Effect of Alccofine on Water Absorption and Sorptivity of Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Mono and Hybrid Synthetic Fibres

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This paper deals with a study on influence of Alccofine and synthetic fibers on sorptivity and water absorption in ECC and Hybrid ECC. The sorptivity test measures the rate of movement of water through the concrete under capillary suction as per ASTM C 1585. Water absorption, density and volume of permeable pores in concrete were measured based on ASTM C 642. Based on the literatures, mix design was adopted and fly ash has been replaced by Alccofine and for the workability viscosity modifying agent was used at 0.6% of the binder for all the mixtures. Two types of synthetic fibers, uncoated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene (PP) were used. The results show that, both ECC and HECC with Alccofine show lower absorption and not much variation in sorptivity than conventional concrete. Engineered Cementitious Composites Polyvinyl alcohol Polypropylene Absorption Sorptivity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction Concrete should withstand without any deterioration over a design period of the structure. Such concrete is known as durable concrete. The life of concrete may deteriorate when foreign components ingress into it especially water. Durability of the composites mainly depends on the ingression of fluid particles into it, which contains chemical components have ability to deteriorate the composite materials when react with the interfacial transition zone compounds. Lowering the permeability of composite members will eventually reduce penetration of water, chloride ions, sulphate ions, and other harmful substances (Zhang, 2014 ). After the hydration reaction of cement results a product containing solid with few pore system. The networks of pore system consist of cement paste and allow the fluid to transport into the solid concrete member. The transportation of fluid depends on different factors such as ingredients and proportions of the composite (Ramli, 2012 ). Sorptivity is an index to measure the moisture transport in the unsaturated specimens (Dias, 2000 ). In sorpitivity test water ingression occurs due to the capillary suction in the pore spaces of the concrete not by the pressure head (C.Hall, 1989 ). Sorptivity coefficient is an important index to find the service life of the structure and also to enhance the performance of the composite (Ferraris, 1997 ). Ingression of moisture through capillary suction leads to the carbonation re action and eventually it deteriorate the composite structure. Replacing the cement by nano materials eventually reduced water absorption and sorptivity in the concrete materials (Carmichael, 2019 ). ECC is a strain hardening cementitious composite designed based on micromechanics and showing high tensile strain capacity and tight crack width control. ECC also possess self healing ability which reduces the deterioration and become a durable material(I.Komara, 2019 ) Quality of concrete is not only based on strength and also based on its durability parameters (shankar, 2018 ). Water absorption and sorptivity tests are the easiest method to find the ability of the material to absorb and transmit water by capillarity (L, 2019 ). Use of glass powder as an aggregate in ECC mixtures increases the permeability properties (Adesina, 2020 ). Using fibers, mineral admixtures such as flyash, GGBS, silica fume etc improves the performance of the concrete such as toughness, strength as well as durability criteria’s. (Offei, 2020 ). The sorptivity coefficient of self healed ECC also shows better results compared to the preloaded ECC specimens and it shows poorer results when undergo more strain (Zhu, 2020 ). Water absorption and sorptivity of the concrete with hypo sludge as a cement replacement shows higher values than normal concrete (Joshi, 2018 ). An acceptance criterion for the durability index has been shown in below table (Pitroda, 2013 ). Table 1 Acceptance Criteria for Durability Indexes Acceptance Criteria Oxygen Permeability Index (OPI) (log scale) Sorptivity (mm/h) Workroom concrete > 10 9.4 < 9 50% recognition 9.0 to 9.4 9 to 12 Helpful measures 8.75 to 9.0 12 to 15 Elimination 15 Water absorption and sorptivity rate of ECC shows better results when compared to the normal concrete (I, 2020 ). Water absorption in ECC can be controlled by addition of water repellent agent (Sahmaran, 2009 ). ECC with rice husk ash shows a higher absorption and void content compared to the ECC with fly ash (Costa, 2016 ). Since the crack width is limited to 100 µm, no external ingression of foreign materials is not possible which eventually increases the life of the ECC member (R.Prashanthi, 2023). Compared to basalt fiber reinforced concrete glass fiber reinforced concrete shows higher sorptivity and percentage of voids, both had been tested based on ASTM C 642 and ASTM C 1585 (Paktiawal, 2021 ). Sorptivity test gives important information about the pore structure of the composites, tortuosity, continuous capillaries and pore sizes (Vafaei, 2020 ). Addition of fiber in concrete reduce sorptivity in concrete and the reduction is upto 25.85% than control mix(Akid, 2021 ) Hence an attempt is made to study the effect of Alccofine and synthetic fibers on the engineered cementitious composites and Hybrid Engineered cementitious composites. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Alccofine Alccofine 1203 is a proprietary patented product (IP Patent No. 297735) with low calcium silicate based mineral additive. Controlled granulation process results in unique particle size distribution. Its latent hydraulic property and pozzolanic reactivity results in enhanced hydration process. Addition of Alccofine 1203 improves the packing density of paste component. This results in lowering water demand, admixture dosage and hence improving strength and durability parameters of concrete at all ages. Fine balance of CaO 2 SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 combined with unique patented PSD (Particle Size Distribution) design makes Alccofine a favorable SCM combination for use in all grade concrete. The physical and chemical properties of Alccofine are given in Table 2 . Table 2 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Alccofine Property Unit Value Form Dry fine powder Component Single Particle Size D 10 Micron < 2.5 D 50 Micron < 5 D 90 Micron < 10 D 95 Micron 100 28 days % > 105 Chemical Contents CaO % > 30 SiO 2 % > 30 Al 2 O 3 % > 20 2.2 Cement Cement used in this work was OPC 53 grade conforming to IS: 8112–1989. The chemical properties of cement are given in Table 3 . Physical properties of the cement are given in Table 4 . Table 3 The chemical Analysis of Cement Chemical composition, % SiO 2 CaO Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 MgO K 2 O SO 3 Na 2 O LOI Cement 21.80 63.56 5.12 3.20 0.80 0.75 3.22 0.55 1.00 Table 4 The Physical Properties of Cement Sl No Properties Values 1. Specific Gravity 3.10 2. Specific Surface Area 3710 cm 2 /g 3. Normal Consistency 31% 4. Initial Setting Time 60 mins 5. Final Setting Time 330 mins 2.3 Sand The fine aggregate available naturally from river beds is used as per IS 383–1970 Code conforming that, it is coming under Zone III. The particle size distribution curve for fine aggregate is shown in Fig. 2 . The Specific gravity of sand was found using specific gravity bottle as 2.61. 2.4 Synthetic Fibers Synthetic fibres are made only from polymers found in natural gas and the by-products of petroleum. Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres, most of them are prepared from raw material petroleum called petrochemicals. All fabrics are obtained from fibres, while fibres are obtained from artificial or man-made sources. Out of these fibers Polyvinyl alcohol fiber and polypropylene fibers were used in this study. 2.4.