Contextual, Maternal, and Infant Factors in Preventable Infant Deaths: a Statewide Cross-sectional Study in Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil

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Santos This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five by 2030 is among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study aimed to measure infant mortality rate due to preventable causes in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state in Brazil. With 11,329,605 inhabitants and 141,568 live births in 2017, RS was the fifth most populous state in the country. Method: A cross-sectional statewide study, with data extracted from records of the Mortality Information System, Death Certificates, and Live Birth Certificates for the year 2017. Preventability was estimated by applying the List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through Intervention of SUS (acronym for Sistema Unico de Saude - Brazilian Unified Health System) Intervention. Rates of preventable infant mortality (PIMR), preventable early neonatal mortality (PENMR), preventable late neonatal mortality (PLNMR), and preventable post-neonatal mortality (PPNMR) per 1000 live births (LB) were quantified. Incidence ratios, according to contextual characteristics (human development index of the health region and of the municipality; Gini index of the municipality), maternal characteristics at the time of delivery (age, education, self-reported skin color, presence of a partner, number of antenatal care consultations, and type of delivery), and characteristics of the child at the time of birth (gestational age, weight, and pregnancy type) were calculated. Results: In 2017, there were 141,568 live births and 1,425 deaths of infants younger than one year old, of which 1,119 were preventable (PIMR=7.9:1000 LB). The PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR were 4.1:1000 LB; 1.5:1000 LB; and 2.3:1000 LB, respectively. More than 60% of deaths in the first week and 57.5% in the late neonatal period could be reduced through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy. The most frequent preventable neonatal causes were related to prematurity, mainly acute respiratory syndrome, and non-specified bacterial septicemia. In the post-neonatal period, 31.8% of deaths could be prevented through adequate diagnostic and treatment. Conclusions: The strategies needed to reduce preventable infant deaths should preferably focus on preventing prematurity, through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy, and not on its consequences. infant mortality infant mortality rate preventable deaths Figures Figure 1 Introduction Globally, the estimated infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased 55.4% between 1990 and 2018, falling from 65:1000 live births (LB) to 29:1000 LB.(1) In Brazil, between 1982 and 2015, IMR decreased more than 80% (from 71.3:1000 LB to 14.0:1000 LB), placing the country among those that successfully met objective number four of the Millennium Development Goals, whose target was a two-thirds reduction in the mortality of infants under five years old, between 1990 and 2015.(2,3) The sharp decline in infant mortality in Brazil in the period was due to reductions in geographical and economic inequalities in the country,(4) which still persist nonetheless. In 2017, the IMR in Brazil was 13.4:1000 LB, with the South (where the Rio Grande do Sul state is located) and Southeast regions of the country showing rates below the national average (10.1 and 11.3:1000 LB, respectively), while in the North (15.4:1000 LB), Northeast (141:1000 LB), and Central-West region (11.7:1000 LB) the means were higher.(5) Among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, of which Brazil is a signatory, there is the goal of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five by 2030.(1) Achieving that goal involves monitoring infant mortality, with the aim of accompanying the changes in mortality rates over time, evaluating the circumstances that led to deaths, as well as proposing measures to improve the quality of healthcare and other actions to reduce infant mortality.(6) Thus, this study aimed to measure IMR and its components (early neonatal mortality, late neonatal mortality, and post-neonatal mortality) due to preventable causes in Rio Grande do Sul, in 2017, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Our hypothesis was that preventable causes accounted for most of the infant deaths and were related to contextual, maternal and child characteristics at birth. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional statewide study conducted in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state in Brazil. With 11,329,605 inhabitants living in 497 municipalities in 2017, distributed in 30 Health Regions, RS was the fifth most populous state in the country. (7) Infant deaths at RS in 2017 were identified at the Mortality Information System (SIM, acronym in Portuguese for Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade).(8) The SIM, developed by the Ministry of Health in 1975, is the product of the unification of more than forty Death Certificate (DC) models used over the years to collect data on mortality in the country. With its long time series, the SIM is a national asset, containing fundamental information on causes of illness that led to death. It is also one of the main instruments to support the development of more effective public health and social security policies aimed at prevention, promotion and health care. The records from the SIM contain socioeconomic data, place of residence and occurrence, fetal and non-fetal deaths, conditions and causes of death, and information on external causes. Preventable deaths were defined according to the List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through Intervention of the SUS (acronym in Portuguese for Unified Health System - Sistema Unico de Saúde), which classifies the deaths of infants under five into three categories: preventable causes, ill-defined causes, and other causes (not clearly preventable).(9) Preventable causes are classified according to six subgroups: through immunoprevention actions; through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy; through adequate care of the woman during delivery; through adequate care of the newborn; through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions; and through adequate health promotion actions, linked to adequate healthcare actions. Independent variables - Contextual characteristics The Human Development Index (HDI) of the Health Region, the HDI and the Gini index of the municipality of residence of the family were investigated. The HDI evaluates the quality of life and economic development of a population, and varies between 0 (no human development) to 1 (total human development).(10) HDI is classified as very high (0.800-1.0), high (0.700-0.799), medium (0.600-0.699), low (0.500-0.599), and very low (0.000-0.499). The Health Regions of Rio Grande do Sul are classified into only two categories: high and medium. Among the municipalities, only one has a very high HDI (the state capital, Porto Alegre), one has a low HDI (Dom Feliciano), and none are in the very low category. For the analyses, the HDI of the municipalities was categorized as “very high/high” and “medium/low.” The Gini index measures the income concentration in a particular group, indicating the difference between the incomes of the poorest and that of the richest. It varies from 0 (situation of equality) to 1 (one person holds all the wealth).(10) For the analyses, the Gini index was categorized into quartiles, where the 1 st quartile was represented by the lowest values (0.2841-0.4333) and the 4 th quartile accounted for the highest ones (0.5194-0.7248). - Maternal and infant characteristics Maternal and infant variables at the time of birth were extracted from the Live Birth Certificates (LBC). The information on the mothers included: age in full years at the time of delivery; full years of schooling (subsequently categorized as 0-7, 8-11, and ≥12); marital status, reported by the mother as single, married, widow, legally separated/divorced, stable union, or ignored (later recoded as “with a partner,” which included married women and those in a stable union, and “without a partner,” corresponding to the remaining categories); self-reported skin color (white, black, yellow, brown, and indigenous) – for the analysis, the colors yellow, brown, and indigenous were grouped in the same category; number of antenatal consultations, categorized as 0, 1-3, 4-6, and ≥7); and type of birth (vaginal or caesarean). The information on the infants included sex (male or female); gestational age – for the analyses categorized as <28, 28-31, 32-36, and ≥37 weeks of gestation; low birth weight (LBW; <2500 grams) (yes or no); and type of pregnancy (single or multiple). - Analysis The information extracted from the official documents were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet, specifically built for the study, and subsequently analyzed in the Stata 12.1 program (Stata Corp., College Station, USA).(11) The IMR, early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR), late neonatal mortality rate (LNMR), and post-neonatal mortality rate (PNMR) were calculated by dividing, respectively, the number of deaths occurring between 0-364, 0-6, 7-27, and 28-364 days of life by the number of LB in 2017, and multiplying by 1000. Afterwards, the IMR, ENMR, LNMR, and PNMR due to preventable deaths (respectively PIMR, PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR) were calculated, whose numerators were the number of preventable deaths occurring in the respective age groups. The number and the proportion of preventable deaths, according to the preventability classification were obtained for each age group. The most frequent causes of preventable deaths were recorded. The incidence, differences in incidence, and the cumulative incidence ratio according to the independent variables were calculated. Results At RS, in 2017, there were 141,568 live births and 1,425 deaths of infants under one year old, corresponding to an IMR of 10.1:1000 LB (Table 1). Half of the deaths occurred in the first week of life, corresponding to an ENMR of 5.0:1000. The LNMR and PNMR were 1.9:10000 LB and 3.1:1000 LB, respectively. Regarding preventability, it was possible to classify the cause of 1,421 of the deaths, 1,119 of which were found to be preventable, corresponding to a PIMR of 7.9:1000 LB. The PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR were 4.1:1000 LB; 1.5:1000 LB; and 2.3:1000 LB, respectively. Maps 1 and 2 (Figure 1) show the mean HDI and the PIMR of each one of 30 Health Regions in the state. The PIMR varied from 5.7:1000 LB in the 6 th Health Region to 11.6:1000 LB in the 3 rd Health Region. The PIMR and PPNMR were higher among children residing in regions with a medium HDI, in comparison to those living in regions with a high HDI (8.6 versus 7.6:1000 LB; and 4.8 versus 3.9:1000 LB, respectively) (Figure and Table 1). Preventable deaths were more frequent among children residing in municipalities with a higher income concentration (highest quartile of the Gini index), in comparison with those from the lowest quartile. The PIMR was higher among male children (8.7:1000 LB); among infants from adolescent mothers (10.1:1000 LB), in comparison with those aged 30-34 (6.6:1000 LB) and 35 years or more (6.7:1000 LB); and with a lower educational level (10.8:1000 LB), in comparison with those of mothers with ≥12 years of schooling (5.5:1000 LB) (Table 1). Preventable deaths were more frequent among children of white mothers and of mothers living without a partner. Among the mothers who attended 1-3 antenatal care consultations, the preventable mortality rate at all age groups was higher than among those who attended ≥7 consultations (Table 1). The PIMR and PENMR were higher among the children born via vaginal delivery, in comparison with those born via caesarean. Preterm and LBW infants, as well as those from multiple pregnancies presented the highest preventable mortality rates at all ages, especially in the early neonatal period (Table 1). Table 1 . Infant mortality and preventable infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017. Variables Number of live births IMR PIMR ENMR PENMR LNMR PLNMR PNMR PPNMR Total 141,568 10.1 7.9 5.0 4.1 1.9 1.5 3.1 2.3 HDI of the health region (N=30) High 103,773 9.7 7.6 4.8 3.9 1.9 1.5 3.1 2.3 Medium 37,795 11.0 8.6 5.7 4.8 2.1 1.6 3.1 2.2 Characteristics of the municipality HDI (N=497) Very High/High 122,183 10.0 7.9 5.0 4.1 2.0 1.5 3.1 2.3 Medium/Low 19,316 10.0 7.8 5.2 4.2 1.6 1.2 3.2 2.3 Gini Index (quartiles) (N=497) 1 st quartile (lowest) 11,893 9.4 7.5 5.0 4.0 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.3 