoms. PD plays a crucial role in transmitting JI symptoms to INSOM. Drawing from the aforementioned arguments, the following hypothesis was formulated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD mediates the relation between JI and INSOM.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModerating role of financial insecurity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS refers to the feeling of financial insufficiency and the worries and concerns one has about their financial situation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, JB Turner, RC Kessler and JS House [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e] have found an association between JI and the experience of FS. However, establishing causality in this relationship is complicated. Unfortunately, there have been only a few studies conducted on the moderating role of FS to date [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, a study by F Ren, Q Zhang and X Wei [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e] examined 245 Chinese employees from five companies and found that FS moderated the association between autonomous motivation and job performance. Another study conducted by L Liu and H Zhang [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e] reported that FS moderates the relationship financial literacy and risky credit behavior. Furthermore, prior studies have demonstrated that FS significantly influences individuals’ behavior and psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe COR theory proposes that the availability of resources can influence individuals' ability to cope with stressful situations. FS, as a specific type of resource loss or threat, can magnify the impact of JI on PD. When faced with JI and FS simultaneously, individuals may experience a severe depletion of their resources, making it even more challenging for them to cope with the psychological consequences. Consequently, higher levels of FS may be linked to a stronger association between JI and PD. Accordingly, the hypothesis was formulated:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS moderates the relation between JI and PD.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParticipants and procedures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePakistan's hospitality sector, like many others worldwide, has been severely impacted by economic challenges, resulting in significant job losses and financial hardships for workers in the industry. Prior to these challenges, the overall Asian-Pacific region, including Pakistan, contributed USD 3.061 trillion to the GDP and generated approximately 185.1\u0026nbsp;million jobs in 2019 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the hospitality industry has faced a sharp decline, with one of Pakistan's top five-star hotels laying off 20% of its employees due to room occupancy dropping to a mere 3% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the Pakistani hotel and tourism market, estimated at USD 20\u0026nbsp;billion in 2020, continues to grapple with long working hours, low salaries, and a lack of basic benefits like insurance, medical coverage, and paid leave [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study focused on five 4-star and 5-star hotels located in the three largest cities in Pakistan: Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. These hotels were selected because they represent the upper-tier segment of the hospitality industry, catering to a mix of local and international guests. Data were collected from frontline employees, who are directly impacted by job insecurity and financial challenges, making them a suitable target population for the study. The author collaborated with the Human Resource (HR) departments of these hotels to distribute questionnaires to the participants. To ensure anonymity and minimize response bias, the completed questionnaires were returned directly to the HR departments. A total of 325 questionnaires were distributed, yielding an 88% response rate. The final sample included 173 females and 119 males, with an average age of 29.41 years (SD = 7.48) and an average organizational tenure of 5.52 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstruments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI was assessed by the four items adapted from H De Witte [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Sample items are “I feel insecure about the future of my job” and “I am sure I can keep my job’ (reverse coded)”. Participants answered each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.78 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD was assessed using the six items version of K6 scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e], which has been repeatedly used in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]. Sample items are “During the last 30 days, about how often did you feel nervous?” and “During the last 30 days, about how often did you feel hopeless?” Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they experienced each of the feeling during the past day on a point Likert scale (1 = “none of the time”, to 5 = “all of the time”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.92 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS was measured by the seven items adapted from [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. Sample items are “I feel fatigued because I worry about my financial situation” and “I feel anxious about my financial situation”. Participants answered each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eINSOM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSOM was measured by the four items adapted from J Greenberg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. Explicitly, respondents specified the degree to which they experienced each of the following symptoms in the last couple of months: a) waking up feeling tired and worn out, b) difficulty staying asleep (including waking up too early), c) waking up several times per night, and d) difficulty falling sleep. Participants rated each item on a five-point Likert scale (1 = “strongly disagree”, to 5 = “strongly agree”). Cronbach's alpha was 0.79 in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eControl variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study control different demographic variables for this study such as gender, age, education, and experience that may affect JI and prior scholarships frequently used as control variables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to address measurement issues. The subsequent step involved calculating Cronbach's alphas, bivariate correlations, means, and standard deviations using SPSS version 26.0. In the final step, SPSS macro-PROCESS 4.1 (models 4 and 7) was utilized to test Hayes' direct effect, mediation, and moderation models as proposed by AF Hayes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMeasurement issues\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe hypothesized four-factor structure of JI, PD, FS, and INSOM was validated through CFA. o assess the goodness-of-fit of the model, χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, CFI, RMSEA, and TLI indices were applied following the guidelines of JC Anderson and DW Gerbing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, different models were compared to the hypothesized four-factor model. The results indicated that the hypothesized four-factor model fit the data well (χ\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;263.25, \u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;183, CFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.98, TLI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.98, NFI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.94, RMSEA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001), as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Specifically, the four-factor model demonstrated a better fit to the data compared to models with three factors, two factors, and one factor. These findings suggest that the study variables possess adequate construct validity. Furthermore, this study confirmed or established the reliability and validity of the measurement model using methods recommended by previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMeasurement of model\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eχ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003edf\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNFI\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFour-factor model: JI; PD; FS; INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e263.