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber Polyvinyl Alcohol is the main raw material to produce PVA fiber. It undergoes process of dissolution, spinning, heat – setting, cutting, and baling to form a high strength, high modulus fiber. The physical properties of PVA fiber was shown in Table 5 . Figure 3 shows the PVA fiber which was used in this study. Table 5 The Physical Properties of PVA fiber Type Fiber Diameter (µm) Length (mm) Specific Gravity Tensile Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Young’s Modulus (GPa) PVA 30 12 1.3 1700 6 40 2.4.2 Polypropylene (PP) Fiber Polypropylene fiber is a kind of linear polymer synthetic fiber obtained from propylene polymerization. It has some advantages such as light weight, high strength, high toughness and corrosion resistance. The physical properties of PP fiber was shown in Table 6 . Figure 4 shows the PP fiber which was used in this study. Table 6 The Physical Properties of PP fiber Type Fiber Diameter (µm) Length (mm) Specific Gravity Tensile Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Young’s Modulus (GPa) PP 30 12 0.91 550 25 5 2.5 Sika Viscocrete Sika viscocrete is a polycarboxylate based high performance super plasticizing admixture which imparts high workability, prolonged workability retention and allows a large reduction in water content. It produces a more uniformly cohesive high quality free flowing concrete. Specific gravity of viscocrete is 1.08. Figure 5 shows the admixture can. 2.6 Mix Proportions Since it is an evolving material no proper mix designs were available. Based on the literatures as a reference, mix design was taken as per trial and error method. Totally 6 mixes were prepared. They are control mix CC, ECC-2%PVA + 0%PP (M 1 ), ECC-0%PVA + 2%PP (M 2 ), HECC-1%PVA + 1%PP (M 3 ), HECC-1.5%PVA + 0.5%PP (M 4 ), HECC-0.5%PVA + 1.5%PP (M 5 ). Mix design used in this study is given in Table 7 along with its respective compressive strength. Simplified mix ratio is given in Table 8. Table 7 Mix Proportions Mix ID Cement (kg/m 3 ) Alccofine (kg/m 3 ) Fine Aggregate (kg/m 3 ) Water (kg/m 3 ) Fibers (kg/m 3 ) HRWR (kg/m 3 ) Compressive Strength (N/mm 2 ) PVA PP CC 640.2 514.8 574 310 - - 7.02 58.06 M 1 640.2 514.8 574 310 24 - 7.02 76.44 M 2 640.2 514.8 574 310 - 24 7.02 74.14 M 3 640.2 514.8 574 310 12 12 7.02 71.58 M 4 640.2 514.8 574 310 18 6 7.02 72.44 M 5 640.2 514.8 574 310 6 18 7.02 75.32 Table 8. Mix Ratio Cement Alccofine S/B W/B Fiber HRWR 1 0.8 0.5 0.27 2% of binder 0.6% of binder * B = Binder, HRWR = High range water reducers 2.7 Mixing and Specimen Preparation Heavy duty hand driller with mixing bit was used to cast both control and ECC specimens. For each mix 3 numbers of 70.7mm cubes for water absorption and 3 numbers of 100mm diameter 50mm height sorptivity specimens were cast. For both control and ECC, same method of mixing was taken place to dispersion of fibres uniformly in the matrix plays a major role in the performance. Cement, Alccofine and sand were dry mixed till it gets uniform colour. After few minutes of mixing, water along with sika viscocrete was added and mixed with high speed for about 5 minutes. Once the uniformity attained, fibers were added randomly and mixed for 3 more minutes or till the uniformity achieved. After the completion of mixing the slurry was made to pour into the oiled moulds and kept for 24 hrs in the normal temperature. Specimens were removed from the moulds after 24 hrs and kept in the water curing for 28 days. The number of specimens casted was shown in the Table 9 . Table 9 Number of Specimens Sl No Specimen No. of Specimens Type of Test 1 Cube (70.7mm) 6 x 3 = 18 Water absorption as per ASTM C 642 2 Cylinder (100mm dia, 50 mm height) 6 x 3 = 18 Sorptivity as per ASTM C 1585 3. Experimental Works 3.1 Absorption after Immersion Water absorption after immersion is the amount of water absorbed by the specimen after immersing the oven dried specimen in the water for about 48 hrs. The test was performed based on ASTM C 642. Figure 6 shows the cubes casted and cured. Figure 7 (a) shows the specimens dried in the oven, (b) shows the specimens immersed in water. 3.2 Absorption after Immersion and boiling Absorption after immersion and boiling can be found by immersing the specimens in the boiling water for 5hrs and allow it to cool for 14hrs naturally and weight has to be taken by removing the surface moisture by wiping the specimen by dry towel. Figure 8 (a) shows the specimens in the boiling water and 8(b) shows measuring apparent weight of the specimen. 3.3 Bulk Density (Dry) Dry bulk density is defined as the mass of the dry specimen divided by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula, Bulk Density = \(\frac{oven dry mass}{(Saturated mass after boiling-immersed apparent mass)}\) * density of water 3.4 Bulk Density after Immersion Bulk density after immersion is the ratio of mass of the immersed specimen by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula, Bulk density after immersion = \(\frac{Saturated mass after immersion}{(sat mass after boiling-immersed app mass)}\) *density of water 3.5 Bulk Density after Immersion and Boiling Bulk density after immersion and boiling is the ratio of mass of saturated mass after boiling by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula, Density after immersion and boiling = \(\frac{Saturated mass after boiling}{(Sat mass after boiling-immersed app mass)}\) *density of water 3.6 Apparent Density Apparent density is the ratio of oven dry mass to the difference between oven dry mass and immersed apparent mass. It is given by below formula, Apparent Density = \(\frac{oven dry mass}{(oven dry mass-Immersed apparent mass)}\) * density of water 3.7 Volume of permeable pore space (Voids) Out of entire cement paste one third to one half become interface transition zone. Since it is the locus point for cracking highly prone to become porous but permeability of the concrete is depends on the bulk portion of the hardened cement paste since it is the continuous phase (A.M.Neville, 2011).Volume of permeable pore space (voids) can be found by the ratio of difference of bulk and apparent density to apparent density. It is given by below formula, Voids (%) = \(\frac{(apparent density-bulk density)}{apparent density}\) * 100 3.8 Sorptivity Sorption in the concrete member is due to the capillary suction through the pores. Since the capillary suction would not takes place in either dry or saturated concrete. Sorptivity test specimens were oven dried for at least 48hrs after 28 days of water curing to remove all the moisture from the concrete specimens. After removing from the oven it has to covered tightly inside polythene bags for about 15 days. After removing the specimens from the bags, leaving one side exposed to water all other sides were covered with the electrician insulation tape and placed in the sorptivity setup up keeping 3–5 mm depth of water as per ASTM C 1585. This test method is used to find the rate of absorption of water by the cementitious specimens by measuring the mass gain in the specimen resulting from the absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface exposed to the water. This test was performed based on ASTM C 1585. Figure 9 (a) shows diagrammatic representation of sorptivity setup, 9(b) shows the specimens prepared for sorptivity test, 9(b) shows sorptivity test setup, 9(c) shows sorptivity setup with water. The absorption was calculated by below given formulas, I = \(\frac{{m}_{t}}{a x d}\) --------------- 1 Where, m t = Change in mass of the specimen (gm) a = Exposure area of the specimen (mm 2 ) d = Density of the water (gm/mm 3 ) S = \(\frac{I}{\sqrt{t}}\) ---------------- 2 Where, S = Sorptivity of the specimen I = cumulative percentage of water absorbed per unit area t = time taken 4. Results and Discussions 4.1 Absorption after Immersion The test results were shown in the bar chart in Fig. 10 . From the figure it is observed that all the mixes showed lower water absorption that control mix, it means that Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement. When using a single type of fiber in ECC does not create any impact on water absorption but in the hybrid ECC, mix with 1.5% PVA and 0.5% PP shows a relatively lesser absorption than mixes containing 1%, 0.5% PVA and 1%, 1.5% PP. Since PVA is a high modulus fiber and occurrence of agglomeration is comparatively lower than PP fibers. While using 1.5% PVA and 0.5% PP occurrence of agglomeration is relatively low and leads to the lesser water absorption. Absorption of water is relatively high when using poly propylene fiber compared to the steel fibers, glass fibers, waste plastic fibers and high density poly ethylene fibers(M. P, 2019) and it reflects in the hybridization of polypropylene fiber with polyvinyl alcohol fiber. However poly vinyl alcohol fiber showed lesser absorption. It can be found that 28.52% absorption in M 1 , 12.93% absorption in M 2, 17.87% absorption in M 3, 28.14% absorption in M 4, 21.29% absorption in M 5 had been reduced compared to the control mix. 4.2 Absorption after Immersion and boiling The test results were shown in the bar chart in Fig. 11 . From the figure it is observed that all the mixes showed lower water absorption than control mix even after boiling, it means that Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement. Synthetic fibers are prone to melt when the temperature rises but in the boiling stage outer surface of composites act as a non porous material because of pore refinement occurred and boiling water does not affect the synthetic fibers inside the specimen. Hence it shows similar trend of absorption in both normal and boiling water. However all the ECC mixes shows lesser water absorption than control mortar. 