Differential Responses of Onion Genotypes in Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits, and Bulb Yield Under Waterlogging Stress

Differential Responses of Onion Genotypes in Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits, and Bulb Yield Under Waterlogging Stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Differential Responses of Onion Genotypes in Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits, and Bulb Yield Under Waterlogging Stress Amol R Pawar, Mayur B Patil, Sushant Sukumar Patil, Komal Anil Gade, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 20 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Waterlogging significantly affects plant growth, yield, and quality of due to their shallow roots. We previously identified four waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes in a pot experiment, which were subsequently evaluated under field conditions along with four sensitive genotypes. This field experiment assessed plant growth, physiological and biochemical traits, and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions with three replications. Accession 1666 exhibited minimal growth reduction, while Bhima Dark Red selection (BDR) selection showed moderate declines of 17.1%, 10.6%, and 11.7% in plant height, leaf number, and total leaf area, respectively, compared to control plots. Both tolerant genotypes maintained higher membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC), antioxidant enzyme activities, pyruvic acid, and chlorophyll concentrations under stress. Accession 1666 and BDR selection exhibited reductions in bulb yield of 29.7% and 28.8%, respectively, compared to the respective controls. Conversely, sensitive genotypes experienced greater declines in MSI, RWC, and biochemical traits, with total bulb yield reductions ranging from 46.2% (Bhima Raj) to 53.3% (Bhima Shubra). Field performance revealed that Accession 1630 and W-355, previously classified as tolerant, showed higher mortality and lower yields than Accession 1666 and BDR selection. The findings confirmed that Accession 1666 and BDR selection exhibit waterlogging tolerance, making them well-suited for cultivation during the monsoon season. Furthermore, adopting raised bed and furrow planting methods can enhance drainage of excess water, thereby contributing to increased onion yield. Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant physiology Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant stress responses Waterlogging plant growth antioxidant activity enzyme activity chlorophyll onion Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction Onion ( Allium cepa L.) is an important vegetable crop, valued for its strong flavor and use in many dishes worldwide. As a staple in various cuisines, onions are important to agricultural economies. India is the leading producer, with an annual production of 31.27 million tonnes from 1.91 million hectares (FAOSTAT, 2024 ). Despite being a leading producer, India's onion productivity is relatively low, averaging 16.3 t ha − 1 . This could be partly due to extreme climatic events —such as high temperatures, water stress (both excess and scarcity), and climate change (Gedam et al., 2021 ; Wakchaure et al., 2023 ). Among these factors, both water scarcity and excess moisture contribute significantly to yield reduction in monsoon-season onion crops (Thangasamy et al., 2023 ). Climate change has caused frequent and prolonged waterlogging, which limits onion production (Gedam et al., 2021 ; Thangasamy et al., 2023 ). Onions have shallow roots, making them vulnerable to excess water (Ghodke et al., 2018 ). Saturated soil displaces air, creating anoxic conditions that impair root activity and nutrient uptake (Teoh et al., 2022 ). This condition also impairs water transport, thereby reducing the translocation of nutrients and photosynthate to the bulb, leading to smaller, lighter, and fewer bulbs (Elzenga & van Veen, 2010 ; Wang et al., 2024 ). Waterlogging affects onions differently at various growth stages (Vwioko et al., 2017 ). Early waterlogging reduces root oxygen and nutrient absorption, causing chlorosis, delayed growth, and smaller leaf area (Yang et al., 2020 ; Pan et al., 2021 ). Later, it restricts food and water flow to the bulb, decreasing its growth, weight, and quality (Tyagi et al., 2024 ). Prolonged waterlogging creates anaerobic conditions, disrupting metabolism and bulb development (Majeed et al., 2023 ), and can reduce bulb yield by 50–70% (Gedam et al., 2022 ). Waterlogging and anthracnose-twister disease further limit production during the rainy season, as waterlogging is a key risk factor for these fungal diseases (Salunkhe et al., 2022 ). Waterlogging disrupts a plant's balance between photosynthesis and sugar usage for growth and bulb development (Pan et al., 2021 ). Therefore, the development of waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes is crucial for sustaining productivity in regions prone to excessive moisture. To address this issue, around 400 onion genotypes were screened under controlled waterlogging conditions in a pot experiment. Four genotypes—Accession 1666, Bhima Dark Red (BDR) selection, Accession 1630, and W-355—were identified as tolerant (Gedam et al., 2022 ). However, their performance requires further evaluation in larger experimental setups to assess plant growth, crop growth rate, physiological traits, and bulb development under controlled waterlogging conditions. Additionally, the biochemical compounds and enzymatic activities associated with waterlogging stress need to be analyzed and compared with those of sensitive genotypes. However, detailed information on these physiological and biochemical responses remains limited. Generating such data will provide critical insights into the mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance. For this, two hypotheses were formulated: (1) waterlogging stress negatively affects plant growth and yield-related parameters, with tolerant genotypes showing lesser effects, and (2) tolerant genotypes exhibit enhanced physiological and biochemical traits, along with increased enzymatic activity, compared to sensitive genotypes. To test these hypotheses, the field experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of waterlogging stress on plant growth and yield-related parameters in waterlogging-tolerant and sensitive onion genotypes. The study also sought to compare the physiological and biochemical traits, as well as enzymatic activity, between tolerant and sensitive genotypes under waterlogging conditions. Material and Methodology Experimental site The field experiment was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research–Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (ICAR-DOGR) experimental farm in Pune, Maharashtra, India (18.32° N, 73.51° E, 645 meters above MSL) during the kharif season (August to November 2024). The experimental site is a tropical dry and humid climate, with an average annual rainfall of 820 mm. The terrain is approximately 645 meters above mean sea level. About 99% of the total rainfall was received during the south-west monsoon, particularly from June-October. During the experiment, temperature ranged from 10.7°C to 34.7°C. Soils at the experimental site were clay loam with a pH of 7.8, electrical conductivity of 0.25 dS m -1 (Supplementary table 1). These soils are characterized by low nitrogen (N), high phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and adequate levels of sulfur (S) and micronutrient levels. Experimental details The experiment was performed using a split-plot design with eight onion genotypes evaluated under both waterlogging treatment and control conditions. Each treatment was replicated three times. A flat bed of 6 m² (two meters in width and three meters in length) was prepared. Recommended organic manure (5 t ha⁻¹) was applied after bed preparation and incorporated into the soil. Subsequently, recommended doses of P, K, S, and sixteen percent of the recommended N were applied as a basal dose before transplanting. Complex fertilizer, 10:26:26 grade, urea, muriate of potash, and bentonite sulfur were used as sources of N, P, K, and S. Fifteen minutes before transplanting, the pre-emergence herbicide oxyfluorfen (23% emulsifiable concentrate) was applied, and the crop was irrigated immediately to ensure uniform herbicide distribution. Eight onion genotypes from the ICAR-DOGR germplasm collection were screened for waterlogging stress tolerance. These were categorized as sensitive (Bhima Super, Bhima Shubra, Bhima Red, Bhima Raj) and tolerant (Accession 1666, Accession 1630, BDR selection, W 355). Forty-five-day-old seedlings of these genotypes were transplanted with a recommended row-to-row spacing of 15 cm and plant-to-plant spacing of 10 cm, maintaining a plant population of 400 plants per plot. Irrigation was applied through the flood irrigation system in both the control and waterlogging treatments before and after the treatment period, as per crop requirements when no rainfall occurred. Both treatments received irrigation on the same dates and in the same amounts from transplanting to 45 DAT. A total of 215.6 mm of rainfall was recorded during this period. Ghodke et al. (2018) reported that waterlogging during 45–55 DAT reduced onion yield by 77.2% compared to the control. Therefore, the waterlogging treatment was imposed during this period in the present study. During this period, the plots were flooded daily from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM using sprinkler irrigation to simulate rainfall, maintaining a 5 cm water level above the soil surface for 10 days. Additionally, a total of 59.4 mm of rainfall was received during 53-56 DAT. After 56 DAT, irrigation was stopped, and normal irrigation resumed until harvest. During the recovery period (57–80 DAT), an additional 77.6 mm of rainfall was received. All intercultural operations and plant protection measures were followed as per the ICAR-DOGR standard practices, particularly for the management of anthracnose incidence. After maturity, onion bulbs were harvested in the first week of October 2024. Equatorial and polar diameters were measured using a vernier caliper and expressed in millimeters (mm). The bulbs were separated from the foliage, and the bulb weight was recorded and expressed in kilograms (kg) per plot. Plant growth parameters Ten plants per plot were tagged and recorded plant height and the number of leaves at 30, 45, 55, 75, and 90 DAT. Fully matured leaves (third leaf from the top) were collected to measure leaf area at 30, 45, 55, 75, and 90 DAT. To assess dry matter yield, five plant samples were collected at 30, 45, and 55 DAT and at harvest from each plot, with three replications. The samples were rinsed with tap water followed by distilled water to remove soil particles, separated into bulbs and leaves, chopped, air-dried, and then oven-dried at 60°C until a constant weight was achieved. Dry matter yield was recorded separately for leaves and bulbs and combined to calculate the total dry matter yield. The crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) were calculated using standard formulas described by Watson (1952). Physiological analysis Relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll) were measured at 45, 55, and 75 DAT for each genotype. The fully developed third leaf of each genotype was selected for these measurements. A fresh leaf sample of 0.5 g (FW) was collected and immersed in distilled water for four hours to determine its turgid weight (TW). The turgid samples were then dried in a hot air oven at 70°C until a constant dry weight (DW) was obtained. RWC was calculated for each treatment and control using the formula given by Barrs and Weatherley (1962). RWC=(FW−DW)/(TW−DW) ×100. The third leaf from each plant (both treatments and control) was cut into 2 cm disks. Leaf disks weighing 100 mg were placed in two sets of test tubes, each containing 10 ml of double-distilled water. One set of tubes was heated at 40°C for 30 minutes in a water bath, and the electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using a conductivity bridge (C1). The second set of tubes was then heated at 100°C for 10 minutes, and the EC (C2) was recorded. Membrane Stability Index (MSI) was calculated following the procedure described by Sairam et al. (1997) using the formula: MSI=[1-C1/C2] × 100 Chlorophyll content was estimated using the non-maceration method described by Hiscox and Israelstam (1979). A 0.05 g fresh leaf sample was placed in 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for chlorophyll extraction. The absorbance of the extract was measured at 645 nm and 663 nm using a spectrophotometer. Total chlorophyll content was determined as described by Arnon (1949). Total chlorophyll = (20.2 x OD 645 + 8.02 x OD 663 ) x Volume of extract x Weight of sample/1000. Biochemical analysis At harvest, bulbs from each plot were collected and analyzed for total phenol concentration, pyruvic acid content (μmol g⁻¹), antioxidant activity, and protein concentration. Bulbs were crushed and blended with water to prepare the samples. Pyruvic acid content was determined using the method of Schwimmer and Weston (1961). Total phenol concentration and antioxidant activity were assessed by extracting the samples with 80% methanol, followed by centrifugation. Phenol concentration was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) reagent, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, as described by Sadasivam and Manickam (1996). Protein concentration was determined using the Lowry method after extraction with phosphate buffer and centrifugation. TSS was measured using a handheld refractometer, and the results were expressed in degrees Brix (°Brix). The instrument was calibrated with distilled water before measurement to ensure accuracy. The proline concentration in leaf tissues was determined following the