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree-factor model A: JI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PD; FS; INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e557.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree-factor model B: JI; PD; FS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e646.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo-factor model A: JI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FS; INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1429.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo-factor model B: JI; PD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1423.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-factor model: JI\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;PD\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FS\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;INSOM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1663.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;292; Job insecurity JI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JI; Psychological distress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;PD; Financial stress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;FS; Insomnia\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;INSOM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, all variables in this study surpassed the threshold for average variance extracted (AVE) of 0.50, as recommended by JF Hair, RE Anderson, BJ Babin and WC Black [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the average and maximum shared variances of all variables were lower than the AVE. These findings provide clear evidence of good convergent and discriminant validities in this study. Moreover, the Cronbach's alphas and composite reliability values for all constructs exceeded 0.70. Additionally, all items exhibited factor loadings above the cut-off point of 0.50, as suggested by Y Truong and R McColl [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. These results, in conjunction with the item reliability, confirm the reliability of the constructs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor loadings estimate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePaths\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoadings\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eα\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMSV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eASV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI- JI 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI - JI 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI - JI 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI - JI 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.080\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePD - PD 6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFS - FS7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eINSOM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSOM - INSOM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSOM - INSOM2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSOM - INSOM3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eINSOM - INSOM4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;292; Job insecurity\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;JI; Psychological distress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;PD; Financial stress\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;FS; Insomnia\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;INSOM.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBivariate correlations analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Gender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. Age\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. Education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4. Experience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.30\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5. Job insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6. Psychological distress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.57\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7. Financial stress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.38\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.47\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8. Insomnia\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.56\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.48\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.34\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;292; \u003cem\u003ep**\u003c/em\u003e = 0.0.1; \u003cem\u003ep*\u003c/em\u003e = 0.0.5\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics and bivariate correlations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e displays the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alphas, bivariate correlations, means, and standard deviations. Consistent with the hypothesized expectations, JI exhibited positive correlations with PD (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.57, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), INSOM (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.56, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), and FS (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.38, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Furthermore, PD and FS were significantly positively correlated with INSOM (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.48, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.34, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01), in accordance with the expectations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTesting direct, mediation, and moderation effect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJI is positively associated with INSOM.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results provide strong support for Hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Job insecurity was found to have a significant positive association with insomnia (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.46, \u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; 95% CI = [.3863, .5439]) when no mediator was included. The 95% confidence interval does not include zero, confirming the statistical significance of this effect. This finding suggests that employees experiencing higher levels of job insecurity are more likely to report symptoms of insomnia.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJI is positively associated with PD.