Longitudinal Survey of Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction from Birth to 24 weeks and their Associations with Feeding Practices

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We aimed to examine the prevalence of DGBI in early infancy and their associations with feeding practices and growth. Methods: A prospective longitudinal survey was conducted among healthy full-term Thai infants. Feeding practices, and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed via telephone interviews at ages 2,4,6,9,12,16, and 24 weeks. DGBI were diagnosed based on Rome IV criteria. Growth parameters were obtained from routine vaccination records (9, 16, and 24 weeks). Results: A total of 483 infants [51% female; mean age 2.1 (95% CI 2.1-2.2) weeks] were enrolled, 40.2% were predominantly breastfed until 24 weeks. Formula intake increased from 16.1% (95% CI 13.8–18.4%) of total milk volume at 2 weeks to 46.3% (42.0–50.5%) at 24 weeks. Infant regurgitation prevalence peaked at 6 weeks (8.6%) and declined to 2% at 24 weeks. Regurgitation frequency also peaked at 6 weeks (10 episodes/week; 95% CI 8.7–11.2) and decreased with age (mean change −0.22 episodes/week; 95% CI −0.26 to −0.19). Regurgitation frequency did not differ by feeding practices and was not associated with growth parameters. The prevalence of bloating and dyschezia was highest at 4 weeks (10.3% and 9.2%, respectively) and significantly declined overtime. The prevalence of infantile colic was low (1.4%), and no infants were diagnosed with functional constipation. Conclusion : Infant regurgitation peaked at 6 weeks and diminished over time, independent of feeding practices and growth. These findings highlight the importance of providing reassurance for families. Trial registration : TCTR20220215012, 15 February 2022 infant regurgitation predominantly breastfeeding formula feeding disorders of gut-brain interaction DGBI Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 What is Known - Disorders of Gut-Brain interaction (DGBI) are major concerns for families and may be associated with feeding practices and growth. What is New: - DGBI in early infancy, particularly regurgitation, are common but self-limiting conditions that improve with age and gastrointestinal maturation. - These findings highlight the developmental nature of early gastrointestinal symptoms and emphasize the need for caregiver reassurance and supportive feeding guidance rather than unnecessary interventions. Introduction Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction (DGBI) represent a group of functional gastrointestinal conditions arising from disruptions in the complex communication between the gut and the central nervous system. These disorders are characterized by alterations in gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, immune and mucosal responses, and microbial composition. These disturbances disrupt neurogastroenteric signaling, resulting in symptomatic gastrointestinal disturbances [ 1 ]. Epidemiological data suggest that DGBI are highly prevalent in early life, with nearly 50% of infants exhibiting at least one related symptom within the first six months [ 2 ]. Based on Rome IV criteria, prevalence rates among neonates and toddlers range from 10% to 38%, with infant regurgitation being the most frequently reported condition, affecting 6–34% of cases [ 3 – 6 ]. DGBI impose a considerable burden on families, as persistent symptoms can heighten parental anxiety, disrupt feeding practices, and negatively affect caregiver–infant interactions, thereby influencing both family well-being and healthcare utilization [ 2 ]. The pathogenesis of DGBI is multifactorial, reflecting an interplay between innate susceptibility and environmental influences during critical developmental windows [ 7 – 9 ]. Genetic predisposition contributes by shaping visceral sensitivity, immune regulation, and neurogastroenteric pathways, leaving certain infants more prone to gastrointestinal dysfunction. These inherent vulnerabilities may be exacerbated by external exposures such as gastrointestinal infections, early antibiotic use, psychosocial stress, and particularly infant feeding practices, which strongly influence the establishment of gut microbiota. Disruptions in microbial colonization during this formative period can result in dysbiosis, low-grade mucosal inflammation, and increased intestinal permeability, ultimately compromising gut–brain axis integrity and driving the emergence of DGBI symptoms [ 5 , 8 , 9 ]. Despite growing recognition of DGBI in infancy, longitudinal data capturing their onset, trajectory, and association with early feeding practices remain limited. Since feeding behaviors during the first months of life critically shape gut microbiota and neurogastrointestinal development, understanding these relationships is essential for identifying modifiable risk factors and guiding preventive strategies. This study, therefore, aimed to conduct a longitudinal survey of DGBI from birth to 24 weeks of age and to explore their associations with infant feeding practices. By elucidating these relationships, the findings may provide clinically relevant insights to guide pediatricians in identifying at-risk infants, tailoring feeding recommendations, and implementing early interventions that could mitigate symptom burden and support optimal growth and development. Methods Study design, study population, and sample size calculation This longitudinal survey was carried out between March 2022 and July 2024 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No. 956/64; COA No. 0055/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participating infants after the study procedures had been fully explained by the research team. The survey was prospectively registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220215012, 15 February 2022). Participants were recruited from King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Police General Hospital, social media platforms, and the Chula Kids Club. Eligible infants were healthy, full-term singletons with a birth weight between 2.5 and 4.5 kg and aged around two weeks at the time of enrollment. The survey was performed via phone or teleconference platform at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 24 weeks of age. Tolerance limits for follow-up schedule were ±3days for the calls at 2 and 4 weeks and ± 5 days for the calls at 6, 9, 12, 16, and 24weeks. Infants with any medical conditions known to affect nutrition, growth, or immune function were excluded. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamane formula [10]. According to data from The Bureau of Registration Administration, Ministry of Interior, Thailand, approximately 500,000 live births per year were reported in Thailand at the time of survey initiation [11]. Using this population estimate, the calculation indicated that 400 participants would be required to achieve a ±5% precision level with a 95% confidence interval. To accommodate an anticipated dropout rate of up to 20% in this prospective longitudinal survey, the final target sample size was set at 500. Data collection Demographic information was collected, including birth characteristics (mode of delivery, birth weight, length, head circumference, and postnatal complications), maternal factors (age and pregnancy history), and family-related data (primary caregiver, household income, and number of siblings). In addition, family stress was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 represented the lowest and 10 the highest perceived stress level. Infant feeding Infant feeding practices were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. At each timepoint, primary caregivers were interviewed to collect detailed information on milk feeding, including mode of feeding, type of milk provided (breast milk, formula, or mixed feeding), and the frequency and quantity of intake. For infants aged 16 weeks or older, additional data on complementary feeding was obtained, including age at introduction, frequency, quantity, and the types of foods consumed. For infants who were directly breastfed, breast milk intake was quantified using the replacement method described by Bérubé et al. [12]. An average daily intake of 780 mL was assumed for infants aged 0–5.9 months, in accordance with Dietary Reference Intake recommendations for this age group. When other milk sources were provided, their volume was subtracted from the 780 mL estimate to calculate breast milk intake. If the additional milk exceeded 780 mL, each breastfeeding session was assumed to contribute 89 mL (3 fl oz). Dietary intakes were converted to daily energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient values. Breast milk energy and nutrient content was estimated using published reference values [13], while infant formula energy and nutrient content were derived from data provided by the manufacturer. Complementary food intake was analyzed using INMUCAL-Nutrients V.4.0 (Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand) [14]. Gastrointestinal symptoms Infant gastrointestinal symptoms were systematically assessed at enrollment and at 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. Caregivers first completed a self-administered questionnaire, and trained research assistants subsequently conducted interviews to verify and clarify responses. Data collection included the frequency of regurgitation, stooling patterns (frequency and consistency using the Brussels infant and toddler stool scale [15]), and episodes of prolonged unexplained crying, defined as crying lasting more than 15 minutes without an identifiable cause. Additional gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloating, dyschezia, vomiting, and diarrhea, were also recorded during these interviews. For each follow-up visit, the average frequency of regurgitation, stooling, and prolonged crying was calculated based on the interval from the prior assessment. On the first visit, information was obtained directly from the caregiver's recall. The prevalence of infant regurgitation, colic, and functional constipation was further determined according to the Rome IV criteria [16] based on pediatrician diagnosis. Anthropometry Anthropometric data comprising weight, length, and head circumference were obtained at 2, 9, 16, and 24 weeks from the child’s vaccination record. Growth status was assessed by calculating weight for age (WFA), weight for length (WFL), length for age (LFA), and body mass index (BMI) z-scores in accordance with the WHO Child Growth Standards, using the WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer [17]. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata version 18.5 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA). The distribution of continuous variables was assessed for normality using both histogram inspection and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Continuous variables, including age, gestational age, birth weight and length, family stress score, frequency of regurgitation, prevalence of infantile colic and functional constipation, stool frequency, feeding characteristics (amount and frequency), and anthropometric measurements, were presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Categorical variables, such as sex, number of siblings, parental educational level, family income, primary caregiver, stool consistency, other gastrointestinal symptoms, and feeding practices (method and type of milk consumed), were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Changes in outcomes over time were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with a population-averaged linear model and an exchangeable correlation structure. To examine potential determinants of regurgitation, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for relevant covariates. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 515 mother–infant dyads were enrolled in the survey; of these, 483 completed the initial interview at 2 weeks of age. Forty dyads (7.7%) were subsequently excluded from the final analysis, yielding 475 participants with complete data at the 24-week follow-up. Reasons for exclusion included inaccurate birth weight records (n = 2), caregiver-reported inconvenience with the follow-up (n = 9), and failure to contact the caregiver (n = 29). At the first timepoint, the mean infant age was 2.1 weeks (95% CI 2.1–2.2)( Table 1 ). Approximately half of the infants were male, and 46.1% were delivered vaginally. Postnatal complications were reported in 32.9% of infants, with neonatal jaundice comprising nearly half of these cases. In addition, 58% were first-born children with no siblings. The mean maternal age at delivery was 31.0 years (95% CI: 30.5–31.5). About half of the participants were from middle- to high-income families. Nearly all mothers (97%) reported no history of smoking. The mean family stress score was 2.9 on a 10-point scale, reflecting generally low levels of perceived stress. Regarding maternity leave, 44% of mothers received fully paid leave for less than three months, while 50% reported receiving such leave for three to six months. Table 1 Baseline characteristics (N=483) 1 Infant details Age at the first timepoint (weeks old) 2.1 (2.1-2.2) Male, n, (%) 235 (48.7) Gestational age (weeks) 38.4 (38.3 to 38.5) Postnatal complication 2 , n (%) 159 (32.9) Birthweight (g) 3141.1 (3108.2-3173.9) Birth length (cm) 49.8 (49.7-49.9) Anthropometry at enrollment Weight-for-age z-score -0.35 (-0.42 to -0.28) Length-for-age z score 0.16 (0.09 to 0.24) Weight-for-length z-score -0.67 (-0.76 to -0.59) Head-circumference z-score -0.17 (-0.25 to -0.09) Mode of delivery, n (%) Normal labor 207 (43) Assisted vaginal delivery 15 (3.1) Elective c/s 89 (18.5) Emergency c/s 170 (35.3) Sibling number (n = 481), n (%) 0 280 (58.2) 1-2 195 (40.5) >2 6 (1.3) Maternal history (n = 481) Maternal age (years old) 31.0 (30.5-31.5) Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m 2 ) 28.2 (27.8-28.6) Gestational weight gain (kg) 13.8 (13.3-14.3) First ANC at GA 6 months No ANC 330 (68.6) 132 (27.4) 16 (3.3) 3 (0.6) Maternal smoking (n =471) No Yes 458 (97.3) 13 (2.7) Maternal occupation after delivery Unemployed Employee Own business Student Missing 115 (23.8) 301 (62.3) 54 (11.2) 6 (1.2) 7 (1.5) Fully paid maternity leave 6 months Missing 215 (44.5) 244 (50.5) 17 (3.5) 7 (1.5) Family details Main caregiver, n (%) Mothers 334 (69.2) Fathers 1 (0.2) Mothers/ Fathers 143 (29.6) Grandfathers/grandmothers 3 (0.6) Others 2 (0.4) Family income (baht), n (%) 15,000-30,000 145 (30.0) >30,000-50,000 121 (25.1) >50,000-100,000 105 (21.7) >100,0000 59 (12.2) Missing 7 (1.5) Level of family stress 3 2.9 (2.7-3.1) 1 Value are presented as mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables. 2 Postnatal complications were reported as follows: neonatal jaundice in 74 infants (46.5%), postnatal glucocorticoid use in 50 (31.4%), other complications in 29 (18.2%), and transient tachypnea of the newborn in 6 (3.8%). 3 Family stress level was assessed using a visual analogue scale ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 indicated no stress and 10 represented the highest level of perceived family stress. Infant feeding details Figure 1 and Supplemental Table 1 summarize infant feeding practices over the study period. Of the total sample, 254 infants (55.2%) were predominantly breastfed (infants received breast milk as main nutrition, with small amounts of water/juice/oral replacement solution or medication allowed but no formula, non-human milk, or solid) during the first two weeks of life, with a mean duration of 2.4 months (95% CI: 2.1–2.7). Among them, 170 infants (40.2%) maintained predominant breastfeeding up to 24 weeks. By contrast, only 10.6% of infants were exclusively directly breastfed, whereas 60.3% were primarily bottle-fed (either expressed breast milk or formula) by 24 weeks of age, while 29.1% were mixed-fed (mix of direct breastfeeding and bottle-feeding). Total milk intake increased steadily from 2 to 24 weeks, with a mean rise of 7.5 mL/day (95% CI: 6.7–8.2; p < 0.001). Over the same period, breast milk intake declined by 9.7 mL/day (95% CI: –10.7 to –8.7; p < 0.001), whereas formula consumption increased by 17.2 mL/day (95% CI: 16.2–18.3; p < 0.001). Consistent with this pattern, bottle-feeding progressively became more prevalent. Parallel to the increase in milk volume, mean daily energy intake rose from 501.6 mL (95% CI: 494.8–508.3) at 2 weeks to 619.1 mL (95% CI: 604.0–634.3) at 24 weeks, while protein intake increased from 7.3 g/day (95% CI: 7.2–7.4) to 10.7 g/day (95% CI: 10.3–11.1). The frequency of milk feeds declined from 10 times/day (95% CI: 9.8–10.3) at 2 weeks to 8 times/day (95% CI: 7.8–8.2) at 24 weeks, corresponding to a mean change of –0.1 feeds/week (95% CI: –0.19 to –0.01; p 0.030). Complementary feeding was introduced in 91 of 475 infants (19.2%) before 24 weeks of age. Among the early introducers, the mean age at introduction was 21.8 weeks (95% CI: 21.4–22.3)., Complementary foods contributed an average of 60.3 kcal/day (95% CI: 48.0–72.7) and 2.1 g/day of protein (95% CI: 1.3–2.8) (data not shown). Disorder of Gut-Brain Interaction Table 2 and Figures 2 and 3 summarize the longitudinal changes in the prevalence of regurgitation, constipation, colic, and other gastrointestinal symptoms between 2 and 24 weeks of age. The frequency of regurgitation peaked at 6 weeks, with a mean of 10.0 episodes per week (95% CI: 8.7–11.2), and subsequently declined at a rate of −0.22 episodes per week (95% CI: −0.26 to −0.19, p < 0.001) through 24 weeks. Similarly, the prevalence of regurgitation based on Rome IV criteria peaked at 8.6% at 6 weeks and decreased to 2.0% by 24 weeks. This age-related decline was consistent across feeding types, with no significant differences observed among breastfed, formula-fed, and mixed-fed infants ( Table 3 ). The prevalence of prolonged crying, defined as inconsolable or unexplained crying lasting more than 15 minutes, peaked at 4 weeks of age (3.5%) and gradually declined thereafter. Across the study period, the prevalence of prolonged crying occurring more than one day per week decreased by approximately 10% with each additional week of age (odds ratio, OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83–0.96; p 0.003). Similarly, the prevalence of infant colic based on the Rome IV criteria peaked at 4 weeks (1.4%) and had resolved by 16 weeks