procedure outlined by Bates et al. (1973). Leaf samples were homogenized, and the proline content was estimated colorimetrically using acid ninhydrin. The absorbance was recorded at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the proline concentration was expressed in µ mol g -1 fresh weight. Enzyme activities The activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were determined following standard protocols. For all assays, 250 mg of the test sample was homogenized in 10 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain the enzyme extract. CAT activity was measured by recording the decline in absorbance at 240 nm every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. The reaction mixture contained 200 µL of enzyme extract, 1.5 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), and 0.5 mL of H₂O₂ (75 mM) (Aebi, 1984). The activity was calculated as µmol H₂O₂ decomposed mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹ using an extinction coefficient of 36 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹. GPX activity was determined by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 470 nm every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. The reaction mixture included 10 µL of enzyme extract, 3 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.1), 0.5 mL of H₂O₂, and 0.5 mL of guaiacol (Srivastava and Van Huystee, 1977). Enzyme activity was expressed as µmol guaiacol oxidized mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹ using an extinction coefficient of 26.6 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹. APX activity was measured by recording the decline in absorbance at 290 nm. The reaction mixture consisted of 100 µL of enzyme extract, 1.5 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), 0.5 mL of ascorbic acid (3 mM), 0.5 mL of EDTA (3 mM), and 0.1 mL of H₂O₂ (3 mM) (Nakano and Asada, 1981). The activity was calculated as nmol ascorbate oxidized mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹ using an extinction coefficient of 2.8 mM⁻¹ cm⁻¹. Statistically Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using OPSTAT, following a split-plot design for the field experiment. A three-way ANOVA was conducted for growth and physiological parameters, with growth stage included as a factor. For all other parameters, a two-way ANOVA was applied. When significant differences were observed at the 5% significance level, mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test to determine significance levels. Additionally, all recorded parameters were subjected to correlation analysis using Pearson's correlation test with a two-tailed test. Results Survival percentage Excess rainfall caused waterlogging that significantly reduced the survival of onion genotypes during the first 15 days after transplanting (Supplementary Table 2). Accession 1666 (80.9%), Bhima Red (78.8%), and BDR selection (76.3%) recorded the highest survival rates. These genotypes showed statistically similar performance, which was significantly higher than those of other genotypes. In contrast, W-355, Bhima Raj, and Bhima Super maintained moderate survival rates ranging from 62.5% to 63.1%, which were significantly higher than that of Accession 1630 (7.4%) and Bhima Shubhra (9.5%). These two genotypes exhibited poor survival under both control and waterlogged conditions. At 15 DAT, we performed gap filling to maintain uniform plant populations across all genotypes, except BDR selection, Bhima Red, and Accession 1666. Plant growth Parameters Waterlogging, genotype, growth stage, and their interactions significantly influenced plant height (Table 1), number of leaves (Supplementary Table 3), and total leaf area (Table 2). At 10 days post-waterlogging (55 DAT), waterlogging stress reduced plant height, number of leaves, and total leaf area in all genotypes except Accession 1666, which maintained its plant height and exhibited only negligible reductions in the number of leaves and leaf area. Similarly, BDR selection showed moderate declines of 17.1% in plant height, 10.6% in leaf number, and 11.7% in leaf area compared to its control. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited higher reductions of 31.3% to 41.8% in plant height, 48.0% to 56.2% in number of leaves, and 54.2% to 62.9% in total leaf area, relative to their respective controls. During the recovery phase (75 and 90 DAT), all genotypes showed increased plant height under waterlogged conditions. At 90 DAT, waterlogged plants exhibited higher plant height than their respective control plants. Accession 1666 recorded a 6.2% increase, while other genotypes showed even higher increases compared to their controls. The number of leaves also increased in all genotypes under waterlogging at 75 DAT. However, between 75 and 90 DAT, leaf number declined in tolerant genotypes, while it continued to increase in sensitive genotypes. The increase in leaf number among sensitive genotypes ranged from 35.3% (Bhima Super) to 46.6% (Bhima Raj). At 90 DAT, total leaf area declined in all genotypes in the control plots and in tolerant genotypes—namely BDR selection, Accession 1666, Accession 1630, and W-355—under waterlogged conditions. Conversely, sensitive genotypes—Bhima Super, Bhima Shubra, Bhima Raj, and Bhima Red—exhibited an increase in total leaf area under waterlogged conditions. Plant growth rate In control plants, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) increased from 30 to 45 DAT, with the highest values observed at 45 DAT. However, all three indices declined from 55 to 75 DAT. Under waterlogging conditions, CGR (Supplementary Table 4), RGR (Supplementary Table 5), and NAR (Supplementary Table 6) significantly declined across all genotypes 10 days post-treatment, reaching negative values. After withdrawal of waterlogging stress, all three growth indices reached positive values at 75 DAT, with magnitudes similar to those recorded during the 30–45 DAT period under control conditions. Physiological traits Waterlogging treatment, genotypes, growth stages, and their interactions significantly influenced chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and total chlorophyll concentrations (Table 3). These parameters increased from 45 to 75 DAT in control plots. Similarly, Accession 1666, Accession 1630, and BDR selection showed increased chlorophyll concentrations at 10 days post-treatment (55 DAT) compared to pre-treatment values. However, for Accession 1666, chlorophyll concentrations at 75 DAT were lower than at 55 DAT. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited a significant decline in chlorophyll at 55 DAT, followed by recovery with increased levels at 75 DAT. MSI increased significantly in control plants across genotypes, while it decreased significantly under waterlogged conditions at 55 and 75 DAT (Table 4). At 55 DAT, MSI declined by 5.0% to 17.3% in tolerant genotypes and by 12.7% to 25.3% in sensitive genotypes, relative to 45 DAT values. MSI further decreased at 75 DAT in both control and stressed plants. RWC significantly declined across genotypes at 55 DAT in waterlogged plants, while it increased by 2.3% to 18.0% in control plants over the same period. The RWC reduction ranged from 1.5% (Accession 1666) to 17.8% (Accession 1630) among tolerant genotypes and from 20.2% (Bhima Red) to 28.5% (Bhima Shubra) among sensitive genotypes. However, RWC significantly improved during the recovery phase, with the highest increases in Accession 1666 (15.8%) and BDR selection (15.3%). Enzyme activities Waterlogging treatment, genotypes, and their interactions significantly influenced catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities (Table 5). Before treatment, all genotypes exhibited similar enzyme activity levels. At 55 DAT (10 days post-waterlogging), Accession 1666 and BDR selection maintained catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities at levels statistically comparable to their respective controls, although guaiacol peroxidase activity declined significantly by 17.4% and 36.1%, respectively. In contrast, sensitive genotypes showed significant reductions: catalase activity decreased by 47.0% (Bhima Red) to 59.5% (Bhima Raj), ascorbate peroxidase by 35.9% (Bhima Red) to 66.7% (Bhima Super), and guaiacol peroxidase by 61.5% (Bhima Red) to 78.0% (Bhima Super), relative to control plants. Biochemical traits Waterlogging, genotype, and their interaction significantly affected total phenol concentrations (Figure 1), pyruvic acid (Figure 2), proline, and total soluble solids (TSS) in bulbs (Supplementary Table 7). Genotype and the interaction between genotype and waterlogging alone significantly influenced antioxidant activity (Figure 3) and total protein levels (Figure 4). Under waterlogged conditions, Accession 1666 and BDR selection recorded significantly higher levels of total phenols, proline, TSS, antioxidant activity, and total protein compared to other genotypes. Both genotypes increased all biochemical parameters except proline and TSS, which declined across all genotypes under waterlogging. Compared to control plants, Accession 1666 showed a 36.7% increase in total phenol content, 84.6% in antioxidant activity, 3.1% in total protein, and 48.8% in pyruvic acid. BDR selection recorded a 67.8% increase in total phenols, 73.6% in antioxidant activity, 62.8% in total protein, and 29.9% in pyruvic acid. In contrast, sensitive genotypes showed reductions ranging from 17.7% to 55.7% in total phenols, 28.6% to 72.7% in antioxidant activity, 0.7% to 20.5% in total protein, and 27.8% to 36.1% in pyruvic acid under waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging also significantly decreased proline and TSS levels across all genotypes (Supplementary Table 6). Bulb Size and yield Waterlogging, genotype, and their interaction significantly affected bulb size—measured as equatorial diameter (ED) and polar diameter (PD) (Supplementary Table 8)—as well as bulb yield (Figure 5). All genotypes showed reductions in ED, PD, and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions compared to their respective controls. Among the tolerant genotypes, BDR selection and Accession 1666 recorded ED reductions of 5.2% and 11.2% and PD reductions of 16.2% and 2.9%, respectively. In terms of yield, BDR selection produced 12.1 t ha⁻¹ and Accession 1666 produced 10.0 t ha⁻¹, reflecting declines of 29.7% and 28.8% from their controls. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited more pronounced losses compared to the control plants. ED declined by 17.1% (Bhima Red) to 41.2% (Bhima Super), while PD declined by 10.7% (Bhima Red) to 40.3% (Bhima Super). Bulb yield also decreased significantly, ranging from 46.2% in Bhima Raj to 53.3% in Bhima Shubra, relative to control plants. Correlation analysis Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, MSI, RWC, chlorophyll concentration, total protein, antioxidant activity, pyruvic acid, total phenol content, TSS, bulb size, and bulb yield (Supplementary Table 9). Antioxidant enzymes—catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase—also showed strong positive correlations with plant growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area) and physiological traits (MSI, RWC, and chlorophyll concentration). However, these enzymes exhibited significant negative correlations with bulb size and bulb yield. Catalase activity was also significantly negatively correlated with antioxidant activity. Additionally, both catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were negatively associated with total phenol content, total protein, TSS, and pyruvic acid; however, these relationships were not statistically significant. Discussion Onion is a shallow-rooted crop and is highly susceptible to waterlogging stress caused by excessive rainfall, which significantly limits its productivity (Gedam et al., 2023 ). In our previous pot experiment, we evaluated various onion genotypes and conducted transcriptomic analyses to confirm their responses to waterlogging stress. This study led to the identification of four genotypes exhibiting tolerance to waterlogging. However, while these genotypes exhibited waterlogging tolerance in controlled environments, their performance must be validated under field conditions with simulated waterlogging to determine their suitability for large-scale cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed four waterlogging-tolerant and four sensitive onion genotypes under field conditions to validate their responses to waterlogging stress. Excessive rainfall (121.6 mm) during the first 10 days after transplanting (DAT) led to soil saturation in the clay loam soil (32% clay), intensifying waterlogging stress. The genotypes Accession 1630 and Bhima Shubra were particularly susceptible, exhibiting severe seedling damage. Oxygen depletion in the surface soil layers under waterlogged conditions impaired root respiration (Manghwar et al., 2024 ), which in turn hindered seedling establishment (Hara, 2016 ). Anaerobic conditions also favored root rot development in these genotypes, further damaging plant tissues and increasing seedling mortality (Le et al., 2021 ). In contrast, tolerant genotypes, including BDR selection and Accession 1666, demonstrated higher survival percentages during the initial 10 DAT. Additionally, during artificial waterlogging stress imposed between 45–55 DAT, tolerant genotypes showed minimal reductions in plant height, leaf number, and leaf area compared to sensitive genotypes. This tolerance is attributed to the development of aerenchyma—specialized tissues with enlarged air spaces and an extensive cortical network that facilitate oxygen diffusion to roots, thereby mitigating hypoxic stress (Yamauchi et al., 2018 ; NICRA, 2020; Sou et al., 2021 ; Sharma et al., 2024 ; Li et al., 2025 ). However, in sensitive genotypes, oxygen deficiency impaired the mitochondrial electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby disrupting aerobic respiration (Manghwar et al., 2024 ; van Veen et al., 2025 ). This impairment hindered proton transport, leading to H⁺ accumulation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and causing cytoplasmic acidification, which disrupted cellular homeostasis and enzymatic activity (Rivera-Araya et al., 2019 ; Pan et al., 2021 ). Additionally, the observed reduction in plant growth may also be attributed to impaired leaf cell division and elongation in the sensitive genotype (Sathi et al., 2022 ; Gedam et al., 2023 ). Consequently, anaerobic glycolysis became the primary energy pathway, yielding only two ATP molecules per glucose and severely limiting energy-dependent processes such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, translocation, and plant growth in sensitive genotypes (Xu and Fu, 2022 ; Manghwar et al., 2024 ). Reduced RWC served as a key indicator of cellular dehydration and oxidative stress in sensitive genotypes, contributing to lower MSI and accelerated chlorophyll degradation (Gedam et al., 2022 ). Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, caused membrane lipid peroxidation, which further compromised MSI and photosynthetic efficiency (Mahmud et al., 2019 ; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2020 ). These effects resulted in decreased chlorophyll content, biomass, and plant growth parameters such as CGR, RGR, and NAR in the sensitive genotypes under waterlogging stress (Sharma et al., 2022 ; Sansan et al., 2024 ). The previous studies have also reported low chlorophyll content and poor plant phenotype with senesced leaves in the sensitive genotypes under waterlogging stress in spring wheat and barley (Sundgren et al., 2018 ), groundnut (Zeng et al., 2020 ), and sesame (Keya et al., 2022 ). A strong positive correlation among RWC, MSI, and chlorophyll content supported the role of water status and membrane integrity in stress tolerance. In contrast, tolerant genotypes sustained higher RWC levels, which preserved cell turgor and supported enzymatic activity necessary for photosynthesis, thereby minimizing stress-induced damage to membranes and pigments (Rad et al., 2013 ). Waterlogging stress also induces significant shifts in phytohormonal profiles. Previous studies have shown that waterlogging reduces abscisic acid (ABA) while increasing jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene levels, which can inhibit stem elongation and accelerate senescence (Pan et al., 2021 ). Among these, SA plays a key role in enhancing waterlogging tolerance by activating antioxidant enzymes, facilitating aerenchyma formation, regulating cell death processes, and improving photosynthetic performance (Koramutla et al., 2022 ; Gedam et al., 2023 ). In our study, tolerant genotypes displayed increased activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase, along with increased levels of phenols, antioxidants, and pyruvic acid. These biochemical responses might have contributed to cellular protection and faster recovery from stress (Gedam et al., 2022 ). The lower proline accumulation in tolerant genotypes suggests more effective osmotic regulation and reduced dependence on stress-induced solutes (Siddique et al., 2018 ). Additionally, JA also contributes to tolerance through the regulation of stress-responsive signaling pathways (Yoon et al., 2020 ). In our previous transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling were upregulated in the tolerant genotype Accession 1666 compared to sensitive genotypes. Moreover, genes encoding NCED enzymes—crucial for ABA biosynthesis—were significantly upregulated in the tolerant genotype and strongly downregulated in sensitive ones (Gedam et al., 2023 ). ABA is vital in initiating stomatal closure and triggering aerenchyma formation under hypoxic conditions (Manghwar et al., 2024 ). Furthermore, ABA-induced suberin deposition in cell walls acts as a precursor for ethylene production, which, under flooding conditions, enhances aerenchyma development in root cortical tissues, facilitating internal oxygen transport and survival under prolonged stress (Shimamura et al., 2016 ). Sensitive genotypes, on the other hand, exhibited reduced antioxidant enzyme activities and lower levels of phenols and antioxidants, indicating a compromised oxidative stress defense system (Sharma et al., 2012 ; Hasanuzzaman et al., 2017 ; Pan et al., 2021 ). This was further reflected in their lower protein content, which indicated cellular damage and degradation under prolonged stress (Orsák et al., 2020 ). Despite exhibiting physiological tolerance, both tolerant and sensitive genotypes experienced reductions in biomass and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions compared to their non-stressed counterparts (Zhang et al., 2023 ). The negative correlation observed between antioxidant enzyme activity and bulb yield suggests a resource allocation trade-off, where increased investment in stress defense mechanisms reduced assimilate availability for growth and storage processes (Saengwilai et al., 2014 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ; Pan et al., 2021 ). However, biomass accumulation and bulb yield were significantly higher in tolerant genotypes compared to sensitive ones, which could be attributed to the activation of alternative energy metabolism pathways under waterlogging conditions in tolerant genotypes (Gedam et al., 2023 ). The sucrose-metabolizing gene plays a key role in abiotic stress tolerance (Barbosa et al., 2023 ), while phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase is essential for photosynthesis and carbon fixation (Waseem and Ahmad, 2019 ). Supporting this, our previous study revealed that both the sucrose-metabolizing gene and PEP carboxylase enzyme were upregulated in tolerant genotypes under waterlogging, whereas their expression was suppressed in sensitive genotypes (Gedam et al., 2023 ). This differential gene regulation may have contributed to the enhanced tolerance in tolerant genotypes. During the recovery phase (75 DAT), both genotype groups showed regeneration; however, tolerant genotypes recovered more efficiently due to less tissue damage and better-maintained root systems (Long et al., 2022 ). The differential responses between waterlogging at 45–55 DAT and recovery at 75–90 DAT imply that plant vulnerability varies across developmental stages, with the early vegetative phase being more susceptible (Shin et al., 2020 ). The positive association between plant growth parameters and bulb size and yield reinforces the role of vegetative vigor in yield outcomes. A reduction in photosynthetic area due to water stress can directly affected carbon assimilation and limited energy availability for developmental processes (Samarah, 2016 ). Although Accession 1666 demonstrated superior physiological and growth performance, it suffered increased plant mortality due to Anthracnose infection during the vegetative stage, which reduced total and marketable yield. Cultivation on raised broad-bed furrows may reduce this infection by improving drainage. Additional research is necessary to evaluate Anthracnose resistance mechanisms in onion under such conditions. Interestingly, sensitive genotypes showed a more substantial increase in chlorophyll content during the recovery period, possibly reflecting a shift in resource allocation toward vegetative recovery rather than reproductive development. In contrast, tolerant genotypes prioritized energy usage for bulb formation (Erdal & Ekmekçi, 2023 ), suggesting different recovery strategies. Overall, genotypic variation in traits such as aerenchyma formation, RWC, MSI, and antioxidant capacity supports differential waterlogging tolerance in onion. These traits offer valuable selection criteria for breeding programs aimed at enhancing waterlogging tolerance (Gedam et al., 2023 ). Conclusion This study demonstrated that waterlogging stress significantly reduced yields across all genotypes, with the least reduction observed in BDR selection and Accession 1666. These two genotypes exhibited better survival, recovery, plant growth, and physiological traits compared to their control plants. They also showed higher levels of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, and total protein concentrations compared to both control plants and sensitive genotypes. Additionally, genotypes such as Accession 1630 and W-355, which were classified as tolerant earlier, showed higher mortality under initial waterlogging and exhibited lower yields compared to the tolerant genotypes BDR selection and Accession 1666 under large-scale field conditions. The experiment was conducted under flatbed conditions to stagnate water, which led to a higher magnitude of yield reduction. However, yield levels could be further enhanced by cultivating these genotypes using the raised bed and furrow method, which is typically recommended for monsoon onion cultivation. Furthermore, analyzing the metabolome of onion genotypes under waterlogged conditions is crucial to identify the amino acids, sugars, lipids, and secondary metabolites that accumulate during waterlogging stress. By integrating metabolomic data with transcriptomic data, the mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance can be better understood, providing valuable insights into stress tolerance and guiding future research. Additionally, formation of aerenchyma cells under waterlogged condition in tolerant genotypes and the underlying mechanisms involved needs to be studied. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Plant Material and Permissions The onion genotypes used in this study are maintained at the ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (ICAR-DOGR), Pune. All authors have institutional authorization to use these materials for research purposes. Accession 1666 (IC645764; INGR22082) is a registered germplasm with the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR), New Delhi. Seeds of this accession have been deposited at both ICAR-DOGR and ICAR-NBPGR to ensure long-term conservation and availability. Voucher specimens for Accession 1666 and BDR selection have been deposited at ICAR-DOGR, and the material is publicly accessible upon request as per ICAR-NBPGR guidelines. Taxonomic identification as Allium cepa L. was confirmed by subject matter experts at ICAR-DOGR. The genotypes used in the present study were identified by Gedam et al. (2022), and their registration has been published (Gedam et al., 2024). Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declaration of Competing Interests The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Funding There is no source of funding. Author contributions Amol R Pawar: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing; Mayur B Patil: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; Sushant S Patil: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing – review & editing; Komal Anil Gade: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; Payal A Mahadule: Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft; Dhananjay V Shirsat : Statistical analysis, Pranjali A Gedam: Resources, Writing – review & editing, Yogesh B Khade : Resources, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing – review & editing, Thangasamy Arunachalam: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Vijay Mahajan: Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The first author is grateful to Lovely Professional University, Punjab, for granting permission to conduct this research at ICAR-DOGR, Pune, and to the Director of ICAR-DOGR, Pune, for providing the necessary resources, facilities, and support throughout the course of this study. Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process During the preparation of this work the authors used CHATGPT in order to improve readability and language of the work. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication. References Aebi, H. (1984). Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology, 105, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3 Amarnath, G., Alahacoon, N., Smakhtin, V., & Aggarwal, P. (2017). Mapping multiple climate-related hazards in South Asia. 