Polyaniline-Co-Melamine Copolymer-Based Nanocomposite Reinforced with rGO Sheets and ZnO Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications

Polyaniline-Co-Melamine Copolymer-Based Nanocomposite Reinforced with rGO Sheets and ZnO Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Polyaniline-Co-Melamine Copolymer-Based Nanocomposite Reinforced with rGO Sheets and ZnO Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications Esha Ghazanfar, Naseem Iqbal, Sadullah Mir, Ishtiaq Ahmed, Nasser S. Awwad, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8999435/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Hybrid composites are regarded as incredibly productive electrode materials for supercapacitors. In the present study, synergistic electrode materials of polyaniline-co-melamine (PM)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Zinc oxide (ZnO) (PMrGZ) with varying concentrations of rGO and ZnO are prepared by the in-situ polymerisation method because it facilitates balanced integration of components in the composite. The structural, thermal, and morphological properties of the composite are studied using XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM, and EDX techniques. The electrochemical properties of the composites are studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 3M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The in-depth CV assessment discloses that PMrG 0.01 Z 0.03 -1 (rGO: ZnO) features a larger surface area of 0.20 cm², which adds a substantial contribution in ionic conduction, leading to specific capacitance (Cs) of 525 Fg⁻¹ at 10mVs⁻¹. Moreover, excellent cyclic stability of ~ 93.3% is retained over 5000 cycles at 100mV/s¹. The GCD studies reveal energy density (Ed) and power density (Pd) of ~ 13.09 W kg − 1 and 0.25 W kg − 1, respectively, at the current density (Cd) of 1 Ag − 1 . The findings demonstrate that the PMrGZ-1 hybrid composite is a viable candidate for supercapacitor applications. Metal Oxides Conducting Polymer Polyaniline Supercapacitors Graphene Oxide Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files GraphicalAbstract600dpi.docx Highlights.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8999435","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":601229882,"identity":"43c699e2-7c9d-4e49-ae06-431d9656822f","order_by":0,"name":"Esha Ghazanfar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"COMSATS University Islamabad","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Esha","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghazanfar","suffix":""},{"id":601229883,"identity":"1ffc697c-0014-4780-8437-0de34c69746b","order_by":1,"name":"Naseem Iqbal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"US-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naseem","middleName":"","lastName":"Iqbal","suffix":""},{"id":601229884,"identity":"20bad50c-84b0-47d2-96fa-5fc6542913a6","order_by":2,"name":"Sadullah Mir","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYCgAORBx4AEpWozBWhJI0ZLYACLxaeFnP3x04882O3l+/uOPP/PUHE6fH3b4IdAWOzndBuxaJHvS0m7ztiUbzpyRYybNc+xw7sbbaQZALcnGZgewazG4wWN2m7HtQAKQwcacwwbUMjsBpOVA4jYcWuyBWm7+BGqxPw90WM6/w+mGs9M/4NViIMFjdoMXZAtDgoF0btvhBHnpHPy2SJwB+oXnXLLhjBtAv/ztSzfcIJ1TADQBt1/42w8fu/mjDBhi/ccff5zxzVpefnb65g8fKuzkcGlBB80MBmCVBsQpB4E6BvkG4lWPglEwCkbByAAAitJkZ8T47KEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"COMSATS University Islamabad","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sadullah","middleName":"","lastName":"Mir","suffix":""},{"id":601229885,"identity":"4e8da7d7-1a73-4a92-a621-4e3afe87680f","order_by":3,"name":"Ishtiaq Ahmed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Govt (ANKS) Degree College, KTS Haripur","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ishtiaq","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahmed","suffix":""},{"id":601229886,"identity":"e9af515d-8e27-41c8-81f4-b717fdbb8c7f","order_by":4,"name":"Nasser S. 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In the present study, synergistic electrode materials of polyaniline-co-melamine (PM)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Zinc oxide (ZnO) (PMrGZ) with varying concentrations of rGO and ZnO are prepared by the in-situ polymerisation method because it facilitates balanced integration of components in the composite. The structural, thermal, and morphological properties of the composite are studied using XRD, FTIR, TGA, SEM, and EDX techniques. The electrochemical properties of the composites are studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in a 3M H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e electrolyte. The in-depth CV assessment discloses that PMrG\u003csub\u003e0.01\u003c/sub\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e0.03\u003c/sub\u003e-1 (rGO: ZnO) features a larger surface area of 0.20 cm\u0026sup2;, which adds a substantial contribution in ionic conduction, leading to specific capacitance (Cs) of 525 Fg⁻\u0026sup1; at 10mVs⁻\u0026sup1;. Moreover, excellent cyclic stability of ~\u0026thinsp;93.3% is retained over 5000 cycles at 100mV/s\u0026sup1;. The GCD studies reveal energy density (Ed) and power density (Pd) of ~\u0026thinsp;13.09 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.25 W kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1,\u003c/sup\u003e respectively, at the current density (Cd) of 1 Ag\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings demonstrate that the PMrGZ-1 hybrid composite is a viable candidate for supercapacitor applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Polyaniline-Co-Melamine Copolymer-Based Nanocomposite Reinforced with rGO Sheets and ZnO Nanoparticles for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-10 20:41:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8999435/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fb246080-660b-4a6f-86a6-dd069d8250d2","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-25T23:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-10 20:41:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8999435","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8999435","identity":"rs-8999435","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}