2 nd 29,619 10.3 7.7 5.3 4.1 2.0 1.4 3.0 2.2 3 rd 36,977 9.6 7.4 5.1 4.1 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.0 4 th quartile (highest) 63,032 10.3 8.4 4.9 4.2 2.2 1.7 3.2 2.5 Maternal characteristics Age (years) (N=141,566) < 20 18,163 12.0 10.1 6.1 5.3 2.0 1.6 3.9 3.2 20-29 65,589 9.9 7.9 5.1 4.1 1.9 1.4 3.0 2.3 30-34 32,124 8.6 6.6 4.4 3.5 1.8 1.5 2.4 1.6 ≥ 35 25,690 9.4 6.7 4.3 3.4 2.0 1.3 3.1 2.0 Schooling (years) (N=141,211) 0-7 23,794 14.0 10.8 6.3 5.0 2.6 1.9 5.1 3.9 8-11 82,760 9.5 7.5 5.0 4.1 1.8 1.3 2.8 2.1 ≥ 12 34,657 7.1 5.5 3.6 3.0 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.4 Living with a partner (N=141,109) Yes 67,789 8.7 6.5 4.2 3.3 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.7 No 73,320 10.4 8.4 5.3 4.5 1.8 1.3 3.3 2.5 Skin color (N=141,097) White 117,223 10.0 7.8 5.0 4.1 1.9 1.5 3.1 2.3 Brown 14,076 8.0 6.6 4.0 3.6 1.6 1.1 2.4 1.9 Black 9,798 5.5 4.5 2.1 1.8 1.1 0.9 2.2 1.7 No. antenatal care consultations (N=141,356) 0 2,563 32.8 29.7 24.2 22.6 3.9 3.5 4.7 3.5 1-3 6,092 41.9 36.8 22.6 20.2 7.7 7.4 11.5 9.2 4-6 24,462 18.8 15.9 9.9 8.5 3.9 3.3 4.9 4.1 ≥ 7 108,239 5.1 3.4 2.1 1.5 1.0 0.6 1.9 1.3 Type of delivery (N=141,530) Vaginal 52,551 11.0 9.4 6.2 5.6 1.7 1.4 3.1 2.5 Caesarean 88,979 8.9 6.5 4.1 3.1 2.0 1.5 2.9 2.0 Characteristics of the infant at birth Sex (N=141,541) Male 72,946 11.1 8.7 5.4 4.3 2.3 1.8 3.4 2.6 Female 68,615 8.9 7.1 4.6 3.9 1.6 1.2 2.8 2.0 Gestational age (weeks) (N=140,980) < 28 743 585.5 574.7 409.2 401.1 118.4 118.4 57.9 55.2 28-31 1,435 138.7 115.0 83.0 63.4 30.7 29.3 25.1 22.3 32-36 14,421 17.5 10.5 8.4 4.8 3.3 2.1 5.8 3.5 ≥ 37 124,381 3.9 2.7 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.3 2.0 1.5 Low birth weight (< 2,500 grams) (N=141,558) Yes 13,279 72.0 59.1 43.1 36.1 14.3 12.4 14.6 10.6 No 128,279 3.6 2.6 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 1.9 1.4 Type of pregnancy (N=141,534) Single 138,067 9.0 6.9 4.3 3.5 1.8 1.3 2.9 2.1 Multiple 3,467 41.5 38.1 28.5 27.1 6.9 6.3 6.1 4.6 Table 2 shows that more than three quarters of the deaths (N=1119; 78.5%) were preventable with the resources available in the SUS. That proportion was even higher among the deaths in the first week of life, corresponding to 82.2% of all deaths in that age group (586/713). More than 60% of deaths in the first week (444/689) and 57.5% of those occurring in the late neonatal period (158/275) were reducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy. In the post-neonatal period, almost one third (31.8%) of the deaths (139/437) were preventable through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions. Table 2. Preventability of the cause of infant death at Rio Grande do Sul state in 2017 (N= 1,425) Age of the child at death (days) 0-6 7-27 28-364 Total N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Reducible through: Immunoprevention 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 9 (100%) 9 (0.6%) Care of the woman during pregnancy 444 (64.4%) 158 (22.9%) 87 (12.6%) 689 (48.3%) Care of the woman during delivery 62 (80.5%) 6 (7.8%) 9 (11.7%) 77 (5.4%) Care of the newborn 78 (64.5%) 41 (33.9%) 2 (1.6%) 121 (8.5%) Diagnosis and treatment 0 (0.0%) 2 (1.4%) 139 (98.6%) 141 (9.9%) Health promotion 2 (2.4%) 2 (2.4%) 78 (95.1%) 82 (5.8%) Total preventable 586 209 324 1119 Not clearly reducible 125 (41.4%) 65 (21.5%) 112 (37.1%) 302 (21.2%) Ill-defined 2 (50.0%) 1 (25.0%) 1 (25.0%) 4 (0.3%) Total deaths 713 (50.0%) 275 (19.3%) 437 (30.7%) 1425 (100%) The most frequent preventable neonatal causes of death were related to prematurity: acute respiratory syndrome in the newborn (N=80), non-specified bacterial septicemia in the newborn (N=73), fetus and newborn affected by hypertensive maternal disorders (N=44), fetus and newborn affected by chorioamnionitis (N=35), and fetus and newborn affected by premature rupture of the membranes (N=34). Table 3 shows the absolute and relative frequencies of the 1,421 deaths classified by preventability, according to the independent variables. The deaths preventable through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy accounted for the highest proportion of causes. More than half of the deaths of children of mothers aged 30-34, with a higher educational level, who attended <7 pre-natal consultations, and of children born through vaginal delivery, with gestational age <32 weeks, weighing <1500 grams, and from multiple pregnancies were due to causes that were reducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy. Table 3 . Preventability of infant deaths, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017 (N = 1,421) Reducible through immunoprevention actions N=9 Reducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy N=689 Reducible through adequate care of the woman during delivery N=77 Reducible through adequate care of the new-born N=121 Reducible through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions N=141 Reducible through adequate health promotion actions, linked to adequate healthcare actions N=82 Not clearly preventable N=302 Total HDI of the health region High 9 (0.9%) 491 (48.9%) 59 (5.9%) 75 (7.5%) 101 (10.0%) 58 (5.8%) 212 (21.1%) 1005 (100%) Medium 0 (0.0%) 198 (47.6%) 18 (4.3%) 46 (11.1%) 40 (9.6%) 24 (5.8%) 90 (21.6%) 416 (100%) Characteristics of the municipality HDI High/Very high 9 (0.7%) 603 (49.1%) 61 (5.0%) 101 (8.2%) 120 (9.8%) 75 (6.1%) 259 (21.1%) 1228 (100%) Low/Medium 0 (0.0%) 86 (44.6%) 16 (8.3%) 20 (10.4%) 21 (10.9%) 7 (3.6%) 43 (22.3%) 193 (100%) Gini Index (quartiles) 1 st quartile 2 (1.8%) 56 (50.0%) 3 (2.7%) 10 (8.9%) 6 (5.4%) 12 (10.7%) 23 (20.5%) 112 (100%) 2 nd 0 (0.0%) 139 (45.7%) 16 (5.3%) 31 (10.2%) 27 (8.9%) 16 (5.3%) 75 (24.7%) 304 (100%) 3 rd 2 (0.6%) 168 (47.3%) 23 (6.5%) 28 (7.9%) 36 (10.1% ) 16 (4.5%) 82 (23.1%) 355 (100%) 4 th quartile 5 (0.8%) 326 (50.1%) 35 (5.4%) 52 (8.0%) 72 (11.1%) 38 (5.9%) 122 (18.8%) 650 (100%) Maternal characteristics Age (years) < 20 1 (0.5%) 101 (46.5%) 10 (4.6%) 28 (12.9%) 30 (13.8%) 13 (6.0%) 34 (15.7%) 217 (100%) 20-29 5 (0.8%) 310 (47.8%) 38 (5.9%) 58 (8.9%) 70 (10.8%) 35 (5.4%) 132 (20.4%) 648 (100%) 30-34 1 (0.4%) 151 (54.9%) 15 (5. 5%) 15 (5.5%) 17 (6.2%) 12 (4.4%) 64 (23.3%) 275 (100%) ≥ 35 2 (0.8%) 116 (48.1%) 9 (3.7%) 16 (6.6%) 19 (7.9%) 10 (4.1%) 69 (28.6%) 241 (100%) Schooling (years) 0-7 1 (0.3%) 140 (42.0%) 16 (4.8%) 32 (9.6%) 49 (14.7%) 20 (6.0%) 75 (22.5%) 333 (100%) 8-11 6 (0.8%) 382 (48.4%) 47 (6.0%) 69 (8.7%) 74 (9.4%) 45 (5.7%) 166 (21.0%) 789 (100%) ≥ 12 2 (0.8%) 148 (59.9%) 9 (3.6%) 14 (5.7%) 13 (5.3%) 4 (1.6%) 57 (23.1%) 247 (100%) Living with a partner Yes 4 (0.7%) 295 (50.1%) 24 (4.1%) 45 (7.6%) 49 (8.3%) 24 (4.1%) 148 (25.1%) 589 (100%) No 5 (0.7%) 363 (47.7%) 47 (6.2%) 69 (9.1%) 85 (11.2%) 45 (5.9%) 147 (19.3%) 761 (100%) Skin color White 8 (0.7%) 564 (48.4%) 61 (5.2%) 101 (8.7%) 111 (9.5%) 73 (6.3%) 248 (21.3%) 1166 (100%) Brown 1 (0.9%) 57 (50.4%) 9 (8.0%) 8 (7.1%) 15 (13.3%) 3 (2.6%) 20 (17.7%) 113 (100%) Black 0 (0.0%) 25 (46.3%) 2 (3.7%) 3 (5.6%) 12 (22.2%) 2 (3.7%) 10 (18.5%) 54 (100%) No. antenatal care consultations 0 0 (0.0%) 60 (71.4%) 5 (6.0%) 7 (8.3%) 1 (1.2%) 3 (3.6%) 8 (9.5%) 84 (100%) 1-3 3 (1.2%) 180 (70.6%) 2 (0.8%) 8 (3.1%) 15 (5.9%) 16 (6.3%) 31 (12.2%) 255 (100%) 4-6 1 (0.2%) 289 (63.0%) 9 (2.0%) 27 (5.9%) 37 (8.1%) 25 (5.5%) 71 (15.5%) 459 (100%) ≥ 7 5 (0.9%) 125 (22.7%) 56 (10.2%) 71 (12.9%) 81 (14.7%) 25 (4.5%) 187 (34.0%) 550 (100%) Type of delivery Vaginal 5 (0.9%) 326 (56.3%) 32 (5.5%) 42 (7.3%) 62 (10.7%) 29 (5.0%) 83 (14.3%) 579 (100%) Caesarean 4 (0.5%) 347 (43.6%) 40 (5.0%) 76 (9.6%) 73 (9.2%) 40 (5.0%) 216 (27.1%) 796 (100%) Characteristics of the infant at birth Sex Male 4 (0.5%) 380 (47.0%) 37 (4.6%) 79 (9.8%) 76 (9.4%) 57 (7.1%) 175 (21.7%) 808 (100%) Female 5 (0.8%) 309 (50.4%) 40 (6.5%) 42 (6.8%) 65 (10.6%) 25 (4.1%) 127 (20.7%) 613 (100%) Gestational age (weeks) < 28 0 (0.0%) 422 (97.0%) 3 (0.7%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.2%) 1 (0.2%) 8 (1.8%) 435 (100%) 28-31 0 (0.0%) 159 (79.9%) 2 (1.0%) 1 (0.5%) 1 (0.5%) 2 (1.0%) 34 (17.1%) 199 (100%) 32-36 0 (0.0%) 74 (29.4%) 8 (3.2%) 37 (14.7%) 24 (9.5%) 9 (3.6%) 100 (39.7%) 252 (100%) ≥ 37 9 (1.8%) 21 (4.3%) 60 (12.2%) 79 (16.1%) 109 (22.2%) 57 (11.6%) 155 (31.6%) 490 (100%) Low birth weight (< 2500 grams) Yes 1 (0.1%) 661 (72.2%) 14 (1.5%) 33 (3.6%) 28 (3.1%) 11 (1.2%) 167 (18.2%) 915 (100%) No 8 (1.7%) 17 (3.7%) 59 (12.7%) 85 (18.3%) 107 (23.0%) 58 (12.5%) 131 (28.2%) 465 (100%) Type of pregnancy Single 9 (0.7%) 560 (45.3%) 69 (5.6%) 113 (9.1%) 133 (10.7%) 67 (5.4%) 286 (23.1%) 1237 (100%) Multiple 0 (0.0%) 118 (81.9%) 4 (2.8%) 5 (3.5%) 3 (2.1%) 2 (1.4%) 12 (8.3%) 144 (100%) Table 4 describes the incidence, the absolute difference in percentage points (p.p.), and the cumulative incidence ratio (with 95% confidence interval - 95%CI) of the preventable deaths, according to the independent variables. The absolute difference in the incidence varied from 0.01 p.p. (among children of mothers aged 30-34 years, in comparison with those of mothers aged ≥35) to 57.20 p.p. (among those born at <28 weeks of gestation, in comparison with those born at ≥37 weeks of gestation). The preventable deaths were 16% more frequent in Health Regions with a medium HDI than in Regions with a high HDI; and 44% less frequent in municipalities with a medium/low HDI, in comparison with those with a very high/high HDI. Preventable deaths were 3.11 times more frequent in municipalities from the 4 th quartile and 7.50 times more frequent in municipalities from the 1 st quartile of the Gini Index, in comparison with those at the 2 nd quartile. Table 4 . Cumulative incidence of preventable infant deaths, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017 Number of live births Preventable deaths N (%) Difference in incidence (p.p.) 1 Gross cumulative incidence ratio (95%CI) 2 HDI of the health region p=0,028 High 94,903 793 (0.84) Ref. 1.00 Medium 33,590 326 (0.97) 0.13 1.16 (1.02-1.32) Characteristics of the municipality HDI p<0.001 Very high/high 110,830 972 (0.88) Ref. 1.00 Medium/low 30,709 151 (0.49) 0.39 0.56 (0.47-0.67) Gini index (quartiles) p<0.001 1 st quartile 2750 89 (3.24) 2.81 7.50 (5.89-9.54) 2 nd 53,504 231 (0.43) Ref. 1.00 3 rd 35,730 282 (0.79) 0.36 1.83 (1.54-2.17) 4 th quartile 38,839 521 (1.34) 0.91 3.11 (2.66-3.63) Maternal characteristics Age (years) p = 0.005 < 20 18,163 183 (1.01) 0.34 1.50 (1.22-1.85) 20-29 65,589 516 (0.08) 0.59 0.13 (0.99-1.40) 30-34 32,124 211 (0.66) 0.01 0.98 (0.80-1.20) ≥ 35 25,690 172 (0.67) Ref. 1.00 Schooling (years) p = 0.738 0-7 23,794 258 (1.08) 0.53 1.98 (1.64-2.38) 8-9 82,760 623 (0.75) 0.20 1.37 (1.17-1.61) ≥ 12 34,657 190 (0.55) Ref. 1.00 Living with a partner p = 0.010 Yes 67,789 441 (0.65) Ref. 1.00 No 73,320 614 (0.84) 0.19 1.29 (1.14-1.45) Skin color p = 0.612 White 117,223 918 (0.78) Ref. 1.00 Brown 14,076 93 (0.66) 0.12 0.84 (0.68-1.04) Black 9798 44 (0.45) 0.33 0.57 (0.42-0.78) No. antenatal care consultations p < 0.001 0 2563 76 (2.97) 2.63 8.84 (6.93-11.29) 1-3 6092 224 (3.68) 3.34 10.96 (9.30-12.92) 4-6 24,462 388 (1.59) 1.25 4.73 (4.10-5.45) ≥ 7 108,239 363 (0.34) Ref. 1.00 Type of delivery p < 0.001 Vaginal 52,551 496 (0.94) Ref. 1.00 Caesarean 88,979 580 (0.65) 0.29 0.69 (0.61-0.78) Characteristics of the infant at birth Sex p = 0.667 Male 72,946 633 (0.87) 0.16 1.22 (1.09-1.38) Female 68,615 486 (0.71) Ref. 1.00 Gestational age (weeks) p < 0.001 < 28 743 427 (57.47) 57.20 213.38 (188.58-241.44) 28-31 1435 165 (11.50) 11.23 42.69 (35.70-51.06) 32-36 14,421 152 (1.05) 0.78 3.91 (3.23-4.74) ≥ 37 124,381 335 (0.27) Ref. 1.00 Low birth weight (< 2500 grams) p < 0.001 Yes 13279 748 (5.63) 5.37 21.63 (19.04-24.58) No 128,279 334 (0.26) Ref. 1.00 Type of pregnancy p < 0.001 Single 138,067 951 (0.69) Ref. 1.00 Multiple 3467 132 (3.81) 3.12 5.53 (4.74-6.87) 1 p.p.: percentage points; 2 95%CI: 95% confidence interval The preventable deaths were 50% more frequent among children of adolescent mothers than among those of mother aged 35 or more; and 4.73 to 10.96 times more frequent among children of mothers who attended <7 antenatal care consultations (Table 4). Among children of mothers who lived without a partner, the incidence of preventable deaths was around 30% higher than among those of mothers who lived with a partner. Children born via caesarean presented a 31% lower probability of dying due to preventable causes. The highest cumulative incidence ratios occurred among the preterm births (213.38; 42.69; and 3.91 times more frequent among those born at <28, 28-31, and 32-36 weeks of gestation, respectively, than among those born at term), among LBW infants (21.63 times higher than among those born with ≥2500 grams), and from multiple pregnancies (5.53 times higher than among those from single pregnancies). Discussion The main finding of this study is that more than three quarters of infant deaths occurring at RS in 2017 were preventable using the resources available in the SUS, most of them (61.6%) through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy to reduce the number of preterm births. Avoidable causes accounted for 82.2% of early neonatal deaths, 76.0% of late neonatal deaths, and 74.1% of post-neonatal deaths in 2017. Nonetheless, there was a different structure of causes of death when comparing the neonatal and the post-neonatal periods. Most deaths occurring in the neonatal period were preventable through adequate attention to women during pregnancy, whereas at the post-neonatal period the deaths were mainly preventable through diagnosis and treatment. Consistent with our findings, another study assessing preventable infant deaths in RS from 2000 through 2004 showed that, despite the absolute reduction in the number of infant deaths in the period, the proportion of preventable deaths remained above 60%.