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Genotype 30 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT 90 DAT Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Accession 1666 33.8 33.9 39.1 39.0 43.6 39.0 54.5 47.3 55.8 50.4 Accession 1630 33.2 34.5 39.5 40.8 43.4 33.7 55.6 41.8 56.9 46.2 W 355 34.9 34.3 39.2 41.5 43.8 32.8 55.3 39.5 56.6 44.3 BDR selection 35.0 34.5 39.4 41.5 41.9 34.4 54.8 42.6 57.1 46.8 Bhima Red 32.6 35.5 40.1 41.5 41.1 28.5 55.2 36.1 56.6 38.8 Bhima Raj 33.9 34.5 40.1 40.8 43.0 26.9 53.5 34.1 55.9 36.7 Bhima Shubra 32.9 30.9 36.8 39.5 39.0 25.1 51.5 32.4 52.9 35.4 Bhima Super 32.1 33.8 38.9 42.3 39.4 24.6 55.3 30.9 56.1 34.6 Factors Waterlogging Genotype Waterlogging × Genotype Treatment × Genotype × Stages LSD (p=0.05) 0.631 2.2 3.2 7.1 LSD: Lease significant difference, DAT: Days after transplanting Table 2: Effect of waterlogging treatment on total leaf area (cm 2 ) across different onion genotypes at different growth stages Genotype 30 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT 90 DAT Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Accession 1666 72.6 73.6 153.2 164.2 301.5 162.9 284.5 218.9 204.1 136.3 Accession 1630 78.8 82.4 148.5 170.2 248.4 137.5 258.6 131.7 186.7 110.9 W 355 80.2 78.1 156.1 169.6 243.9 121.7 254.7 124.3 178.3 90.2 BDR selection 86.2 83.1 154.7 169.1 256.6 149.3 290.7 161.5 200.3 107.0 Bhima Red 71.8 81.1 151.2 172.1 243.5 78.9 252.1 128.3 187.6 130.4 Bhima Raj 76.6 63.7 149.8 164.4 226.4 69.8 234.5 93.7 164.2 118.4 Bhima Shubra 86.7 82.7 158.4 181.1 239.8 67.9 232.8 105.4 172.9 112.1 Bhima Super 76.5 84.0 156.5 179.2 245.6 66.5 222.5 102.1 176.9 106.3 Factors WL G WL × G WL × G × S LSD (p=0.05) 18.6 18.0 25.5 57.0 WL: Waterlogging, G: Genotype, S: Stages, LSD: Least significant difference, DAT: Days after transplanting, BDR: Bhima Dark Red Table 3: Effect of waterlogging conditions on chlorophyll content (µg g -1 ) in onion genotypes Genotype Chlorophyl a (µg g -1 ) Chlorophyl b (µg g -1 ) Total Chlorophyl (µg g -1 ) 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Accession 1666 2.55 2.55 5.13 4.87 6.24 5.68 0.95 1.21 2.05 1.95 8.64 7.91 3.5 3.76 7.18 6.82 8.64 7.91 Accession 1630 3.32 2.65 4.52 3.37 5.48 4.33 0.96 0.96 1.28 1.1 7.07 5.78 4.28 3.61 5.8 4.46 7.07 5.78 W 355 2.78 3.12 4.73 3.33 5.61 4.31 0.94 1.03 1.31 1.08 7.23 5.74 3.72 4.15 6.04 4.41 7.23 5.74 BDR selection 2.88 3.55 4.28 3.88 5.25 4.45 1.03 0.98 1.18 1.42 6.76 6.41 3.91 4.53 5.47 5.31 6.76 6.41 B. Red 2.98 3.32 4.62 3 5.73 4.28 0.89 0.96 1.29 1.05 7.36 5.7 3.87 4.28 5.91 4.05 7.36 5.7 B. Raj 2.17 2.55 4.26 2.83 5.51 4.11 0.95 0.98 1.23 0.98 7.12 5.53 3.12 3.53 5.49 3.8 7.12 5.53 B. Shubra 1.78 2.45 4.7 2 6.03 3.33 0.76 0.64 1.16 0.88 7.6 4.47 2.55 3.09 5.86 2.88 7.6 4.47 B. Super 2.98 2.98 4.75 2.69 5.89 3.83 0.87 0.83 1.04 0.98 7.28 5.2 3.86 3.81 5.79 3.67 7.28 5.2 Factors WL G WL×G WL×G×S WL G WL×G WL×G×S WL G WL×G WL×G×S LSD (p=0.05) 0.22 0.43 0.61 1.07 0.05 0.21 NS NS 0.28 0.6 0.84 1.47 LSD: Least Significant Difference, WL: Waterlogging, G: Genotype, S: Stages, Acc. 1666: Accession 1666, Acc. 1630: Accession 1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra, B. Super: Bhima Super, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment, 75 DAT: During recovery Table 4: Effect of waterlogging condition on Membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC) in onion genotypes at different stages Genotype MSI (%) RWC (%) 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 75 DAT Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Accession 1666 68.8 60.6 70.5 53.7 69.8 51.6 63.9 67.9 66.7 66.9 72.6 82.7 Accession 1630 62.7 54.9 64.2 52.2 57.3 48.6 68.5 73.5 70.1 60.4 76.9 63.1 W 355 64.2 60.3 66.5 51.2 53.9 47.5 63.5 68.5 70.8 58.8 77.1 62.8 BDR selection 69.9 63.6 70.3 52.6 68.8 50.9 72.9 76.9 76.6 66.3 82.8 81.6 Bhima Red 65.6 61.0 66.6 50.3 68.5 46.7 65.0 71.0 66.6 56.7 73.5 59.2 Bhima Raj 65.3 60.6 65.4 48.5 70.8 46.0 62.1 68.1 63.6 53.4 70.5 55.9 Bhima Shubra 65.9 59.7 66.9 44.7 61.7 42.1 50.8 57.8 59.9 41.3 65.2 44.9 Bhima Super 59.8 54.6 61.0 47.7 57.0 43.8 59.2 65.7 67.7 52.2 73.6 54.6 Factors WL G WL × G WL × G × S WL G WL × G WL × G × S LSD (p=0.05) NS 3.96 5.6 9.71 1.72 NS 6.67 11.56 1.72 NS WL: Waterlogging, LSD: Least Significant Difference, NS: Non-significant, S: Stages, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment, 75 DAT: During recovery Table 5: Effect of waterlogging on enzymatic activity in onion leaves at different stages Genotypes GPX (U g protein -1 min -1 ) APX (U g protein -1 min -1 ) Catalase (U g protein -1 min -1 ) 45 DAT 55 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT 45 DAT 55 DAT Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Control WL Accession 1666 0.61 0.64 1.31 1.32 12.0 11.9 17.1 16.3 0.21 0.21 0.32 0.26 Accession 1630 0.50 0.48 1.13 0.85 10.6 12.7 18.1 11.5 0.21 0.21 0.32 0.20 W 355 0.38 0.47 1.41 0.79 10.7 13.6 16.3 12.0 0.16 0.18 0.29 0.16 BDR selection 0.41 0.43 1.43 1.24 12.0 10.6 16.8 14.7 0.21 0.24 0.36 0.23 Bhima Red 0.48 0.55 1.44 0.76 11.2 14.0 18.7 12.0 0.21 0.17 0.31 0.12 Bhima Raj 0.61 0.54 1.35 0.55 13.4 13.0 15.9 9.1 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.11 Bhima Shubra 0.77 0.72 0.88 0.46 12.1 11.7 15.3 8.8 0.22 0.20 0.28 0.07 Bhima Super 0.65 0.60 1.02 0.52 13.1 12.8 18.9 8.9 0.21 0.22 0.29 0.06 Factor LSD (p=0.05) WL 0.04 1.20 0.02 Genotypes 0.17 1.74 0.04 WL × G 0.24 2.47 0.05 WL× G × S 0.35 3.49 0.08 LSD: Lease significant difference, WL: Waterlogging. G: Genotype, S: Stages, CAT: Catalase, APX: Ascorbate peroxidase, GPX: Guaiacol Peroxidase, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTable1Initialsoilproperties.docx SupplementaryTable2Survivalpercentage.docx SupplementaryTable3Numberofleaves.docx SupplementaryTable4Cropgrowthrate.docx SupplementaryTable5Relativegrowthrate.docx SupplementaryTable6Netassimilationrate.docx SupplementaryTable7ProlineandTSS.docx Supplementarytable8BulbSize.docx Supplementarytable9Correlationcoefficientmatrix.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 04 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 17 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 24 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6906861","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496200975,"identity":"b1002c9c-c89d-4de1-a2d6-4b1713926b15","order_by":0,"name":"Amol R Pawar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lovely Professional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amol","middleName":"R","lastName":"Pawar","suffix":""},{"id":496200976,"identity":"061cb1f6-5c85-4f6e-b3ae-80650610d450","order_by":1,"name":"Mayur B Patil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lovely Professional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mayur","middleName":"B","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""},{"id":496200977,"identity":"222561fd-d65a-446b-be05-446b2d0b2a9d","order_by":2,"name":"Sushant Sukumar Patil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lovely Professional University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sushant","middleName":"Sukumar","lastName":"Patil","suffix":""},{"id":496200978,"identity":"f1ad2d8e-5328-4499-9d46-4516f27653cb","order_by":3,"name":"Komal Anil Gade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Komal","middleName":"Anil","lastName":"Gade","suffix":""},{"id":496200979,"identity":"23acd51a-ab02-4b2a-bdc7-ac9e4c47716e","order_by":4,"name":"Payal A. Mahadule","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Payal","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Mahadule","suffix":""},{"id":496200980,"identity":"47853b9b-d867-4fb7-8763-e150812563af","order_by":5,"name":"Dhananjay V Shirsat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dhananjay","middleName":"V","lastName":"Shirsat","suffix":""},{"id":496200981,"identity":"5c0d4313-3884-477e-8612-c3ff87538f4f","order_by":6,"name":"Pranjali A. Gedam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pranjali","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Gedam","suffix":""},{"id":496200982,"identity":"b03a525b-0567-429f-b780-905b91e7ebcc","order_by":7,"name":"Yogesh P. Khade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yogesh","middleName":"P.","lastName":"Khade","suffix":""},{"id":496200983,"identity":"336e12b4-2b67-40ab-8b4d-c47c85fe7598","order_by":8,"name":"Thangasamy Arunachalam","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA1ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADOQYGHiiTmaBiiApj0rUkNsC1EAL8/ecPf/iZczh9w/GzBx98YLCTY2DnPYBXi8SNZDbJ3m2HczecyUs2nMGQbMzAzJeA35obzGwMvCAtB3LMpHkYDiQ2MPMY4NUhf/4w88e/2w6nG5x/Q6QWgwPJDNJAWxIMbhBri+GNZDNp2W3phjNvvDE2nGGQbMxGSIvc+YOPP77dZi3Pdz7H8MGHCjs5fv4z+LVAQTODwgGwOxkY2IhRDwR1DPINRCodBaNgFIyCkQcAghVBrl5cky8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thangasamy","middleName":"","lastName":"Arunachalam","suffix":""},{"id":496200984,"identity":"ccc5e1fa-56fa-4f1f-9adf-b6bf95a1876a","order_by":9,"name":"Vijay B Mahajan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vijay","middleName":"B","lastName":"Mahajan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-16 15:09:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18262-w","type":"published","date":"2025-12-05T15:57:34+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88448341,"identity":"79ff1387-507e-4a4f-8793-a0682c7a2245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:02:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":598449,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of waterlogging treatments on phenol concentration in the bulbs of different onion genotypes (Acc.1666: Accession.1666, Acc.1630: Accession.1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red selection, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, and B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean for the interaction effect between waterlogging and genotypes. The least significant difference (LSD) for the interaction is 16.7.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1Phenolconcentration.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/a4aa1e84ce6bc14ff4c1f149.jpg"},{"id":88449668,"identity":"fd7093a6-2912-4ffc-a1cb-41d7f2697dc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:18:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":573202,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of waterlogging on pyruvic acid concentration in onion bulbs of various genotypes (Acc.1666: Accession.1666, Acc.1630: Accession.1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red selection, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, and B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra). Error bars show the standard error of the mean for the interaction between genotypes and waterlogging. The LSD for the interaction is 1.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2Pyruvicacid.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/229add00d2518d3307fedc42.jpg"},{"id":88447985,"identity":"abf16cc1-987d-4243-bd4a-7e6b126326bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 13:54:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":515960,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChanges in total antioxidant levels in onion bulbs subjected to waterlogging treatment across genotypes (Acc.1666: Accession.1666, Acc.1630: Accession.1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red selection, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, and B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra). Error bars denote the standard error of the mean for the interaction between waterlogging and genotypes. The LSD value for the interaction effect is 42.1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3Totalantioxidantactivity.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/025b554c981d0df1f8c35408.jpg"},{"id":88447991,"identity":"babeec6b-5c14-4243-a9e9-34359096be74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 13:54:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":622045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariations in total protein content in onion bulbs under waterlogging conditions among genotypes (Acc.1666: Accession.1666, Acc.1630: Accession.1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red selection, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, and B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra). Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean for the genotype and waterlogging interaction. The LSD for this interaction is 0.03.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4Totalprotein.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/339c2f9c66975d766755c18b.jpg"},{"id":88449375,"identity":"55cf22bb-5e63-4649-b022-981a76f05386","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:10:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":580860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of waterlogging on the total yield of different onion genotypes (Acc.1666: Accession.1666, Acc.1630: Accession.1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red selection, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, and B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra). Error bars illustrate the standard error of the mean for the interaction of waterlogging with genotypes. The least significant difference for the interaction is 1.8.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5Totalyield.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/a501ab47bb10258cfa2b6156.jpg"},{"id":97724040,"identity":"50068379-00c4-498b-bcbb-49f80add9ab4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 16:11:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4159245,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/2dfa760a-c758-4488-86a5-9f55c6763432.pdf"},{"id":88449369,"identity":"0e86806e-3673-4d46-ada6-f0009f7f9ea8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:10:51","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable1Initialsoilproperties.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/6b30c8254d2ebfe449f75c69.docx"},{"id":88448343,"identity":"302cfef3-bb42-4bc4-b74c-887887f42956","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:02:51","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":14480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable2Survivalpercentage.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/b670ed5c5da2e4627f261ebe.docx"},{"id":88447992,"identity":"a16cc19f-310e-4ab7-9864-9635a1f15cde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 13:54:51","extension":"docx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":18004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable3Numberofleaves.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/a2a9a2a3b0a6588d8098293e.docx"},{"id":88448345,"identity":"df43df35-f39a-4b5a-b740-f0a5821ca057","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:02:51","extension":"docx","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16584,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable4Cropgrowthrate.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/32173a1c44b441b4c23d18ce.docx"},{"id":88448003,"identity":"67cb01b6-e7c1-4632-bb1e-adcf45a64eb4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 13:54:51","extension":"docx","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16450,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable5Relativegrowthrate.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/c65997eb1f9c926cba896027.docx"},{"id":88450769,"identity":"af20d8fc-7b92-4757-a192-f01330251b8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:26:51","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16158,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable6Netassimilationrate.