of age, with no significant within-group changes over time. In between-group comparisons using predominantly breastfed infants as the reference, mixed-fed infants demonstrated a significantly higher risk of prolonged crying, with an OR of 2.42 (95% CI: 1.05–5.56; p 0.037) ( Table 3 ). Similarly, stool frequency gradually decreased over time, from 4.6 times/day (95% CI: 4.4–4.8) at 2 weeks of age to 1.7 times/day (95% CI: 1.6–1.8) at 24 weeks, with a mean change of –0.13 times/day (95% CI: –0.14 to –0.13; p < 0.001). The prevalence of formed stools also increased significantly over time (p 0.006). In subgroup analyses using breastfed infants as the reference group ( Table 3 ), formula-fed infants demonstrated a greater decline in stool frequency across the study period, with an odds ratio of –1.83 times/ day (95% CI: –2.07 to –1.60; p < 0.001). Mixed-fed infants also showed a reduction in stool frequency, though to a lesser extent, with an OR of –0.83 times/day (95% CI: –1.01 to –0.64; p < 0.001). Regarding stool consistency, both formula-fed and mixed-fed infants demonstrated significantly lower risks of watery stools, by 53% and 37%, respectively. No cases of constipation were identified according to Rome IV criteria. Caregiver-reported dyschezia peaked at four weeks of age, affecting approximately 9% of infants, and subsequently declined across all feeding groups ( Table 3 ). The decreasing trend was significant among breastfed infants (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.97; p 0.001), formula-fed infants (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76–0.95; p 0.005), and mixed-fed infants (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87–0.97; p 0.001). There were no significant differences in the overall prevalence of dyschezia between feeding types. Table 2 Disorder of Gut-Brain Interaction at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12. 16, and 24 weeks of age and their changes over time 1 Visit appointment, weeks 2 4 6 9 12 16 24 P-value compare overtime Actual age (mean,95% CI), weeks old 2.2 (2-2.4) 4.1 (3.9-4.3) 6.1 (5.9-6.3) 9.2 (8.9-9.4) 12.2 (12-12.3) 16 (15.9-16.1) 24.2 (24-24.4) N 459 437 433 420 424 420 403 Infant regurgitation Frequency of regurgitation (times/weeks) 5 (4.3-5.7) 7.7 (6.8-8.6) 10 (8.7-11.2) 6.9 (5.9-7.9) 5.1 (4.3-5.8) 4 (3.4-4.6) 2.4 (1.9-3) 1 days/week, n (%) 1 (0.2) 15 (3.5) 11 (2.5) 2 (0.5) 4 (1) 0 (0) 1 (0.3) 0.003 OR (95%CI) 0.90(0.83-0.96) Prevalence of infant colic, n (%) 0 (0) 6 (1.4) 2 (0.5) 1 (0.2) 3 (0.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.100 Infant constipation Frequency of stooling (times/day) 4.6 (4.4-4.8) 4.2 (4-4.4) 3.4 (3.2-3.6) 2.5 (2.3-2.6) 2.3 (2.1-2.4) 1.9 (1.8-2.1) 1.7 (1.6-1.8) < 0.001 Mean change over time (95%CI): -0.13 (-0.14 to -0.13) Stool consistency, n(%) Hard stool 0 (0) 1 (0.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.2) 0(0) - Formed stool 4 (0.9) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.7) 2 (0.5) 4 (0.9) 5 (1.2) 9 (2.2) 0.006 Loose stool 433 (94.3) 398 (90.9) 389 (89.8) 389 (92.6) 393 (92.7) 383 (91.4) 368 (91.3) 0.549 Watery stool 22 (4.8) 37 (8.5) 41 (9.5) 29 (6.9) 27 (6.4) 30 (7.2) 26 (6.5) 0.618 Prevalence of functional constipation, n (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) - Other gastrointestinal symptoms reported by caregiver, n (%) Bloating 19 (4.1) 46 (10.3) 43 (9.7) 27 (6.2) 42 (9.5) 34 (7.8) 18 (4.2) 0.107 Diarrhea 1 (0.2) 4 (0.9) 3 (0.7) 2 (0.5) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.7) 2 (0.5) 0.980 Dyschezia 12 (2.6) 41 (9.2) 35 (7.9) 18 (4.1) 10 (2.3) 6 (1.4) 2 (1.1) <0.001 OR(95%CI) 0.90 (0.88- 0.94) Vomiting 4 (0.9) 12 (2.7) 18 (4) 11 (2.5) 14 (3.2) 4 (0.9) 5 (1.2) 0.112 1 Data present as n (%) or mean (95%CI), compare overtime in proportion was evaluated by GEE population-averaged logit model, Correlation: exchangeable, compare overtime in mean was evaluated by GEE population-averaged linear model, Correlation: exchangeable Table 3. Subgroup analysis of Disorders of Gut–Brain Interaction by feeding type at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, and 24 weeks of age, and their longitudinal changes over time¹ Predominant breast milk Infant formula Mixed feeding P value among groups Visit appointment, weeks 2 4 6 9 12 16 24 2 4 6 9 12 16 24 2 4 6 9 12 16 24 N 254 236 222 210 202 184 162 12 17 34 60 79 115 147 193 184 177 150 143 121 94 Actual age (mean,95% CI), weeks old 2.1 (2-2.2) 4 (3.9-4) 6 (5.9-6.1) 9 (8.9-9.1) 12 (11.9-12.1) 16 (16-16.1) 24.1 (24-24.2) 2.1 (1.9-2.3) 4.1 (3.9-4.2) 6.2 (6.1-6.3) 9.1 (9-9.2) 12.8 (11.8-13.8) 16 (15.7-16.2) 24.1 (24-24.2) 2.3 (1.8-2.8) 4.3 (3.8-4.8) 6.3 (5.8-6.7) 9 (9-9.1) 12 (12-12.1) 16 (15.9-16.1) 24.6 (23.8-25.5) Infant regurgitation Frequency of regurgitation ( times/weeks ) 4.6 (3.7-5.5) 7.9 (6.6-9.2) 10.1 (8.3-11.8) 7 (5.4-8.6) 5.2 (3.9-6.4) 3.8 (2.9-4.7) 2.3 (1.6-3) 5.4 (1.2-9.5) 8.2 (3.9-12.5) 10.7 (4-17.4) 4.8 (2.6-7) 3.9 (2.8-5) 4.7 (3.3-6) 2.8 (1.7-4) 5.5 (4.3-6.7) 7.4 (6.1-8.7) 9.8 (8.1-11.4) 7.6 (6.2-8.9) 5.5 (4.3-6.8) 3.7 (2.6-4.8) 2 (1.4-2.7) Mean change overtime (95%CI) P-value compare overtime within group -0.21 (-0.26 to -0.16), p <0.001 -0.23 (-0.32 to -0.14), p <0.001 -0.22 (-0.29 to -0.15), p <0.001 0.85 Prevalence of infant regurgitation, n (%) 0 (0) 13 (5.6) 21 (9.5) 16 (7.6) 7 (3.5) 8 (4.4) 4 (2.5) 0 (0) 2 (11.8) 5 (14.7) 2 (3.4) 1 (1.3) 2 (1.7) 3 (2) 0 (0) 4 (2.2) 11 (6.2) 12 (8.1) 6 (4.2) 4 (3.4) 1 (1.1) P-value compare overtime within group 0.826 0.187 0.746 0.49 Infant colic Prolong crying > 1 days/week, n(%) 1 (0.4) 7 (3) 2 (0.9) 0 (0) 2 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (5.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 8 (4.4) 7 (4) 2 (1.3) 2 (1.4) 0 (0) 1 (1.1) P-value compare overtime within group 0.051 0.175 0.190 P-value compare overtime among group Reference Odds ratio 0.51 (0.10-2.52), p 0.408 Odds ratio 2.42 (1.05-5.56), p 0.037 0.03 Prevalence of infant colic, n (%) 0 (0) 2 (0.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (2.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (2.2) 1 (0.6) 1 (0.6) 2 (1.