Relationship between endemic and invasive frogs on Grenada

Relationship between endemic and invasive frogs on Grenada | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL Ecology and Evolution This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 25 September 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Relationship between endemic and invasive frogs on Grenada Authors : Billie Harrison 0009-0002-2591-0396 [email protected] and Julie Beston Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175879664.40048320/v1 Published Ecology and Evolution Version of record Peer review timeline 296 views 148 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Invasive species, loss of habitat, and climate change are just some of the many threats accelerating biodiversity loss, and understanding their impacts on endangered species is key to implementing effective conservation. The endemic Grenada frog (Pristimantis euphronides) is found only in high elevation cloud forests, habitat that is being invaded by the introduced Lesser Antillean frog (Eleutherodactylus johnstonei) and threatened by climate change. Between 2004 and 2020, our field team surveyed three key sites in the central highlands of Grenada to monitor populations of both frogs. We used generalized linear models and Spearman’s rank analysis to evaluate the effects of site and invasive frog relative abundance on the endemic frog. Although the relative abundances of the two species were negatively correlated overall (ρ = -0.501, 95% CI: (-0.660, -0.300)), the relationship between them was weakly positive in the model that included site as a covariate. The two species appear to respond similarly to environmental fluctuations at local scales, but the negative overall correlation implies that competition with the Lesser Antillean frog may have affected the distribution of the Grenada frog across the island. Grenada frogs were much more abundant than Lesser Antillean frogs at the highest elevation site, while the reverse was true at the lower sites. If higher elevation sites are indeed acting as refugia for the Grenada frog from its invasive competitor, the effects of climate change at those high elevation sites will likely be critical to the future of the species. Supplementary Material File (frog_paper_for_submission_to_conservation_biology.docx) Download 1.56 MB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 25 September 2025 Peer review timeline Published Ecology and Evolution Version of Record 11 Jan 2026 Published Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Collection Ecology and Evolution Keywords ecosystem natural history none of the above statistical terrestrial vertebrate Authors Affiliations Billie Harrison 0009-0002-2591-0396 [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee View all articles by this author Julie Beston University of Wisconsin Stout View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 296 views 148 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Billie Harrison, Julie Beston. Relationship between endemic and invasive frogs on Grenada. Authorea . 25 September 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.175879664.40048320/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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