MetaGXplore: Integrating Multi-Omics Data with Graph Convolutional Networks for Pan-cancer Patient Metastasis Identification

Abstract The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant anatomical sites, known as tumor metastasis, poses a significant challenge in clinical prognosis, impairing treatment efficacy and reducing patient survival time. Current methods for predicting and diagnosing tumor metastasis rely heavily on extensive examinations and subjective clinical judgments. Accurate and rapid prediction of tumor metastasis likelihood remains an unresolved challenge, crucial for guiding effective clinical interventions and extending patient survival. Additionally, identifying key genes highly associated with metastasis probability is a pressing issue, essential for providing valuable insights into the potential identification of tumor metastasis-specific biomarkers. We developed MetaGXplore, a pioneering Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN)-based framework designed to predict metastasis probability by integrating pan-cancer multi-omic datasets with a protein-protein interaction network, while also identifying key genes involved in the metastatic process. Multi-omics datasets offer a comprehensive view of cancer biology, enhancing accuracy in metastasis forecasting through superior deep learning algorithms. Our classification model results were interpreted with GNNExplainer. The efficacy of MetaGXplore was validated via model evaluations, graph structure analysis, and multi-omics data assessment. Enrichment analysis of key genes further explored their biological roles. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes jiangtaocau1{at}gmail.com uqhjian5{at}uq.edu.au clay_ma{at}outlook.com minghao.xu{at}mila.quebec lin956856{at}gmail.com We updated the format and some grammar. The newest pivotal gene network was included in this version.