LiDAR-Based Identification, Mapping and Inventory of Slope Deformations in Biele Karpaty Mts.

LiDAR-Based Identification, Mapping and Inventory of Slope Deformations in Biele Karpaty Mts. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article LiDAR-Based Identification, Mapping and Inventory of Slope Deformations in Biele Karpaty Mts. Ivan Dananaj, Pavel Liščák, Peter Pauditš, Peter Ondrus, František Teťák, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Improving the landslide risk prevention by defining the risk of slope deformation in geological environment prone to mass movements within the Slovak Republic, is the primary objective of the geological task Identification, Inventory and Engineering Geological Mapping of Slope Deformations which was solved in 2018–2023. It concerns the exploration of 5 regions significantly threatened by slope failures with a total mapped area of approximately 3,195 square kilometres. One of these regions are Biele Karpaty Mts. with an area of 606.4 km 2 . The inventory itself was preceded by the creation of a detailed digital terrain model (DTM) generated from airborne LiDAR data. Engineering geological and geological mapping was aimed at refining the position of the covering Quaternary lithological complexes and the slope deformations and other geohazards using precise DTM and GNSS technologies. This was followed by the updating the database of slope deformations operated by SGIDŠ and by the preparation and creation of parametric maps necessary for the development of the landslide hazard forecast by numerical methods in the GIS environment. In this paper we present results of the mapping and their comparison with existing Atlas of Slope Stability of the Slovak Republic. As a result of mapping in the region of the Biele Karpaty Mts., 2,951 landslides covering the total area 109.6 km 2 were registered. A differentials map of landslide near Machnáč Hill was created by using interpolated LiDAR data comparison of the two differential digital terrain models (2018 vs 2021) via map algebra analysis. DTM slope deformations engineering geological mapping Information system Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 1. Introduction Slope deformations are among the most significant exogenous geodynamic manifestations in Slovakia. According to data from the Atlas of Slope Stability of the Slovak Republic (Šimeková et al. 2006 ), there are more than 21,000 slope deformations in Slovakia, which occupy an area of approximately 5.25% of the surface of the Slovak Republic. In this work, all slope deformations mapped and registered on the territory of Slovakia were processed with a uniform methodology. The occurrence and development of landslides is directly related to geological structures favourable for the occurrence of slope movements, hydrogeological conditions, erosion activity, climatic conditions and, last but not least, anthropogenic activity. The activation of slope deformations associated with extreme rainfall and floods in the territory of Slovakia has recently caused significant damage in the affected areas. The slope deformations have damaged and still threaten residential and commercial buildings, engineering networks, roads, sections of railway routes, etc. They limit the use of land for the intended purpose (agricultural land, forest land, etc.) as well. Most of the natural processes that pass from a period of relative calm to a period of active action suddenly, pose a permanent danger for humans and their activities or interests in the country. Slope deformations nowadays cause much more damage than in the past. They are proportional to the degree of urbanization of the country. It is very important to reduce the risks associated with slope deformations to the lowest possible extent. With appropriate measures, it is possible to prevent the influence of slope deformations, or reduce the consequences they cause. The urgency of solving the problem of reducing the risks associated with slope deformations to the lowest possible level, led State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr (SGIDŠ) to a logical follow-up to the successful geological task "Engineering geological mapping of slope deformations in the most threatened areas of the Flysch Belt in M 1:10,000" (Grman et al. 2011 ), which was solved by the company GEO Slovakia, ltd. with other cooperating organizations, including SGIDŠ. At the same time, the geological task followed up on the geological task "Registration, assessment and emergency measures of newly formed slope deformations in 2010 in the Prešov and Košice regions" (Liščák et al. 2010 ; the result of which was 577 newly registered landslides in the Prešov and Košice regions) and reacts to developments after 2010, when SGIDŠ geologists carried out inspections and registration of emergency landslides reported by representatives of municipal governments or citizens. In the period after 2010, these slope deformations no longer dominantly affected only areas built by flysch rocks, but were also initiated at the contact of neovolcanites and adjacent depressions. Climatic conditions in combination with inappropriate anthropogenic activities were the most common cause of the activation of the mentioned slope deformations. The total area of interest was 3,195 km 2 . It concerned the exploration of the 5 regions across Slovakia (Fig. 1 ) significantly threatened by slope failures: Slanské vrchy Mts. - west and the adjacent part of the Košická nížina basin (937.46 km 2 ), followed by Javorníky Mts. (869.53 km 2 ), Biele Karpaty Mts. (606.4 km 2 ), Vtáčnik Mts. (566.52 km 2 ) and Vihorlatské vrchy Mts.- north (215.24 km 2 ). The territory under study, the Biele Karpaty Mts. region is located in the western part of Slovakia at the border with the Czech Republic (Fig. 1 ). 2 Goals The primary goal was to improve the prevention of landslide risks by defining the landslide hazard in the geological environment built by rocks, which are among the most susceptible to landslides in the Slovak Republic. The purpose of the geological task was to obtain detailed data on the state of the environmental components and data for the compilation of maps of landslide hazard with gradation from the smallest to the greatest threat, in order to prevent landslide risks in the mapped territories. Compilation of parametric map documents necessary for the statistical assessment of the landslide hazard and creation of a landslide hazard map based on a statistical method - the method of multivariate analysis (Pauditš et al. 2006) are planned within the 2nd phase of the solution in 2024-2026 and will provide a decision-making tool in the processes of land-use planning and environmental management (in areas with planned construction, minimizing or eliminating the collision of buildings with landslides). The geological works in the Biele Karpaty Mts. were focused in an engineering geological exploration of the environment consisting of: identification of slope deformations using DTM generated from airborne laser scanning (LiDAR), with sub-meter resolution; verification and confirmation of the presence of slope deformations in situ; a comprehensive exploration of the state of abiotic components of the environment – geomorphology, rocks, grundwater and geodynamic phenomena, supported by remote sensing, field surveying and other geological works; examination of the overall extent of the risk of slope deformations; drawing up a documentation map; development of a database of analytical and interpretation results obtained by remote sensing, geological and engineering geological mapping; updating the database of the information system of slope deformations with new information obtained by remote sensing and engineering geological mapping with submeter accuracy; preparation of the final report of the geological task. 3. Study area According to the geomorphological division of the Slovak Republic (Kočický and Ivanič, 2011), the Biele Karpaty Mts. are located in the geographical unit of the same name, which belongs to the Slovensko-moravské Karpaty. The territory has a predominantly mountainous, upland and hilly relief, divided by numerous valley floodplains of smaller rivers (Vlára, Súčanka, Drietomica, etc.) and narrow valleys of smaller streams. The south-eastern part of the region extends into the geomorphological unit of the Považská nížina basin, represented mainly by the marginal part of the river Váh alluvial plain (Mello et al. 2005). The investigated region is located in the western part of Slovakia at the junction of the Outer and Inner Western Carpathians (Geologická mapa Slovenska, 2013. From the regional geological point of view, the Flysch Belt, the Klippen Belt and the nappe units of the Inner Western Carpathians are present here (Pešková et al. 2020). The Magura Nappe of the flysch zone is represented by its innermost Biele Karpaty unit. It represents an Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene accretionary wedge at the foreland of the Western Carpathians pushed northwestward. It mainly contains rocks of a "flysch" character - alternating layers of sandstones and claystones in varying proportions (Potfaj 1993). The Klippen Belt, together with the Drietoma unit, forms a tectonically complicated zone with signs of transpressional deformation at the contact of the Flysch Belt and the internal units of the Western Carpathians (Salay 1990. It is formed by Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous klippens located in complexes of "flysch" character. The Drietoma unit forms a separate element. It represents an intensively folded sequence from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic (Potfaj 1986. It is in tectonic contact with the surrounding units (Began 1969). The nappe units of the Inner Western Carpathians, represented by Fatricum and Hronicum, represent the oldest part of the alpine nappe system in the region. They are dominated by carbonate and less siliciclastic sediments of Triassic to Cretaceous age (Teťák et al. 2015). The Trenčín basin and the Ilava basin represent post-nappe Cenozoic basins with a sedimentary fill, formed mainly by siliciclastic sediments of the Lower Miocene. Quaternary complexes are represented by a wide range of genetic types – slope sediments, mass wasting sediments and fluvial and proluvial accumulations, covered by loess at places (Pelech et al. 2020. The arched structure of the Tertiary and Mesozoic formations of the Western Carpathians, also visible in the geological structure of parts of the Biele Karpaty Mts., is the result of a complex polyphase tectonic development of fold-nappe systems. The most extensive part of the territory is represented by the outer Carpathians (Flysch Belt) formed by an Early Cenozoic system of rootless nappes pushed to the north: the Silesian Nappe and the Magura group Nappes represented by partial nappes (units) – Rača, Bystrica and Biele Karpaty. The Klippen Belt was created by the tectonic transformation of a fragmented sedimentary basin into the Laramian north-vergent system of near-surface nappes at the foreland of the Inner Carpathians. After the deposition of the Jarmuta Mb., the Klippen Belt system was deformed by post-Paleogene foldings (Buday et al. 1967). 4. Methodology The following methodological procedures were used for solving of the task: study of archival materials and preparation of map documents and other relevant data, preparation and creation of topographic background, terrain mapping, processing and storage of terrain data, creation of a spatial database in geological information system (GIS), compilation of final maps and outputs (geodatabases). 4.1. Study of archival materials preparation of research and map materials Since these are relatively exposed regions from the point of view of the occurrence of slope deformations, in the initial stages of the solution it was necessary to summarize and harmonize a large number of relevant documents. These were mainly author's clean drawings of maps from the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic at a scale of 1:10,000. 4.2 Preparation and creation of topographic background. Since, due to the required accuracy of mapping, at the time of solving the task, a uniform topographic background such as a state map work of desired resolution was not available, it was necessary to prepare our own background, combined from available sources, which would meet our requirements in terms of accuracy (Liščák et al. 2022 ). The resulting uniform topographic background, used in field mapping as well as in the creation of a GIS database, was created by a combination of the following state map works and other publicly available sources: State Map Work ZM10, ZBGIS map work (Geodetic and Cartographic Institute Bratislava - GKÚ, 2022); https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/sluzby/aplikacie/mapovy-klient-zbgis/ ) continuously updated, OpenStreetMap – a freely available database of topographical data ( https://www.openstreetmap.org/ ), DTM 5.0 (Digital elevation Model obtained by aerial laser scanning of the Earth's surface - LiDAR; https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/lls/ ), high-resolution orthophoto mosaic of Slovak Republic ( https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika/ ). Digital Terrain Model (DTM 5.0) of the entire territory of the Slovak Republic from Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data was provided by the Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of the Slovak Republic (ÚGKK SR). The 1st cycle of the ALS project started in 2017 and was completed by creation of the seamless DTM 5.0 of the entire territory of Slovakia in May 2023. This product is available to the public. The scanning was carried out gradually from the west to the east of Slovakia mostly during the vegetation-free winter period from November to April. 4.3. Terrain mapping The field mapping itself took place with significant help and use of prepared documents and technical equipment, procured as part of the solution to the presented task. Accurate orientation in the field and navigation to pre-specified targets ('points of interest') was ensured thanks to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with installed map applications (Locus GIS or Qfield), which allowed displaying topographical data together with interpreted DTM 5.0 in the form of shaded relief (hillshading). Of course, software applications in GNSS receivers also made it possible to record accurate field documentation in the form of documentation points and lines, which were later inserted into the integrated database system. The field form for recording documentation points had a precisely defined structure, compatible with the information system of documentation points. 