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) P-value compare overtime within group 0.480 0.489 0.380 0.35 Infant constipation Frequency of stooling (times/day) 5.1 (4.8-5.3) 4.7 (4.5-5) 4 (3.7-4.3) 3.1 (2.8-3.4) 2.8 (2.6-3) 2.3 (2.1-2.6) 1.9 (1.7-2.1) 3.4 (2-4.9) 2.4 (1.5-3.4) 2 (1.5-2.4) 1.6 (1.4-1.9) 1.6 (1.4-1.9) 1.7 (1.5-1.8) 1.6 (1.5-1.7) 4 (3.8-4.3) 3.6 (3.3-3.9) 2.8 (2.5-3.1) 2 (1.7-2.2) 1.8 (1.6-2) 1.6 (1.4-1.7) 1.5 (1.3-1.7) Mean change overtime (95%CI) P-value compare overtime within group -0.16 (-0.17 to -0.15), p <0.001 -0.03 (-0.04 to -0.02), p <0.001 -0.14 (-0.15 to -0.12), p <0.001 P-value compare overtime among group Reference Mean difference -1.83 (-2.07 to -1.60), p<0.001 Mean difference -0.83 (-1.01 to -0.64), p<0.001 < 0.001 Stool consistency, n (%) Hard stool 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Formed stool 1 (0.4) 1 (0.4) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 1 (5.9) 0 (0) 1 (1.7) 1 (1.3) 3 (2.6) 6 (4.1) 3 (1.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4 (2.3) 3 (1.8) P-value compare overtime within group 0.966 0.073 0.266 0.12 Loose stool 241 (94.9) 209 (88.6) 190 (85.6) 196 (93.3) 188 (93.1) 172 (93.5) 146 (90.1) 12 (100) 16 (94.1) 34 (100) 56 (93.3) 75 (94.9) 105 (91.3) 137 (93.2) 181 (93.3) 177 (94.2) 172 (93.5) 160 (90.9) 163 (93.1) 153 (88.4) 149 (90.9) P-value compare overtime within group 0.914 0.133 0.171 0.144 Watery stool 12 (4.7) 26 (11) 31 (14) 14 (6.7) 13 (6.4) 12 (6.5) 15 (9.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (5) 3 (3.8) 6 (5.2) 4 (2.7) 10 (5.2) 10 (5.3) 12 (6.5) 16 (9.1) 12 (6.9) 15 (8.7) 12 (7.3) P-value compare overtime within group 0.806 0.686 0.300 P-value compare overtime among group Reference Odds ratio 0.46 (0.27-0.79), p 0.005 Odds ratio 0.63 (0.44-0.92), p 0.017 0.002 Prevalence of functional constipation, n (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Other gastrointestinal symptoms reported by caregiver, n (%) Bloating 10 (3.9) 25 (10.6) 25 (11.3) 13 (6.2) 27 (13.4) 20 (10.9) 9 (5.6) 0 (0) 2 (11.8) 3 (8.8) 1 (1.7) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.7) 7 (4.8) 9 (4.7) 19 (10.3) 15 (8.5) 13 (8.7) 13 (9.1) 12 (9.9) 2 (2.1) P-value compare overtime within group 0.791 0.875 0.745 0.56 Diarrhea 0 (0) 3 (1.3) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.7) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.7) 1 (0.7) 2 (1.7) 0 (0) P-value compare overtime within group 0.932 0.987 0.919 0.50 Dyschezia 4 (1.6) 20 (8.5) 17 (7.7) 8 (3.8) 7 (3.5) 2 (1.1) 1 (0.6) 0 (0) 2 (11.8) 3 (8.8) 4 (6.7) 0 (0) 1 (0.9) 1 (0.7) 8 (4.2) 19 (10.3) 15 (8.5) 6 (4) 3 (2.1) 3 (2.5) 1 (1.1) P-value compare overtime within group Odds ratio 0.92 (0.88- 0.97), p 0.001 Odds ratio 0.85 (0.76- 0.95), p 0.005 Odds ratio 0.92 (0.87- 0.97), p 0.001 0.28 Vomiting 1 (0.4) 9 (3.8) 13 (5.9) 2 (1) 11 (5.5) 3 (1.6) 3 (1.9) 0 (0) 1 (5.9) 0 (0) 1 (1.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (1.4) 3 (1.6) 2 (1.1) 5 (2.8) 8 (5.3) 3 (2.1) 1 (0.8) 0 (0) P-value compare overtime within group 0.598 0.950 0.322 0.77 1 Values are presented as mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and as n (%) for categorical variables. Changes in proportions over time were assessed using a GEE population-averaged logit model with an exchangeable correlation structure, while changes in means over time were evaluated using a GEE population-averaged linear model with an exchangeable correlation structure. Anthropometry Overall, infants demonstrated an average weight gain of 23.6 g/day (95% CI: 22.4–24.9) from 2 to 24 weeks of age, with weight-for-age, weight-for-length, length-for-age, and head circumference z-scores remaining within the normal range. At 24 weeks, mean z-scores were −0.4 (95% CI: −0.6 to −0.1) for weight-for-age, −0.2 (95% CI: −0.5 to 0) for weight-for-length, −0.3 (95% CI: −0.5 to −0.1) for length-for-age, and −0.5 (95% CI: −0.7 to −0.2) for head circumference. When stratified by type of milk feeding (predominant breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding), no significant differences were observed in anthropometric measures, either in cross-sectional values or in longitudinal changes across time points ( data not shown ). Factors associated with frequency of regurgitation Table 4 summarizes the factors associated with regurgitation frequency (episodes per week). In univariate analysis, infant age, total daily milk intake, milk volume per feed, and the proportion of infant formula to total milk intake were all negatively correlated with regurgitation frequency. Bottle feeding was associated with lower regurgitation frequency, whereas mixed feeding was associated with higher frequency. Weight for length z-scores showed no significant association with frequency of regurgitation (data not shown) . However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable model, only infant age remained significantly associated. Each additional week of age was associated with a decrease of 0.21 episodes per week (95% CI: −0.26 to −0.17). Table 4 Factors associated with the frequency of regurgitation (times/week) 1 Univariable Multivariable Coefficient (95%CI) P-value Adjusted Coefficient (95%CI) P-value Infant factors Age (weeks old) -0.21 (-0.25 to-0.18) <0.001 -0.21 (-0.26 to -0.17) <0.001 Female 0.70 (-0.45 to 1.86) 0.232 Type of milk intake Breast milk -0.01 (-1.17 to 1.16) 0.988 infant formula -2.24 (-589 to 1.42)) 0.231 mixed 0.23 (-0.93 to 1.41) 0.690 Total daily milk intake (per 100 mL) -0.29 (-0.45 to -0.11) 0.001 0.047 (-0.16 to 0.25) 0.652 Volume of milk per feed (per 10 mL) -0.19 (-0.26 to-0.11) <0.001 -0.01 (-0.16 to 0.13) 0.859 Ratio of infant formula to total milk intake -0.0175 (-0.0277 to-0.0073) 0.001 0.01 (-0.003 to 0.02) 0.175 Mode of feeding Direct breastfeeding 0.01 (-1.02 to 1.03) 0.992 Bottle feeding -2.09 (-2.84 to -1.36) <0.001 0.13 (-1.78 to 2.04) 0.897 Mixed feeding 1.69 (1.02 to 2.36) <0.001 1.03 (-0.60 to 2.67) 0.216 Level of family stress 0.21 (-0.04 to0.46) 0.106 Cesarean section -0.99 (-2.15 to 0.16) 0.092 -1.09 (-2.25 to 0.07) 0.066 Maternal factors Age -0.04 (-0.14 to 0.06) 0.436 Education Below Bachelor -0.56 (-2.39 to 1.27) 0.549 Bachelor -0.15 (-1.97 to 1.66) 0.870 Above Bachelor Ref Ref Family