4.3 Bulk Density (Dry) The test results were shown in the Fig. 12 . Compared to the control mortar both mono and hybrid ECC shows higher density and that is because of the addition of Alccofine. But there is a slight variations in the density of the hybrid ECC compared to the Mono fiber ECC and that is may be because of the differences in the fiber texture and their compatibility. Though there is differences in the density since it is in less amount it can be neglected. It can be found that density of 22.83% in M 1 , 24.41% in M 2, 11.81% in M 3, 19.69% in M 4, 18.11% in M 5 had been increased compared to the control mix. 4.4 Bulk Density after Immersion The test results were shown in the Fig. 13 . Compared to dry density, density after immersion shows no significant differences whereas based on the absorption, density had changed. Density increases with increase in volumetric moisture content (zha, 2018 ). As per literature there will be rise in density whenever the moisture content rises. Below figure also showing the same. 4.5 Bulk Density after Immersion and Boiling Since the boiling temperature didn’t affect the synthetic fibers there is no significant difference encountered in the density values. After immersion and boiling the density of the specimens remain same as after immersion. Even though the fibers are prone to melt during high temperatures, matrix phase has covered the fibers during boiling. Due to that there is no damage to the fibers and internal structure of the composite. 4.6 Apparent Density and Voids Apparent density is mass per unit volume of the particles, excluding the voids in the material. Relationship between the apparent density and voids is shown in the Fig. 14 . When the voids increased apparent density got reduced. From the graph it is evident that control mix i.e without Alccofine and fibers shows higher percentage of voids whereas mixes having Alccofine and fibers showing relatively lesser voids. Based on the percentage of the voids apparent density also get altered. Control mix showing lesser density compared to other mixes since the percentage of voids are more in it compared to the other mixes which containing Alccofine and fibers. Both ECC and HECC shows almost same percentage of voids and it resulted in the apparent density also. It can be found that 27.44% voids in M 1 , 28.28% voids in M 2, 24.92% voids in M 3, 25.25% voids in M 4, 23.57% voids in M 5 had been reduced compared to the control mix. 4.8 Sorptivity After the sorptivity test it was observed that both ECC and HECC shows relatively higer capillary suction in the intial time period that is upto six hours and eventually got reduced when it entered the secondary absorption. Whereas the control mix shows relatively lesser absorption in the intial period of absorption and it is more compared to ECC and HECC in the secondary stage of absorption. This happens because of the change in the continous pores in the ECC and HECC. Because of the presence of fibre in high percentage both ECC and HECC allows the suction in intial time period but it has got eventually reduce when it comes to the secondary sorption. This is because fibres obstruct the path randomly and it changes the totuosity of the specimen. However control mix shows lesser absorption in the intial period of time increased slowly than ECC and HECC in the secondary capillary suction. It happened due to the absence of the fibre and alccofine whereas Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement and fiber become the responsibility for the change in the tortuosity of the specimen. Upto 2% addition of fibers did not affect the sorptivity property of the specimens whereas when it increase to 3% the sorptivity value in both inital and secondary will increase (R.N.Nibudey, 2014). Figure 15 shows sorptivity curves of control and ECC. Figure 16 shows sorptivity curves of control and HECC. From the graph it is inference that initial absorption of all the mixes including control mix show more or less similar trend whereas after 6 hrs both ECC and HECC showed lesser capillary suction than the control mix. Eventhough pore refinement occurs because of the Alccofine, presence of fibers altering the tortuosity of the specimens. However PVA fibre shows higher suction than PP fibres it is because of their specific gravity. Since PVA is a high modulus fibre for the given V f quantity is little lesser than polypropylene. The initial and secondary sorptivity of all mixes are tabulated in table 10. Table 12 Initial and secondary sorptivity of all mixes Sl No Mix ID Average initial sorptivity in 10 − 3 x mm/sec 1/2 Average secondary sorptivity in 10 − 3 x mm/sec 1/2 1 M 1 20.4 5.15 2 M 2 20.14 5.15 3 M 3 20.80 4.99 4 M 4 21.47 4.35 5 M 5 21.67 4.99 6 Control 24.99 5.93 5. Conclusion From the above experimental tests carried out the following conclusions have made, Water absorption of ECC and HECC specimens showed better results compared to the control specimen. Whereas specimens with polypropylene fibers show relatively higher water absorption compared to the specimens containing poly vinyl alcohol fiber. Since the temperature is not high while boiling the water for 5 hours when the specimens immersed in it, didn’t cause any damages to the fibers present inside the specimens. The absorption capacity did not vary much after boiling the specimens. Regarding bulk density of control, ECC and HECC, ECC shows higher density than control and HECC. The slight reduction of density in the HECC is lack of compatibility of the fibers but the difference is very less than ECC compared to the control specimen. Bulk density after immersion shows variations in its value since it is depends on the moisture content. As per the test it shows that the bulk density after immersion is proportional to its moisture content and both ECC and HECC show favourable results. Since Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement compared to the control specimens ECC and HECC shows lesser percentage of voids. Because of the lesser voids in the ECC and HECC apparent density is higher compared to the control mix. Sorptivity values of the control specimen shows lesser absorption than ECC and HECC in the initial period that is upto six hours whereas after that ECC and HECC shows lower soprtivity than control in the secondary phase. It is because of fibers which change the tortuosity of the specimens which in turn reduces the sorptivity in ECC and HECC. References A.M.Neville. (2011). Properties of Concrete . England: Pearson Education Limited. Adesina, A. (2020). Influence of glass powder on the durability properties of engineered cementitious composites. Construction and Building materials, 1–11. Akid, A. S. (2021). Assessing the influence of fly ash and polypropylene fiber on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 1–11. C.Hall. (1989). Water sorptivity of mortars and concrete: a Review. Magazine of concrete research, 51–61. Carmichael, J. (2019). 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Ramdass","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACZgYGCTl+ZuYDQLaEDLFaLIwl29kSQFp4iNVSkWhwnscAxCGsxVz68OPPhW0SCQaHeT6/ulFjwcPAfvjoBnxaLPvSzKRntknkSR7m3WadcwzoMJ60tBv4tBicYTBj5m2TKOYDajHOYQNqkeAxI6CF/fNnoJbEhsM8z4xz/hGlhcdAGqRlwmEe5se5bURosezhKZPmOSdhLNnMZsac2yfBw0bIL+Y87Js/85TVyfHzA4Mu5xuQwX74GH6HIbHZJMAkPuXoWpg/EFI9CkbBKBgFIxMAAMqmP+Jiy3LzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Prashanthi","middleName":"","lastName":"Ramdass","suffix":""},{"id":208871240,"identity":"ddf7e54d-6146-44ff-ac56-d01b88b055e1","order_by":1,"name":"Natarajan Kuppusamy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natarajan","middleName":"","lastName":"Kuppusamy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-06-09 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2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31795,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticle Size Distribution Curve for Fine Aggregate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/425cbf342de04c2e3218af01.png"},{"id":38555760,"identity":"5e5a4fa7-16ee-4b49-a7d9-8e1961061080","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:20","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolyvinyl Alcohol Fiber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/82b2609297e23f9263070175.png"},{"id":38557990,"identity":"8ec2c57a-e77b-4286-913d-038ace8722f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:19:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":102198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolypropylene Fiber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/d9ca6f3032a5a77e771d8a2d.png"},{"id":38555759,"identity":"eb1ba24f-c91e-496c-ad70-2b8eb5d0718f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:20","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":109372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSika ViscoCrete\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/29feec6531df0d1f61a2f479.png"},{"id":38555765,"identity":"acc6fdca-8fa8-4c87-a280-5a2f08fe56fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:20","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":571892,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCubes Casted and in Curing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/9b27271e1c3758600802d6de.png"},{"id":38557369,"identity":"cb89f075-3103-4b11-a68c-60f73e6d77de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:11:21","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":539872,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Specimens dried in oven \u0026nbsp;(b) Specimens immersed in water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/6ee9f4a24eb0dbad1c8473f3.png"},{"id":38558300,"identity":"1af514bf-4203-48d7-a993-0130aafe649c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:27:20","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":402372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Specimens in the boiling water (b) Measuring apparent weight of the specimen\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/cdeb9aadbde148bdcf1db39c.png"},{"id":38557361,"identity":"991de39d-01a6-43ae-b52b-c4962da68fc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1173044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a). Diagrammatic representation of sorptivity setup\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b). Specimens prepared for sorptivity test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(c) Sorptivity test setup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(d) Test setup with water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/d23fbf67fb264f3895c4c093.png"},{"id":38557992,"identity":"6c8eadf7-83f1-464b-a21b-218c6fa10d98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:19:20","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43248,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater absorption after immersion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/929c7552be5142f59d9a109b.png"},{"id":38555762,"identity":"d4fc5dce-f821-4b0f-acc3-2c4c9dcc15df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:20","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater absorption after immersion and boiling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/43cd1dfbb3bb1c6eaaa273f8.png"},{"id":38558485,"identity":"7e234bd0-7948-4d3b-8c0c-5d7fd97c2c58","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:35:20","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDry bulk density\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/77a9e83b299b76c689ee5aac.png"},{"id":38555773,"identity":"01698e10-d275-4225-8bd3-87d6fd98c5a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:21","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30871,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWater absorption Vs Density after immersion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/b21eb9068e68cd88698b219b.png"},{"id":38555770,"identity":"d7730de6-896e-47b8-ba14-326779620d45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:03:21","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelationship between apparent density and voids\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/8b7fbf8d8a0a4e0429c8b9ed.png"},{"id":38558302,"identity":"2919d9fc-fb8e-48d5-a348-344bdb1f6b97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:27:21","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26208,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eECC vs Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/66732d69032aa0686c074651.png"},{"id":38557995,"identity":"7c85d0a4-00cb-4936-9590-4d446eb494b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-14 18:19:21","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHECC Vs Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/0520ea1df27bf8cdcc621c3e.png"},{"id":38705307,"identity":"4a63b922-49d2-4496-8e6f-b0c26b58c0ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-17 13:29:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3512003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3043898/v1/231bfe54-49cf-4806-98aa-3286f3331eaf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of Alccofine on Water Absorption and Sorptivity of Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Mono and Hybrid Synthetic Fibres","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eConcrete should withstand without any deterioration over a design period of the structure. Such concrete is known as durable concrete. The life of concrete may deteriorate when foreign components ingress into it especially water. Durability of the composites mainly depends on the ingression of fluid particles into it, which contains chemical components have ability to deteriorate the composite materials when react with the interfacial transition zone compounds. Lowering the permeability of composite members will eventually reduce penetration of water, chloride ions, sulphate ions, and other harmful substances (Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the hydration reaction of cement results a product containing solid with few pore system. The networks of pore system consist of cement paste and allow the fluid to transport into the solid concrete member. The transportation of fluid depends on different factors such as ingredients and proportions of the composite (Ramli, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Sorptivity is an index to measure the moisture transport in the unsaturated specimens (Dias, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). In sorpitivity test water ingression occurs due to the capillary suction in the pore spaces of the concrete not by the pressure head (C.Hall, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e). Sorptivity coefficient is an important index to find the service life of the structure and also to enhance the performance of the composite (Ferraris, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Ingression of moisture through capillary suction leads to the carbonation re action and eventually it deteriorate the composite structure. Replacing the cement by nano materials eventually reduced water absorption and sorptivity in the concrete materials (Carmichael, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). ECC is a strain hardening cementitious composite designed based on micromechanics and showing high tensile strain capacity and tight crack width control. ECC also possess self healing ability which reduces the deterioration and become a durable material(I.Komara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) Quality of concrete is not only based on strength and also based on its durability parameters (shankar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Water absorption and sorptivity tests are the easiest method to find the ability of the material to absorb and transmit water by capillarity (L, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Use of glass powder as an aggregate in ECC mixtures increases the permeability properties (Adesina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Using fibers, mineral admixtures such as flyash, GGBS, silica fume etc improves the performance of the concrete such as toughness, strength as well as durability criteria\u0026rsquo;s. (Offei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The sorptivity coefficient of self healed ECC also shows better results compared to the preloaded ECC specimens and it shows poorer results when undergo more strain (Zhu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Water absorption and sorptivity of the concrete with hypo sludge as a cement replacement shows higher values than normal concrete (Joshi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). An acceptance criterion for the durability index has been shown in below table (Pitroda, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAcceptance Criteria for Durability Indexes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptance Criteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen Permeability Index (OPI) (log scale)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSorptivity (mm/h)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorkroom concrete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs-built Structures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100% recognition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50% recognition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0 to 9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 to 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHelpful measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75 to 9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElimination\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8. 