Antibody Response against an Inactive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Healthcare Workers Occupied In Different Divisions 

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Materials and Methods 90.8% (n = 177) of HCWs having 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, but who had not had COVID-19 disease before and whose Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test positivity were not detected, were included in our study. 9.2% of HCWs (n = 18) who had never had an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, who had no infection, and who had negative PCR tests were evaluated as the control group. Results The study included 177 people who received 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and unvaccinated 18 people, a total of 195 HCWs. When the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results of the participants were examined; it is found that antibody level is negative in 6.2%, is positive in 24.1% with a low antibody response, and 69.7% is positive with a high antibody response. The antibody levels of HCWs who were vaccinated did not give a statistically significant difference. Conclusion The seroconversion rate was 99% in the vaccinated HCWs. There is no statistically difference in the antibody results according to the occupations of the HCWs. Health personnel COVID-19 serological testing vaccine Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the pandemic that started in the last quarter of 2019. The disease has affected the whole world. It caused deaths and socioeconomic problems. HCWs were among the groups most affected by the disease. The lack of a known definitive cure for the coronavirus is why we still see the vaccine as the most important potential agent in disease prevention. Naturally, there might be a difference in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 exposure among the working divisions of HCWs in a health institution. Depending on exposure, continuous stimulation of the immune system may also affect the antibody response to the vaccine, even if individuals do not have laboratory and clinically detected disease. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of varying degrees of continuous immune system stimulation on the antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccine. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no research on this subject in the literature and we believe that our study will shed light on this issue. Therefore, we analyzed the relevance between the professions of HCWs occupying different places of health institutions and the antibody levels they developed against the COVID-19 vaccine. Material and methods This study was carried out retrospectively by the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital, Divisions of Immunology Allergy, Internal Diseases, and Infectious Diseases Clinics from June to September 2021. The study group included 177 people aged 18–55, who had 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, who had no known COVID-19 disease and who had negative PCR tests, and who had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies tested between 7–14 days after the 2nd dose of vaccine. Vaccination was first applied to HCWs and then to other risky groups. In this schedule, two doses of CoronaVac 600 U/0.5 mL (Sinovac Life Science Co, Ltd, Beijing, China) were given between 28 days intervals. Eighteen individuals with the same characteristics but never vaccinated were taken as the control group. Those with malignancy, immunosuppression, pregnancy, positive PCR test, and those with probable or suspected COVID-19 disease were excluded from the study. We quantitatively measured the neutralizing antibodies formed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the virus S protein. We used Advia Centaur SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens, USA) kits for this. The sensitivity of the kit was 96.4%, the specificity was 99.9%, and the reference range was 0.5-1.00 Index. Values above this were considered positive. If the antibody level was between 1 and 10, it was considered a low level of antibody response, and if it was > 10, it was considered a high level of antibody response. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital, with the decision dated 05.05.2021 and numbered 2011-KAEK-25 2021/05 − 02. This is following the provisions of the 1995 Helsinki and Edinburgh 2000 notification. Prior to enrollment, all participants were provided oral/written informed consent. Statistical analysis The statistical analysis program in our study was NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System). Study data were evaluated using descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, median, frequency, ratio, minimum, and maximum). Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact test was used to compare qualitative data. It was considered significant at p < 0.05. Results Our study included 177 people who received 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and 18 people who had never been vaccinated, a total of 195 HCWs. Their mean age was 39.4 ± 9.1, 29% were male (n = 56) and 71% (n = 139) were female. Distributions of descriptive characteristics and vaccination status are in Table 1 and Fig. 1 . Table 1 Distributions of descriptive features in overall health care workers. n (%) Vaccination status Vaccinated 177 (90,8) Non-vaccinated 18 (9,2) SARS-CoV-2 Antibody levels Negative ( 10) 136 (69,7) Professions Doctors 24 (12,3) Nurses 78 (40,0) Workers 63 (32,3) Officers 7 (3,6) Technicians 23 (11,8) When the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results of the participants were examined; 6.2% (n = 12) antibody level is negative, 24.1% (n = 45) is positive with a low antibody response between 1 and 10, and 69.7% (n = 136) is positive with a high antibody response. Distributions of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels are shown in Fig. 2 . When the professions of the participants are examined; 12.3% (n = 24) are doctors, 40% (n = 78) are nurses, 32.3% (n = 63) are workers, 3.6% (n = 7) are officers, and 11.8% (n = 23) are technicians. Distributions of occupations are shown in Fig. 3 . SARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was 2/177 (1%) and seroconversion rate was 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. Of these, 45/177 (25%) had low antibody levels and 130/177 (74%) had high antibody levels. Of 18 participants who were not vaccinated and who had no known or no suspected SARS-CoV-2 history and whose PCR tests were also negative are 10/18 (56%) negative, 2/18 (11%) low antibody positive, and 6/18 (33%) high antibody positive. A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results by vaccination status of participants is shown in Table 2 . Table 2 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results by vaccination status of participants SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results p Negative ( 10) Vaccination Status Vaccinated 2 (16,7) 45 (95,7) 130 (95,6) a 0,001 ** Non- vaccinated 10 (83,3) 2 (4,3) 6 (4,4) a Fisher Freeman Halton Test ** p < 0,01 According to the antibody