4.4 Geological information system The processing and storage of field data in the GIS database took place in the shortest possible time after returning from field mapping. Data from mobile applications were converted and modified into a form suitable for import into the central spatial database. After importing the documentation points and related field records into the central database, the mapping objects were drawn into the appropriate GIS layers; lithological units to the layer of lithology, respectively related discontinuities and slope deformations both to the layer of lithology and to the register of slope deformations. When drawing individual entities, prepared topographical materials were used – mainly DTM 5.0, whose features visible on the relief and documented in the field were crucial for drawing the shape and course of the entities. A spatial geodatabase, freely licensed ('open source') in the OGC GeoPackage ( https://www.geopackage.org/ ) format ( https://www.geopackage.org/ ), which is the recommended ESA standard, was chosen as the form of the final map output. The geodatabase consists of a composition of several GIS data layers with different topology. The list of layers is specific for each thematic map. The used coordinate and display system of the output geodatabases is the ETRS89 / UTM zone 34N (N-E; EPSG code: 3046) system, compatible with the recommended European ESA display standard. In connection with the solution of the presented task, a geographic information system containing all the relevant data necessary for the fulfilment of its objectives was introduced, developed and continuously maintained (Fig. 2 ). The system was designed to handle the synchronous connection of all workers in real time, independent of the location and time of connection, e.g. from the regional centres of SGIDŠ. The architecture of the system (client / server) enables data input and editing, including synchronous drawing of maps with transaction security, excluding the possibility of mutual overwriting of data. The PostgreSQL / PostGIS database system (with an 'opensource' GPL license) was chosen as the most suitable for the server platform, with secure access and automatic data backup. QGIS 3 or MapInfo Professional was mainly used as client GIS software. 4.4.1 Database of lithological-genetic complexes Database of lithological-genetic complexes contains data forming the basis for a geological and engineering geological map on a detailed scale, a map of engineering geological conditions and zonation. It consists of several GIS data layers (lithology, discontinuities, structural markers) and relationally linked tables (code books). In addition to lithological-genetic data and engineering geological characteristics, the database also includes items (fields) for the chronostratigraphic division and classification of mapped entities, as well as topographic-geographic data (territorial units, map sheets according to different sets of map sheets) and metadata (accuracy, date and time of mapping, author, place - IP address and time of recording, etc.). Insertions of topographic data and metadata are ensured mostly automatically, according to the location of the mapped units. For entering data, the possibilities of relationally linked encoders were also often used, in the form of selection from a menu, or automatic completion of text strings. Tables of discontinuities (line topology) and structure marks (point topology) also have similar structures. 4.4.2 Database (register) of slope deformations The register of slope deformations on a detailed scale is, similarly to the lithological-genetic information system, built in the environment of the central spatial database in the data warehouse in the premises of SGIDŠ in Bratislava. Access to the database for reading and entering data (editing) is also possible from the regional centres of SGIDŠ and from temporary positions directly during field mapping. The register of slope deformations is built on accurate topographical data on a scale larger than 1:10,000. Similarly, to the case of the lithological-genetic data database, the register also contains, in addition to the selected attributes and parameters of slope deformation, topographical data and metadata. The database also includes a purposeful categorization of registered slope failures according to socio-economic significance (threat to life and property) and the resulting landslide risk, carried out in accordance with the scale recommended by the European Commission for Multi-Risk Assessment (Marzocchi et al. 2009 ): moderate (R1): social, economic and environmental damages are marginal; medium (R2): minor damages to buildings, infrastructures and environment are possible. No significant effect on people, functionality of buildings and economic activities; high (R3): concern exists on peoples’ safety. Functional damages to buildings and infrastructures are possible as well as interruption of the economic activities and relevant damages to the environment; very high (R4): expected damages include casualties and injuries, serious damages to buildings and infrastructures, destruction of the environment and of the socio-economic activities. The database of documentation points and database of boreholes are also part of the database system. 4.5 Creation of a documentation map, geological map and a thematic engineering geological map 4.5.1 Documentation map The geological map also includes a documentation map, or the map of documentation points (Directive of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic 1996 ). It consists of a compilation of topographical background layers and a database table (GIS layer) of documentation points. The positional accuracy of the documentation points is in accordance with the DTM 5.0 basis, i.e. the position of the point was additionally corrected for relief, especially in the case of low accuracy of GNSS targeting (often due to insufficient signal). The map of documentation points is made as a separate layer in the QGIS environment, which, like all other layers, can be displayed or turned off (Fig. 3 ). The QGIS environment makes it possible to display (generate) detailed information about each document. 4.5.2 Purpose geological map In the course of recent years, there have been significant changes in the field of digital processing of cartographic materials and the creation of the Internet-published and frequently visited Digital Geological Map of the Slovak Republic on a scale of 1:50,000 (DGM), the qualitative aspect of which was later collectively assessed by experts on individual geological formations within the layer DGM quality. This showed the need for innovation and refinement of older regional geological maps and their publication in the next period. The experience with the use of DTM 5.0, QGIS and Qfield software and modern technologies acquired in solving a geological task also contributes to the development of methodological procedures in regional geological research at SGIDŠ (Liščák et al. 2022 ; Moravcová et al. 2023 ). A sample of purpose geological map is shown on Fig. 4 . 4.5.3 Thematic engineering geological map The original intention of the geological task was to create a special-purpose engineering geological map, but also a special-purpose geological map on a scale of 1:10,000. 1/1996–3.2 for the compilation of engineering geological maps. Thematic engineering geological map on a scale of 1:10,000 forms the basis for solving the mentioned issue. During the compilation of purpose-built maps, whether geological or engineering geological, the authors realized that when generalizing the visualized geological objects, information about spatially small (i.e. smaller than 20 x 50 m) but potentially very significant objects from a geological and engineering geological point of view, such as morphologically distinct elements of slope deformations, landslide ponds, springs, borders of proluvial cones, etc. would be lost. At the same time, the DTM 5.0 background, as well as the latest generations of orthophoto mosaics, enable accurate topological interpretation of such objects on the scale of the cadastral map, but even on larger scales, essentially scale-free. Therefore, the main part of the final result was a Geopackage document - offering visualization of compiled maps and databases in the QGIS environment (Pauditš et al. 2005 ). 5. Results The total of 2,951 slope deformations were mapped in Biele Karpaty Mts. The total area of these slope deformation is 109.6 km 2 . A comparison of the number of mapped slope deformations with the Atlas of slope stability maps of the Slovak Republic is shown in Table 1 . Figure 5 shows a comparison of currently mapped slope deformations with Atlas of slope stability maps of the Slovak Republic. Table 1 Comparison of mapped slope deformations with the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic Atlas (Šimeková et al. 2006 ) Newly mapped (Liščák et al. 2023 ) Count 850 2,951 Area [km 2 ] 97.2 109.6 It is clear from the table that three times more slope deformations were mapped in the mapped area of the Biele Karpaty Mts. compared to the Atlas result. The difference in the total area of slope deformations is less significant compared to the deviation in their number and represents 12.4%. The reason is that within the Atlas, individual slope deformations were plotted in a generalized topographic base, due to which the areas were overestimated, the DTM 5.0 background made it possible to draw the actual boundaries of individual slope deformations and to identify slope deformations that were previously covered by vegetation and in hard-to-reach or afforested terrain. Also, the display on a larger scale makes it possible to record slope deformations with a minimal area, which was not possible in the Atlas. Engineering geological conditions in the area of interest are shown by the engineering geological zoning map, it expresses the vertical composition of the foundation soil and the geological structure of the territory to a depth of approx. 10–15 m in the form of zones. It is part of the GIS layer gm10_litologia. The engineering geological zoning map is a multi-purpose, synthetic map in which quasi-homogeneous territorial units are allocated based on the spatial homogeneity of the rock environment (Fig. 6 ). Zones as genetic-lithological models of the rock environment are divided according to the occurrence of lithological complexes of rocks protruding to the surface of the territory. Where pre-Quaternary rocks are exposed (or where their Quaternary cover is only up to 1 m thick), zones of pre-Quaternary bedrock are defined. In places where Quaternary sediments reach a thickness of more than 1 m from the surface, zones of Quaternary cover sediments are set aside. If the surface of another lithological complex of Quaternary age is below the surface lithological complex at a depth of less than 5 m, the name and symbol of the zone also take into account the presence of an underlying Quaternary lithological complex (deluvial sediments zone on Pleistocene fluvial terrace sediments zone – DFt). The area of the evaluated territory is 606.4 km 2 . In the engineering geological map, 24 types of engineering geological zones are allocated within the Biele Karpaty Mts. region, in which, thanks to a certain homogeneity of the lithological nature of the rocks, the engineering geological conditions are also very similar. Regions formed by Quaternary rock complexes (Table 2 ) are indicated by uppercase letters, or upper and lowercase letters, regions with a combination of several different complexes of cover formations are indicated by their combination. Regions of rock complexes of the pre-Quaternary bedrock (Table 3 ) are marked with symbols composed of an uppercase and lowercase letter (where N means unconsolidated, mostly Neogene sediments, S – consolidated Paleozoic to Tertiary sedimentary rocks, the attached lowercase letter expresses the predominant lithological character of the rock complex). Table 2 Quaternary deposits zones (389.46 km 2 /64.22%) Zone Area [km 2 ] % of area Ah – Technogenic deposits of earth fill dams’ zone 0.002464913 0.00 An – Anthropogenic deposits zone 2.738302091 0.45 Ao – Waste accumulations zone 0.021133668 0.00 D – Deluvial sediments zone 187.5163323 30.92 DFt – Deluvial sediments zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone 0.04030697 0.01 De – Intensively eroded deluvial sediments zone 0.89045406 0.15 Du – Gentle valleys sediments zone 8.984644719 1.48 Dz – Mass wasting sediments zone 109.6266481 18.08 Es – Loess and loess-like loam zone 2.509784858 0.41 EsFt – Loess and loess-like loam zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone 6.274907904 1.03 Fh – Mountain stream sediments zone 26.34479757 4.34 Fn – Floodplain sediments zone 9.480796211 1.56 Ft – Pleistocene fluvial terrace sediments zone 1.902597045 0.31 Lp – Loess like sediments zone 17.41421013 2.87 P – Proluvial sediments zone 15.61015004 2.57 T – Travertine accumulations zone 0.101602499 0.02 Total 389.459133 64.22 Table 3 Pre-Quaternary bedrock zones (216.97 km 2 /35.78%) Zone Area [km 2 ] % of area Nz – Neogene conglomerates zone 0.097787779 0.02 Sd – Dolomite rocks zone 0.117377036 0.02 Sf – Flysch rocks zone 149.5890153 24.67 Si – Claystone and siltstone rocks zone 0.028932855 0.00 Sk – Carbonate and clastic rocks zone 2.913897647 0.48 Ss – Claystone and limestone rocks zone 14.73641015 2.43 Sv – Limestone and dolomite rocks zone 0.921743176 0.15 Sw – Limestone rocks zone 20.00854082 3.30 Sz – Sandstone and conglomerate rocks zone 28.55830284 4.71 Total 216.9720076 35.78 The mass wasting sediments zone covers an area of 109.63 km 2 , which represents 18.08% of the total area of the mapped area. The mass wasting sediments zone Dz represents those parts of the mapped territory that were, or are affected by slope deformations. The representation of this zone according to the type of slope deformation in the mapped territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. is summarized in Table 4 . Table 4 Representation of the Dz zone in the mapped territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. Dz – Mass wasting sediments zone Zone Area [km 2 ] % of Mapped area (PLz_LZ) slope deformations: block fields and landslides 0.0384 0.0063 (PLz_M) slope deformations: debris flows 0.0209 0.0034 (PLz_P) slope deformations: earth flows 6.5790 1.0849 (PLz_Z) slope deformations: landslides 77.3258 12.7510 (PLz_ZP) slope deformations: landslides and earth flows 25.5239 4.2089 (PLz_ZS) slope deformations: landslides and rock falls 0.1386 0.0229 Total 109.6266 18.0773 The most common type are landslides, which account for more than two thirds of all cases (68.18%) of slope deformations (Fig. 7 ). Earth flows account for almost a fifth of all cases (17.99%). Landslides and earthflows make up 13.69%. The largest area is covered by landslides, which occupy more than two thirds of the total area (70.54%). Landslides and earth flows represent almost a quarter of the area (23.28%, Fig. 8 ). Earth flows occupy 6% of the area. Block fields, debris flows and landslides and rockfalls (Fig. 9 ) are rarer compared to the other types. Table 5 lists the types of slope deformations according to the environment in which they occurred. The largest number (1,302) of slope deformations of 58 km 2 occurred in Flysch rocks zone and represents 44.1% of all cases and 52.9% of area of slope deformations. In deluvial sediments zone D there were 1,270 slope deformations (43%) with area of 41.3 km 2 (37.7%). Table 5 Slope deformations according to the type of zone in which the crown was formed Zone/ Count % of total Area [km 2 ] % of area An – Anthropogenic deposits zone 2 0.07 0.0104 0.0095 D – Deluvial sediments zone 1,270 43.04 41.3433 37.7128 Du – Gentle valleys sediments zone 2 0.07 0.0307 0.0280 EsFt – Loess and loess-like loam zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone 3 0.10 0.0045 0.0041 Lp – Loess like sediments zone 29 0.98 0.6165 0.5624 Sf – Flysch rocks zone 1,302 44.12 58.0249 52.9296 Sk – Carbonate and clastic rocks zone 57 1.93 1.0821 0.9871 Ss – Claystone and limestone rocks zone 35 1.19 1.2086 1.1025 Sv – Limestone and dolomite rocks zone 13 0,44 0,4961 0,4526 Sw – Limestone rocks zone 122 4,13 4,2481 3,8750 Sz – Sandstone and conglomerate rocks zone 116 3,93 2,5614 2,3364 Total 2,951 100 109,6267 100 The distribution of slope deformations according to activity is shown in Table 6 . When evaluating the activity, potential slope deformations prevail with a number of 1,082 (27.05 km 2 ). The potential slope deformations, which represent 36.67% of total count and 24.67% of the area, are the most widespread both in terms of total area and count. There