(12) Between 2003 and 2017, infant mortality rate in RS fell 63.5%, decreasing from 15.9:1000 LB to 10.1:1000 LB.(13, 14) This reduction, however, could even be greater since, as identified in our study, most of deaths were preventable. Although this persistence can be partly attributed to the improvement in the quality of the data, evaluated by the reduction in the percentage of ill-defined causes,(15) and to the 13% increase in the national coverage of the SIM for deaths of those aged less than one year verified in the period (from 79.4% to 89.6%),(16) other factors need to be considered. The characteristic most strongly related with infant death in our study was gestational age. The greatest proportion of preventable deaths occurring in the early neonatal period was due to complications of prematurity or other causes for which prematurity is a risk factor, particularly infections.(17) In 2017, 11.8% of the children born alive in RS were less than 37 weeks of gestation, most of which (86.9%) were late preterm births (34-36 weeks of gestation), which, although apparently less vulnerable due to their weight and size at birth, have a higher risk of dying in the first year of life than those born at term.(18) Preventable deaths in the late preterm group in our study was four times higher than among infants born at term. Prevention of preterm births however is a challenging task, because preterm birth is a complex outcome, with a multifactor etiology, differing according to the gestational age at which it occurs, race, and characteristics of the population.(19) Besides spontaneous cases, preterm births can be due to medical indication secondary to maternal diseases or fetal suffering. Moreover, the over-medicalization of births and the sharp increase in caesareans have been blamed for the current epidemic of preterm births in Brazil.(4,20) A systematic review showed rising trends in the prevalence of prematurity in the country since 1990.(21) A similar trend of increasing prematurity is observed in RS. In 2019, fifteen Health Regions presented rates above the state average (12.15%).(22) Between 1982 and 2015, preterm births increased sharply in RS, from 5.8% to 13.8%.(23) Data from the Birth Cohorts of Pelotas, a city located in the south of RS, showed that in the same period caesareans increased from 27.7% to 65.1%, and were responsible for 86.2% of all births in the wealthiest families, while among the poorest (who generally accumulate more factors for high risk pregnancies), the prevalence was 50.5%.(24) Besides gestational age, other characteristics of the infant at birth were strongly associated with preventable mortality: LBW and multiple pregnancies. LBW was the second factor most strongly related to avoidable deaths in our study. Consistent with data on gestational age, the prevalence of LWB has increased in RS. In 2019, the prevalence of LBW in fifteen of the Health Regions was above the state average (9.6%).(22) Together with gestational age, LWB is one of the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in the first year of life, primarily during the neonatal period.(25) Infants from multiple pregnancies had a cumulative incidence of preventable deaths throughout the first year of life more than five times higher than that observed among infants from single pregnancies. Between 2007 and 2017, double and triple pregnancies in RS corresponded to 10% and 0.8%, respectively, of all pregnancies.(5) The perinatal mortality rate is two to three times higher in twins than in single newborns, primarily due to prematurity, restricted fetal growth, LWB, and intrapartum anoxia.(26, 27) Among the maternal characteristics investigated, the number of antenatal care consultation was the most strongly associated with preventable infant deaths. The relationship between preventable infant mortality and antenatal care, verified in this and in other studies, may relate both to the insufficient number of consultations and to the low quality of care received.(28, 29) Both factors contribute to death in the first days of the child’s life, commonly related to preventable causes.(30, 31) Nonetheless, the number of antenatal consultations depends on the duration of the pregnancy, opening up the possibility of reverse causality bias. Mothers whose pregnancies end prematurely have fewer opportunities for consultations during the antenatal period than those whose pregnancies reaches 37 weeks or more. Of the contextual characteristics of place of residence, the Gini index of the municipality presented the highest incidence ratios. Avoidable mortality ratio was higher in the extremes of the Gini index, mainly in municipalities with lower income concentration. This possibly reflects the situation of poor municipalities with lack of access to qualified maternal and child health assistance. This study has strengths and limitations. Among the strengths is the use of official data from SIM, a system organized with the specific aim of monitoring vital statistics of the Brazilian population. The findings of our study can contribute to the planning of maternal and child health services to quality the assistance provided to the child and maternal group of citizens in RS and in other settings with similar characteristics. The use of List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through SUS Interventions,(9) which aims to systematize the contribution of different factors to infant mortality, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of health services is another strength of the study.(32) The investigation of a wide range of variables, potentially associated with preventable deaths, is another positive aspect of the study. The main limitation was the unavailability of detailed information on the factors and circumstances that led to death. Because information on maternal and child characteristics were available only for deceased infants, we were unable to run adjusted analyses. Conclusion Although RS has one of the lowest IMR in Brazil, avoidable deaths are still the main cause of infant mortality, especially those related to attention to women during pregnancy. Policies and programs directed at women’s reproductive health implemented in Brazil since 1984 have managed to achieve wide coverage, primarily among women who need it most, (20) but there is still a lot to improve in terms of family planning and quality of antenatal care, in order to achieve the goal of ending preventable infant deaths by 2030. Declarations ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (No. 3,262,609) and of the School of Public Health of the State Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul (ESP/SES/RS) (No. 3,423,690). The documental review of the SIM was carried out via written authorization from the Director of the Department of Information Technology Management (DGTI) of SES/RS.To ratify the use of the data exclusively for the purposes of the research, a term of responsibility and confidentiality was signed by the main researcher and sent to the DGTI and to the REC of the ESP/SES/RS. The study followed the ethical and legal principles established in Resolution No. 466/12 of the National Health Council,(33) guaranteeing the privacy and anonymity of the information gathered in the MIS, and that the data identifying the children or their families would not be disclosed in any way. Consent to participate is not applicable because only secondary data was employed. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Consent for publication not applicable. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS The dataset analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because it was based on confidential documental review of the Brazilian Mortality Information System. To have access to analyzed dataset it is required to have authorization from the Director of the Department of Information Technology Management of Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare that they have no competing interests. FUNDING This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. ISS is supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS IMK extracted and analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ISS contributed with interpretation of the results and reviewing the manuscript. The two authors read and approved the final manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are thankful to the School of Public Health and to the Department of Information Technology Management of the State Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul. References Infant mortality. WHO. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/indicator-group-details/GHO/infant-mortality (2021). Accessed 23 Jun 2022. Lima JC, Mingarelli AM, Segri NJ, Zavala AAZ, Takano OA. Estudo de base populacional sobre mortalidade infantil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2017;22:931-9. França EB, Lansky S, Rego MAS, Malta DC, França JS, Teixeira R, Porto D, Almeida MF, Souza MFM, Szwarcwald CL, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Vasconcelos AMN. Principais causas da mortalidade na infância no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doença. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Jan, 2023 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 11 Nov, 2022 Reviews received at journal 28 Oct, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Oct, 2022 Reviews received at journal 06 Oct, 2022 Reviews received at journal 26 Sep, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Sep, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Sep, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Sep, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 11 Sep, 2022 Editor invited by journal 08 Sep, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Sep, 2022 First submitted to journal 26 Aug, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2002693","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":135080028,"identity":"b7ca3d25-026b-4cbd-89b2-008a9aec4911","order_by":0,"name":"Ivete Maria Kreutz","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Medicina, Programa Pós-graduação Pediatria e Saúde da Criança","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ivete","middleName":"Maria","lastName":"Kreutz","suffix":""},{"id":135080029,"identity":"bf06b7cb-f3ad-4620-be4e-bb8760528924","order_by":1,"name":"Ina S. Santos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Pelotas","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ina","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Santos","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-08-26 18:59:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14913-z","type":"published","date":"2023-01-12T18:17:22+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":26348454,"identity":"51dbd21f-032d-484d-b471-0eaa24f3df2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-09-12 14:55:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":68365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap 1: HDI of the 30 health regions of Rio Grande do Sul; Map 2: Preventable infant mortality per 1000 live births, in every health region of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2017\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2002693/v1/f9271327946a395737180021.jpg"},{"id":44716592,"identity":"09dd45ce-55eb-4de3-a7ab-ddddc37cbce8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 18:27:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":307620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2002693/v1/3badd11e-480f-45f4-a638-45dc9c9efc14.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eContextual, Maternal, and Infant Factors in Preventable Infant Deaths: a Statewide Cross-sectional Study in Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGlobally, the estimated infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased 55.4% between 1990 and 2018, falling from 65:1000 live births (LB) to 29:1000 LB.