test results, a statistically significant difference was found between the vaccination status of the participants (p = 0.001; p < 0.01). The rate of SARS-CoV-2 antibody negativity is higher in those who have never been vaccinated. A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated participants by occupation is shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated participants by occupations SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results p Negative ( 10) Occupations Doctors 1 (4,8) 5 (23,8) 15 (71,4) a 0,862 Nurses 1 (1,4) 18 (26,1) 50 (72,5) Workers 0 (0) 15 (25,9) 43 (74,1) Officers 0 (0) 2 (33,3) 4 (66,7) Technicians 0 (0) 5 (21,7) 18 (78,3) a Fisher Freeman Halton Test There was no statistically significant difference between SARS-CoV-2 antibody results according to the occupation of the vaccinated participants (p > 0.05). A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated healthcare professionals by occupation is shown in Table 4 . Table 4 Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated healthcare professionals by occupations SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results p Negative 10 Healthcare Workers Doctor + Nurse 2 (100,0) 23 (51,1) 65 (50,0) a 0,615 Worker + Officer-Technician 0 (0) 22 (48,9) 65 (50,0) a Fisher Freeman Halton Test No statistically significant difference was between vaccinated HCWs according to SARS-CoV-2 antibody results (p > 0.05). Discussion Since HCWs are most frequently unprotected from SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic, it ranks first among the priority risk groups in vaccination. The magnitude of the risk exposed is undoubtedly directly proportional to the division studied. The protection with vaccines emerges through the complex interaction of innate humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the antibody response does not completely show the protection of the vaccine, it is an important sign of the immune response. 1 We evaluated the antibody titers after vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 of healthcare professionals working in different places. SARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was found 2/177 (1%) and the seroconversion rate was found 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. No correlation was found between the antibody titers measured 5–6 weeks after the first dose and the working division of HCWs who received inactivated two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In a study by Soysal et al., HCWs were applied with two doses of CoronaVac at 28-day intervals. Antibody levels were measured four weeks after the second dose of the vaccine. Antibody titers were obtained in 50 (51%) of 103 previously infected HCWs and 142 (23%) of 627 uninfected HCWs. Anti-RBD antibody titers were found in HCWs with prior natural infection (median: 1220 AU/ml, range: 202-10328 AU/mL) to be significantly higher than uninfected HCWs (median: 913 AU/ml, range: 2.8-15547 AU) /mL; p = 0.032). 2 Unlike their study, HCWs who had no history of suspected or known infection with SARS-CoV-2 and no PCR test positivity were evaluated considering the divisions they worked in our study. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were also measured 5–6 weeks after the first vaccine or 1–2 weeks after the second dose. In our study, individuals who had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study, and the SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversion rate was found 175/177 (99%). In another study by Akar et al., the ability of CoronaVac to produce antibodies was found to be up to 97.9% at least 28 days after the second vaccine. 3 In the phase 2 study of the vaccine, in some of the people who were vaccinated on days 0–28; the antibody response of volunteers aged 18–59 years was investigated only on the 28th day after the second dose, and the response was found to be 99.2%. This value was 96.5% on the 14th day, and after the second vaccination in the 0–14 days vaccination part of the phase 2 study, it increased to 97.4% on the 28th day. 4,5 In our study, 99% of the participants had an antibody response in samples taken 5–6 weeks after the first dose. The most important strength of our study: The response of HCWs to the COVID-19 vaccine by occupation has not been studied in the literature, to the best of our knowledge. The limitations in our study are; the most important of these is that the study was carried out only in young adults at 18–55 ages and in a certain occupational group. The other limitations are the small sample size and unknown pre-vaccination antibody titers of the HCWs in our study. Therefore, it might not be possible to generalize our results to people aged 55 and over and to all socioeconomic levels of society. Another limitation of our study is that the negative predictive values of PCR tests were not taken into account, although we included participants who had never experienced SARS-CoV-2 and whose PCR tests were also negative. Also, only antibody levels were evaluated and data on cellular immunity could not be presented in our study. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was 2/177 (1%) and seroconversion rate was 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. No correlation was found between the section worked and antibody titers measured 5-6 weeks after the vaccination in HCWs who have applied two doses of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. There was also no statistically significant difference between SARS-CoV-2 antibody results according to the professions of HCWs. Declarations Ethics approval The experimental protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital [ethic code: 2011-KAEK-25 2021/05-02]. Consent to participate All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations or declaration of the Ethics Committee of University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital. Funding: None Consent for publication: All authors approved. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Availability of data and materials The data set used or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32: e00084-18. PMID: 30867162. Soysal A, Gönüllü E, Karabayır N, Alan S, Atıcı S, Yıldız İ, et all. Comparison of immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected healthcare workers. Human Vaccınes & Immunotherapeutıcs.2021;17(11):3876-80. Akar Ş Ş, Akçalı S, Özkaya Y, Gezginci F M, Özyurt B C, Deniz G, et all. Factors Affecting Side Effects, Seroconversion Rates and Antibody Response After Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(4):519-38. Wu Z, Hu Y, Xu M, Chen Z, Yang W, Jiang Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(6):803-12. Zhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, Li C, Hu Y, Chu,K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;21(2): 181-92. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Jan, 2024 Read the published version in Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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16:52:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":473467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3872653/v1/4e32b3e0-f9bc-490a-aa6f-a7719e40772b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Antibody Response against an Inactive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Healthcare Workers Occupied In Different Divisions ","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the pandemic that started in the last quarter of 2019. The disease has affected the whole world. It caused deaths and socioeconomic problems. HCWs were among the groups most affected by the disease. The lack of a known definitive cure for the coronavirus is why we still see the vaccine as the most important potential agent in disease prevention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNaturally, there might be a difference in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 exposure among the working divisions of HCWs in a health institution. Depending on exposure, continuous stimulation of the immune system may also affect the antibody response to the vaccine, even if individuals do not have laboratory and clinically detected disease. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effects of varying degrees of continuous immune system stimulation on the antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccine. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no research on this subject in the literature and we believe that our study will shed light on this issue. Therefore, we analyzed the relevance between the professions of HCWs occupying different places of health institutions and the antibody levels they developed against the COVID-19 vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out retrospectively by the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital, Divisions of Immunology Allergy, Internal Diseases, and Infectious Diseases Clinics from June to September 2021.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study group included 177 people aged 18\u0026ndash;55, who had 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, who had no known COVID-19 disease and who had negative PCR tests, and who had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies tested between 7\u0026ndash;14 days after the 2nd dose of vaccine. Vaccination was first applied to HCWs and then to other risky groups. In this schedule, two doses of CoronaVac 600 U/0.5 mL (Sinovac Life Science Co, Ltd, Beijing, China) were given between 28 days intervals.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEighteen individuals with the same characteristics but never vaccinated were taken as the control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThose with malignancy, immunosuppression, pregnancy, positive PCR test, and those with probable or suspected COVID-19 disease were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe quantitatively measured the neutralizing antibodies formed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the virus S protein. We used Advia Centaur SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens, USA) kits for this. The sensitivity of the kit was 96.4%, the specificity was 99.9%, and the reference range was 0.5-1.00 Index. Values above this were considered positive. If the antibody level was between 1 and 10, it was considered a low level of antibody response, and if it was \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10, it was considered a high level of antibody response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital, with the decision dated 05.05.2021 and numbered 2011-KAEK-25 2021/05\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02. This is following the provisions of the 1995 Helsinki and Edinburgh 2000 notification. Prior to enrollment, all participants were provided oral/written informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis program in our study was NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System). Study data were evaluated using descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, median, frequency, ratio, minimum, and maximum). Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact test was used to compare qualitative data. It was considered significant at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur study included 177 people who received 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and 18 people who had never been vaccinated, a total of 195 HCWs. Their mean age was 39.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1, 29% were male (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;56) and 71% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;139) were female. Distributions of descriptive characteristics and vaccination status are in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions of descriptive features in overall health care workers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccinated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177 (90,8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNon-vaccinated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9,2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Antibody levels\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNegative (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6,2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePositive\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow antibody level (1\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (24,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHigh antibody level (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (69,7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProfessions\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDoctors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (12,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNurses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (40,0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorkers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (32,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOfficers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (3,6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTechnicians\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (11,8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results of the participants were examined; 6.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12) antibody level is negative, 24.1% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45) is positive with a low antibody response between 1 and 10, and 69.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;136) is positive with a high antibody response. Distributions of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the professions of the participants are examined; 12.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;24) are doctors, 40% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;78) are nurses, 32.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;63) are workers, 3.6% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7) are officers, and 11.