The allocation and fairness of health human resources in Chinese maternal and child health care institutions: a nationwide longitudinal study

Background: In response to an aging population, the Chinese government implemented the three-child policy in 2021 based on the comprehensive two-child policy. With the implementation of the new birth policy, people's maternal and child health (MCH) needs will also increase. The allocation and equity of MCH human resources directly affect people's access to MCH services. The purpose of this study is to analyze the allocation of health human resources in Chinese maternal and child health care institutions, evaluate the fairness of the allocation, to provide a reference for the rational allocation of MCH human resources. Methods The data of health technicians, licensed (assistant) physicians, and registered nurses in maternal and child health care institutions nationwide from 2016 to 2020 were included. The health resource density index (HRDI) was used to evaluate the allocation level of MCH human resources. The Gini coefficient (G) and Theil index (T) were used to evaluate the fairness of the allocation of MCH human resources from the perspectives of population and geographic area. Results From 2016 to 2020, the average annual growth rate of the number of health technicians, licensed (assistant) physicians, and registered nurses in Chinese maternal and child health care institutions was 7.53%, 6.88%, and 9.12%, respectively. The G of the three types of MCH human resources allocated by population are all below 0.23, and the G allocated by geographical area are all above 0.65. The total T of the three types of MCH human resources allocated by population was all lower than 0.06, and the total T allocated by geographical area was all higher than 0.53. In addition, the three categories of MCH human resources allocated by population and geographic area contributed more than 84% of the T to the total T. Conclusions China's MCH human resources are equitable in terms of population allocation, but unfair in terms of geographical area allocation. In the future, more attention should be paid to the geographical accessibility of MCH human resources, and the allocation of resources should comprehensively consider the two factors of serving the population and geographical area.