(1)\u0026nbsp;In Brazil, between 1982 and 2015, IMR decreased more than 80% (from 71.3:1000 LB to 14.0:1000 LB), placing the country among those that successfully met objective number four of the Millennium Development Goals, whose target was a two-thirds reduction in the mortality of infants under five years old, between 1990 and 2015.(2,3)\u0026nbsp;The sharp decline in infant mortality in Brazil in the period was due to reductions in geographical and economic inequalities in the country,(4)\u0026nbsp;which still persist nonetheless. In 2017, the IMR in Brazil was 13.4:1000 LB, with the South (where the Rio Grande do Sul state is located) and Southeast regions of the country showing rates below the national average (10.1 and 11.3:1000 LB, respectively), while in the North\u0026nbsp;(15.4:1000 LB), Northeast (141:1000 LB), and Central-West region (11.7:1000 LB) the means were higher.(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, of which Brazil is a signatory, there is the goal of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five by 2030.(1)\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eAchieving that goal involves monitoring infant mortality, with the aim of accompanying the changes in mortality rates over time, evaluating the circumstances that led to deaths, as well as proposing measures to improve the quality of healthcare and other actions to reduce infant mortality.(6) Thus, this study aimed to measure IMR and its components (early neonatal mortality, late neonatal mortality, and post-neonatal mortality) due to preventable causes in Rio Grande do Sul, in 2017, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Our hypothesis was that preventable causes accounted for most of the infant deaths and were related to contextual, maternal and child characteristics at birth.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis was a descriptive cross-sectional statewide study conducted in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state in Brazil. With 11,329,605 inhabitants living in 497 municipalities in 2017, distributed in 30 Health Regions, RS was the fifth most populous state in the country. (7)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfant deaths at RS in 2017 were identified at the Mortality Information System (SIM, acronym in Portuguese for Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade).(8)\u0026nbsp;The SIM, developed by the Ministry of Health in 1975, is the product of the unification of more than forty Death Certificate (DC) models used over the years to collect data on mortality in the country. With its long time series, the SIM is a national asset, containing fundamental information on causes of illness that led to death. It is also one of the main instruments to support the development of more effective public health and social security policies aimed at prevention, promotion and health care. The records from the SIM contain socioeconomic data, place of residence and occurrence, fetal and non-fetal deaths, conditions and causes of death, and information on external causes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreventable deaths were defined according to the List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through Intervention of the SUS (acronym in Portuguese for Unified Health System - Sistema Unico de Saúde), which classifies the deaths of infants under five into three categories: preventable causes, ill-defined causes, and other causes (not clearly preventable).(9)\u0026nbsp;Preventable causes are classified according to six subgroups: through immunoprevention actions; through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy; through adequate care of the woman during delivery; through adequate care of the newborn; through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions; and through adequate health promotion actions, linked to adequate healthcare actions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIndependent variables\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Contextual characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Human Development Index (HDI) of the Health Region, the HDI and the Gini index of the municipality of residence of the family were investigated. The HDI evaluates the quality of life and economic development of a population, and varies between 0 (no human development) to 1 (total human development).(10)\u0026nbsp;HDI is classified as very high (0.800-1.0), high (0.700-0.799), medium (0.600-0.699), low (0.500-0.599), and very low (0.000-0.499). The Health Regions of Rio Grande do Sul are classified into only two categories: high and medium. Among the municipalities, only one has a very high HDI (the state capital, Porto Alegre), one has a low HDI (Dom Feliciano), and none are in the very low category. For the analyses, the HDI of the municipalities was categorized as “very high/high” and “medium/low.”\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Gini index measures the income concentration in a particular group, indicating the difference between the incomes of the poorest and that of the richest. It varies from 0 (situation of equality) to 1 (one person holds all the wealth).(10)\u0026nbsp;For the analyses, the Gini index was categorized into quartiles, where the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e quartile was represented by the lowest values\u0026nbsp;(0.2841-0.4333) and the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e quartile accounted for the highest ones (0.5194-0.7248).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Maternal and infant characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaternal and infant variables at the time of birth were extracted from the Live Birth Certificates (LBC).\u0026nbsp;The information on the mothers included: age in full years at the time of delivery; full years of schooling (subsequently categorized as\u0026nbsp;0-7, 8-11, and\u0026nbsp;≥12);\u0026nbsp;marital status, reported by the mother as single, married, widow, legally separated/divorced, stable union, or ignored (later recoded as “with a partner,” which included married women and those in a stable union, and “without a partner,” corresponding to the remaining categories); self-reported skin color (white, black, yellow, brown, and indigenous) – for the analysis, the colors yellow, brown, and indigenous were grouped in the same category; number of antenatal consultations, categorized as 0, 1-3, 4-6, and\u0026nbsp;≥7); and type of birth (vaginal or caesarean).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information on the infants included sex (male or female); gestational age – for the analyses categorized as \u0026lt;28, 28-31, 32-36, and\u0026nbsp;≥37 weeks of gestation;\u0026nbsp;low birth weight (LBW; \u0026lt;2500 grams) (yes or no); and type of pregnancy (single or multiple).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe information extracted from the official documents were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet, specifically built for the study, and subsequently analyzed in the Stata 12.1 program (Stata Corp., College Station, USA).(11)\u0026nbsp;The\u0026nbsp;IMR,\u0026nbsp;early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR), late neonatal mortality rate (LNMR), and post-neonatal mortality rate (PNMR) were calculated by dividing, respectively, the number of deaths occurring between\u0026nbsp;0-364, 0-6, 7-27, and 28-364 days of life by the number of LB in 2017, and multiplying by 1000.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfterwards, the IMR, ENMR, LNMR, and PNMR due to preventable deaths (respectively PIMR, PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR) were calculated, whose numerators were the number of preventable deaths occurring in the respective age groups. The number and the proportion of preventable deaths, according to the preventability classification were obtained for each age group. The most frequent causes of preventable deaths were recorded. The incidence, differences in incidence, and the cumulative incidence ratio according to the independent variables were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAt RS, in 2017, there were 141,568 live births and 1,425 deaths of infants under one year old, corresponding to an IMR of 10.1:1000 LB (Table 1). Half of the deaths occurred in the first week of life, corresponding to an ENMR of 5.0:1000. The LNMR and PNMR were 1.9:10000 LB and 3.1:1000 LB, respectively. Regarding preventability, it was possible to classify the cause of 1,421 of the deaths, 1,119 of which were found to be preventable, corresponding to a PIMR of 7.9:1000 LB. The PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR were 4.1:1000 LB; 1.5:1000 LB; and 2.3:1000 LB, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaps 1 and 2 (Figure 1) show the mean HDI and the\u0026nbsp;PIMR of each one of 30 Health Regions in the state. The PIMR varied from 5.7:1000 LB in the 6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Health Region to 11.6:1000 LB in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Health Region. The PIMR and PPNMR were higher among children residing in regions with a medium HDI, in comparison to those living in regions with a high HDI (8.6 versus 7.6:1000 LB; and 4.8 versus 3.9:1000 LB, respectively) (Figure and Table 1). Preventable deaths were more frequent among children residing in municipalities with a higher income concentration (highest quartile of the Gini index), in comparison with those from the lowest quartile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe PIMR was higher among male children (8.7:1000 LB); among infants from adolescent mothers (10.1:1000 LB), in comparison with those aged 30-34 (6.6:1000 LB) and 35 years or more (6.7:1000 LB); and with a lower educational level (10.8:1000 LB), in comparison with those of mothers with \u0026ge;12 years of schooling (5.5:1000 LB) (Table 1). Preventable deaths were more frequent among children of white mothers and of mothers living without a partner. Among the mothers who attended 1-3 antenatal care consultations, the preventable mortality rate at all age groups was higher than among those who attended \u0026ge;7 consultations (Table 1). The PIMR and PENMR were higher among the children born via vaginal delivery, in comparison with those born via caesarean. Preterm and LBW infants, as well as those from multiple pregnancies presented the highest preventable mortality rates at all ages, especially in the early neonatal period (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"10\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Infant mortality and preventable infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of live births\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePIMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePENMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLNMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLNMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePNMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePPNMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141,568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHDI of the health region (N=30)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103,773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37,795\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the municipality\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDI (N=497)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery High/High\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122,183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium/Low\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19,316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGini Index (quartiles) (N=497)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e quartile (lowest)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,893\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29,619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36,977\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e quartile (highest)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63,032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years) (N=141,566)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65,589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchooling (years) (N=141,211)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23,794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82,760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34,657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with a partner (N=141,109)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67,789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73,320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkin color (N=141,097)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117,223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. antenatal care consultations (N=141,356)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24,462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108,239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of delivery (N=141,530)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52,551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaesarean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88,979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the infant at birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex (N=141,541)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68,615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age (weeks) (N=140,980)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e585.