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/7350e4cff2ded8b191b060bf.docx"},{"id":88449372,"identity":"a88f5e04-a72d-4dd9-b503-757cba3b876e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:10:51","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16605,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryTable7ProlineandTSS.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/924b8018027e80dd1908c1c8.docx"},{"id":88448024,"identity":"4b982008-cb2a-4f6f-a74d-6c7073af6c9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 13:54:52","extension":"docx","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16531,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarytable8BulbSize.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/674b386b893a77948a6b1d6b.docx"},{"id":88449377,"identity":"39253e34-1b11-4be0-adb2-91944ddc2334","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-06 14:10:51","extension":"docx","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":22259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementarytable9Correlationcoefficientmatrix.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6906861/v1/d6d063f3323e7e0698c38608.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Differential Responses of Onion Genotypes in Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits, and Bulb Yield Under Waterlogging Stress","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eOnion (\u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e L.) is an important vegetable crop, valued for its strong flavor and use in many dishes worldwide. As a staple in various cuisines, onions are important to agricultural economies. India is the leading producer, with an annual production of 31.27\u0026nbsp;million tonnes from 1.91\u0026nbsp;million hectares (FAOSTAT, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Despite being a leading producer, India's onion productivity is relatively low, averaging 16.3 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. This could be partly due to extreme climatic events \u0026mdash;such as high temperatures, water stress (both excess and scarcity), and climate change (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wakchaure et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Among these factors, both water scarcity and excess moisture contribute significantly to yield reduction in monsoon-season onion crops (Thangasamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eClimate change has caused frequent and prolonged waterlogging, which limits onion production (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Thangasamy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Onions have shallow roots, making them vulnerable to excess water (Ghodke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Saturated soil displaces air, creating anoxic conditions that impair root activity and nutrient uptake (Teoh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This condition also impairs water transport, thereby reducing the translocation of nutrients and photosynthate to the bulb, leading to smaller, lighter, and fewer bulbs (Elzenga \u0026amp; van Veen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Wang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Waterlogging affects onions differently at various growth stages (Vwioko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Early waterlogging reduces root oxygen and nutrient absorption, causing chlorosis, delayed growth, and smaller leaf area (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Later, it restricts food and water flow to the bulb, decreasing its growth, weight, and quality (Tyagi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Prolonged waterlogging creates anaerobic conditions, disrupting metabolism and bulb development (Majeed et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), and can reduce bulb yield by 50\u0026ndash;70% (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Waterlogging and anthracnose-twister disease further limit production during the rainy season, as waterlogging is a key risk factor for these fungal diseases (Salunkhe et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Waterlogging disrupts a plant's balance between photosynthesis and sugar usage for growth and bulb development (Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the development of waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes is crucial for sustaining productivity in regions prone to excessive moisture. To address this issue, around 400 onion genotypes were screened under controlled waterlogging conditions in a pot experiment. Four genotypes\u0026mdash;Accession 1666, Bhima Dark Red (BDR) selection, Accession 1630, and W-355\u0026mdash;were identified as tolerant (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, their performance requires further evaluation in larger experimental setups to assess plant growth, crop growth rate, physiological traits, and bulb development under controlled waterlogging conditions. Additionally, the biochemical compounds and enzymatic activities associated with waterlogging stress need to be analyzed and compared with those of sensitive genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, detailed information on these physiological and biochemical responses remains limited. Generating such data will provide critical insights into the mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance. For this, two hypotheses were formulated: (1) waterlogging stress negatively affects plant growth and yield-related parameters, with tolerant genotypes showing lesser effects, and (2) tolerant genotypes exhibit enhanced physiological and biochemical traits, along with increased enzymatic activity, compared to sensitive genotypes. To test these hypotheses, the field experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of waterlogging stress on plant growth and yield-related parameters in waterlogging-tolerant and sensitive onion genotypes. The study also sought to compare the physiological and biochemical traits, as well as enzymatic activity, between tolerant and sensitive genotypes under waterlogging conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental site\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe field experiment was conducted at the Indian Council of Agricultural Research\u0026ndash;Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (ICAR-DOGR) experimental farm in Pune, Maharashtra, India (18.32\u0026deg; N, 73.51\u0026deg; E, 645 meters above MSL) during the \u003cem\u003ekharif\u003c/em\u003e season (August to November 2024). The experimental site is a tropical dry and humid climate, with an average annual rainfall of 820 mm. The terrain is approximately 645 meters above mean sea level. About 99% of the total rainfall was received during the south-west monsoon, particularly from June-October. During the experiment, temperature ranged from 10.7\u0026deg;C to 34.7\u0026deg;C. Soils at the experimental site were clay loam with a pH of 7.8, electrical conductivity of 0.25 dS m\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(Supplementary table 1). These soils are characterized by low nitrogen (N), high phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and adequate levels of sulfur (S) and micronutrient levels.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was performed using a split-plot design with eight onion genotypes evaluated under both waterlogging treatment and control conditions. Each treatment was replicated three times. A flat bed of 6 m\u0026sup2; (two meters in width and three meters in length) was prepared. Recommended organic manure (5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;) was applied after bed preparation and incorporated into the soil. Subsequently, recommended doses of P, K, S, and sixteen percent of the recommended N were applied as a basal dose before transplanting. Complex fertilizer, 10:26:26 grade, urea, muriate of potash, and bentonite sulfur were used as sources of N, P, K, and S. Fifteen minutes before transplanting, the pre-emergence herbicide oxyfluorfen (23% emulsifiable concentrate) was applied, and the crop was irrigated immediately to ensure uniform herbicide distribution. Eight onion genotypes from the ICAR-DOGR germplasm collection were screened for waterlogging stress tolerance. These were categorized as sensitive (Bhima Super, Bhima Shubra, Bhima Red, Bhima Raj) and tolerant (Accession 1666, Accession 1630, BDR selection, W 355).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eForty-five-day-old seedlings of these genotypes were transplanted with a recommended row-to-row spacing of 15 cm and plant-to-plant spacing of 10 cm, maintaining a plant population of 400 plants per plot. Irrigation was applied through the flood irrigation system in both the control and waterlogging treatments before and after the treatment period, as per crop requirements when no rainfall occurred. Both treatments received irrigation on the same dates and in the same amounts from transplanting to 45 DAT. A total of 215.6 mm of rainfall was recorded during this period. Ghodke et al. (2018) reported that waterlogging during 45\u0026ndash;55 DAT reduced onion yield by 77.2% compared to the control. Therefore, the waterlogging treatment was imposed during this period in the present study. During this period, the plots were flooded daily from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM using sprinkler irrigation to simulate rainfall, maintaining a 5 cm water level above the soil surface for 10 days. Additionally, a total of 59.4 mm of rainfall was received during 53-56 DAT. After 56 DAT, irrigation was stopped, and normal irrigation resumed until harvest. During the recovery period (57\u0026ndash;80 DAT), an additional 77.6 mm of rainfall was received. All intercultural operations and plant protection measures were followed as per the ICAR-DOGR standard practices, particularly for the management of anthracnose incidence. After maturity, onion bulbs were harvested in the first week of October 2024. Equatorial and polar diameters were measured using a vernier caliper and expressed in millimeters (mm). The bulbs were separated from the foliage, and the bulb weight was recorded and expressed in kilograms (kg) per plot.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant growth parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTen plants per plot were tagged and recorded plant height and the number of leaves at 30, 45, 55, 75, and 90 DAT. Fully matured leaves (third leaf from the top) were collected to measure leaf area at 30, 45, 55, 75, and 90 DAT. To assess dry matter yield, five plant samples were collected at 30, 45, and 55 DAT and at harvest from each plot, with three replications. The samples were rinsed with tap water followed by distilled water to remove soil particles, separated into bulbs and leaves, chopped, air-dried, and then oven-dried at 60\u0026deg;C until a constant weight was achieved. Dry matter yield was recorded separately for leaves and bulbs and combined to calculate the total dry matter yield. The crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) were calculated using standard formulas described by Watson (1952).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRelative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), and chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll) were measured at 45, 55, and 75 DAT for each genotype. The fully developed third leaf of each genotype was selected for these measurements. A fresh leaf sample of 0.5 g (FW) was collected and immersed in distilled water for four hours to determine its turgid weight (TW). The turgid samples were then dried in a hot air oven at 70\u0026deg;C until a constant dry weight (DW) was obtained. RWC was calculated for each treatment and control using the formula given by Barrs and Weatherley (1962).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRWC=(FW\u0026minus;DW)/(TW\u0026minus;DW) \u0026times;100.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third leaf from each plant (both treatments and control) was cut into 2 cm disks. Leaf disks weighing 100 mg were placed in two sets of test tubes, each containing 10 ml of double-distilled water. One set of tubes was heated at 40\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes in a water bath, and the electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using a conductivity bridge (C1). The second set of tubes was then heated at 100\u0026deg;C for 10 minutes, and the EC (C2) was recorded. Membrane Stability Index (MSI) was calculated following the procedure described by Sairam et al. (1997) using the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSI=[1-C1/C2] \u0026times; 100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChlorophyll content was estimated using the non-maceration method described by Hiscox and Israelstam (1979). A 0.05 g fresh leaf sample was placed in 10 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for chlorophyll extraction. The absorbance of the extract was measured at 645 nm and 663 nm using a spectrophotometer. Total chlorophyll content was determined as described by Arnon (1949).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal chlorophyll = (20.2 x OD\u003csub\u003e645\u003c/sub\u003e + 8.02 x OD\u003csub\u003e663\u003c/sub\u003e) x Volume of extract x Weight of sample/1000.