75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater absorption and sorptivity rate of ECC shows better results when compared to the normal concrete (I, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Water absorption in ECC can be controlled by addition of water repellent agent (Sahmaran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). ECC with rice husk ash shows a higher absorption and void content compared to the ECC with fly ash (Costa, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Since the crack width is limited to 100 \u0026micro;m, no external ingression of foreign materials is not possible which eventually increases the life of the ECC member (R.Prashanthi, 2023). Compared to basalt fiber reinforced concrete glass fiber reinforced concrete shows higher sorptivity and percentage of voids, both had been tested based on ASTM C 642 and ASTM C 1585 (Paktiawal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Sorptivity test gives important information about the pore structure of the composites, tortuosity, continuous capillaries and pore sizes (Vafaei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Addition of fiber in concrete reduce sorptivity in concrete and the reduction is upto 25.85% than control mix(Akid, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence an attempt is made to study the effect of Alccofine and synthetic fibers on the engineered cementitious composites and Hybrid Engineered cementitious composites.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Alccofine\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlccofine 1203 is a proprietary patented product (IP Patent No. 297735) with low calcium silicate based mineral additive. Controlled granulation process results in unique particle size distribution. Its latent hydraulic property and pozzolanic reactivity results in enhanced hydration process. Addition of Alccofine 1203 improves the packing density of paste component. This results in lowering water demand, admixture dosage and hence improving strength and durability parameters of concrete at all ages. Fine balance of CaO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e combined with unique patented PSD (Particle Size Distribution) design makes Alccofine a favorable SCM combination for use in all grade concrete. The physical and chemical properties of Alccofine are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Physical and Chemical Properties of Alccofine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eForm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry fine powder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticle Size\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003e90\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003csub\u003e95\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMicron\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk Density\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSlag Activity Index\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Contents\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Cement\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCement used in this work was OPC 53 grade conforming to IS: 8112\u0026ndash;1989. The chemical properties of cement are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Physical properties of the cement are given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe chemical Analysis of Cement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical composition, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eK\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNa\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Physical Properties of Cement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eValues\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Surface Area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3710 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal Consistency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial Setting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 mins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFinal Setting Time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330 mins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Sand\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe fine aggregate available naturally from river beds is used as per IS 383\u0026ndash;1970 Code conforming that, it is coming under Zone III. The particle size distribution curve for fine aggregate is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The Specific gravity of sand was found using specific gravity bottle as 2.61.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Synthetic Fibers\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSynthetic fibres are made only from polymers found in natural gas and the by-products of petroleum. Synthetic fibres are man-made fibres, most of them are prepared from raw material petroleum called petrochemicals. All fabrics are obtained from fibres, while fibres are obtained from artificial or man-made sources. Out of these fibers Polyvinyl alcohol fiber and polypropylene fibers were used in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Fiber\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolyvinyl Alcohol is the main raw material to produce PVA fiber. It undergoes process of dissolution, spinning, heat \u0026ndash; setting, cutting, and baling to form a high strength, high modulus fiber. The physical properties of PVA fiber was shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the PVA fiber which was used in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Physical Properties of PVA fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber Diameter (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElongation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung\u0026rsquo;s Modulus (GPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4.2 Polypropylene (PP) Fiber\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypropylene fiber is a kind of linear polymer synthetic fiber obtained from propylene polymerization. It has some advantages such as light weight, high strength, high toughness and corrosion resistance. The physical properties of PP fiber was shown in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. Figure 4 shows the PP fiber which was used in this study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Physical Properties of PP fiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber Diameter (\u0026micro;m)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecific Gravity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTensile Strength (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElongation (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYoung\u0026rsquo;s Modulus (GPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e550\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Sika Viscocrete\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSika viscocrete is a polycarboxylate based high performance super plasticizing admixture which imparts high workability, prolonged workability retention and allows a large reduction in water content. It produces a more uniformly cohesive high quality free flowing concrete. Specific gravity of viscocrete is 1.08. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the admixture can.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Mix Proportions\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSince it is an evolving material no proper mix designs were available. Based on the literatures as a reference, mix design was taken as per trial and error method. Totally 6 mixes were prepared. They are control mix CC, ECC-2%PVA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0%PP (M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e), ECC-0%PVA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2%PP (M\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), HECC-1%PVA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1%PP (M\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), HECC-1.5%PVA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.5%PP (M\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e), HECC-0.5%PVA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;1.5%PP (M\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e). Mix design used in this study is given in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e along with its respective compressive strength. Simplified mix ratio is given in Table 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix Proportions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCement (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlccofine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFine Aggregate (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFibers (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHRWR (kg/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompressive Strength (N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePVA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e640.