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23) are\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003etechnicians. Distributions of occupations are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was 2/177 (1%) and seroconversion rate was 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. Of these, 45/177 (25%) had low antibody levels and 130/177 (74%) had high antibody levels. Of 18 participants who were not vaccinated and who had no known or no suspected SARS-CoV-2 history and whose PCR tests were also negative are 10/18 (56%) negative, 2/18 (11%) low antibody positive, and 6/18 (33%) high antibody positive. A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results by vaccination status of participants is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results by vaccination status of participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody Positive (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccination\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStatus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVaccinated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (16,7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 (95,7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (95,6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,001\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNon- vaccinated\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (83,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (4,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (4,4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e**\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,01\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the antibody test results, a statistically significant difference was found between the vaccination status of the participants (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate of SARS-CoV-2 antibody negativity is higher in those who have never been vaccinated. A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated participants by occupation is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated participants by occupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1\u0026ndash;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibody\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDoctors\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (4,8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (23,8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (71,4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,862\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNurses\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (1,4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (26,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (72,5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorkers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (25,9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43 (74,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOfficers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (33,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (66,7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTechnicians\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (21,7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (78,3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere was no statistically significant difference between SARS-CoV-2 antibody results according to the occupation of the vaccinated participants (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated healthcare professionals by occupation is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparison of SARS-CoV-2 antibody results of vaccinated healthcare professionals by occupations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 Antibody Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Antibody\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Antibody\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHealthcare\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorkers\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDoctor\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Nurse\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (100,0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23 (51,1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e0,615\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWorker\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Officer-Technician\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (48,9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (50,0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003eFisher Freeman Halton Test\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo statistically significant difference was between vaccinated HCWs according to SARS-CoV-2 antibody results (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince HCWs are most frequently unprotected from SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic, it ranks first among the priority risk groups in vaccination. The magnitude of the risk exposed is undoubtedly directly proportional to the division studied. The protection with vaccines emerges through the complex interaction of innate humoral and cellular immune responses. Although the antibody response does not completely show the protection of the vaccine, it is an important sign of the immune response.\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e We evaluated the antibody titers after vaccination with SARS-CoV-2 of healthcare professionals working in different places. SARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was found 2/177 (1%) and the seroconversion rate was found 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. No correlation was found between the antibody titers measured 5\u0026ndash;6 weeks after the first dose and the working division of HCWs who received inactivated two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a study by Soysal et al., HCWs were applied with two doses of CoronaVac at 28-day intervals. Antibody levels were measured four weeks after the second dose of the vaccine. Antibody titers were obtained in 50 (51%) of 103 previously infected HCWs and 142 (23%) of 627 uninfected HCWs. Anti-RBD antibody titers were found in HCWs with prior natural infection (median: 1220 AU/ml, range: 202-10328 AU/mL) to be significantly higher than uninfected HCWs (median: 913 AU/ml, range: 2.8-15547 AU) /mL; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032).\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Unlike their study, HCWs who had no history of suspected or known infection with SARS-CoV-2 and no PCR test positivity were evaluated considering the divisions they worked in our study. SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were also measured 5\u0026ndash;6 weeks after the first vaccine or 1\u0026ndash;2 weeks after the second dose. In our study, individuals who had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study, and the SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversion rate was found 175/177 (99%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn another study by Akar et al., the ability of CoronaVac to produce antibodies was found to be up to 97.9% at least 28 days after the second vaccine.