are 287 active slope deformations (6.02 km 2 ) and 308 (17.12 km 2 ) slope deformations with potential and active forms. With stabilized, potential and active elements 105 slope deformations (20.50 km 2 ) were detected. Figure 10 shows an active slope deformation mapped in the village of Zubák. Table 6 Comparison of slope deformations by activity Activity of slope deformations Count % of total Area [km 2 ] % of area Active 287 9.73 6.0243 5.4953 Potential 1,082 36.67 27.0471 24.6720 With potential and active forms 308 10.44 17.1167 15.6136 With stabilized and active forms 54 1.83 2.7775 2.5336 With stabilized and potential forms 422 14.30 24.2270 22.0995 With stabilized, potential and active forms 105 3.56 20.5004 18.7002 Stabilized 693 23.48 11.9338 10.8859 Total 2,951 100 109.6267 100 Table 7 shows the distribution of slope deformations according to the type of land cover. Land cover, or the current landscape structure expresses the current use of the land, including the nature of the vegetation, which is an important factor in slope stability (Greenway, 1987 ). However, the landscape structure is constantly changing, subject to temporal changes, therefore this parameter cannot be considered constant. The main factors determining today's landscape are: human economic activity in the past and in the present, climate change and the susceptibility of the soil and rock environment to exogenous geodynamic phenomena - water erosion and slope stability (Stankoviansky, 2003 ). The source GIS database of land cover derived from the ZBGIS database, modified on the basis of the current orthophoto mosaic (Dekan, 2018; https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika ) was used for the evaluation. The current orthophoto map was divided into individual classes according to the CORINE Land Cover project (Feranec and Oťahel, 2003), the last update of which is from 2021. The largest category that affects slope deformations is forest land. The forest stands cover 58.63% of the total area of slope deformations. This category is followed by agricultural land, which occupies 26.07%, and non-forest woody vegetation with 13.45%. Built-up areas and courtyards represent 1.47%. Traffic areas represent 0,0008%. A total of 2,812 buildings of various types are located in the areas affected by slope deformations. This is the territory of 316 slope deformations. Table 8 shows the number of individual types of buildings that lie on the area of slope deformations. The most numerous are sheds (1,144) and family houses (824, Figs. 11 and 12 ), followed by cottages (341). Less numerous are garages (100), huts (28), agricultural buildings (12), production and technological buildings (5), buildings used for religious purposes (4) and administrative buildings (4). In addition, there are 325 buildings of an unspecified type, as well as one school, a farmhouse, a boiler house, a customs house, 3 houses of mourning, a dormitory, a castle (Antonštál Mansion, Fig. 13 ). There are 428 power lines poles directly lying on the bodies of 125 slope deformations; the power line with a total length of 39,164.6 m is at risk. Five slope deformations threaten the main railway line Púchov – Lysá pod Makytou (continuing to Vsetín, Valašské Meziříčí) in the length of 700 m of tracks (360 m of single track). First class roads are affected by slope deformations in a length of 474 m. Two slope deformations affect road 57 near Horné Srnie (Fig. 14 ) and one slope deformation affects road 54 near Moravské Lieskové. 2nd class roads are affected by nine slope deformations in a length of 763 m. This is route 507 near Streženice. 17 class 3 roads with a total length of 13,500 m are affected by 63 slope deformations. 40 slope deformations affect service roads with a total length of 8,507 m. 64 slope deformations affect access roads to dwellings. 40 slope deformations are cut by the planned expressway R6 with a length of 9,580 m. An example of the disruption of road by cracks in the cadastre of Horná Súča is shown in Fig. 15 . Table 7 Types of current land cover on the surface of slope deformations Landcover type Area [km 2 ] % of area Transport areas 0.0008 0.0007 Forest land 64.2713 58.6274 Mosaic structures 0.3721 0.3394 Non-forest woody vegetation 14.7461 13.4512 Other areas 0.0006 0.0005 Areas of public and reserved vegetation 0.0120 0.0110 Agricultural land 28.5880 26.0775 Agricultural areas 0.0103 0.0094 Industrial and mining areas 0.0100 0.0091 Watercourses and surfaces 0.0001 0.0001 Built-up areas and courtyards 1.6131 1.4715 Total 109.6267 Table 8 Building types affected by slope deformations Type of building Count Type of building Count Government 4 Gas control station 1 Bus stop 1 House 824 Hut 28 Chalet 1 Church 4 Barn 3 Customhouse 1 Warehouse 1 House of mourning 3 Greenhouse 2 Garage 100 School 1 Cabin 341 Shed 1,144 Gatehouse 1 Hotel 1 Boiler house 1 Apiary 1 Unknown 325 Industrial 5 Farm auxiliary 12 Castle (Antonštál Mansion) 1 Hunting lodge 1 Train-stop 5 Total 2,812 During the mapping around Machnáč Hill, 10 km from west of Trenčín in the cadastre of the Drietoma village, an active landslide was registered. It is situated northeast of Machnáč hill, towards the Drietomica stream (Fig. 16 ). In the studied area, the Javorina strata, characterized by coarse-grained quartz-carbonate sandstones, microconglomerates and gray-green clays, occurs. The landslide showed clear signs of activity: fresh crowns with a height of 1 to 5 m, open transverse and longitudinal cracks, uprooted trees in the transportation and the accumulation zone of the landslide. A comparison of DTM 5.0 provided by ÚGKK SR for this area in 2018 (Fig. 17 ) with a second DTM produced in cooperation with Slovak University of Technology (STU) and Company Geotronics Slovakia, Ltd. in the fall of 2021 (Fig. 18 ) was performed. When comparing both backgrounds, differences are visible in the shape of the landslide. The most obvious changes can be observed in the front of the landslide, where the displacement of the soil mass by more than 20 m was detected. Changes are also visible on the crowns in the southwestern part, where shifts and changes in the shape of individual cracks have occurred. Shifts are also visible in the lateral flanks. A differentials map of landslide near Machnáč Hill was created by using interpolated LiDAR data comparison of the two differential digital terrain models via map algebra analysis done by surveyors from STU (Fig. 19 ). A colour scale was used to illustrate landform changes as the result of the mass movement to clearly distinguish places with loss and increase in mass. The depletion of material represented by decrease in elevation was depicted by blue and green colours and the accumulation of material (elevation rise) by orange and red colours. Areas with no change in elevation is depicted by yellow colour. Microdrone mdLiDAR1000HR (Fig. 20 ) was used for the mapping of the landslide area. The flight height was 55 m. One flight took 11 min., point density was 360 points/m 2 with absolute horizontal accuracy 3–5 cm. Total labour in the field took 1 hour. An example of aerial imaging taken from the drone is shown in Fig. 21 . 6. Discussion An engineering geological exploration of the environment has been carried out on the territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. which belongs to the areas with the highest susceptibility to mass wasting. During the mapping it was necessary to carry out identification of slope deformations from DTM, to verify and confirm the presence of slope deformations in situ. The mapping and inventory itself was preceded by the creation of a detailed digital terrain model DTM 5.0, provided by Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of the Slovak Republic. It was generated from airborne LiDAR data with a detailed capture of terrain elements that manifest a presence of slope deformations and other geohazards which were subject to mapping. The use of DTM 5.0 in Slovak Republic conditions has become an essential aid in basic and applied research across several geoscience disciplines, as it allows to make a preliminary and at the same time very detailed view of the geological environment even in a hard-to-reach or afforested terrain (Dananaj et al. 2020a , Dananaj et al. 2020b ). DTM 5.0 and its derivatives is already invaluable when planning field geological research due to the fact that it excellently displays all relief features, such as karst phenomena, rifts, cuts of streams, roads, artificial outcrops, accumulations of anthropogenic sediments, especially in an area that is less suitable or inappropriate for the use of other methods (aerial photogrammetry, geodetic measurements, GNSS measurements). The increased accuracy of the representation of the geological structure has an invaluable benefit in the planning of infrastructure, the use of the landscape and its protection. For instance, the engineering geologist can plan a route in advance with the aim of verifying potential locations of slope failures. In the field, it makes it possible to locate the documentation points more precisely than the currently used topographical documents. Likewise, at the conclusion of the evaluation of geological mapping, it helps in the synthesis of field measurements in the form of geological maps with high accuracy. At the same time, it offers backward correction of geological and geomorphological phenomena manifested in the topography of geological maps published so far. It brings a significant objective source of information to the partially subjective view of the geologist on the geological structure (Liščák et al. 2022 ). The DTM 5.0 was used in field mapping as a background layer in the form of shaded relief (hillshading). It is very intuitive visual technique that creates a 3D representation of the terrain surface in shades of grey depending on the relative position of the Sun. It has allowed to identify various geomorphological forms of relief, even in hard-to-reach places and under vegetation cover. Also, a comprehensive survey of the state of abiotic components of the environment – geomorphology, rocks, groundwater and geodynamic phenomena, using remote sensing, field surveying and other geological works, was executed. A database of analytical and interpretation results obtained via remote sensing of geological and engineering geological mapping has been developed and the database of Information System of Slope Deformations with new information obtained by remote sensing technologies and engineering geological mapping with submeter accuracy has been updated. Documentation map, geological map and engineering geological zoning map were created. In the intended second phase, parametric maps necessary for the statistical assessment of the landslide hazard will be created followed by the creation of a landslide hazard map. On the territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. 2,951 slope deformations were mapped covering 109.6 km 2 , which represents 18.08% of the total area under study. In comparison, only 850 slope deformations with area of 97.2 km 2 were recorded in the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic. The main reasons of such a difference are limitations of the Atlas due to shortcomings resulting from the display scale of 1:50,000, from not carrying out full-scale mapping, from the aging of the map work (newly generated landslides) and from inaccurate depiction of slope deformations in the source documents for objective and subjective reasons. The largest number of slope deformations occurred in the Flysch rocks zone and in the Deluvial sediments zone (1,270) there were slope failures (43%) covering the territory of 41.3 km 2 (37.7%). The most dominant type were landslides (66.2%). In terms of activity, the potential slope deformations are the most widespread and represent 36.67% of total count and 24.67% of the area. Active slope deformations represent 9.73% of the count and 5.50% of the area. However mapped slope deformations mostly occur in the forest land (58.63%) and in the agricultural land (26.07%), a large number of landslides endanger buildings, roads, railway tracks or power lines and other critical infrastructure. An illustrative example of the use of LiDAR technology is a comparison of DTM images created in different time periods. This approach enabled to generate a differentials map and evaluate the manifestations of activity recorded with a colour scale according to the change in altitude and planimetry. Currently, DTM 5.0 (or enhanced products) is incorporated into the methodology for solving a geological task as a necessary topographical basis, used for designing field works, for accurate (sub-meter) display of slope deformations and other geohazards and geological features, and for creating a database. 7. Conclusions The paper evaluates the results of mapping in the region of Biele Karpaty Mts. as part of the geological task Identification, inventory and engineering geological mapping of slope deformations. During the mapping, a detailed DTM was used, displayed in the form of hill shading, which is an invaluable aid in determining the exact location of individual slope deformations (and other geomorphological and geological features), which are verified in the field with the help of GNSS devices, documented and then precisely drawn and recorded in the register of slope deformations within the SGIDŠ database. The use of LiDAR and GNSS technology has become an integral part of mapping slope deformations and represents another step forward in the registration of slope deformations with the possibility of their presentation also on the scale of a cadastral map. The relief processed from the DTM allows to identify the course of slope deformations even in terrain covered by vegetation and also the possible occurrence of further damage to the territory by slope deformations in the closer or wider vicinity of the occurrence of the phenomenon. Declarations Acknowledgements Authors express their thanks to research possibilities within the project of the Operational Program Quality of Environment within its Priority Axis 3: "Support for risk management, management of extraordinary events and resistance to extraordinary events affected by climate change", investment priority 3.1 "Support for investments to solve special risks, ensure the prevention of disasters and developing disaster management systems", of specific objective 3.1.2: "Increasing the effectiveness of preventive and adaptation measures for the elimination of environmental risks (except for flood control measures)". Authors Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Ivan Dananaj, Pavel Liščák, Peter Ondrus, Robert Žjak and Peter Pauditš. Peter Pauditš worked out the methodology of information system. František Teťák contributed to the characterisation of the area of mapping. Juraj Papčo and Matej Oros performed surveying and laser scanning of the site of the Machnáč Hill landslide and processing of the data obtained. Pavel Liščák and Peter Pauditš checked the results. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ivan Dananaj and Pavel Liščák commented on the previous versions of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Funding This study was carried out on the basis of the Application for a non-refundable financial contribution from the European Regional Development Fund, developed on the basis of call OPKZP-PO3-SC312-2017-37 of the Operational Program Quality of Environment. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 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ISBN: 80-223-1784-5 Teták F, Potfaj, M, Havrila M, Filo I, Peškov, I, Boorová D, Žecová K, Laurinc D, Olšavský M, Siránová Z, Bucek S, Kucharic L, Gluch A, Šoltés S, Pažická A, Iglárová L, Lišcák P, Malík P, Fordinál K, Vlaciky M, Köhler E (2015) Vysvetlivky ku geologickej mape Bielych Karpát (južná cast) a Myjavskej pahorkatiny v mierke 1 : 50 000, [Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of the Biele Karpaty Mts. (Southern Part) and the Myjava Upland on a Scale of 1:50,000]. SGIDŠ, Bratislava, 306 p. ISBN 978-80-8174-009-1 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4836995","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502568914,"identity":"99f2c80b-55fe-4017-87e4-5f4552de5c9e","order_by":0,"name":"Ivan 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Stura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pavel","middleName":"","lastName":"Liščák","suffix":""},{"id":502568916,"identity":"d5ea28dd-6992-4ab3-8242-b61b81a4884f","order_by":2,"name":"Peter Pauditš","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur: Statny geologicky ustav Dionyza Stura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Pauditš","suffix":""},{"id":502568917,"identity":"98888e55-912d-4d30-8e13-5eeb68463777","order_by":3,"name":"Peter Ondrus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur: Statny geologicky ustav Dionyza Stura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peter","middleName":"","lastName":"Ondrus","suffix":""},{"id":502568918,"identity":"f09b58f9-2406-4441-8b09-c3ba3b5c7a18","order_by":4,"name":"František Teťák","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur: Statny geologicky ustav Dionyza Stura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"František","middleName":"","lastName":"Teťák","suffix":""},{"id":502568919,"identity":"b844be2b-df99-4e67-bebc-5fbd77183deb","order_by":5,"name":"Robert Žjak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur: Statny geologicky ustav Dionyza Stura","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Robert","middleName":"","lastName":"Žjak","suffix":""},{"id":502568920,"identity":"6b5a1e64-7143-4c6e-8e95-d5bfe567dbd3","order_by":6,"name":"Juraj Papčo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava: Slovenska technicka univerzita v Bratislave","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Juraj","middleName":"","lastName":"Papčo","suffix":""},{"id":502568921,"identity":"4d6db7cd-1e6c-4586-b362-d23649e7fc6f","order_by":7,"name":"Matej Oros","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Geotronics Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matej","middleName":"","lastName":"Oros","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-31 16:16:26","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90058807,"identity":"b0947136-a8d3-49d2-a8a6-b9e0150110ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:01","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":388050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe extent of the territory of interest within the individual regions of the Slovak Republic\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/ab28cc3e97339f254fc84537.png"},{"id":90058814,"identity":"fe0ab8ee-1690-4165-a13a-e585bea0179b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScheme of information system\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/a732c4a01ab94cb9fb889cb9.png"},{"id":90059375,"identity":"31d9e7ac-0591-4dde-99ec-921b5ea3e118","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:57:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":777381,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDocumentation map for map sheet Horná Súča 24.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/5f50c146cd41c74b32afe348.png"},{"id":90058817,"identity":"23f30d62-7782-47af-aefa-073e9a3b02d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:03","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":842899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA sample of a geological map made by a new verification of the geological structure in the field using DTM 5.0. in the QGIS environment; map sheet Horná Súča 24.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/c19af2588ae3035cb60c3c7d.png"},{"id":90058812,"identity":"e68b8f3d-98ad-478a-9a46-6801b163b956","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":740610,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCurrently mapped landslides compared to the Atlas of slope stability maps of the Slovak Republic\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/a9f339b9cc4a6019fbfa3d0c.png"},{"id":90058827,"identity":"af86894b-27d4-4391-95cd-cbab31b92c66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:04","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":826448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA sample of the engineering geological zoning map; map sheet Horná Súča 24.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/5ccd1a318eb8efd31f7b39ba.png"},{"id":90058855,"identity":"eec3cd7f-1a67-4441-86cf-b7cec3f0b728","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":576978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTransportation zone of the complex landslide near Krasín\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/f3d335dbe985f3cfcd75f242.jpeg"},{"id":90058862,"identity":"5ffd336e-53f1-496d-8db9-c3ad19dd06a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:06","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":614526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eToe of a potential earthflow near Zemianske Podhradie\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/16fe43f61b1b39de010e07f7.jpeg"},{"id":90059525,"identity":"6101b1ca-c532-4959-9679-b6c6694921ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 03:05:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":489247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDebris \"tongues\" in a landslide with rock falls near Krivoklát\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/55beaa4b2a630ffc033db1cc.png"},{"id":90059386,"identity":"6309c872-584e-4a9b-a28b-9426575d4a8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:57:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1013783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe crown of active slope deformation in the village of Zubák\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/f9e32897f7293c086b95f291.jpeg"},{"id":90058865,"identity":"b5d2b710-5383-4ed2-b11c-546f7bc67ce5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:06","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":393039,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDamaged building within slope deformation in Horná Súča\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/12d9914d186bb82000d246a6.jpeg"},{"id":90058819,"identity":"a8aa4ce6-7d67-4a0e-91fc-51af85df0ceb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:03","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":898504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBuildings in a potential earth flow near Brúsne near Drietome\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/56522d221a1937755e006c1a.jpeg"},{"id":90058917,"identity":"fabe072b-4fb6-424f-8941-e728ca94ba7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:08","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":411380,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e Antonštál Mansion, in the slope deformation body with stabilized and potential forms, \u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e cracked wall in front of the mansion building\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/a73096c3d39f1b72167da537.png"},{"id":90058810,"identity":"628e4d7e-207d-49c9-aeb6-7c012b7bb43f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1029702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLateral flanks of active slope deformation, which threatens the 1st class road 57 (in the background) near Horné Srnie\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/1ac17d46daa8983987ab02cd.jpeg"},{"id":90058838,"identity":"44edf83f-99f2-4303-9f6e-3d9264191b33","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":559828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCracks on the road in the accumulation zone of the landslide near the village of Horná Súča\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/b8c30ba49a3bd857fcdc76c9.jpeg"},{"id":90059387,"identity":"435477cc-22a8-4393-a838-92d392353559","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:57:05","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":656187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of slope deformation near the Machnáč Hill\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/a84cbc6de6794cd689cf3711.png"},{"id":90058824,"identity":"dcc62fd2-0449-44de-b865-97c7e0a5d240","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:04","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":446178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDTM 5.0 of the area near Machnáč Hill, provided by GÚKK SR for this area in 2018\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/286a926dbdebc5356d20e7c5.png"},{"id":90058905,"identity":"7444db5d-6215-4726-b018-f94b23672a48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:07","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":331211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDTM of the area near Machnáč Hill, provided by STU and Getronics in 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/ce38ef184557e6f35d5b5f11.png"},{"id":90059379,"identity":"1deccc32-4ea5-43ef-b254-f794a4295d5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:57:04","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":192259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDifferentials map compiled from the two DTM of the same area at Machnáč Hill\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/77adcf643e08873ccec284a7.png"},{"id":90058899,"identity":"1c5c909c-9331-4f08-a12d-23a195fedd22","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:49:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":20,"title":"Figure 20","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101670,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOperation monitor for Microdrone mdLiDAR1000HR\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image20.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/e133da8cda132bb2de9113e0.jpg"},{"id":90059377,"identity":"cda5ab5c-5b08-413b-aa20-5a1653f6de35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-28 02:57:04","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"Figure 21","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":142641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAn aerial image of the landside Machnáč taken from the drone.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image21.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/798624f552e89720caf2326c.jpeg"},{"id":104808587,"identity":"f102f349-5d8d-41e8-a688-b3260a79a683","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-17 12:38:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":12869506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4836995/v1/7e82d6b5-c099-4639-9045-63f6f9e4101d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"LiDAR-Based Identification, Mapping and Inventory of Slope Deformations in Biele Karpaty Mts.","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSlope deformations are among the most significant exogenous geodynamic manifestations in Slovakia. According to data from the Atlas of Slope Stability of the Slovak Republic (Šimekov\u0026aacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), there are more than 21,000 slope deformations in Slovakia, which occupy an area of approximately 5.25% of the surface of the Slovak Republic. In this work, all slope deformations mapped and registered on the territory of Slovakia were processed with a uniform methodology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe occurrence and development of landslides is directly related to geological structures favourable for the occurrence of slope movements, hydrogeological conditions, erosion activity, climatic conditions and, last but not least, anthropogenic activity. The activation of slope deformations associated with extreme rainfall and floods in the territory of Slovakia has recently caused significant damage in the affected areas. The slope deformations have damaged and still threaten residential and commercial buildings, engineering networks, roads, sections of railway routes, etc. They limit the use of land for the intended purpose (agricultural land, forest land, etc.) as well.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost of the natural processes that pass from a period of relative calm to a period of active action suddenly, pose a permanent danger for humans and their activities or interests in the country. Slope deformations nowadays cause much more damage than in the past. They are proportional to the degree of urbanization of the country. It is very important to reduce the risks associated with slope deformations to the lowest possible extent. With appropriate measures, it is possible to prevent the influence of slope deformations, or reduce the consequences they cause.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe urgency of solving the problem of reducing the risks associated with slope deformations to the lowest possible level, led State Geological Institute of Dion\u0026yacute;z Št\u0026uacute;r (SGIDŠ) to a logical follow-up to the successful geological task \"Engineering geological mapping of slope deformations in the most threatened areas of the Flysch Belt in M 1:10,000\" (Grman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), which was solved by the company GEO Slovakia, ltd. with other cooperating organizations, including SGIDŠ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the same time, the geological task followed up on the geological task \"Registration, assessment and emergency measures of newly formed slope deformations in 2010 in the Prešov and Košice regions\" (Lišč\u0026aacute;k et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; the result of which was 577 newly registered landslides in the Prešov and Košice regions) and reacts to developments after 2010, when SGIDŠ geologists carried out inspections and registration of emergency landslides reported by representatives of municipal governments or citizens. In the period after 2010, these slope deformations no longer dominantly affected only areas built by flysch rocks, but were also initiated at the contact of neovolcanites and adjacent depressions. Climatic conditions in combination with inappropriate anthropogenic activities were the most common cause of the activation of the mentioned slope deformations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total area of interest was 3,195 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. It concerned the exploration of the 5 regions across Slovakia (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) significantly threatened by slope failures: Slansk\u0026eacute; vrchy Mts. - west and the adjacent part of the Košick\u0026aacute; n\u0026iacute;žina basin (937.46 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by Javorn\u0026iacute;ky Mts. (869.53 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), Biele Karpaty Mts. (606.4 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), Vt\u0026aacute;čnik Mts. (566.52 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and Vihorlatsk\u0026eacute; vrchy Mts.