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8. Mix Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlccofine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS/B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW/B\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFiber\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHRWR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2% of binder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6% of binder\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e* B\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Binder, HRWR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;High range water reducers\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Mixing and Specimen Preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeavy duty hand driller with mixing bit was used to cast both control and ECC specimens. For each mix 3 numbers of 70.7mm cubes for water absorption and 3 numbers of 100mm diameter 50mm height sorptivity specimens were cast. For both control and ECC, same method of mixing was taken place to dispersion of fibres uniformly in the matrix plays a major role in the performance. Cement, Alccofine and sand were dry mixed till it gets uniform colour. After few minutes of mixing, water along with sika viscocrete was added and mixed with high speed for about 5 minutes. Once the uniformity attained, fibers were added randomly and mixed for 3 more minutes or till the uniformity achieved. After the completion of mixing the slurry was made to pour into the oiled moulds and kept for 24 hrs in the normal temperature. Specimens were removed from the moulds after 24 hrs and kept in the water curing for 28 days. The number of specimens casted was shown in the Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of Specimens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSl No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of Specimens\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of Test\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCube (70.7mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 x 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater absorption as per ASTM C 642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCylinder (100mm dia, 50 mm height)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 x 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorptivity as per ASTM C 1585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Experimental Works","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Absorption after Immersion\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater absorption after immersion is the amount of water absorbed by the specimen after immersing the oven dried specimen in the water for about 48 hrs. The test was performed based on ASTM C 642. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows the cubes casted and cured. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the specimens dried in the oven, (b) shows the specimens immersed in water.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Absorption after Immersion and boiling\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsorption after immersion and boiling can be found by immersing the specimens in the boiling water for 5hrs and allow it to cool for 14hrs naturally and weight has to be taken by removing the surface moisture by wiping the specimen by dry towel. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows the specimens in the boiling water and 8(b) shows measuring apparent weight of the specimen.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Bulk Density (Dry)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDry bulk density is defined as the mass of the dry specimen divided by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk Density = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{oven dry mass}{(Saturated mass after boiling-immersed apparent mass)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e* density of water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Bulk Density after Immersion\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk density after immersion is the ratio of mass of the immersed specimen by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk density after immersion = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{Saturated mass after immersion}{(sat mass after boiling-immersed app mass)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e*density of water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Bulk Density after Immersion and Boiling\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk density after immersion and boiling is the ratio of mass of saturated mass after boiling by the total volume of the wet sample. It is given by below formula,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity after immersion and boiling = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{Saturated mass after boiling}{(Sat mass after boiling-immersed app mass)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e*density of water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Apparent Density\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApparent density is the ratio of oven dry mass to the difference between oven dry mass and immersed apparent mass. It is given by below formula,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApparent Density = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{oven dry mass}{(oven dry mass-Immersed apparent mass)}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e * density of water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Volume of permeable pore space (Voids)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of entire cement paste one third to one half become interface transition zone. Since it is the locus point for cracking highly prone to become porous but permeability of the concrete is depends on the bulk portion of the hardened cement paste since it is the continuous phase (A.M.Neville, 2011).Volume of permeable pore space (voids) can be found by the ratio of difference of bulk and apparent density to apparent density. It is given by below formula,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVoids (%) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{(apparent density-bulk density)}{apparent density}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e * 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Sorptivity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSorption in the concrete member is due to the capillary suction through the pores. Since the capillary suction would not takes place in either dry or saturated concrete. Sorptivity test specimens were oven dried for at least 48hrs after 28 days of water curing to remove all the moisture from the concrete specimens. After removing from the oven it has to covered tightly inside polythene bags for about 15 days. After removing the specimens from the bags, leaving one side exposed to water all other sides were covered with the electrician insulation tape and placed in the sorptivity setup up keeping 3\u0026ndash;5 mm depth of water as per ASTM C 1585. This test method is used to find the rate of absorption of water by the cementitious specimens by measuring the mass gain in the specimen resulting from the absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface exposed to the water. This test was performed based on ASTM C 1585. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e(a) shows diagrammatic representation of sorptivity setup, 9(b) shows the specimens prepared for sorptivity test, 9(b) shows sorptivity test setup, 9(c) shows sorptivity setup with water. The absorption was calculated by below given formulas,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{{m}_{t}}{a x d}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e --------------- 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, m\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e = Change in mass of the specimen (gm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Exposure area of the specimen (mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Density of the water (gm/mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{I}{\\sqrt{t}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ---------------- 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhere, S\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sorptivity of the specimen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;cumulative percentage of water absorbed per unit area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;time taken\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Absorption after Immersion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test results were shown in the bar chart in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e. From the figure it is observed that all the mixes showed lower water absorption that control mix, it means that Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement. When using a single type of fiber in ECC does not create any impact on water absorption but in the hybrid ECC, mix with 1.5% PVA and 0.5% PP shows a relatively lesser absorption than mixes containing 1%, 0.5% PVA and 1%, 1.5% PP. Since PVA is a high modulus fiber and occurrence of agglomeration is comparatively lower than PP fibers. While using 1.5% PVA and 0.5% PP occurrence of agglomeration is relatively low and leads to the lesser water absorption. Absorption of water is relatively high when using poly propylene fiber compared to the steel fibers, glass fibers, waste plastic fibers and high density poly ethylene fibers(M. P, 2019) and it reflects in the hybridization of polypropylene fiber with polyvinyl alcohol fiber. However poly vinyl alcohol fiber showed lesser absorption. It can be found that 28.52% absorption in M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, 12.93% absorption in M\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e 17.87% absorption in M\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e 28.14% absorption in M\u003csub\u003e4,\u003c/sub\u003e 21.29% absorption in M\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e had been reduced compared to the control mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Absorption after Immersion and boiling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test results were shown in the bar chart in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e. From the figure it is observed that all the mixes showed lower water absorption than control mix even after boiling, it means that Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement. Synthetic fibers are prone to melt when the temperature rises but in the boiling stage outer surface of composites act as a non porous material because of pore refinement occurred and boiling water does not affect the synthetic fibers inside the specimen. Hence it shows similar trend of absorption in both normal and boiling water. However all the ECC mixes shows lesser water absorption than control mortar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Bulk Density (Dry)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test results were shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e. Compared to the control mortar both mono and hybrid ECC shows higher density and that is because of the addition of Alccofine. But there is a slight variations in the density of the hybrid ECC compared to the Mono fiber ECC and that is may be because of the differences in the fiber texture and their compatibility. Though there is differences in the density since it is in less amount it can be neglected. It can be found that density of 22.83% in M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, 24.41% in M\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e 11.81% in M\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e 19.69% in M\u003csub\u003e4,\u003c/sub\u003e 18.11% in M\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e had been increased compared to the control mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Bulk Density after Immersion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test results were shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e. Compared to dry density, density after immersion shows no significant differences whereas based on the absorption, density had changed. Density increases with increase in volumetric moisture content (zha, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). As per literature there will be rise in density whenever the moisture content rises. Below figure also showing the same.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Bulk Density after Immersion and Boiling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the boiling temperature didn\u0026rsquo;t affect the synthetic fibers there is no significant difference encountered in the density values. After immersion and boiling the density of the specimens remain same as after immersion. Even though the fibers are prone to melt during high temperatures, matrix phase has covered the fibers during boiling. Due to that there is no damage to the fibers and internal structure of the composite.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6 Apparent Density and Voids\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eApparent density is mass per unit volume of the particles, excluding the voids in the material. Relationship between the apparent density and voids is shown in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. When the voids increased apparent density got reduced. From the graph it is evident that control mix i.e without Alccofine and fibers shows higher percentage of voids whereas mixes having Alccofine and fibers showing relatively lesser voids. Based on the percentage of the voids apparent density also get altered. Control mix showing lesser density compared to other mixes since the percentage of voids are more in it compared to the other mixes which containing Alccofine and fibers. Both ECC and HECC shows almost same percentage of voids and it resulted in the apparent density also. It can be found that 27.44% voids in M\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, 28.28% voids in M\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e 24.92% voids in M\u003csub\u003e3,\u003c/sub\u003e 25.25% voids in M\u003csub\u003e4,\u003c/sub\u003e 23.57% voids in M\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e had been reduced compared to the control mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.8 Sorptivity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter the sorptivity test it was observed that both ECC and HECC shows relatively higer capillary suction in the intial time period that is upto six hours and eventually got reduced when it entered the secondary absorption. Whereas the control mix shows relatively lesser absorption in the intial period of absorption and it is more compared to ECC and HECC in the secondary stage of absorption. This happens because of the change in the continous pores in the ECC and HECC. Because of the presence of fibre in high percentage both ECC and HECC allows the suction in intial time period but it has got eventually reduce when it comes to the secondary sorption. This is because fibres obstruct the path randomly and it changes the totuosity of the specimen. However control mix shows lesser absorption in the intial period of time increased slowly than ECC and HECC in the secondary capillary suction. It happened due to the absence of the fibre and alccofine whereas Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement and fiber become the responsibility for the change in the tortuosity of the specimen. Upto 2% addition of fibers did not affect the sorptivity property of the specimens whereas when it increase to 3% the sorptivity value in both inital and secondary will increase (R.N.Nibudey, 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows sorptivity curves of control and ECC. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e shows sorptivity curves of control and HECC. From the graph it is inference that initial absorption of all the mixes including control mix show more or less similar trend whereas after 6 hrs both ECC and HECC showed lesser capillary suction than the control mix. Eventhough pore refinement occurs because of the Alccofine, presence of fibers altering the tortuosity of the specimens. However PVA fibre shows higher suction than PP fibres it is because of their specific gravity. Since PVA is a high modulus fibre for the given V\u003csub\u003ef\u003c/sub\u003e quantity is little lesser than polypropylene. The initial and secondary sorptivity of all mixes are tabulated in table 10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial and secondary sorptivity of all mixes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSl No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage initial sorptivity in 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e x mm/sec\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage secondary sorptivity in 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e x mm/sec\u003csup\u003e1/2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom the above experimental tests carried out the following conclusions have made,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: lower-roman;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWater absorption of ECC and HECC specimens showed better results compared to the control specimen. Whereas specimens with polypropylene fibers show relatively higher water absorption compared to the specimens containing poly vinyl alcohol fiber.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSince the temperature is not high while boiling the water for 5 hours when the specimens immersed in it, didn\u0026rsquo;t cause any damages to the fibers present inside the specimens. The absorption capacity did not vary much after boiling the specimens.