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124,381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"44.35665914221219%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow birth weight (\u0026lt; 2,500 grams) (N=141,558)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128,279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"35.66591422121896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of pregnancy (N=141,534)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.690744920993229%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.465011286681715%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.110609480812641%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.336343115124153%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.562076749435666%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.029345372460497%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.803611738148984%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"21.129943502824858%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.463276836158192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.700564971751412%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.474576271186441%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.11864406779661%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.344632768361582%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"7.570621468926554%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.03954802259887%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"8.813559322033898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 shows that more than three quarters of the deaths (N=1119; 78.5%) were preventable with the resources available in the SUS. That proportion was even higher among the deaths in the first week of life, corresponding to 82.2% of all deaths in that age group (586/713). More than 60% of deaths in the first week (444/689) and 57.5% of those occurring in the late neonatal period (158/275) were reducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy. In the post-neonatal period, almost one third (31.8%) of the deaths (139/437) were preventable through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Preventability of the cause of infant death at Rio Grande do Sul state in 2017 (N= 1,425)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.23789764868603%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"63.76210235131397%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the child at death (days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReducible through:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImmunoprevention\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCare of the woman during pregnancy\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444 (64.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (22.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (12.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e689 (48.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCare of the woman during delivery\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (80.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCare of the newborn\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (64.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (33.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (8.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiagnosis and treatment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (98.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e141 (9.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHealth promotion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (95.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (5.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal preventable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNot clearly reducible\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (41.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (21.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (37.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIll-defined\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"36.28808864265928%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTotal deaths\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e713 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275 (19.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e437 (30.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.92797783933518%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1425 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most frequent preventable neonatal causes of death were related to prematurity: acute respiratory syndrome in the newborn (N=80), non-specified bacterial septicemia in the newborn (N=73), fetus and newborn affected by hypertensive maternal disorders (N=44), fetus and newborn affected by chorioamnionitis (N=35), and fetus and newborn affected by premature rupture of the membranes (N=34).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows the absolute and relative frequencies of the 1,421 deaths classified by preventability, according to the independent variables. The deaths preventable through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy accounted for the highest proportion of causes. More than half of the deaths of children of mothers aged 30-34, with a higher educational level, who attended \u0026lt;7 pre-natal consultations, and of children born through vaginal delivery, with gestational age \u0026lt;32 weeks, weighing \u0026lt;1500 grams, and from multiple pregnancies were due to causes that were reducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e. Preventability of infant deaths, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017 (N = 1,421)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through immunoprevention actions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through adequate care of the woman during delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through adequate care of the new-born\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through adequate diagnostic and treatment actions N=141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReducible through adequate health promotion actions, linked to adequate healthcare actions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot clearly preventable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN=302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHDI of the health region\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491 (48.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (10.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (5.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1005 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (47.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (5.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 (21.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e416 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the municipality\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh/Very high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e603 (49.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (8.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (6.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e259 (21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1228 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow/Medium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (44.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (10.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (22.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGini Index (quartiles)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (20.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (45.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (24.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e304 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e168 (47.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (10.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (50.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e650 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (46.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (15.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310 (47.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (8.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (10.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e648 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (54.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (5. 5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (48.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (6.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (28.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchooling (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (42.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (22.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e382 (48.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e166 (21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e789 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (59.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (5.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with a partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295 (50.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148 (25.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363 (47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (11.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (19.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e761 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkin color\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e564 (48.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (8.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248 (21.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1166 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (50.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (8.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (46.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (18.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. antenatal care consultations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (71.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (6.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180 (70.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e255 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289 (63.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (5.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (8.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (15.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (10.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (12.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (4.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (34.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e550 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaesarean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347 (43.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (9.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (5.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e216 (27.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e796 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the infant at birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e380 (47.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (21.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e808 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (0.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e309 (50.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (6.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e613 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e422 (97.