- north (215.24 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). The territory under study, the Biele Karpaty Mts. region is located in the western part of Slovakia at the border with the Czech Republic (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Goals","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe primary goal was to improve the prevention of landslide risks by defining the landslide hazard in the geological environment built by rocks, which are among the most susceptible to landslides in the Slovak Republic.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of the geological task was to obtain detailed data on the state of the environmental components and data for the compilation of maps of landslide hazard with gradation from the smallest to the greatest threat, in order to prevent landslide risks in the mapped territories. Compilation of parametric map documents necessary for the statistical assessment of the landslide hazard and creation of a landslide hazard map based on a statistical method - the method of multivariate analysis (Paudit\u0026scaron; et al. 2006) are planned within the 2nd phase of the solution in 2024-2026 and will provide a decision-making tool in the processes of land-use planning and environmental management (in areas with planned construction, minimizing or eliminating the collision of buildings with landslides).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe geological works in the Biele Karpaty Mts. were focused in an engineering geological exploration of the environment consisting of:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eidentification of slope deformations using DTM generated from airborne laser scanning (LiDAR), with sub-meter resolution;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003everification and confirmation of the presence of slope deformations in situ;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ea comprehensive exploration of the state of abiotic components of the environment \u0026ndash; geomorphology, rocks, grundwater and geodynamic phenomena, supported by remote sensing, field surveying and other geological works;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eexamination of the overall extent of the risk of slope deformations;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edrawing up a documentation map;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003edevelopment of a database of analytical and interpretation results obtained by remote sensing, geological and engineering geological mapping;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eupdating the database of the information system of slope deformations with new information obtained by remote sensing and engineering geological mapping with submeter accuracy;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003epreparation of the final report of the geological task.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"3. Study area","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the geomorphological division of the Slovak Republic (Kočick\u0026yacute; and Ivanič, 2011), the Biele Karpaty Mts. are located in the geographical unit of the same name, which belongs to the Slovensko-moravsk\u0026eacute; Karpaty. The territory has a predominantly mountainous, upland and hilly relief, divided by numerous valley floodplains of smaller rivers (Vl\u0026aacute;ra, S\u0026uacute;čanka, Drietomica, etc.) and narrow valleys of smaller streams. The south-eastern part of the region extends into the geomorphological unit of the Považsk\u0026aacute; n\u0026iacute;žina basin, represented mainly by the marginal part of the river V\u0026aacute;h alluvial plain (Mello et al. 2005).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe investigated region is located in the western part of Slovakia at the junction of the Outer and Inner Western Carpathians (Geologick\u0026aacute; mapa Slovenska, 2013. From the regional geological point of view, the Flysch Belt, the Klippen Belt and the nappe units of the Inner Western Carpathians are present here (Pe\u0026scaron;kov\u0026aacute; et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Magura Nappe of the flysch zone is represented by its innermost Biele Karpaty unit. It represents an Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene accretionary wedge at the foreland of the Western Carpathians pushed northwestward. It mainly contains rocks of a \u0026quot;flysch\u0026quot; character - alternating layers of sandstones and claystones in varying proportions (Potfaj 1993).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Klippen Belt, together with the Drietoma unit, forms a tectonically complicated zone with signs of transpressional deformation at the contact of the Flysch Belt and the internal units of the Western Carpathians (Salay 1990. It is formed by Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous klippens located in complexes of \u0026quot;flysch\u0026quot; character. The Drietoma unit forms a separate element. It represents an intensively folded sequence from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic (Potfaj 1986. It is in tectonic contact with the surrounding units (Began 1969).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe nappe units of the Inner Western Carpathians, represented by Fatricum and Hronicum, represent the oldest part of the alpine nappe system in the region. They are dominated by carbonate and less siliciclastic sediments of Triassic to Cretaceous age (Teť\u0026aacute;k et al. 2015).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Trenč\u0026iacute;n basin and the Ilava basin represent post-nappe Cenozoic basins with a sedimentary fill, formed mainly by siliciclastic sediments of the Lower Miocene. Quaternary complexes are represented by a wide range of genetic types \u0026ndash; slope sediments, mass wasting sediments and fluvial and proluvial accumulations, \u0026nbsp;covered by loess at places (Pelech et al. 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe arched structure of the Tertiary and Mesozoic formations of the Western Carpathians, also visible in the geological structure of parts of the Biele Karpaty Mts., is the result of a complex polyphase tectonic development of fold-nappe systems. The most extensive part of the territory is represented by the outer Carpathians (Flysch Belt) formed by an Early Cenozoic system of rootless nappes pushed to the north: the Silesian Nappe and the Magura group Nappes represented by partial nappes (units) \u0026ndash; Rača, Bystrica and Biele Karpaty. The Klippen Belt was created by the tectonic transformation of a fragmented sedimentary basin into the Laramian north-vergent system of near-surface nappes at the foreland of the Inner Carpathians. After the deposition of the Jarmuta Mb., the Klippen Belt system was deformed by post-Paleogene foldings (Buday et al. 1967).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe following methodological procedures were used for solving of the task:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003estudy of archival materials and preparation of map documents and other relevant data,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003epreparation and creation of topographic background,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eterrain mapping,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eprocessing and storage of terrain data, creation of a spatial database in geological information system (GIS),\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ecompilation of final maps and outputs (geodatabases).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Study of archival materials preparation of research and map materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince these are relatively exposed regions from the point of view of the occurrence of slope deformations, in the initial stages of the solution it was necessary to summarize and harmonize a large number of relevant documents. These were mainly author's clean drawings of maps from the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic at a scale of 1:10,000.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Preparation and creation of topographic background.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSince, due to the required accuracy of mapping, at the time of solving the task, a uniform topographic background such as a state map work of desired resolution was not available, it was necessary to prepare our own background, combined from available sources, which would meet our requirements in terms of accuracy (Lišč\u0026aacute;k et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe resulting uniform topographic background, used in field mapping as well as in the creation of a GIS database, was created by a combination of the following state map works and other publicly available sources:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eState Map Work ZM10,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eZBGIS map work (Geodetic and Cartographic Institute Bratislava - GK\u0026Uacute;, 2022); \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geoportal.sk/sk/sluzby/aplikacie/mapovy-klient-zbgis/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/sluzby/aplikacie/mapovy-klient-zbgis/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) continuously updated,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eOpenStreetMap \u0026ndash; a freely available database of topographical data (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.openstreetmap.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.openstreetmap.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e),\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eDTM 5.0 (Digital elevation Model obtained by aerial laser scanning of the Earth's surface - LiDAR; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/lls/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/lls/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e),\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh-resolution orthophoto mosaic of Slovak Republic (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigital Terrain Model (DTM 5.0) of the entire territory of the Slovak Republic from Airborne laser scanning (ALS) data was provided by the Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of the Slovak Republic (\u0026Uacute;GKK SR). The 1st cycle of the ALS project started in 2017 and was completed by creation of the seamless DTM 5.0 of the entire territory of Slovakia in May 2023. This product is available to the public. The scanning was carried out gradually from the west to the east of Slovakia mostly during the vegetation-free winter period from November to April.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3. Terrain mapping\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe field mapping itself took place with significant help and use of prepared documents and technical equipment, procured as part of the solution to the presented task.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccurate orientation in the field and navigation to pre-specified targets ('points of interest') was ensured thanks to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers with installed map applications (Locus GIS or Qfield), which allowed displaying topographical data together with interpreted DTM 5.0 in the form of shaded relief (hillshading).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf course, software applications in GNSS receivers also made it possible to record accurate field documentation in the form of documentation points and lines, which were later inserted into the integrated database system. The field form for recording documentation points had a precisely defined structure, compatible with the information system of documentation points.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4 Geological information system\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe processing and storage of field data in the GIS database took place in the shortest possible time after returning from field mapping. Data from mobile applications were converted and modified into a form suitable for import into the central spatial database.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter importing the documentation points and related field records into the central database, the mapping objects were drawn into the appropriate GIS layers; lithological units to the layer of lithology, respectively related discontinuities and slope deformations both to the layer of lithology and to the register of slope deformations. When drawing individual entities, prepared topographical materials were used \u0026ndash; mainly DTM 5.0, whose features visible on the relief and documented in the field were crucial for drawing the shape and course of the entities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA spatial geodatabase, freely licensed ('open source') in the OGC GeoPackage (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geopackage.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geopackage.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) format (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geopackage.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geopackage.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e), which is the recommended ESA standard, was chosen as the form of the final map output. The geodatabase consists of a composition of several GIS data layers with different topology. The list of layers is specific for each thematic map.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe used coordinate and display system of the output geodatabases is the ETRS89 / UTM zone 34N (N-E; EPSG code: 3046) system, compatible with the recommended European ESA display standard.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn connection with the solution of the presented task, a geographic information system containing all the relevant data necessary for the fulfilment of its objectives was introduced, developed and continuously maintained (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The system was designed to handle the synchronous connection of all workers in real time, independent of the location and time of connection, e.g. from the regional centres of SGIDŠ. The architecture of the system (client / server) enables data input and editing, including synchronous drawing of maps with transaction security, excluding the possibility of mutual overwriting of data.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PostgreSQL / PostGIS database system (with an 'opensource' GPL license) was chosen as the most suitable for the server platform, with secure access and automatic data backup. QGIS 3 or MapInfo Professional was mainly used as client GIS software.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4.1 Database of lithological-genetic complexes\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDatabase of lithological-genetic complexes contains data forming the basis for a geological and engineering geological map on a detailed scale, a map of engineering geological conditions and zonation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt consists of several GIS data layers (lithology, discontinuities, structural markers) and relationally linked tables (code books). In addition to lithological-genetic data and engineering geological characteristics, the database also includes items (fields) for the chronostratigraphic division and classification of mapped entities, as well as topographic-geographic data (territorial units, map sheets according to different sets of map sheets) and metadata (accuracy, date and time of mapping, author, place - IP address and time of recording, etc.). Insertions of topographic data and metadata are ensured mostly automatically, according to the location of the mapped units. For entering data, the possibilities of relationally linked encoders were also often used, in the form of selection from a menu, or automatic completion of text strings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTables of discontinuities (line topology) and structure marks (point topology) also have similar structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4.2 Database (register) of slope deformations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe register of slope deformations on a detailed scale is, similarly to the lithological-genetic information system, built in the environment of the central spatial database in the data warehouse in the premises of SGIDŠ in Bratislava. Access to the database for reading and entering data (editing) is also possible from the regional centres of SGIDŠ and from temporary positions directly during field mapping.