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRegarding bulk density of control, ECC and HECC, ECC shows higher density than control and HECC. The slight reduction of density in the HECC is lack of compatibility of the fibers but the difference is very less than ECC compared to the control specimen.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBulk density after immersion shows variations in its value since it is depends on the moisture content. As per the test it shows that the bulk density after immersion is proportional to its moisture content and both ECC and HECC show favourable results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSince Alccofine plays a major role in the pore refinement compared to the control specimens ECC and HECC shows lesser percentage of voids. Because of the lesser voids in the ECC and HECC apparent density is higher compared to the control mix.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sorptivity values of the control specimen shows lesser absorption than ECC and HECC in the initial period that is upto six hours whereas after that ECC and HECC shows lower soprtivity than control in the secondary phase. It is because of fibers which change the tortuosity of the specimens which in turn reduces the sorptivity in ECC and HECC.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA.M.Neville. (2011). \u003cem\u003eProperties of Concrete\u003c/em\u003e. England: Pearson Education Limited.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdesina, A. (2020). Influence of glass powder on the durability properties of engineered cementitious composites. Construction and Building materials, 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkid, A. S. (2021). Assessing the influence of fly ash and polypropylene fiber on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Journal of King Saud University \u0026ndash; Engineering Sciences, 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eC.Hall. (1989). Water sorptivity of mortars and concrete: a Review. Magazine of concrete research, 51\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCarmichael, J. (2019). Assesment of sorpitivity and water absrption of concrete with nano sized cementitious materials. International journal of engineering and advanced technology, 847\u0026ndash;851.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCosta, F. B. (2016). EVALUATION OF WATER ABSORPTION ON ENGINEERED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES CONTAINING RICE HUSK ASH. \u003cem\u003eBrazilian Conference on Composite Materials\u003c/em\u003e, 28\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDias, W. (2000). Reduction of concrete sorptivity with age through carbonation. cement and concrete research, 1255\u0026ndash;1261.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFerraris, N. M. (1997). Capillary transport in mortars and concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 747\u0026ndash;760.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eI, K. (2020). Experimental investigations on the durability performance of normal concrete and engineered cementitious composite. \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eI.Komara. (2019). Engineered cementitious composite as an innovative durable material: a Review. ARPN Journal of engineering and applied sciences, 822\u0026ndash;833.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoshi, G. (2018). Evaluation of Sorptivity and Water Captivation of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Hypo Sludge. \u003cem\u003eIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL, Y. (2019). Relationship between sorptivity and capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement based materials: Theory analysis and experiment. \u003cem\u003eRoyal society open science\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eM. P, R. (2019). Near Surface Characteristic: Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete With Different Aspect Ratio. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), 1025\u0026ndash;1028.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOffei, I. (2020). Evaluation of mechanical properties and sorptivity of Cementitious composites produced with dsages of nano silica. IOSR journal of mechanical and civil engineering, 49\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePaktiawal, A. (2021). Experimental evaluation of sorptivity for high strength concrete reinforced with zirconia rich glass fiber and basalt fiber. \u003cem\u003eMaterials Today: Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePitroda, J. (2013). Evaluation of Sorptivity and Water Absorption of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Thermal Industry Waste (Fly Ash). International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology, 1\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR.N.Nibudey. (2014). Compressive strength and sorptivity properties of PET fiber reinforced concrete. International journal of advances in engineering \u0026amp; technology, 1206\u0026ndash;1216.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR.Prashanthi. (2023). Engineered cementitious composites - a review. \u003cem\u003ematerials Today:Proceedings\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRamli, m. (2012). Effects of polymer modifications on the permebility of cement mortars under different curing conditions: A correlational study that includes pore distributions, water absorption and compressive strength. Construction and building materials, 561\u0026ndash;570.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSahmaran, M. (2009). Influence of microcracking on water absorption and sorptivity of ECC. Materials and Structures, 593\u0026ndash;603.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eshankar, J. (2018). Evaluation of water absorption and sorptivity properties of flyash, GGBS, M Sand based glass fiber reinforced geoploymer concrete. International research journal of engineering and Technology, 1\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVafaei, D. (2020). Sorptivity and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete made with seawater and dredged sea-sand. Construction and Building Materials, 1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ezha, W. (2018). Experimental study on the effect of water on the properties of cast in situ foamed concrete. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering., 1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang, S. (2014). Evaluation of relationship between water absorption and durability of concrete materials. Advances in material science and engneering, 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu, Y. (2020). Non-destructive methods to evaluate the self-healing behavior of engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Construction and Building Materials, 1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Engineered Cementitious Composites, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polypropylene, Absorption, Sorptivity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3043898/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3043898/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWater ingression has major influence on durability of concrete materials. This paper deals with a study on influence of Alccofine and synthetic fibers on sorptivity and water absorption in ECC and Hybrid ECC. The sorptivity test measures the rate of movement of water through the concrete under capillary suction as per ASTM C 1585. Water absorption, density and volume of permeable pores in concrete were measured based on ASTM C 642. Based on the literatures, mix design was adopted and fly ash has been replaced by Alccofine and for the workability viscosity modifying agent was used at 0.6% of the binder for all the mixtures. Two types of synthetic fibers, uncoated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene (PP) were used. The results show that, both ECC and HECC with Alccofine show lower absorption and not much variation in sorptivity than conventional concrete.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Alccofine on Water Absorption and Sorptivity of Engineered Cementitious Composites Containing Mono and Hybrid Synthetic Fibres","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-06-14 18:03:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3043898/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"37e080fd-db03-4fcc-9c7b-1ff82c51c457","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-17T13:29:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-06-14 18:03:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3043898","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3043898","identity":"rs-3043898","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}