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (79.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (17.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (29.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (9.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 (39.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (1.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (12.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (11.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155 (31.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow birth weight (\u0026lt; 2500 grams)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e661 (72.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (1.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (3.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167 (18.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e915 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (1.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (3.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (12.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (23.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (28.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of pregnancy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (0.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560 (45.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (5.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113 (9.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (10.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286 (23.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1237 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.764705882352942%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.96078431372549%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (81.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"10.196078431372548%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (3.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"11.07843137254902%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"12.843137254901961%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.215686274509803%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"9.117647058823529%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 describes the incidence, the absolute difference in percentage points (p.p.), and the cumulative incidence ratio (with 95% confidence interval - 95%CI) of the preventable deaths, according to the independent variables. The absolute difference in the incidence varied from 0.01 p.p. (among children of mothers aged 30-34 years, in comparison with those of mothers aged \u0026ge;35) to 57.20 p.p. (among those born at \u0026lt;28 weeks of gestation, in comparison with those born at \u0026ge;37 weeks of gestation). The preventable deaths were 16% more frequent in Health Regions with a medium HDI than in Regions with a high HDI; and 44% less frequent in municipalities with a medium/low HDI, in comparison with those with a very high/high HDI. Preventable deaths were 3.11 times more frequent in municipalities from the 4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e quartile and 7.50 times more frequent in municipalities from the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e quartile of the Gini Index, in comparison with those at the 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e quartile.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e. Cumulative incidence of preventable infant deaths, according to contextual, maternal, and infant characteristics. Rio Grande do Sul state, 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of live births\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePreventable deaths\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifference in incidence (p.p.)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGross cumulative incidence ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95%CI)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHDI of the health region\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep=0,028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94,903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e793 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33,590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326 (0.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16 (1.02-1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"46.73721340388007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the municipality\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.991181657848324%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.403880070546737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.867724867724867%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHDI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery high/high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110,830\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e972 (0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium/low\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30,709\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151 (0.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 (0.47-0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGini index (quartiles)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (3.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.50 (5.89-9.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53,504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231 (0.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,730\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282 (0.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83 (1.54-2.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38,839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e521 (1.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11 (2.66-3.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"46.73721340388007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaternal characteristics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.991181657848324%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.403880070546737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.867724867724867%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18,163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e183 (1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50 (1.22-1.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20-29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65,589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e516 (0.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13 (0.99-1.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32,124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.80-1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25,690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (0.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSchooling (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23,794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258 (1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98 (1.64-2.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82,760\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e623 (0.75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.37 (1.17-1.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34,657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (0.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiving with a partner\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67,789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e441 (0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73,320\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e614 (0.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29 (1.14-1.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkin color\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117,223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e918 (0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrown\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (0.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.68-1.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44 (0.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.57 (0.42-0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"46.73721340388007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. antenatal care consultations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.991181657848324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.403880070546737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.867724867724867%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (2.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.84 (6.93-11.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224 (3.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.96 (9.30-12.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24,462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388 (1.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73 (4.10-5.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108,239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e363 (0.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVaginal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52,551\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e496 (0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaesarean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88,979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e580 (0.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.61-0.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"61.72839506172839%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the infant at birth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.403880070546737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.867724867724867%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep = 0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72,946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e633 (0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22 (1.09-1.38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68,615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e486 (0.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e743\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e427 (57.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e213.38 (188.58-241.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28-31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165 (11.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.69 (35.70-51.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32-36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14,421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (1.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91 (3.23-4.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124,381\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e335 (0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"46.73721340388007%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow birth weight (\u0026lt; 2500 grams)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"14.991181657848324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.403880070546737%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.867724867724867%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e748 (5.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.63 (19.04-24.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128,279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334 (0.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of pregnancy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep \u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138,067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e951 (0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"33.3922261484099%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultiple\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.250883392226148%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"15.017667844522968%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (3.81)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"13.42756183745583%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" width=\"24.91166077738516%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53 (4.74-6.