income (baht/month) 0.139 100000 Ref Ref 1 Factors associated with frequency of regurgitation (times/week) were first analyzed using univariable linear regression. Variables with a p-value < 0.1 were included in a multivariable linear regression model to adjust for potential confounders Discussion DGBI are increasingly recognized as important conditions in early life, imposing considerable impact on quality of life for infants and their families, and influencing infant feeding behaviours and practices. In this study, regurgitation emerged as the predominant DGBI, peaking at six weeks and declining rapidly by six months, independent of feeding type or growth status. Bloating and dyschezia were transient and most evident during the first month, while colic was uncommon, and no functional constipation was detected. The observed age-related decline in regurgitation aligned with previous studies based on the Rome IV criteria, which report that regurgitation typically peaks within the first one to four months of life and improves as neuromuscular coordination and gastric capacity mature [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 18 ]. Comparable prevalence patterns have been described in both European and Asian cohorts; the rates observed in the present study were slightly lower [ 19 , 20 ]. The narrative review of Muhadi et al. found that according to Rome IV criteria, the prevalence of infant regurgitation among infants age 0–6 months old was 33.9% [ 19 ]. Likewise, a recent Indonesian study found a prevalence of 26.3% [ 20 ], whereas studies from Vietnam and Malaysia reported lower rates of 9.3–10.5%% [ 3 , 18 ], comparable to our findings. These variations may reflect differences in study design, sample characteristics, and feeding practices. Furthermore, methodological heterogeneity, particularly the use of caregiver-reported questionnaires versus physician-based diagnosis, substantially affects prevalence estimates. In this survey, we found the same declining trend for regurgitation with age in the subgroup analysis and there was no significant difference in this reduction among the three feeding groups. Total daily milk intake, milk volume per feed, and the proportion of breast milk to formula were all inversely associated with regurgitation frequency, while mixed feeding appeared directly related with regurgitation episodes. Bottle feeding, in contrast, was associated with a lower frequency of regurgitation. These findings suggest that feeding characteristics and technique may influence early gastrointestinal symptoms, possibly through variations in gastric distension, feeding pace, or air swallowing during feeding. However, the association between bottle feeding and lower regurgitation should be interpreted with caution, as reverse causation is possible. For example, infants with fewer regurgitation symptoms may have been more readily transitioned to or allowed to receive bottle feeding more freely, while those with more regurgitation may have remained on direct breastfeeding for longer. Nevertheless, after adjustment for potential confounders, only infant age remained significantly associated, indicating that physiological maturation is the predominant determinant of regurgitation frequency. This aligns with previous studies showing that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and immature gastric motility are age-dependent phenomena that improve over time [ 6 , 21 ]. The initial associations with feeding practices may therefore reflect age-related feeding transitions rather than causal effects. Clinically, these findings reinforce the importance of caregiver reassurance and appropriate feeding counseling, emphasizing that most regurgitation resolves spontaneously with growth and maturation. The prevalence of infantile colic based on the Rome IV criteria in this survey was low (1.4%), peaking at four weeks of age and gradually declining thereafter. This finding aligns with recent studies conducted in clinical settings, similarly low prevalence rates ranging from 1.9% to 4.2%, which were notably lower than those observed in community-based studies [ 18 , 19 , 22 ]. The lower prevalence observed in this hospital-based population may reflect differences in participant characteristics, healthcare access, low perceived parental stress and parental perception or reporting of symptoms. Infants under regular hospital follow-up often receive early feeding counseling and growth monitoring, which may help prevent feeding-related problems and reduce caregiver misinterpretation of normal infant behaviors as pathological. Moreover, reassurance and guidance from healthcare professionals may contribute to underreporting mild or transient symptoms. As more than three-fourths of infants in this study were predominantly breastfed or received mixed feeding, this feeding pattern may also have contributed to the low prevalence of colic by supporting normal gastrointestinal motility and softer stool consistency. Interestingly, more mixed-fed infants were reported to have prolonged crying episodes (although not meeting the diagnostic criteria for infantile colic) compared to predominantly breastfed counterparts. Our study also found that no cases of functional constipation were identified based on the Rome IV criteria, consistent with previous studies showing that true functional constipation is uncommon in early infancy [ 3 , 4 ]. Additionally, formula-fed infants demonstrated the greatest decline in stool frequency over time, followed by mixed-fed infants, and both groups also had significantly lower risks of watery stools. A pattern that aligns with established evidence demonstrating that breastfed infants typically have higher stool frequency and looser stools due to the osmotic effects of human milk oligosaccharides and faster gastrointestinal transit [ 23 , 24 ]. In contrast, formula feeding is associated with firmer stools and decreased stool frequency, as reported in a recent meta-analysis [ 23 ]. The lower likelihood of watery stools among formula-fed and mixed-fed infants in our study is also consistent with known compositional differences in formula, including protein, fat