Research progress on drug resistance mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis

Research progress on drug resistance mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL British Journal of Pharmacology This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 12 May 2026 V1 Latest version Share on Research progress on drug resistance mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis Authors : Xinling Ge [email protected] , Wei Wei 0000-0002-3117-9598 [email protected] , and Yu-Jing Wu 0000-0003-1600-0024 [email protected] Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/authorea.15003150/v1 14 views 5 downloads Contents Abstract Graphical Abstract Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract As a core challenge in the field of rheumatology and immunology, difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis (D2T-RA) remains a focal point of both clinical and basic research. Although a globally unified definition has yet to be established, the criteria set forth by the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) are currently the primary reference. It is now widely accepted that D2T-RA represents a state of persistent inflammation driven by a confluence of multiple factors. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of resistance to methotrexate, biologics, and targeted small-molecule drugs, alongside potential pathogenetic mechanisms underlying D2T-RA. Building on this foundation, we discuss clinical strategies for managing resistance—ranging from traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to biologics and targeted therapies—and explore future directions in the field. Ultimately, this review aims to provide a viable and promising research framework for the treatment of difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. Graphical Abstract Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 12 May 2026 Collection British Journal of Pharmacology Authors Affiliations Xinling Ge [email protected] View all articles by this author Wei Wei 0000-0002-3117-9598 [email protected] View all articles by this author Yu-Jing Wu 0000-0003-1600-0024 [email protected] View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 14 views 5 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Xinling Ge, Wei Wei, Yu-Jing Wu. Research progress on drug resistance mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis. Authorea . 12 May 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/authorea.15003150/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. 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