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt harvest, bulbs from each plot were collected and analyzed for total phenol concentration, pyruvic acid content (\u0026mu;mol g⁻\u0026sup1;), antioxidant activity, and protein concentration. Bulbs were crushed and blended with water to prepare the samples. Pyruvic acid content was determined using the method of Schwimmer and Weston (1961). Total phenol concentration and antioxidant activity were assessed by extracting the samples with 80% methanol, followed by centrifugation. Phenol concentration was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau (FC) reagent, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, as described by Sadasivam and Manickam (1996). Protein concentration was determined using the Lowry method after extraction with phosphate buffer and centrifugation. TSS was measured using a handheld refractometer, and the results were expressed in degrees Brix (\u0026deg;Brix). The instrument was calibrated with distilled water before measurement to ensure accuracy. The proline concentration in leaf tissues was determined following the procedure outlined by Bates et al. (1973). Leaf samples were homogenized, and the proline content was estimated colorimetrically using acid ninhydrin. The absorbance was recorded at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer, and the proline concentration was expressed in \u0026micro;\u0026nbsp;mol g\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003efresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnzyme activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were determined following standard protocols. For all assays, 250 mg of the test sample was homogenized in 10 mL of 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 15 minutes to obtain the enzyme extract. CAT activity was measured by recording the decline in absorbance at 240 nm every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. The reaction mixture contained 200 \u0026micro;L of enzyme extract, 1.5 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), and 0.5 mL of H₂O₂ (75 mM) (Aebi, 1984). The activity was calculated as \u0026micro;mol H₂O₂ decomposed mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein min⁻\u0026sup1; using an extinction coefficient of 36 mM⁻\u0026sup1; cm⁻\u0026sup1;. GPX activity was determined by monitoring the increase in absorbance at 470 nm every 30 seconds for 3 minutes. The reaction mixture included 10 \u0026micro;L of enzyme extract, 3 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.1), 0.5 mL of H₂O₂, and 0.5 mL of guaiacol (Srivastava and Van Huystee, 1977). Enzyme activity was expressed as \u0026micro;mol guaiacol oxidized mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein min⁻\u0026sup1; using an extinction coefficient of 26.6 mM⁻\u0026sup1; cm⁻\u0026sup1;. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAPX activity was measured by recording the decline in absorbance at 290 nm. The reaction mixture consisted of 100 \u0026micro;L of enzyme extract, 1.5 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 7.0), 0.5 mL of ascorbic acid (3 mM), 0.5 mL of EDTA (3 mM), and 0.1 mL of H₂O₂ (3 mM) (Nakano and Asada, 1981). The activity was calculated as nmol ascorbate oxidized mg⁻\u0026sup1; protein min⁻\u0026sup1; using an extinction coefficient of 2.8 mM⁻\u0026sup1; cm⁻\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistically Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using OPSTAT, following a split-plot design for the field experiment. A three-way ANOVA was conducted for growth and physiological parameters, with growth stage included as a factor. For all other parameters, a two-way ANOVA was applied. When significant differences were observed at the 5% significance level, mean comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) test to determine significance levels. Additionally, all recorded parameters were subjected to correlation analysis using Pearson\u0026apos;s correlation test with a two-tailed test.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSurvival percentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExcess rainfall caused waterlogging that significantly reduced the survival of onion genotypes during the first 15 days after transplanting (Supplementary Table 2). Accession 1666 (80.9%), Bhima Red (78.8%), and BDR selection (76.3%) recorded the highest survival rates. These genotypes showed statistically similar performance, which was significantly higher than those of other genotypes. In contrast, W-355, Bhima Raj, and Bhima Super maintained moderate survival rates ranging from 62.5% to 63.1%, which were significantly higher than that of Accession 1630 (7.4%) and Bhima Shubhra (9.5%). These two genotypes exhibited poor survival under both control and waterlogged conditions. At 15 DAT, we performed gap filling to maintain uniform plant populations across all genotypes, except BDR selection, Bhima Red, and Accession 1666.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant growth Parameters\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging, genotype, growth stage, and their interactions significantly influenced plant height (Table 1), number of leaves (Supplementary Table 3), and total leaf area (Table 2). At 10 days post-waterlogging (55 DAT), waterlogging stress reduced plant height, number of leaves, and total leaf area in all genotypes except Accession 1666, which maintained its plant height and exhibited only negligible reductions in the number of leaves and leaf area. Similarly, BDR selection showed moderate declines of 17.1% in plant height, 10.6% in leaf number, and 11.7% in leaf area compared to its control. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited higher reductions of 31.3% to 41.8% in plant height, 48.0% to 56.2% in number of leaves, and 54.2% to 62.9% in total leaf area, relative to their respective controls.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the recovery phase (75 and 90 DAT), all genotypes showed increased plant height under waterlogged conditions. At 90 DAT, waterlogged plants exhibited higher plant height than their respective control plants. Accession 1666 recorded a 6.2% increase, while other genotypes showed even higher increases compared to their controls. The number of leaves also increased in all genotypes under waterlogging at 75 DAT. However, between 75 and 90 DAT, leaf number declined in tolerant genotypes, while it continued to increase in sensitive genotypes. The increase in leaf number among sensitive genotypes ranged from 35.3% (Bhima Super) to 46.6% (Bhima Raj). At 90 DAT, total leaf area declined in all genotypes in the control plots and in tolerant genotypes\u0026mdash;namely BDR selection, Accession 1666, Accession 1630, and W-355\u0026mdash;under waterlogged conditions. Conversely, sensitive genotypes\u0026mdash;Bhima Super, Bhima Shubra, Bhima Raj, and Bhima Red\u0026mdash;exhibited an increase in total leaf area under waterlogged conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant growth rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn control plants, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), and net assimilation rate (NAR) increased from 30 to 45 DAT, with the highest values observed at 45 DAT. However, all three indices declined from 55 to 75 DAT. Under waterlogging conditions, CGR (Supplementary Table 4), RGR (Supplementary Table 5), and NAR (Supplementary Table 6) significantly declined across all genotypes 10 days post-treatment, reaching negative values. After withdrawal of waterlogging stress, all three growth indices reached positive values at 75 DAT, with magnitudes similar to those recorded during the 30\u0026ndash;45 DAT period under control conditions. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysiological traits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging treatment, genotypes, growth stages, and their interactions significantly influenced chlorophyll \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e, chlorophyll \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e, and total chlorophyll concentrations (Table 3). These parameters increased from 45 to 75 DAT in control plots. Similarly, Accession 1666, Accession 1630, and BDR selection showed increased chlorophyll concentrations at 10 days post-treatment (55 DAT) compared to pre-treatment values. However, for Accession 1666, chlorophyll concentrations at 75 DAT were lower than at 55 DAT. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited a significant decline in chlorophyll at 55 DAT, followed by recovery with increased levels at 75 DAT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSI increased significantly in control plants across genotypes, while it decreased significantly under waterlogged conditions at 55 and 75 DAT (Table 4). At 55 DAT, MSI declined by 5.0% to 17.3% in tolerant genotypes and by 12.7% to 25.3% in sensitive genotypes, relative to 45 DAT values. MSI further decreased at 75 DAT in both control and stressed plants. RWC significantly declined across genotypes at 55 DAT in waterlogged plants, while it increased by 2.3% to 18.0% in control plants over the same period. The RWC reduction ranged from 1.5% (Accession 1666) to 17.8% (Accession 1630) among tolerant genotypes and from 20.2% (Bhima Red) to 28.5% (Bhima Shubra) among sensitive genotypes. However, RWC significantly improved during the recovery phase, with the highest increases in Accession 1666 (15.8%) and BDR selection (15.3%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnzyme activities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging treatment, genotypes, and their interactions significantly influenced catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase activities (Table 5). Before treatment, all genotypes exhibited similar enzyme activity levels. At 55 DAT (10 days post-waterlogging), Accession 1666 and BDR selection maintained catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities at levels statistically comparable to their respective controls, although guaiacol peroxidase activity declined significantly by 17.4% and 36.1%, respectively. In contrast, sensitive genotypes showed significant reductions: catalase activity decreased by 47.0% (Bhima Red) to 59.5% (Bhima Raj), ascorbate peroxidase by 35.9% (Bhima Red) to 66.7% (Bhima Super), and guaiacol peroxidase by 61.5% (Bhima Red) to 78.0% (Bhima Super), relative to control plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical traits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging, genotype, and their interaction significantly affected total phenol concentrations (Figure 1), pyruvic acid (Figure 2), proline, and total soluble solids (TSS) in bulbs (Supplementary Table 7). Genotype and the interaction between genotype and waterlogging alone significantly influenced antioxidant activity (Figure 3) and total protein levels (Figure 4). Under waterlogged conditions, Accession 1666 and BDR selection recorded significantly higher levels of total phenols, proline, TSS, antioxidant activity, and total protein compared to other genotypes. Both genotypes increased all biochemical parameters except proline and TSS, which declined across all genotypes under waterlogging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to control plants, Accession 1666 showed a 36.7% increase in total phenol content, 84.6% in antioxidant activity, 3.1% in total protein, and 48.8% in pyruvic acid. BDR selection recorded a 67.8% increase in total phenols, 73.6% in antioxidant activity, 62.8% in total protein, and 29.9% in pyruvic acid. In contrast, sensitive genotypes showed reductions ranging from 17.7% to 55.7% in total phenols, 28.6% to 72.7% in antioxidant activity, 0.7% to 20.5% in total protein, and 27.8% to 36.1% in pyruvic acid under waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging also significantly decreased proline and TSS levels across all genotypes (Supplementary Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBulb Size and yield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging, genotype, and their interaction significantly affected bulb size\u0026mdash;measured as equatorial diameter (ED) and polar diameter (PD) (Supplementary Table 8)\u0026mdash;as well as bulb yield (Figure 5). All genotypes showed reductions in ED, PD, and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions compared to their respective controls. Among the tolerant genotypes, BDR selection and Accession 1666 recorded ED reductions of 5.2% and 11.2% and PD reductions of 16.2% and 2.9%, respectively. In terms of yield, BDR selection produced 12.1 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; and Accession 1666 produced 10.0 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;, reflecting declines of 29.7% and 28.8% from their controls. In contrast, sensitive genotypes exhibited more pronounced losses compared to the control plants. ED declined by 17.1% (Bhima Red) to 41.2% (Bhima Super), while PD declined by 10.7% (Bhima Red) to 40.3% (Bhima Super). Bulb yield also decreased significantly, ranging from 46.2% in Bhima Raj to 53.3% in Bhima Shubra, relative to control plants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, MSI, RWC, chlorophyll concentration, total protein, antioxidant activity, pyruvic acid, total phenol content, TSS, bulb size, and bulb yield (Supplementary Table 9). Antioxidant enzymes\u0026mdash;catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase\u0026mdash;also showed strong positive correlations with plant growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area) and physiological traits (MSI, RWC, and chlorophyll concentration). However, these enzymes exhibited significant negative correlations with bulb size and bulb yield. Catalase activity was also significantly negatively correlated with antioxidant activity. Additionally, both catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were negatively associated with total phenol content, total protein, TSS, and pyruvic acid; however, these relationships were not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOnion is a shallow-rooted crop and is highly susceptible to waterlogging stress caused by excessive rainfall, which significantly limits its productivity (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In