and mineral content, which contribute to stool solidity [ 25 – 27 ]. While these findings align with existing literature, the overall decline in stool frequency with age remains a normal developmental pattern, and the more pronounced reduction observed in formula-fed infants likely reflects both physiological maturation and feeding-related differences in gastrointestinal transit. Regarding infant feeding, our survey found that 40.2% of infants were predominantly breastfed until 24 weeks, while the proportion of formula to total milk intake increased significantly over time. Compared with the recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) of Thailand [ 28 ], which reported a prevalence of exclusively breastfed infants of 28.6%, our study demonstrated a higher rate. This difference may be partly explained by variations in the operational definitions used, since predominant breastfeeding in our survey allowed the inclusion of water, whereas the MICS defined exclusive breastfeeding as no additional liquids. Our findings also indicate an early shift in feeding patterns, consistent with the study by Tongchom et al. [ 29 ], which showed that formula feeding tends to replace breast milk, particularly among mixed-fed infants after three months of age. This transition may be influenced by the duration of maternity leave, perceived milk insufficiency, and sociocultural factors shaping feeding decisions. Around one-fifth of the infants in this survey started complementary feeding before the WHO recommendation of 24 weeks of age [ 30 ]. Most of these infants started complementary food after 20 weeks, which was still within the multi-society recommendation [ 31 , 32 ]. This pattern suggests that although some caregivers introduce complementary foods earlier than WHO guidance, their practices still fall within internationally accepted evidence-based ranges. Early initiation within this window has been shown not to adversely affect growth or allergy risk when developmentally appropriate, highlighting the importance of individualized, readiness-based feeding guidance Overall, this study provides valuable insight into the prevalence and natural course of DGBI and feeding practices during early infancy in a Thai population. Using a longitudinal design with serial follow-up from two to 24 weeks of age, the study captured dynamic changes in gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding transitions within a real-world setting. The prospective data collection, and application of standardized Rome IV diagnostic criteria strengthen the validity and generalizability of the findings. Moreover, concurrent assessment of feeding type, milk intake, and growth outcomes allowed for comprehensive evaluation of potential associations. However, several limitations should be noted. The study relied on caregiver-reported symptoms, which may be subject to recall or reporting bias. Also, hospital-based recruitment may also limit representativeness compared with community populations. Furthermore, biological markers such as gut microbiota composition, gastrointestinal motility indices, or hormonal profiles were not assessed, limiting mechanistic interpretation. Future studies should incorporate objective biomarkers, longitudinal microbiome analyses, and cross-cultural comparisons to elucidate the biological pathways underlying early-life DGBI and its association with early life nutrition. Interventional studies evaluating targeted feeding guidance or probiotic supplementation may also help identify strategies to prevent or mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy. Conclusion This study showed that DGBI in early infancy, particularly regurgitation, are common but self-limiting conditions that improve with age and gastrointestinal maturation. Colic and constipation were rare, while dyschezia and bloating were transient. Feeding patterns influenced symptom occurrence early in life, but infant age remained the main determinant over time. These findings highlight the developmental nature of early gastrointestinal symptoms and emphasize the need for caregiver reassurance and supportive feeding guidance rather than unnecessary interventions. Abbreviations BMI, body mass index CI, confidence intervals DGBI, disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction GEE, generalized estimating equations ICH-GCP, International Council for Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice LFA, length for age VAS, visual analogue scale WFA, weight for age WFL, weight for length Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No. 956/64; COA No. 0055/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation–Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participating infants after the study procedures had been fully explained by the research team Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials De-identified data, the study codebook, and analytic code can be made available upon reasonable request. Competing Interests This study was partially funded by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food & Fibre Futures Partnership program. SG was employed by Dairy Goat Co-operative at the time of the study. Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited had no influence on data collection and analysis, or the interpretation and decision to publish results. The researchers operated with full academic independence throughout the study duration. Authors’ contributions OS, SG, and SC were responsible for the study conception and design. Data collection was undertaken by OS, EM, NK, and the TIGER study team. OS, JS and SC conducted the data analysis and interpretation. OS prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and SC provided substantial revisions. EM and SG reviewed and commented on subsequent drafts. All authors approved the final manuscript. Funding This study was supported by the Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (Grant No. RA65/022), as well as by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food & Fibre Futures Partnership program. Acknowledgements The authors most appreciate the dedication of the TIGER study team (Nathawan Khunsri, Siriporn Khabuan, Siriluck Poonkatkij, Apichaya Khowijitpaisal, Umroh laman from the Center of Excellence in Pediatric Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Duangporn Maitreechit from Lactation clinic, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital) in recruitment and data collection. We sincerely thank Professor Chitsanu Pancharoen and the team at Chula Kids Club for their essential support in participant recruitment. The contributions of Pol. Col. Apiwat Chunsangfah and Pol. Lt. Col. Warangkana Raveesiri from the Police General Hospital in assisting with recruitment are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors are deeply grateful to all participating children and their families for their willingness and cooperation. References Schmulson MJ, Drossman DA (2017). What Is New in Rome IV. 