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe register of slope deformations is built on accurate topographical data on a scale larger than 1:10,000.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, to the case of the lithological-genetic data database, the register also contains, in addition to the selected attributes and parameters of slope deformation, topographical data and metadata.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe database also includes a purposeful categorization of registered slope failures according to socio-economic significance (threat to life and property) and the resulting landslide risk, carried out in accordance with the scale recommended by the European Commission for Multi-Risk Assessment (Marzocchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003emoderate (R1): social, economic and environmental damages are marginal;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003emedium (R2): minor damages to buildings, infrastructures and environment are possible. No significant effect on people, functionality of buildings and economic activities;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh (R3): concern exists on peoples\u0026rsquo; safety. Functional damages to buildings and infrastructures are possible as well as interruption of the economic activities and relevant damages to the environment;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003every high (R4): expected damages include casualties and injuries, serious damages to buildings and infrastructures, destruction of the environment and of the socio-economic activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ul\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe database of documentation points and database of boreholes are also part of the database system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5 Creation of a documentation map, geological map and a thematic engineering geological map\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5.1 Documentation map\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe geological map also includes a documentation map, or the map of documentation points (Directive of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e). It consists of a compilation of topographical background layers and a database table (GIS layer) of documentation points. The positional accuracy of the documentation points is in accordance with the DTM 5.0 basis, i.e. the position of the point was additionally corrected for relief, especially in the case of low accuracy of GNSS targeting (often due to insufficient signal). The map of documentation points is made as a separate layer in the QGIS environment, which, like all other layers, can be displayed or turned off (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The QGIS environment makes it possible to display (generate) detailed information about each document.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5.2 Purpose geological map\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the course of recent years, there have been significant changes in the field of digital processing of cartographic materials and the creation of the Internet-published and frequently visited Digital Geological Map of the Slovak Republic on a scale of 1:50,000 (DGM), the qualitative aspect of which was later collectively assessed by experts on individual geological formations within the layer DGM quality. This showed the need for innovation and refinement of older regional geological maps and their publication in the next period. The experience with the use of DTM 5.0, QGIS and Qfield software and modern technologies acquired in solving a geological task also contributes to the development of methodological procedures in regional geological research at SGIDŠ (Lišč\u0026aacute;k et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Moravcov\u0026aacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA sample of purpose geological map is shown on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5.3 Thematic engineering geological map\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe original intention of the geological task was to create a special-purpose engineering geological map, but also a special-purpose geological map on a scale of 1:10,000. 1/1996\u0026ndash;3.2 for the compilation of engineering geological maps. Thematic engineering geological map on a scale of 1:10,000 forms the basis for solving the mentioned issue.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the compilation of purpose-built maps, whether geological or engineering geological, the authors realized that when generalizing the visualized geological objects, information about spatially small (i.e. smaller than 20 x 50 m) but potentially very significant objects from a geological and engineering geological point of view, such as morphologically distinct elements of slope deformations, landslide ponds, springs, borders of proluvial cones, etc. would be lost. At the same time, the DTM 5.0 background, as well as the latest generations of orthophoto mosaics, enable accurate topological interpretation of such objects on the scale of the cadastral map, but even on larger scales, essentially scale-free. Therefore, the main part of the final result was a Geopackage document - offering visualization of compiled maps and databases in the QGIS environment (Pauditš et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe total of 2,951 slope deformations were mapped in Biele Karpaty Mts. The total area of these slope deformation is 109.6 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. A comparison of the number of mapped slope deformations with the Atlas of slope stability maps of the Slovak Republic is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows a comparison of currently mapped slope deformations with Atlas of slope stability maps of the Slovak Republic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of mapped slope deformations with the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAtlas (Šimekov\u0026aacute; et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNewly mapped (Lišč\u0026aacute;k et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e850\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,951\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is clear from the table that three times more slope deformations were mapped in the mapped area of the Biele Karpaty Mts. compared to the Atlas result. The difference in the total area of slope deformations is less significant compared to the deviation in their number and represents 12.4%. The reason is that within the Atlas, individual slope deformations were plotted in a generalized topographic base, due to which the areas were overestimated, the DTM 5.0 background made it possible to draw the actual boundaries of individual slope deformations and to identify slope deformations that were previously covered by vegetation and in hard-to-reach or afforested terrain. Also, the display on a larger scale makes it possible to record slope deformations with a minimal area, which was not possible in the Atlas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEngineering geological conditions in the area of interest are shown by the engineering geological zoning map, it expresses the vertical composition of the foundation soil and the geological structure of the territory to a depth of approx. 10\u0026ndash;15 m in the form of zones. It is part of the GIS layer gm10_litologia. The engineering geological zoning map is a multi-purpose, synthetic map in which quasi-homogeneous territorial units are allocated based on the spatial homogeneity of the rock environment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZones as genetic-lithological models of the rock environment are divided according to the occurrence of lithological complexes of rocks protruding to the surface of the territory. Where pre-Quaternary rocks are exposed (or where their Quaternary cover is only up to 1 m thick), zones of pre-Quaternary bedrock are defined. In places where Quaternary sediments reach a thickness of more than 1 m from the surface, zones of Quaternary cover sediments are set aside. If the surface of another lithological complex of Quaternary age is below the surface lithological complex at a depth of less than 5 m, the name and symbol of the zone also take into account the presence of an underlying Quaternary lithological complex (deluvial sediments zone on Pleistocene fluvial terrace sediments zone \u0026ndash; DFt).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe area of the evaluated territory is 606.4 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. In the engineering geological map, 24 types of engineering geological zones are allocated within the Biele Karpaty Mts. region, in which, thanks to a certain homogeneity of the lithological nature of the rocks, the engineering geological conditions are also very similar. Regions formed by Quaternary rock complexes (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) are indicated by uppercase letters, or upper and lowercase letters, regions with a combination of several different complexes of cover formations are indicated by their combination. Regions of rock complexes of the pre-Quaternary bedrock (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) are marked with symbols composed of an uppercase and lowercase letter (where N means unconsolidated, mostly Neogene sediments, S \u0026ndash; consolidated Paleozoic to Tertiary sedimentary rocks, the attached lowercase letter expresses the predominant lithological character of the rock complex).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuaternary deposits zones (389.46 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/64.22%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAh \u0026ndash; Technogenic deposits of earth fill dams\u0026rsquo; zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002464913\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn \u0026ndash; Anthropogenic deposits zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.738302091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAo \u0026ndash; Waste accumulations zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.021133668\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD \u0026ndash; Deluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e187.5163323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDFt \u0026ndash; Deluvial sediments zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04030697\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDe \u0026ndash; Intensively eroded deluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.89045406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDu \u0026ndash; Gentle valleys sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.984644719\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDz \u0026ndash; Mass wasting sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e109.6266481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEs \u0026ndash; Loess and loess-like loam zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.509784858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEsFt \u0026ndash; Loess and loess-like loam zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.274907904\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFh \u0026ndash; Mountain stream sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.34479757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFn \u0026ndash; Floodplain sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.480796211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFt \u0026ndash; Pleistocene fluvial terrace sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.902597045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLp \u0026ndash; Loess like sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.41421013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP \u0026ndash; Proluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.61015004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT \u0026ndash; Travertine accumulations zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101602499\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e389.459133\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e64.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-Quaternary bedrock zones (216.97 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/35.78%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNz \u0026ndash; Neogene conglomerates zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.097787779\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSd \u0026ndash; Dolomite rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.117377036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSf \u0026ndash; Flysch rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149.5890153\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi \u0026ndash; Claystone and siltstone rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.028932855\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSk \u0026ndash; Carbonate and clastic rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.913897647\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSs \u0026ndash; Claystone and limestone rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.73641015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSv \u0026ndash; Limestone and dolomite rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.921743176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSw \u0026ndash; Limestone rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.00854082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSz \u0026ndash; Sandstone and conglomerate rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.55830284\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e216.9720076\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e35.78\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mass wasting sediments zone covers an area of 109.63 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, which represents 18.08% of the total area of the mapped area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mass wasting sediments zone Dz represents those parts of the mapped territory that were, or are affected by slope deformations. The representation of this zone according to the type of slope deformation in the mapped territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRepresentation of the Dz zone in the mapped territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDz \u0026ndash; Mass wasting sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eZone\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eArea [km\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e]\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e% of Mapped area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_LZ) slope deformations: block fields and\u0026nbsp;landslides\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0063\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_M) slope deformations: debris flows\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0209\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_P) slope deformations: earth flows\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5790\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0849\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_Z) slope deformations: landslides\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.3258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.7510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_ZP) slope deformations: landslides and\u0026nbsp;earth flows\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5239\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(PLz_ZS) slope deformations: landslides and\u0026nbsp;rock falls\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1386\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e109.6266\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.0773\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most common type are landslides, which account for more than two thirds of all cases (68.18%) of slope deformations (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Earth flows account for almost a fifth of all cases (17.99%). Landslides and earthflows make up 13.69%. The largest area is covered by landslides, which occupy more than two thirds of the total area (70.54%). Landslides and earth flows represent almost a quarter of the area (23.28%, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Earth flows occupy 6% of the area. Block fields, debris flows and landslides and rockfalls (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e) are rarer compared to the other types.