our previous pot experiment, we evaluated various onion genotypes and conducted transcriptomic analyses to confirm their responses to waterlogging stress. This study led to the identification of four genotypes exhibiting tolerance to waterlogging. However, while these genotypes exhibited waterlogging tolerance in controlled environments, their performance must be validated under field conditions with simulated waterlogging to determine their suitability for large-scale cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed four waterlogging-tolerant and four sensitive onion genotypes under field conditions to validate their responses to waterlogging stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcessive rainfall (121.6 mm) during the first 10 days after transplanting (DAT) led to soil saturation in the clay loam soil (32% clay), intensifying waterlogging stress. The genotypes Accession 1630 and Bhima Shubra were particularly susceptible, exhibiting severe seedling damage. Oxygen depletion in the surface soil layers under waterlogged conditions impaired root respiration (Manghwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which in turn hindered seedling establishment (Hara, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Anaerobic conditions also favored root rot development in these genotypes, further damaging plant tissues and increasing seedling mortality (Le et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, tolerant genotypes, including BDR selection and Accession 1666, demonstrated higher survival percentages during the initial 10 DAT. Additionally, during artificial waterlogging stress imposed between 45\u0026ndash;55 DAT, tolerant genotypes showed minimal reductions in plant height, leaf number, and leaf area compared to sensitive genotypes. This tolerance is attributed to the development of aerenchyma\u0026mdash;specialized tissues with enlarged air spaces and an extensive cortical network that facilitate oxygen diffusion to roots, thereby mitigating hypoxic stress (Yamauchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; NICRA, 2020; Sou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, in sensitive genotypes, oxygen deficiency impaired the mitochondrial electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby disrupting aerobic respiration (Manghwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; van Veen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This impairment hindered proton transport, leading to H⁺ accumulation in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and causing cytoplasmic acidification, which disrupted cellular homeostasis and enzymatic activity (Rivera-Araya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the observed reduction in plant growth may also be attributed to impaired leaf cell division and elongation in the sensitive genotype (Sathi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, anaerobic glycolysis became the primary energy pathway, yielding only two ATP molecules per glucose and severely limiting energy-dependent processes such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, translocation, and plant growth in sensitive genotypes (Xu and Fu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Manghwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced RWC served as a key indicator of cellular dehydration and oxidative stress in sensitive genotypes, contributing to lower MSI and accelerated chlorophyll degradation (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, caused membrane lipid peroxidation, which further compromised MSI and photosynthetic efficiency (Mahmud et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hasanuzzaman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These effects resulted in decreased chlorophyll content, biomass, and plant growth parameters such as CGR, RGR, and NAR in the sensitive genotypes under waterlogging stress (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Sansan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The previous studies have also reported low chlorophyll content and poor plant phenotype with senesced leaves in the sensitive genotypes under waterlogging stress in spring wheat and barley (Sundgren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), groundnut (Zeng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), and sesame (Keya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). A strong positive correlation among RWC, MSI, and chlorophyll content supported the role of water status and membrane integrity in stress tolerance. In contrast, tolerant genotypes sustained higher RWC levels, which preserved cell turgor and supported enzymatic activity necessary for photosynthesis, thereby minimizing stress-induced damage to membranes and pigments (Rad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging stress also induces significant shifts in phytohormonal profiles. Previous studies have shown that waterlogging reduces abscisic acid (ABA) while increasing jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene levels, which can inhibit stem elongation and accelerate senescence (Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Among these, SA plays a key role in enhancing waterlogging tolerance by activating antioxidant enzymes, facilitating aerenchyma formation, regulating cell death processes, and improving photosynthetic performance (Koramutla et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, tolerant genotypes displayed increased activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase, along with increased levels of phenols, antioxidants, and pyruvic acid. These biochemical responses might have contributed to cellular protection and faster recovery from stress (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The lower proline accumulation in tolerant genotypes suggests more effective osmotic regulation and reduced dependence on stress-induced solutes (Siddique et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, JA also contributes to tolerance through the regulation of stress-responsive signaling pathways (Yoon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn our previous transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling were upregulated in the tolerant genotype Accession 1666 compared to sensitive genotypes. Moreover, genes encoding NCED enzymes\u0026mdash;crucial for ABA biosynthesis\u0026mdash;were significantly upregulated in the tolerant genotype and strongly downregulated in sensitive ones (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). ABA is vital in initiating stomatal closure and triggering aerenchyma formation under hypoxic conditions (Manghwar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, ABA-induced suberin deposition in cell walls acts as a precursor for ethylene production, which, under flooding conditions, enhances aerenchyma development in root cortical tissues, facilitating internal oxygen transport and survival under prolonged stress (Shimamura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Sensitive genotypes, on the other hand, exhibited reduced antioxidant enzyme activities and lower levels of phenols and antioxidants, indicating a compromised oxidative stress defense system (Sharma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Hasanuzzaman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This was further reflected in their lower protein content, which indicated cellular damage and degradation under prolonged stress (Ors\u0026aacute;k et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite exhibiting physiological tolerance, both tolerant and sensitive genotypes experienced reductions in biomass and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions compared to their non-stressed counterparts (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The negative correlation observed between antioxidant enzyme activity and bulb yield suggests a resource allocation trade-off, where increased investment in stress defense mechanisms reduced assimilate availability for growth and storage processes (Saengwilai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Pan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, biomass accumulation and bulb yield were significantly higher in tolerant genotypes compared to sensitive ones, which could be attributed to the activation of alternative energy metabolism pathways under waterlogging conditions in tolerant genotypes (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The sucrose-metabolizing gene plays a key role in abiotic stress tolerance (Barbosa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), while phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase is essential for photosynthesis and carbon fixation (Waseem and Ahmad, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Supporting this, our previous study revealed that both the sucrose-metabolizing gene and PEP carboxylase enzyme were upregulated in tolerant genotypes under waterlogging, whereas their expression was suppressed in sensitive genotypes (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This differential gene regulation may have contributed to the enhanced tolerance in tolerant genotypes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the recovery phase (75 DAT), both genotype groups showed regeneration; however, tolerant genotypes recovered more efficiently due to less tissue damage and better-maintained root systems (Long et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The differential responses between waterlogging at 45\u0026ndash;55 DAT and recovery at 75\u0026ndash;90 DAT imply that plant vulnerability varies across developmental stages, with the early vegetative phase being more susceptible (Shin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The positive association between plant growth parameters and bulb size and yield reinforces the role of vegetative vigor in yield outcomes. A reduction in photosynthetic area due to water stress can directly affected carbon assimilation and limited energy availability for developmental processes (Samarah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough Accession 1666 demonstrated superior physiological and growth performance, it suffered increased plant mortality due to \u003cem\u003eAnthracnose\u003c/em\u003e infection during the vegetative stage, which reduced total and marketable yield. Cultivation on raised broad-bed furrows may reduce this infection by improving drainage. Additional research is necessary to evaluate \u003cem\u003eAnthracnose\u003c/em\u003e resistance mechanisms in onion under such conditions. Interestingly, sensitive genotypes showed a more substantial increase in chlorophyll content during the recovery period, possibly reflecting a shift in resource allocation toward vegetative recovery rather than reproductive development. In contrast, tolerant genotypes prioritized energy usage for bulb formation (Erdal \u0026amp; Ekmek\u0026ccedil;i, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), suggesting different recovery strategies. Overall, genotypic variation in traits such as aerenchyma formation, RWC, MSI, and antioxidant capacity supports differential waterlogging tolerance in onion. These traits offer valuable selection criteria for breeding programs aimed at enhancing waterlogging tolerance (Gedam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrated that waterlogging stress significantly reduced yields across all genotypes, with the least reduction observed in BDR selection and Accession 1666. These two genotypes exhibited better survival, recovery, plant growth, and physiological traits compared to their control plants. They also showed higher levels of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, and total protein concentrations compared to both control plants and sensitive genotypes. Additionally, genotypes such as Accession 1630 and W-355, which were classified as tolerant earlier, showed higher mortality under initial waterlogging and exhibited lower yields compared to the tolerant genotypes BDR selection and Accession 1666 under large-scale field conditions. The experiment was conducted under flatbed conditions to stagnate water, which led to a higher magnitude of yield reduction. However, yield levels could be further enhanced by cultivating these genotypes using the raised bed and furrow method, which is typically recommended for monsoon onion cultivation. Furthermore, analyzing the metabolome of onion genotypes under waterlogged conditions is crucial to identify the amino acids, sugars, lipids, and secondary metabolites that accumulate during waterlogging stress. By integrating metabolomic data with transcriptomic data, the mechanisms underlying waterlogging tolerance can be better understood, providing valuable insights into stress tolerance and guiding future research. Additionally, formation of aerenchyma cells under waterlogged condition in tolerant genotypes and the underlying mechanisms involved needs to be studied.