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e In the phase 2 study of the vaccine, in some of the people who were vaccinated on days 0\u0026ndash;28; the antibody response of volunteers aged 18\u0026ndash;59 years was investigated only on the 28th day after the second dose, and the response was found to be 99.2%. This value was 96.5% on the 14th day, and after the second vaccination in the 0\u0026ndash;14 days vaccination part of the phase 2 study, it increased to 97.4% on the 28th day.\u003csup\u003e4,5\u003c/sup\u003e In our study, 99% of the participants had an antibody response in samples taken 5\u0026ndash;6 weeks after the first dose.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most important strength of our study: The response of HCWs to the COVID-19 vaccine by occupation has not been studied in the literature, to the best of our knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limitations in our study are; the most important of these is that the study was carried out only in young adults at 18\u0026ndash;55 ages and in a certain occupational group. The other limitations are the small sample size and unknown pre-vaccination antibody titers of the HCWs in our study. Therefore, it might not be possible to generalize our results to people aged 55 and over and to all socioeconomic levels of society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother limitation of our study is that the negative predictive values of PCR tests were not taken into account, although we included participants who had never experienced SARS-CoV-2 and whose PCR tests were also negative.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, only antibody levels were evaluated and data on cellular immunity could not be presented in our study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSARS-CoV-2 IgG negativity rate was 2/177 (1%) and seroconversion rate was 175/177 (99%) in vaccinated HCWs. No correlation was found between the section worked and antibody titers measured 5-6 weeks after the vaccination in HCWs who have applied two doses of SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. There was also no statistically significant difference between SARS-CoV-2 antibody results according to the professions of HCWs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe experimental protocol of this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital [ethic code: 2011-KAEK-25 2021/05-02].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations or declaration of the Ethics Committee of University of Health Sciences, Bursa Training and Research Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNone \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e All authors approved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data set used or analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZimmermann P, Curtis N. Factors That Influence the Immune Response to Vaccination. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32: e00084-18. PMID: 30867162.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoysal A, G\u0026ouml;n\u0026uuml;ll\u0026uuml; E, Karabayır N, Alan S, Atıcı S, Yıldız İ, et all. Comparison of immunogenicity and reactogenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in previously SARS-CoV-2 infected and uninfected healthcare workers. Human Vaccınes \u0026amp; Immunotherapeutıcs.2021;17(11):3876-80. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eAkar Ş Ş, Ak\u0026ccedil;alı S, \u0026Ouml;zkaya Y, Gezginci F M, \u0026Ouml;zyurt B C, Deniz G, et all. Factors Affecting Side Effects, Seroconversion Rates and Antibody Response After Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2021;55(4):519-38. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu Z, Hu Y, Xu M, Chen Z, Yang W, Jiang Z, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2021; 21(6):803-12. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, Li C, Hu Y, Chu,K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18\u0026ndash;59 years: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2020;21(2): 181-92. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Health personnel, COVID-19, serological testing, vaccine","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872653/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872653/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground / Objective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we aim to investigate the link between the antibody responses to the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine of healthcare workers (HCWs) and the divisions that they work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaterials and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.8% (n = 177) of HCWs having 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, but who had not had COVID-19 disease before and whose Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test positivity were not detected, were included in our study. 9.2% of HCWs (n = 18) who had never had an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, who had no infection, and who had negative PCR tests were evaluated as the control group.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study included 177 people who received 2 doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and unvaccinated 18 people, a total of 195 HCWs. When the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results of the participants were examined; it is found that antibody level is negative in 6.2%, is positive in 24.1% with a low antibody response, and 69.7% is positive with a high antibody response. The antibody levels of HCWs who were vaccinated did not give a statistically significant difference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe seroconversion rate was 99% in the vaccinated HCWs. There is no statistically difference in the antibody results according to the occupations of the HCWs.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antibody Response against an Inactive SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine among Healthcare Workers Occupied In Different Divisions ","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-01-23 15:48:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3872653/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ada90bab-4eb1-4e4f-b39d-f4e1020502af","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-21T14:56:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3872653","link":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pja.2024.140250","journal":{"identity":"alergologia-polska-polish-journal-of-allergology","isVorOnly":true,"title":"Alergologia Polska - Polish Journal of Allergology"},"publishedOn":"2024-01-01 14:56:37","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 1st, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-01-23 15:48:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.5114/pja.2024.140250","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pja.2024.140250","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3872653","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3872653","identity":"rs-3872653","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}