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e lists the types of slope deformations according to the environment in which they occurred. The largest number (1,302) of slope deformations of 58 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e occurred in Flysch rocks zone and represents 44.1% of all cases and 52.9% of area of slope deformations. In deluvial sediments zone D there were 1,270 slope deformations (43%) with area of 41.3 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (37.7%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSlope deformations according to the type of zone in which the crown was formed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZone/\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn \u0026ndash; Anthropogenic deposits zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0095\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD \u0026ndash; Deluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.3433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.7128\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDu \u0026ndash; Gentle valleys sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0307\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEsFt \u0026ndash; Loess and loess-like loam zone on Pleistocene fluvial sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0041\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLp \u0026ndash; Loess like sediments zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6165\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.5624\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSf \u0026ndash; Flysch rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,302\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.0249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.9296\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSk \u0026ndash; Carbonate and clastic rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0821\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSs \u0026ndash; Claystone and limestone rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2086\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSv \u0026ndash; Limestone and dolomite rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,4961\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0,4526\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSw \u0026ndash; Limestone rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4,2481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,8750\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSz \u0026ndash; Sandstone and conglomerate rocks zone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3,93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,5614\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2,3364\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2,951\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e109,6267\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe distribution of slope deformations according to activity is shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. When evaluating the activity, potential slope deformations prevail with a number of 1,082 (27.05 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e). The potential slope deformations, which represent 36.67% of total count and 24.67% of the area, are the most widespread both in terms of total area and count. There are 287 active slope deformations (6.02 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) and 308 (17.12 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) slope deformations with potential and active forms. With stabilized, potential and active elements 105 slope deformations (20.50 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) were detected. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e shows an active slope deformation mapped in the village of Zub\u0026aacute;k.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of slope deformations by activity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActivity of slope deformations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of total\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eActive\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0243\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4953\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePotential\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,082\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.0471\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.6720\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith potential and active forms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1167\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.6136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith stabilized and active forms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.7775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5336\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith stabilized and potential forms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.2270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0995\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith stabilized, potential and active forms\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.5004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.7002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStabilized\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.9338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8859\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2,951\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e109.6267\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution of slope deformations according to the type of land cover. Land cover, or the current landscape structure expresses the current use of the land, including the nature of the vegetation, which is an important factor in slope stability (Greenway, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). However, the landscape structure is constantly changing, subject to temporal changes, therefore this parameter cannot be considered constant. The main factors determining today's landscape are: human economic activity in the past and in the present, climate change and the susceptibility of the soil and rock environment to exogenous geodynamic phenomena - water erosion and slope stability (Stankoviansky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The source GIS database of land cover derived from the ZBGIS database, modified on the basis of the current orthophoto mosaic (Dekan, 2018; \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.geoportal.sk/sk/zbgis/ortofotomozaika\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used for the evaluation. The current orthophoto map was divided into individual classes according to the CORINE Land Cover project (Feranec and Oťahel, 2003), the last update of which is from 2021.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe largest category that affects slope deformations is forest land. The forest stands cover 58.63% of the total area of slope deformations. This category is followed by agricultural land, which occupies 26.07%, and non-forest woody vegetation with 13.45%. Built-up areas and courtyards represent 1.47%. Traffic areas represent 0,0008%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 2,812 buildings of various types are located in the areas affected by slope deformations. This is the territory of 316 slope deformations. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e shows the number of individual types of buildings that lie on the area of slope deformations. The most numerous are sheds (1,144) and family houses (824, Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), followed by cottages (341). Less numerous are garages (100), huts (28), agricultural buildings (12), production and technological buildings (5), buildings used for religious purposes (4) and administrative buildings (4). In addition, there are 325 buildings of an unspecified type, as well as one school, a farmhouse, a boiler house, a customs house, 3 houses of mourning, a dormitory, a castle (Antonšt\u0026aacute;l Mansion, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). There are 428 power lines poles directly lying on the bodies of 125 slope deformations; the power line with a total length of 39,164.6 m is at risk.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFive slope deformations threaten the main railway line P\u0026uacute;chov \u0026ndash; Lys\u0026aacute; pod Makytou (continuing to Vset\u0026iacute;n, Valašsk\u0026eacute; Meziř\u0026iacute;č\u0026iacute;) in the length of 700 m of tracks (360 m of single track).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst class roads are affected by slope deformations in a length of 474 m. Two slope deformations affect road 57 near Horn\u0026eacute; Srnie (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e) and one slope deformation affects road 54 near Moravsk\u0026eacute; Lieskov\u0026eacute;. 2nd class roads are affected by nine slope deformations in a length of 763 m. This is route 507 near Streženice. 17 class 3 roads with a total length of 13,500 m are affected by 63 slope deformations. 40 slope deformations affect service roads with a total length of 8,507 m. 64 slope deformations affect access roads to dwellings. 40 slope deformations are cut by the planned expressway R6 with a length of 9,580 m. An example of the disruption of road by cracks in the cadastre of Horn\u0026aacute; S\u0026uacute;ča is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig15\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes of current land cover on the surface of slope deformations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLandcover type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea [km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e% of area\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTransport areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForest land\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.2713\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.6274\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMosaic structures\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3721\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.3394\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-forest woody vegetation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.4512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAreas of public and reserved vegetation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0110\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural land\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.0775\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgricultural areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0094\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustrial and mining areas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWatercourses and surfaces\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilt-up areas and courtyards\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.4715\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e109.6267\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuilding types affected by slope deformations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of building\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eType of building\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCount\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGovernment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGas control station\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBus stop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHouse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e824\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHut\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChalet\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChurch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCustomhouse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWarehouse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHouse of mourning\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGreenhouse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGarage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSchool\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCabin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShed\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1,144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGatehouse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHotel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoiler house\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApiary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnknown\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndustrial\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFarm auxiliary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCastle (Antonšt\u0026aacute;l Mansion)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHunting lodge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrain-stop\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2,812\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the mapping around Machn\u0026aacute;č Hill, 10 km from west of Trenč\u0026iacute;n in the cadastre of the Drietoma village, an active landslide was registered. It is situated northeast of Machn\u0026aacute;č hill, towards the Drietomica stream (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). In the studied area, the Javorina strata, characterized by coarse-grained quartz-carbonate sandstones, microconglomerates and gray-green clays, occurs. The landslide showed clear signs of activity: fresh crowns with a height of 1 to 5 m, open transverse and longitudinal cracks, uprooted trees in the transportation and the accumulation zone of the landslide.