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Material and Permissions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe onion genotypes used in this study are maintained at the ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research (ICAR-DOGR), Pune. All authors have institutional authorization to use these materials for research purposes. Accession 1666 (IC645764; INGR22082) is a registered germplasm with the ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR), New Delhi. Seeds of this accession have been deposited at both ICAR-DOGR and ICAR-NBPGR to ensure long-term conservation and availability. Voucher specimens for Accession 1666 and BDR selection have been deposited at ICAR-DOGR, and the material is publicly accessible upon request as per ICAR-NBPGR guidelines. Taxonomic identification as \u003cem\u003eAllium cepa\u003c/em\u003e L. was confirmed by subject matter experts at ICAR-DOGR. The genotypes used in the present study were identified by Gedam et al. (2022), and their registration has been published (Gedam et al., 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no source of funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmol R Pawar:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eMayur B Patil:\u003c/strong\u003e Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; \u003cstrong\u003eSushant S Patil:\u003c/strong\u003e Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing; \u003cstrong\u003eKomal Anil Gade:\u003c/strong\u003e Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; \u003cstrong\u003ePayal A Mahadule:\u003c/strong\u003e Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft; \u003cstrong\u003eDhananjay V Shirsat\u003c/strong\u003e: Statistical analysis, \u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePranjali A Gedam:\u003c/strong\u003e Resources, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, \u003cstrong\u003eYogesh B Khade\u003c/strong\u003e: Resources, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, \u003cstrong\u003eThangasamy Arunachalam:\u003c/strong\u003e Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Statistical analysis, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, \u003cstrong\u003eVijay Mahajan:\u003c/strong\u003e Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first author is grateful to Lovely Professional University, Punjab, for granting permission to conduct this research at ICAR-DOGR, Pune, and to the Director of ICAR-DOGR, Pune, for providing the necessary resources, facilities, and support throughout the course of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the preparation of this work the authors used CHATGPT in order to improve readability and language of the work. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAebi, H. (1984). 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Effects of waterlogging at different growth stages on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of sorghum (\u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e L.). \u003cem\u003eScientific Reports, 13\u003c/em\u003e(1), 32478. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32478-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Effect of waterlogging treatment on plant height (cm) across different onion genotypes at various growth stages.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"852\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW 355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDR selection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Raj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Shubra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Super\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterlogging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWaterlogging \u0026times; Genotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 224px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment \u0026times; Genotype \u0026times; Stages\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p=0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.631\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 224px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD: Lease significant difference, DAT: Days after transplanting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Effect of waterlogging treatment on total leaf area (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) across different onion genotypes at different growth stages\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"736\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e148.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e258.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW 355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDR selection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e252.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Raj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e234.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e164.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Shubra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e239.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Super\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e156.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G \u0026times; S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p=0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWL: Waterlogging, G: Genotype, S: Stages, LSD: Least significant difference, DAT: Days after transplanting, BDR: Bhima Dark Red\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Effect of waterlogging conditions on chlorophyll content\u0026nbsp;(\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;in onion genotypes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"958\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorophyl a\u0026nbsp;(\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorophyl b\u0026nbsp;(\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Chlorophyl\u0026nbsp;(\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW 355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDR selection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB. Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB. Raj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB. Shubra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB. Super\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u0026times;S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u0026times;S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times;G\u0026times;S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p=0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD: Least Significant Difference, WL: Waterlogging, G: Genotype, S: Stages, Acc. 1666: Accession 1666, Acc. 1630: Accession 1630, BDR: Bhima Dark Red, B. Red: Bhima Red, B. Raj: Bhima Raj, B. Shubra: Bhima Shubra, B. Super: Bhima Super, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment, 75 DAT: During recovery\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Effect of waterlogging condition on Membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC) in onion genotypes at different stages\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"878\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotype\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 356px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMSI (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 397px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRWC (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW 355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDR selection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Raj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Shubra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Super\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G \u0026times; S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G \u0026times; S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p=0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWL: Waterlogging, LSD: Least Significant Difference, NS: Non-significant, S: Stages, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment, 75 DAT: During recovery\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Effect of waterlogging on enzymatic activity in onion leaves at different stages\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGPX (U g protein\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003emin\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAPX (U g protein\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003emin\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatalase (U g protein\u003csup\u003e-1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003emin\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 DAT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAccession 1630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW 355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBDR selection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Red\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Raj\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Shubra\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBhima Super\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 84px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLSD (p=0.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGenotypes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL \u0026times; G\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWL\u0026times; G \u0026times; S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLSD: Lease significant difference, WL: Waterlogging. G: Genotype, S: Stages, CAT: Catalase, APX: Ascorbate peroxidase, GPX: Guaiacol Peroxidase, 45 DAT: Before treatment, 55 DAT: After treatment\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Waterlogging, plant growth, antioxidant activity, enzyme activity, chlorophyll, onion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWaterlogging significantly affects plant growth, yield, and quality of due to their shallow roots. We previously identified four waterlogging-tolerant onion genotypes in a pot experiment, which were subsequently evaluated under field conditions along with four sensitive genotypes. This field experiment assessed plant growth, physiological and biochemical traits, and bulb yield under waterlogged conditions with three replications. Accession 1666 exhibited minimal growth reduction, while Bhima Dark Red selection (BDR) selection showed moderate declines of 17.1%, 10.6%, and 11.7% in plant height, leaf number, and total leaf area, respectively, compared to control plots. Both tolerant genotypes maintained higher membrane stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC), antioxidant enzyme activities, pyruvic acid, and chlorophyll concentrations under stress. Accession 1666 and BDR selection exhibited reductions in bulb yield of 29.7% and 28.8%, respectively, compared to the respective controls. Conversely, sensitive genotypes experienced greater declines in MSI, RWC, and biochemical traits, with total bulb yield reductions ranging from 46.2% (Bhima Raj) to 53.3% (Bhima Shubra). Field performance revealed that Accession 1630 and W-355, previously classified as tolerant, showed higher mortality and lower yields than Accession 1666 and BDR selection. The findings confirmed that Accession 1666 and BDR selection exhibit waterlogging tolerance, making them well-suited for cultivation during the monsoon season. Furthermore, adopting raised bed and furrow planting methods can enhance drainage of excess water, thereby contributing to increased onion yield.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Differential Responses of Onion Genotypes in Plant Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Traits, and Bulb Yield Under Waterlogging Stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-06 13:54:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6906861/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-11T07:29:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-10T15:32:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160923660666442042871342543956485416421","date":"2025-08-09T19:44:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-09T10:55:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-09T10:39:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180560618230949177730816802635710947494","date":"2025-08-06T16:21:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"309664160440966331120112212193516238769","date":"2025-08-06T11:17:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"146504013036814509273555823069191485147","date":"2025-08-06T10:18:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"160234077743519470391377065873009750876","date":"2025-08-06T09:32:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-06T09:19:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196294529118592178270383015455502298099","date":"2025-08-05T06:49:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"157676423559076152612962345050237207299","date":"2025-08-04T21:17:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"35293720167073648335225879160571844525","date":"2025-08-04T14:17:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"107237266233268303198578688825497602674","date":"2025-08-04T10:48:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90879070390343356161074342513192425476","date":"2025-08-04T08:14:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-04T08:11:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-17T17:13:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-24T06:44:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-20T10:59:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-06-20T10:55:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"19d058a3-677a-4e60-b1b8-8c834fb68635","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 6th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":52702093,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant physiology"},{"id":52702094,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant stress responses"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-08T16:04:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6906861","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18262-w","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-05 15:57:34","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 5th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-06 13:54:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-18262-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18262-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6906861","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6906861","identity":"rs-6906861","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}