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis also supports Hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Job insecurity demonstrated a significant positive relationship with psychological distress (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.61, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; 95% CI = [.5101, .7173]). This indicates that employees perceiving greater job insecurity experience elevated levels of psychological distress, consistent with the study's expectations and theoretical framework.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePD is positively associated with INSOM.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results further validate Hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Psychological distress was found to have a significant positive association with insomnia (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.19, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.04, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01; 95% CI = [.1004, .2713]). This finding suggests that higher levels of psychological distress contribute to increased symptoms of insomnia among employees. As a result, hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 are supported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults for mediation and moderation analysis \u003cb\u003eMediational analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBootstrapping results\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimated effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCI (95%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.0061, .2937\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDirect effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.2582, .4438\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal effect\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.3863, .5439\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModeration analysis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychological distress\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJob insecurity (JI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.1982, .4657\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial stress (FS)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.1209, .3201\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJI \u0026times; FS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.0575, .1915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;292; SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Standard error; CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Confidence interval\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePD mediates the relation between JI and INSOM.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows that JI and INSOM remained significant even after accounting for the mediators (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.35, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.05, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.0055, .3077). Furthermore, the bootstrapping results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e reveal that JI had an indirect effect on INSOM through PD (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.11, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.07; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.0061, .2937). These results suggest that PD partially mediates the relationship between JI and INSOM, thus supporting hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypothesis 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFS moderates the relation between JI and PD.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA moderated mediation analysis was conducted using SPSS PROCESS (Model 7), with PD as mediator and FS as moderator. Above, the results of the mediation effect were reported. Based on the findings of this study, the interactions between JI and FS exhibited significant effects on PD (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.12, SE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05; 95% CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.0575, .1915]). These results indicate that FS moderates the relationship between JI and PD. The summary of the moderation results is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing simple slopes analysis, the interaction effect is further interpreted. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e portrays the relationship between JI and PD at one standard deviation below and above the mean levels of FS. The slope analysis in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e revealed that JI was significantly and positively associated with PD for individuals with higher levels of FS (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.35, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). Conversely, individuals with lower levels of FS also exhibited a significant relationship between JI and PD, but it was comparatively weaker (\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.30, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01). As a result, hypothesis \u003cspan refid=\"FPar5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e is supported.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research reveals pivotal insights into the intricate relationship between JI, PD, FS, and INSOM, especially among frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan. By confirming the study hypotheses, this study significantly contributes to the understanding of the psychological effects of JI within this context.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eFirstly, the results demonstrate a strong and statistically significant association between JI and INSOM, indicating that employees plagued by job instability are prone to sleep disorders. This finding aligns with prior research [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e], which highlights the adverse psychological and behavioral effects of JI on employee well-being, particularly in relation to disrupted sleep patterns. However, while previous studies have primarily focused on high-income or economically stable regions, this study contributes uniquely by situating these effects in Pakistan\u0026rsquo;s hospitality sector, where employees face compounded vulnerabilities due to systemic economic and political challenges. This context-specific perspective underscores the exacerbated impact of JI in low-resource settings, offering a new layer of understanding to existing literature. Additionally, the study provides evidence that frontline hospitality employees, often regarded as the backbone of service industries, are especially vulnerable to the cascading effects of JI, reinforcing the broader applicability of these findings within developing countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondly, the positive association between JI and PD further deepens the understanding of mental health challenges faced by employees in unstable work environments. Consistent with findings by Y Kachi, H Hashimoto and H Eguchi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] and M Sverke, J Hellgren and K N\u0026auml;swall [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], this study confirms that JI significantly elevates levels of psychological distress, including anxiety and emotional strain. However, this study extends prior research by examining this relationship in the hospitality sector of a developing economy, where precarious working conditions amplify the psychological toll of JI. Compared to studies in developed contexts, the relationship appears more pronounced in this setting, likely due to limited access to mental health resources and a heightened sense of financial insecurity among workers. These