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA comparison of DTM 5.0 provided by \u0026Uacute;GKK SR for this area in 2018 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) with a second DTM produced in cooperation with Slovak University of Technology (STU) and Company Geotronics Slovakia, Ltd. in the fall of 2021 (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e) was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen comparing both backgrounds, differences are visible in the shape of the landslide. The most obvious changes can be observed in the front of the landslide, where the displacement of the soil mass by more than 20 m was detected. Changes are also visible on the crowns in the southwestern part, where shifts and changes in the shape of individual cracks have occurred. Shifts are also visible in the lateral flanks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA differentials map of landslide near Machn\u0026aacute;č Hill was created by using interpolated LiDAR data comparison of the two differential digital terrain models via map algebra analysis done by surveyors from STU (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig19\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). A colour scale was used to illustrate landform changes as the result of the mass movement to clearly distinguish places with loss and increase in mass. The depletion of material represented by decrease in elevation was depicted by blue and green colours and the accumulation of material (elevation rise) by orange and red colours. Areas with no change in elevation is depicted by yellow colour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrodrone mdLiDAR1000HR (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) was used for the mapping of the landslide area. The flight height was 55 m. One flight took 11 min., point density was 360 points/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e with absolute horizontal accuracy 3\u0026ndash;5 cm. Total labour in the field took 1 hour. An example of aerial imaging taken from the drone is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig21\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn engineering geological exploration of the environment has been carried out on the territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. which belongs to the areas with the highest susceptibility to mass wasting. During the mapping it was necessary to carry out identification of slope deformations from DTM, to verify and confirm the presence of slope deformations in situ.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mapping and inventory itself was preceded by the creation of a detailed digital terrain model DTM 5.0, provided by Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Authority of the Slovak Republic. It was generated from airborne LiDAR data with a detailed capture of terrain elements that manifest a presence of slope deformations and other geohazards which were subject to mapping.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of DTM 5.0 in Slovak Republic conditions has become an essential aid in basic and applied research across several geoscience disciplines, as it allows to make a preliminary and at the same time very detailed view of the geological environment even in a hard-to-reach or afforested terrain (Dananaj et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020a\u003c/span\u003e, Dananaj et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020b\u003c/span\u003e). DTM 5.0 and its derivatives is already invaluable when planning field geological research due to the fact that it excellently displays all relief features, such as karst phenomena, rifts, cuts of streams, roads, artificial outcrops, accumulations of anthropogenic sediments, especially in an area that is less suitable or inappropriate for the use of other methods (aerial photogrammetry, geodetic measurements, GNSS measurements). The increased accuracy of the representation of the geological structure has an invaluable benefit in the planning of infrastructure, the use of the landscape and its protection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor instance, the engineering geologist can plan a route in advance with the aim of verifying potential locations of slope failures. In the field, it makes it possible to locate the documentation points more precisely than the currently used topographical documents. Likewise, at the conclusion of the evaluation of geological mapping, it helps in the synthesis of field measurements in the form of geological maps with high accuracy. At the same time, it offers backward correction of geological and geomorphological phenomena manifested in the topography of geological maps published so far. It brings a significant objective source of information to the partially subjective view of the geologist on the geological structure (Lišč\u0026aacute;k et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe DTM 5.0 was used in field mapping as a background layer in the form of shaded relief (hillshading). It is very intuitive visual technique that creates a 3D representation of the terrain surface in shades of grey depending on the relative position of the Sun. It has allowed to identify various geomorphological forms of relief, even in hard-to-reach places and under vegetation cover. Also, a comprehensive survey of the state of abiotic components of the environment \u0026ndash; geomorphology, rocks, groundwater and geodynamic phenomena, using remote sensing, field surveying and other geological works, was executed. A database of analytical and interpretation results obtained via remote sensing of geological and engineering geological mapping has been developed and the database of Information System of Slope Deformations with new information obtained by remote sensing technologies and engineering geological mapping with submeter accuracy has been updated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDocumentation map, geological map and engineering geological zoning map were created. In the intended second phase, parametric maps necessary for the statistical assessment of the landslide hazard will be created followed by the creation of a landslide hazard map.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOn the territory of the Biele Karpaty Mts. 2,951 slope deformations were mapped covering 109.6 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, which represents 18.08% of the total area under study. In comparison, only 850 slope deformations with area of 97.2 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were recorded in the Atlas of Slope Stability Maps of the Slovak Republic. The main reasons of such a difference are limitations of the Atlas due to shortcomings resulting from the display scale of 1:50,000, from not carrying out full-scale mapping, from the aging of the map work (newly generated landslides) and from inaccurate depiction of slope deformations in the source documents for objective and subjective reasons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe largest number of slope deformations occurred in the Flysch rocks zone and in the Deluvial sediments zone (1,270) there were slope failures (43%) covering the territory of 41.3 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (37.7%). The most dominant type were landslides (66.2%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of activity, the potential slope deformations are the most widespread and represent 36.67% of total count and 24.67% of the area. Active slope deformations represent 9.73% of the count and 5.50% of the area.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever mapped slope deformations mostly occur in the forest land (58.63%) and in the agricultural land (26.07%), a large number of landslides endanger buildings, roads, railway tracks or power lines and other critical infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn illustrative example of the use of LiDAR technology is a comparison of DTM images created in different time periods. This approach enabled to generate a differentials map and evaluate the manifestations of activity recorded with a colour scale according to the change in altitude and planimetry.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrently, DTM 5.0 (or enhanced products) is incorporated into the methodology for solving a geological task as a necessary topographical basis, used for designing field works, for accurate (sub-meter) display of slope deformations and other geohazards and geological features, and for creating a database.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"7. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe paper evaluates the results of mapping in the region of Biele Karpaty Mts. as part of the geological task Identification, inventory and engineering geological mapping of slope deformations. During the mapping, a detailed DTM was used, displayed in the form of hill shading, which is an invaluable aid in determining the exact location of individual slope deformations (and other geomorphological and geological features), which are verified in the field with the help of GNSS devices, documented and then precisely drawn and recorded in the register of slope deformations within the SGIDŠ database.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe use of LiDAR and GNSS technology has become an integral part of mapping slope deformations and represents another step forward in the registration of slope deformations with the possibility of their presentation also on the scale of a cadastral map. The relief processed from the DTM allows to identify the course of slope deformations even in terrain covered by vegetation and also the possible occurrence of further damage to the territory by slope deformations in the closer or wider vicinity of the occurrence of the phenomenon.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAuthors express their thanks to research possibilities within the project of the Operational Program Quality of Environment within its Priority Axis 3: \u0026quot;Support for risk management, management of extraordinary events and resistance to extraordinary events affected by climate change\u0026quot;, investment priority 3.1 \u0026quot;Support for investments to solve special risks, ensure the prevention of disasters and developing disaster management systems\u0026quot;, of specific objective 3.1.2: \u0026quot;Increasing the effectiveness of preventive and adaptation measures for the elimination of environmental risks (except for flood control measures)\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Ivan Dananaj, Pavel Li\u0026scaron;č\u0026aacute;k, Peter Ondrus, Robert Žjak and Peter Paudit\u0026scaron;. Peter Paudit\u0026scaron; worked out the methodology of information system. Franti\u0026scaron;ek Teť\u0026aacute;k contributed to the characterisation of the area of mapping. Juraj Papčo and Matej Oros performed surveying and laser scanning of the site of the Machn\u0026aacute;č Hill landslide and processing of the data obtained. Pavel Li\u0026scaron;č\u0026aacute;k and Peter Paudit\u0026scaron; checked the results. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ivan Dananaj and Pavel Li\u0026scaron;č\u0026aacute;k commented on the previous versions of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e This study was carried out on the basis of the Application for a non-refundable financial contribution from the European Regional Development Fund, developed on the basis of call OPKZP-PO3-SC312-2017-37 of the Operational Program Quality of Environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access\u003c/strong\u003e This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u0026rsquo;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBegan A (1969) Geologick\u0026eacute; pomery bradlov\u0026eacute;ho p\u0026aacute;sma na strednom Považ\u0026iacute;. [Geological Conditions of Klippen Belt Zone in Central River V\u0026aacute;h basin]. Zbor. geol. vied, Z\u0026aacute;p. 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[Geomorphological response of environmental changes in the territory of the Myjava uplands]. Comenius University, FNS, Bratislava, 2003, 155 p. ISBN: 80-223-1784-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTet\u0026aacute;k F, Potfaj, M, Havrila M, Filo I, Pe\u0026scaron;kov, I, Boorov\u0026aacute; D, Žecov\u0026aacute; K, Laurinc D, Ol\u0026scaron;avsk\u0026yacute; M, Sir\u0026aacute;nov\u0026aacute; Z, Bucek S, Kucharic L, Gluch A, \u0026Scaron;olt\u0026eacute;s S, Pažick\u0026aacute; A, Igl\u0026aacute;rov\u0026aacute; L, Li\u0026scaron;c\u0026aacute;k P, Mal\u0026iacute;k P, Fordin\u0026aacute;l K, Vlaciky M, K\u0026ouml;hler E (2015) Vysvetlivky ku geologickej mape Bielych Karp\u0026aacute;t (južn\u0026aacute; cast) a Myjavskej pahorkatiny v mierke 1 : 50 000, [Explanatory Notes to the Geological Map of the Biele Karpaty Mts. (Southern Part) and the Myjava Upland on a Scale of 1:50,000]. SGID\u0026Scaron;, Bratislava, 306 p. ISBN 978-80-8174-009-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"DTM, slope deformations, engineering geological mapping, Information system","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eImproving the landslide risk prevention by defining the risk of slope deformation in geological environment prone to mass movements within the Slovak Republic, is the primary objective of the geological task Identification, Inventory and Engineering Geological Mapping of Slope Deformations which was solved in 2018\u0026ndash;2023. It concerns the exploration of 5 regions significantly threatened by slope failures with a total mapped area of approximately 3,195 square kilometres. One of these regions are Biele Karpaty Mts. with an area of 606.4 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. The inventory itself was preceded by the creation of a detailed digital terrain model (DTM) generated from airborne LiDAR data. Engineering geological and geological mapping was aimed at refining the position of the covering Quaternary lithological complexes and the slope deformations and other geohazards using precise DTM and GNSS technologies. This was followed by the updating the database of slope deformations operated by SGIDŠ and by the preparation and creation of parametric maps necessary for the development of the landslide hazard forecast by numerical methods in the GIS environment. In this paper we present results of the mapping and their comparison with existing Atlas of Slope Stability of the Slovak Republic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of mapping in the region of the Biele Karpaty Mts., 2,951 landslides covering the total area 109.6 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e were registered. A differentials map of landslide near Machn\u0026aacute;č Hill was created by using interpolated LiDAR data comparison of the two differential digital terrain models (2018 vs 2021) via map algebra analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"LiDAR-Based Identification, Mapping and Inventory of Slope Deformations in Biele Karpaty Mts.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-28 02:48:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4836995/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"de5d9e22-f57e-444b-88e5-5ac39b450356","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-15T15:10:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-28 02:48:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4836995","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4836995","identity":"rs-4836995","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}