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"bottom\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003ep.p.: percentage points; \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e95%CI: 95% confidence interval\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe preventable deaths were 50% more frequent among children of adolescent mothers than among those of mother aged 35 or more; and 4.73 to 10.96 times more frequent among children of mothers who attended \u0026lt;7 antenatal care consultations (Table 4). Among children of mothers who lived without a partner, the incidence of preventable deaths was around 30% higher than among those of mothers who lived with a partner. Children born via caesarean presented a 31% lower probability of dying due to preventable causes. The highest cumulative incidence ratios occurred among the preterm births (213.38; 42.69; and 3.91 times more frequent among those born at \u0026lt;28, 28-31, and 32-36 weeks of gestation, respectively, than among those born at term), among LBW infants (21.63 times higher than among those born with \u0026ge;2500 grams), and from multiple pregnancies (5.53 times higher than among those from single pregnancies).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe main finding of this study is that more than three quarters of infant deaths occurring at RS in 2017 were preventable using the resources available in the SUS, most of them (61.6%) through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy to reduce the number of preterm births. Avoidable causes accounted for 82.2% of early neonatal deaths, 76.0% of late neonatal deaths, and 74.1% of post-neonatal deaths in 2017. Nonetheless, there was a different structure of causes of death when comparing the neonatal and the post-neonatal periods. Most deaths occurring in the neonatal period were preventable through adequate attention to women during pregnancy, whereas at the post-neonatal period the deaths were mainly preventable through diagnosis and treatment. Consistent with our findings, another study assessing preventable infant deaths in RS from 2000 through 2004\u0026nbsp;showed that, despite the absolute reduction in the number of infant deaths in the period, the proportion of preventable deaths remained above 60%.(12)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBetween 2003 and 2017, infant mortality rate in RS fell 63.5%, decreasing from 15.9:1000 LB to 10.1:1000 LB.(13, 14)\u0026nbsp;This reduction, however, could even be greater since, as identified in our study, most of deaths were preventable. Although this persistence can be partly attributed to the improvement in the quality of the data, evaluated by the reduction in the percentage of ill-defined causes,(15)\u0026nbsp;and to the 13% increase in the national coverage of the SIM for deaths of those aged less than one year verified in the period (from 79.4% to 89.6%),(16)\u0026nbsp;other factors need to be considered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe characteristic most strongly related with infant death in our study was gestational age. The greatest proportion of preventable deaths occurring in the early neonatal period was due to complications of prematurity or other causes for which prematurity is a risk factor, particularly infections.(17)\u0026nbsp;In 2017, 11.8% of the children born alive in RS were less than 37 weeks of gestation, most of which (86.9%) were late preterm births (34-36 weeks of gestation), which, although apparently less vulnerable due to their weight and size at birth, \u0026nbsp;have a higher risk of dying in the first year of life than those born at term.(18)\u0026nbsp;Preventable deaths in the late preterm group in our study was four times higher than among infants born at term.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevention of preterm births however is a challenging task, because preterm birth is a complex outcome, with a multifactor etiology, differing according to the gestational age at which it occurs, race, and characteristics of the population.(19)\u0026nbsp;Besides spontaneous cases, preterm births can be due to medical indication secondary to maternal diseases or fetal suffering. Moreover, the over-medicalization of births and the sharp increase in caesareans have been blamed for the current epidemic of preterm births in Brazil.(4,20)\u0026nbsp;A systematic review showed rising trends in the prevalence of prematurity in the country since 1990.(21)\u0026nbsp;A similar trend of increasing prematurity is observed in RS. In 2019, fifteen Health Regions presented rates above the state average (12.15%).(22)\u0026nbsp;Between 1982 and 2015, preterm births increased sharply in RS, from 5.8% to 13.8%.(23)\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Data from the Birth Cohorts of Pelotas, a city located in the south of RS, showed that in the same period caesareans increased from 27.7% to 65.1%, and were responsible for 86.2% of all births in the wealthiest families, while among the poorest (who generally accumulate more factors for high risk pregnancies), the prevalence was 50.5%.(24)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides gestational age, other characteristics of the infant at birth were strongly associated with preventable mortality: LBW and multiple pregnancies. LBW was the second factor most strongly related to avoidable deaths in our study. Consistent with data on gestational age,\u0026nbsp;the prevalence of LWB has increased in RS. In 2019, the prevalence of LBW in fifteen of the Health Regions was above the state average (9.6%).(22)\u0026nbsp;Together with gestational age, LWB is one of the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in the first year of life, primarily during the neonatal period.(25)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfants from multiple pregnancies had a cumulative incidence of preventable deaths throughout the first year of life more than five times higher than that observed among infants from single pregnancies. Between 2007 and 2017, double and triple pregnancies in RS corresponded to 10% and 0.8%, respectively, of all pregnancies.(5)\u0026nbsp;The perinatal mortality rate is two to three times higher in twins than in single newborns, primarily due to prematurity, restricted fetal growth, LWB, and intrapartum anoxia.(26, 27)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the maternal characteristics investigated, the number of antenatal care consultation was the most strongly associated with preventable infant deaths. The relationship between preventable infant mortality and antenatal care, verified in this and in other studies, may relate both to the insufficient number of consultations and to the low quality of care received.(28, 29)\u0026nbsp;Both factors contribute to death in the first days of the child\u0026rsquo;s life, commonly related to preventable causes.(30, 31)\u0026nbsp;Nonetheless, the number of antenatal consultations depends on the duration of the pregnancy, opening up the possibility of reverse causality bias. Mothers whose pregnancies end prematurely have fewer opportunities for consultations during the antenatal period than those whose pregnancies reaches 37 weeks or more.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf the contextual characteristics of place of residence, the Gini index of the municipality presented the highest incidence ratios. Avoidable mortality ratio was higher in the extremes of the Gini index, mainly in municipalities with lower income concentration. This possibly reflects the situation of poor municipalities with lack of access to qualified maternal and child health assistance.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has strengths and limitations. Among the strengths is the use of official data from SIM, a system organized with the specific aim of monitoring vital statistics of the Brazilian population. The findings of our study can contribute to the planning of maternal and child health services to quality the assistance provided to the child and maternal group of citizens in RS and in other\u0026nbsp;settings with similar characteristics. The use of List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through SUS Interventions,(9)\u0026nbsp;which aims to systematize the contribution of different factors to infant mortality, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of health services is another strength of the study.(32)\u0026nbsp;The investigation of a wide range of variables, potentially associated with preventable deaths, is another positive aspect of the study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe main limitation was the unavailability of detailed information on the factors and circumstances that led to death. Because information on maternal and child characteristics were available only for deceased infants, we were unable to run adjusted analyses. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough RS has one of the lowest IMR in Brazil, avoidable deaths are still the main cause of infant mortality, especially those related to attention to women during pregnancy. Policies and programs directed at women\u0026rsquo;s reproductive health implemented in Brazil since 1984 have managed to achieve wide coverage, primarily among women who need it most, (20) but there is still a lot to improve in terms of family planning and quality of antenatal care, in order to achieve the goal of ending preventable infant deaths by 2030.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (No. 3,262,609) and of the School of Public Health of the State Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul (ESP/SES/RS) (No. 3,423,690). The documental review of the SIM was carried out via written authorization from the Director of the Department of Information Technology Management (DGTI) of SES/RS.To ratify the use of the data\u0026nbsp;exclusively for the purposes of the research, a term of responsibility and confidentiality was signed by the main researcher and sent to the DGTI and to the REC of the ESP/SES/RS. The study followed the ethical and legal principles established in Resolution No. 466/12 of the National Health Council,(33)\u0026nbsp;guaranteeing the privacy and anonymity of the information gathered in the MIS, and that the data identifying the children or their families would not be disclosed in any way.\u0026nbsp;Consent to participate is not applicable because only secondary data was employed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT FOR PUBLICATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset analyzed during the current study are not publicly available because it was based on confidential documental review of the Brazilian Mortality Information System. To have access to analyzed dataset it is required to have authorization from the\u0026nbsp;Director of the Department of Information Technology Management of Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFUNDING\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was financed in part by the Coordena\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de Aperfei\u0026ccedil;oamento de Pessoal de N\u0026iacute;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001. ISS is supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHORS\u0026apos; CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIMK extracted and analyzed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. ISS contributed with interpretation of the results and reviewing the manuscript. The two authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are thankful to the School of Public Health and to the Department of Information Technology Management of the State Secretariat of Health of Rio Grande do Sul.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInfant mortality. WHO. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/indicator-groups/indicator-group-details/GHO/infant-mortality (2021). Accessed 23 Jun 2022. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLima JC, Mingarelli AM, Segri NJ, Zavala AAZ, Takano OA. Estudo de base populacional sobre mortalidade infantil. Cienc Saude Coletiva. 2017;22:931-9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFran\u0026ccedil;a EB, Lansky S, Rego MAS, Malta DC, Fran\u0026ccedil;a JS, Teixeira R, Porto D, Almeida MF, Souza MFM, Szwarcwald CL, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Vasconcelos AMN. Principais causas da mortalidade na inf\u0026acirc;ncia no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doen\u0026ccedil;a. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2017;20 Suppl 1:46-60\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVictora CG, Aquino EM, Do Carmo Leal M, Monteiro CA, Barros FC, Szwarcwald CL. Maternal and child health in Brazil: Progress and challenges. Lancet. 2011;377:1863-76\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eInforma\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es em Sa\u0026uacute;de (TABNET). http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/menu_tabnet_php.htm. Accessed 23 Jun 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe State of the World\u0026rsquo;s Children | UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-of-worlds-children. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIBGE. Popula\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o. https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao.html. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDATASUS - SIM - Sistema de Informa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o sobre Mortalidade. http://sim.saude.gov.br/default.asp. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalta DC, Duarte EC, Almeida MF de, Dias MA de S, Morais Neto OL de, Moura L de, et al. Lista de causas de mortes evit\u0026aacute;veis por interven\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es do Sistema \u0026Uacute;nico de Sa\u0026uacute;de do Brasil. Epidemiol e Servi\u0026ccedil;os Sa\u0026uacute;de. 2007;16:233\u0026ndash;44. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtlas Brasil. http://www.atlasbrasil.org.br/. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSTATACORP L.P. Stata Statistical Software: Release 12.0. College Station TSL. \u0026ldquo;Stata Statistical Software: Release 12.0. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP. 2011.\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Oacute;bitos infantis evit\u0026aacute;veis no Rio Grande do Sul: diferen\u0026ccedil;as entre os per\u0026iacute;odos neonatal e p\u0026oacute;s-neonatal | Jung | Indicadores Econ\u0026ocirc;micos FEE http://200.198.145.164/index.php/indicadores/article/view/4067. Accessed 01 Jul 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRio Grande do Sul registra a menor taxa de mortalidade infantil da hist\u0026oacute;ria - Secretaria da Sa\u0026uacute;de. https://saude.rs.gov.br/rio-grande-do-sul-registra-a-menor-taxa-de-mortalidade-infantil-da-historia. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRedu\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da mortalidade infantil avan\u0026ccedil;a no Rio Grande do Sul - Portal do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. https://estado.rs.gov.br/reducao-da-mortalidade-infantil-avanca-no-rs. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasil. Manual para investiga\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o do \u0026oacute;bito com causa mal definida. Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Sa\u0026uacute;de. Secretaria da Vigil\u0026acirc;ncia em Sa\u0026uacute;de. Departamento de An\u0026aacute;lise de Situa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o em Sa\u0026uacute;de. Bras\u0026iacute;lia; 2009. p. 48. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasil. Indicadores de mortalidade que utilizam a metodologia do Busca Ativa - Indicadores, A\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es e Programas - Acesso \u0026agrave; Informa\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o - DASNT - SVS/MS [Internet]. Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Sa\u0026uacute;de. 2019. http://svs.aids.gov.br/dantps/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/busca-ativa/indicadores-de-saude/mortalidade/. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLawn JE, Gravett MG, Nunes TM, Rubens CE, Stanton C. Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (1 of 7): definitions, description of the burden and opportunities to improve data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 10 (Suppl 1), S2 (2010)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantos IS, Matijasevich A, Silveira MF, Sclowitz IKT, Barros AJD, Victora CG, et al. Associated factors and consequences of late preterm births: Results from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2008;22(4):350\u0026ndash;9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGravett MG, Rubens CE, Nunes TM. Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (2 of 7): discovery science. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 10 (Suppl 1), S2 (2010) \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeal MDC, Szwarcwald CL, Almeida PVB, Aquino EML, Barreto ML, Barros F, et al. Reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health in the 30 years since the creation of the Unified Health System (SUS). Cienc Saude Coletiva 2018;23(6):1915\u0026ndash;28. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eda Silveira MF, Santos IS, Barros AJD, Matijasevich A, Barros FC, Victora CG. Increase in preterm births in Brazil: Review of population-based studies. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42:957\u0026ndash;64. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasil. Plano Estadual de Sa\u0026uacute;de: 2020/2023. Grupo de Trabalho de Planejamento, Monitoramento e Avalia\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o da Gest\u0026atilde;o (Org.). Porto Alegre/RS; 2020. p. 522. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilveira MF, Victora CG, Horta BL, Da Silva BGC, Matijasevich A, Barros FC. Low birthweight and preterm birth: Trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982-2015. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48 (Suppl.1): I46\u0026ndash;53. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarros AJD, Victora CG, Horta BL, Wehrmeister FC, Bassani D, Silveira MF, et al. Antenatal care and caesarean sections: Trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, Brazil, 1982-2015. Int J Epidemiol. 2019;48 (Suppl.1): I37-45. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuke B, Williams C, Minogue J, Keith L. The changing pattern of infant mortality in the US: The role of prenatal factors and their obstetrical implications. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1993;40:199-212\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObiechina NJ, Okolie VE, Eleje GU, Okechukwu ZC, Anemeje OA. Twin versus singleton pregnancies: The incidence, pregnancy complications, and obstetric outcomes in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. Int J Women\u0026rsquo;s Health. 2011;3:227\u0026ndash;30. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuhling KJ, Henrich W, Starr E, Lubke M, Bertram S, Siebert G, et al. Risk for gestational diabetes and hypertension for women with twin pregnancy compared to singleton pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2003;269:33\u0026ndash;6. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatijasevich A, Santos IS, Barros AJD, Menezes AMB, Albernaz EP, Barros FC, et al. Perinatal mortality in three population-based cohorts from Southern Brazil: Trends and differences. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24 (Suppl.3): s399\u0026ndash;408. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVentura RN, Puccini RF, Da Silva NN, Da Silva EMK, De Oliveira EM. The expression of vulnerability through infant mortality in the municipality of Embu. Sao Paulo Med J. 2008;126:262\u0026ndash;8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ede Souza Maia LT, de Souza WV, da Cruz Gouveia Mendes A. Individual and contextual determinants of infant mortality in Brazilian state capitals: A multilevel approach. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36:e00057519.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAtkinson TB. Infant Mortality: Access and Barriers to Quality Perinatal Care in North Carolina. N C Med J. 2020;81:28-31. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasil. Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Sa\u0026uacute;de. Secretaria de Vigil\u0026acirc;ncia em Sa\u0026uacute;de. Secretaria de Aten\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o \u0026agrave; Sa\u0026uacute;de. Manual de Vigil\u0026acirc;ncia do \u0026Oacute;bito Infantil e Fetal e do Comit\u0026ecirc; de Preven\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o do \u0026Oacute;bito Infantil e Fetal. Bras\u0026iacute;lia: Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Sa\u0026uacute;de, 2009\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrasil. Minist\u0026eacute;rio da Sa\u0026uacute;de. Resolu\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o N\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e 466/12. Conselho Nacional de Sa\u0026uacute;de. 2012 https://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/Reso466.pdf. Accessed 23 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"infant mortality, infant mortality rate, preventable deaths","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eEnding preventable deaths of newborns and children under five by 2030 is among the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This study aimed to measure infant mortality rate due to preventable causes in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), the Southernmost state in Brazil. With 11,329,605 inhabitants and 141,568 live births in 2017, RS was the fifth most populous state in the country.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod:\u003c/strong\u003e A cross-sectional statewide study, with data extracted from records of the Mortality Information System, Death Certificates, and Live Birth Certificates for the year 2017. Preventability was estimated by applying the List of Causes of Deaths Preventable through Intervention of SUS (acronym for Sistema Unico de Saude - Brazilian Unified Health System) Intervention. Rates of preventable infant mortality (PIMR), preventable early neonatal mortality (PENMR), preventable late neonatal mortality (PLNMR), and preventable post-neonatal mortality (PPNMR) per 1000 live births (LB) were quantified. Incidence ratios, according to contextual characteristics (human development index of the health region and of the municipality; Gini index of the municipality), maternal characteristics at the time of delivery (age, education, self-reported skin color, presence of a partner, number of antenatal care consultations, and type of delivery), and characteristics of the child at the time of birth (gestational age, weight, and pregnancy type) were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003eIn 2017, there were 141,568 live births and 1,425 deaths of infants younger than one year old, of which 1,119 were preventable (PIMR=7.9:1000 LB). The PENMR, PLNMR, and PPNMR were 4.1:1000 LB; 1.5:1000 LB; and 2.3:1000 LB, respectively. More than 60% of deaths in the first week and 57.5% in the late neonatal period could be reduced through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy. The most frequent preventable neonatal causes were related to prematurity, mainly acute respiratory syndrome, and non-specified bacterial septicemia. In the post-neonatal period, 31.8% of deaths could be prevented through adequate diagnostic and treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003eThe strategies needed to reduce preventable infant deaths should preferably focus on preventing prematurity, through adequate care of the woman during pregnancy, and not on its consequences.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Contextual, Maternal, and Infant Factors in Preventable Infant Deaths: a Statewide Cross-sectional Study in Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-09-12 14:54:59","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2002693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-11-11T07:35:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-10-28T17:44:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"714dab86-101a-4caa-b879-37083deaf01b","date":"2022-10-19T13:47:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-10-06T18:39:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-09-26T21:35:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"31b37878-7226-4e07-a67c-314462813cab","date":"2022-09-22T19:53:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"3cbd0a71-7b22-400a-99e6-e34465abd98e","date":"2022-09-14T16:12:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-09-11T19:10:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-09-11T19:02:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-09-08T08:31:07+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-09-08T08:22:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2022-08-26T18:56:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1c270b02-bc8f-47ac-96d5-c80ac22e0624","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 12th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T18:24:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-2002693","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14913-z","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2023-01-12 18:17:22","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 12th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-09-12 14:54:59","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-022-14913-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14913-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2002693","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2002693","identity":"rs-2002693","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}