findings underscore the necessity of considering contextual factors when evaluating the psychological impact of JI, offering a more nuanced understanding of how socio-economic conditions shape employee responses to job insecurity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe link between PD and INSOM, demonstrated in this study, also coincides with existing research that has established PD as a significant predictor of sleep disturbances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Prior studies suggest that PD disrupts the natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to conditions such as INSOM. This study not only reaffirms this connection but also uniquely positions PD as a mediator in the JI-INSOM relationship within the hospitality industry. This mediating role provides a critical insight into the mechanisms through which JI contributes to sleep disorders, enriching the existing literature by integrating multiple layers of resource depletion, as posited by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989). While previous research has generally treated JI, PD, and INSOM as isolated factors, this study emphasizes their interconnectedness, providing a holistic understanding of how workplace stressors cascade into health-related outcomes, particularly for frontline hospitality employees in resource-constrained environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the direct and mediating effects, the moderating role of FS yielded significant findings that offer new contributions to the literature. Specifically, this study confirmed that higher levels of FS exacerbate the relationship between JI and PD, amplifying the psychological strain caused by job insecurity. These findings align with Ren et al. (2021), who similarly found that FS intensifies the adverse effects of workplace stressors. However, this study builds on their work by demonstrating the heightened impact of FS in a developing country context, where financial stability is more precarious, and employees lack robust safety nets. Unlike studies in high-income settings, the interaction effect in this study appears stronger, likely due to the greater economic vulnerability of workers in Pakistan's hospitality industry. These results underscore the compounded challenges faced by employees dealing with both JI and FS, providing a more nuanced understanding of how these stressors interact to influence psychological well-being. This insight highlights the importance of addressing financial stress as part of broader organizational strategies to mitigate the negative effects of job insecurity, particularly in industries susceptible to economic fluctuations and uncertainties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTheoretical contributions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study contribute to the theoretical understanding of the COR (Hobfoll, 1989). COR theory suggests that individuals strive to retain, protect, and build resources and that what is threatening to them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources (Hobfoll, 2001). The study enhances this theory by demonstrating how JI (a potential resource loss) can lead to PD and INSOM among employees, suggesting an expanded understanding of resource loss dynamics. Furthermore, the findings on the role of FS in exacerbating the negative effects of JI align with the COR theory emphasis on the spiraling loss of resources (Halbesleben, Neveu, Paustian-Underdahl, \u0026amp; Westman, 2014). In this case, JI, compounded by FS, causes a more significant drain on individuals' psychological resources, resulting in heightened distress and disrupted sleep. This research underscores the interactive and cumulative nature of resource loss, thereby adding a new layer of complexity to the understanding of COR theory. In addition, by illustrating these dynamics within the context of frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan, this research extends the applicability of the COR theory to this specific and under-studied demographic and geographic setting. Hence, this research contributes to the literature by offering a more nuanced understanding of how JI and FS interact to impact mental health outcomes through the lens of the COR theory.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePractical contributions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study provides actionable recommendations for addressing JI and improving the well-being of frontline hotel staff in Pakistan. To address the uncertainty caused by JI, organizations can implement regular communication forums, such as weekly team briefings led by managers, where employees are updated on staffing decisions and operational changes. These briefings should include interactive elements to allow employees to voice concerns or ask questions. Additionally, concise updates via employee portals or departmental notice boards can ensure staff remain informed about key decisions without feeling overwhelmed. These initiatives aim to reduce speculation and anxiety while fostering a more inclusive workplace environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganizations should focus on delivering targeted training programs that directly enhance employees' professional capabilities in the hospitality sector. For example, partnerships with recognized hospitality training institutes can provide certifications in customer service, language proficiency, and conflict resolution. These certifications should align with both employee goals and organizational requirements to ensure their relevance and practical value. Employers can also offer on-the-job mentorship programs to support skill development and build employee confidence in handling diverse workplace challenges. Such measures equip employees with skills that not only improve their performance but also increase their career prospects within the industry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo address FS and PD, organizations can implement structured support programs. HR departments should establish emergency loan schemes or salary advance options to assist employees facing financial challenges. Additionally, external professionals can be invited to conduct financial literacy workshops, focusing on practical budgeting and debt management strategies. For PD, employers can collaborate with licensed counselors to provide one-on-one or group counseling sessions. Stress management workshops tailored to the hospitality sector can help employees navigate the pressures of their roles more effectively. Together, these measures mitigate the adverse impacts of JI and FS, fostering a more resilient and engaged workforce.