Exogenous 2,4-Epibrassinolide Improves Resistance to Leaf Spot Disease Through Antioxidant Regulation and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Oat

Leaf spot disease has become a significant limitation in oat production. 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBR), a highly active brassinosteroid, plays a significant role in enhancing plant immunity against various diseases by modulating physiological and molecular responses. However, the exact mechanisms by which exogenous EBR regulates plant defense to leaf spot disease are still largely unknown. In this study, we applied various concentrations of EBR (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg·L-1) to the leaves of oat plants that were inoculated with the Drechslera avenae pathogen. The application of 1 mg·L-1 EBR significantly decreased disease index and increased chlorophyll content under pathogen inoculation, while also enhancing antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, and APX) activity and reducing pathogen-induced O₂⁻ production rate and MDA content. Moreover, the enzymes associated with phenylpropanoid metabolism, such as PAL, C4H, and 4CL, were significantly activated by exogenous EBR. Our transcriptomic analyses further revealed that the combination of exogenous EBR and pathogen inoculation upregulated genes involved in signal transduction (BR, ABA and MAPK), antioxidant enzyme defense systems, and phenylpropanoid and lignin-specific pathways, such as BAS1, APX, GPX, PAL, C4H, 4CL, CCR1, CAD. Together, these findings reveal that exogenous BR application can improve resistance to Drechslera avenae-induced leaf spot disease in oats by regulating antioxidant defense systems and phenylpropanoid metabolism, which may have the potential to control leaf spot disease in oat production.