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLimitations and future research directions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis research has some limitations that must needs to be improved upon the future scholarship. Firstly, in this study collected data from a specific group of frontline hospitality workers in Pakistan, which may influence on its generalizability. These findings should be used cautiously for different groups since JI and employee INSOM may vary across industries and cultures. Secondly, the study relied on self-report measures, which could be biased by social desirability or recollection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. Participants' subjective interpretations of JI, PD, and other factors may introduce measurement errors and undermine the reliability of the findings. The use of alternative data sources or objective metrics could enhance the validity of future studies. Furthermore, the cross-sectional study design makes it challenging to establish causal associations. Longitudinal studies might help elucidate the temporal dynamics and directionality of the connections observed in this study. Despite these limitations, the present study provides insights into the relationships between JI, employee ISNOM, and FS moderation, PD as mediation. These findings can be expanded upon by employing diverse samples and employing rigorous methodologies to gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between JI and individual outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe present research successfully achieves its objectives by examining the relationships between JI, PD, INSOM, and FS among frontline workers in Pakistan hospitality industry. The findings confirm that JI significantly influences both PD and INSOM, with PD mediating this relationship, while FS amplifies the psychological impact of JI. These results highlight the importance of addressing JI as a critical organizational issue to safeguard employee mental health and well-being. By achieving these objectives, this study provides actionable insights, emphasizing the need for policies that reduce JI, support employees experiencing PD, and address FS to enhance workplace stability and overall organizational success in a challenging industry context.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eJI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Job Insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Psychological Distress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Financial Stress\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eINSOM \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Insomnia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Conservation of Resources (Theory)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Confirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAVE\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Average Variance Extracted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Composite Reliability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Standard Error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNFI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Normed Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Comparative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTLI\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Tucker-Lewis Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Root Mean Square Error of Approximation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The Chi-Square\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edf \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Degrees of Freedom Ratio\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all participants who voluntarily contributed to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy conception/design; DW, MR. Data collection; MR. Analysis; DW. Drafting of the manuscript; DW, MR. Supervision; MR.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo financial support was received during the research process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Graduate Business School Ethics Committee, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Ref: UCSI/GBSEC/2025/0008). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGupta H, Dhar RL: Job insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: a systematic review and research agenda. \u003cem\u003eEmployee Relat \u003c/em\u003e2024, 46(5):1141-1171.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGibbons C: Understanding the role of stress, personality and coping on learning motivation and mental health in university students during a pandemic. \u003cem\u003eBMC Psychol \u003c/em\u003e2022, 10(1):261.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKidwai R, Ahmed SH: Prevalence of insomnia and use of sleep medicines in urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan. \u003cem\u003eJ Pak Med Assoc \u003c/em\u003e2013, 63(11):1358-1363.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUmar A, Khan MS, Sehgal SA, Jafar K, Ahmad S, Waheed A, Aslam MW, Wajid M, Rehman TU, Khan T: Epidemiological studies of sleep disorder in educational community of Pakistani population, its major risk factors and associated diseases. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One \u003c/em\u003e2022, 17(4):e0266739.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Clercq D, Aboramadan M, Kundi YM: How employee pandemic fears may escalate into a lateness attitude, and how a safe organizational climate can mitigate this challenge. \u003cem\u003ePers Rev \u003c/em\u003e2023, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJung HS, Yoon HH, Cho M: Addressing the needs of an aging workforce in luxury hotels with a focus on perceived job insecurity and AI attitudes. \u003cem\u003eJ Hosp Tour Technol \u003c/em\u003e2025, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBlomqvist S, Westerlund H, Hanson LLM: Suicidal ideation and thoughts of self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic among Swedish employees: a cohort study on the role of job instability and job insecurity. \u003cem\u003eBMC Psychol \u003c/em\u003e2024, 12(1):621.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu S, Wang Z, Cai W, Gong X: Uncertainty tolerance moderates the link between job insecurity and service performance: evidence from China\u0026rsquo;s hotel frontline employees. \u003cem\u003eBMC Psychol \u003c/em\u003e2024, 12(1):561.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng J, Zhang T: Association Between AI Awareness and Emotional Exhaustion: The Serial Mediation of Job Insecurity and Work Interference with Family. 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It further explores psychological distress (PD) as a mediator and financial stress (FS) as a moderator in this relationship.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods -\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional survey design was employed, collecting data from 292 full-time frontline hotel employees across five 4- and 5-star hotels in three major cities in Pakistan. Standardized scales were used to measure JI, PD, FS, and INSOM. Data were analyzed using SPSS PROCESS macro (Models 4 and 7) with bootstrapping to assess mediation and moderation effects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults -\u003c/strong\u003e The results revealed that JI was significantly and positively associated with INSOM. PD partially mediated the relationship between JI and INSOM. Moreover, FS significantly moderated the relationship between JI and PD, such that the effect was stronger when FS was high. These findings support the proposed moderated mediation model grounded in COR theory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions -\u003c/strong\u003e This study highlights the detrimental psychological effects of job insecurity on sleep quality among frontline hospitality workers, particularly under financial stress. The findings emphasize the need for organizational strategies to mitigate job-related stressors and enhance employee well-being in economically vulnerable settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-17 08:09:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6944021/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"541e91c1-6648-4f69-bfe7-6de1e099a592","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-17T04:23:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-17 08:09:59","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6944021","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6944021","identity":"rs-6944021","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}