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BMC Nutr;6:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00365-4 National Statistical Office of Thailand UNsCF (2022). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [Available from: https://www.unicef.org/thailand/reports/thailand-multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-2022. Tongchom W, Pongcharoen T, Judprasong K, Udomkesmalee E, Kriengsinyos W, Winichagoon P (2020). Human Milk Intake of Thai Breastfed Infants During the First 6 Months Using the Dose-to-Mother Deuterium Dilution Method. Food Nutr Bull;41(3):343-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120943092 WHO. WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.; 2023. Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton N, Fidler Mis N, et al. (2017). Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;64(1):119-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000001454 Vassilopoulou E, Feketea G, Pagkalos I, Rallis D, Milani GP, Agostoni C, et al. (2024). Complementary Feeding Practices: Recommendations of Pediatricians for Infants with and without Allergy Risk. Nutrients;16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020239 Additional Declarations Competing interest reported. This study was partially funded by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food & Fibre Futures Partnership program. SG was employed by Dairy Goat Co-operative at the time of the study. Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited had no influence on data collection and analysis, or the interpretation and decision to publish results. The researchers operated with full academic independence throughout the study duration. Supplementary Files SupplementalTable1Infantfeedingdetailscorrections.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 22 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 20 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Apr, 2026 First submitted to journal 01 Apr, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9217894","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":631971228,"identity":"3839474b-a065-4d57-b115-3ee6393d8222","order_by":0,"name":"Orapa Suteerojntrakool","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Orapa","middleName":"","lastName":"Suteerojntrakool","suffix":""},{"id":631971232,"identity":"3ec25c3d-2627-4f06-9950-99b6b3e1502d","order_by":1,"name":"Eakkarin Mekangkul","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eakkarin","middleName":"","lastName":"Mekangkul","suffix":""},{"id":631971234,"identity":"682aa291-4791-4fe7-a468-cdfa01b2eece","order_by":2,"name":"Jiratchaya Sophonphan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiratchaya","middleName":"","lastName":"Sophonphan","suffix":""},{"id":631971238,"identity":"2ae73936-4992-42be-bf93-a09eba052679","order_by":3,"name":"Nathawan Khunsri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nathawan","middleName":"","lastName":"Khunsri","suffix":""},{"id":631971239,"identity":"9df04724-fd6c-430f-a48b-2ff852c4ffe7","order_by":4,"name":"Sophie Gallier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Dairy Goat Co-Operative (N.Z.) Ltd","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sophie","middleName":"","lastName":"Gallier","suffix":""},{"id":631971240,"identity":"bf7b4c0d-6718-42c1-be35-c897e7674f71","order_by":5,"name":"Sirinuch Chomtho","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA30lEQVRIie2PvQrCMBRGrwTSJcU14OArRFwctL6KpeCkggiCW0G4jp19DkEcUwJO6jPYxcml9AW8xd/F2NEhZ8khcMgXAIfjH2EAmo4BmSbv3G9rcaWED8jl/Ta1JQ8oEapa0lz5mZliMAHvkBdTlE3wzJnlu++JMp4ya4xmIMabxhplKxZDBenBkjAOxkcdxtLfMh8lfXxEw9AybPlKxKVM+nH9ak/AvBNeJiQ/XlFlIk5RiGLYboiTjFBelD7ahiV7Voh5ECaeyUi6vaQeZeeFbdgT/im6QuBwOBwOCzcQ1Eh6Gseg5AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Chulalongkorn University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sirinuch","middleName":"","lastName":"Chomtho","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-25 04:09:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9217894/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9217894/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108492783,"identity":"f762f2bd-59c7-4e37-9f6a-67945d0750ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-05 09:58:38","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":750496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfant feeding patterns from 2 to 24 weeks of age. (A) Type of milk feeding. Predominant breastfeeding infants received breast milk as main nutrition, with small amounts of water/juice/oral replacement solution or medication allowed but no formula or solid food before 4 months. Formula feeding infants received infant formula exclusively and mixed feeding infants received both formula and breast milk. (B) Mode of feeding. Direct breastfeeding was defined when infants were exclusively fed from the breast whereas bottle feeding was the feeding manner regardless of type of milk in the bottle (either expressed breast milk or infant formula). (C) Daily milk intake volume. (D) Milk volume per feed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9217894/v1/54659e27badf95382b7701b4.jpeg"},{"id":108407047,"identity":"34d55115-6354-4833-ada2-732a6fde93f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 09:47:48","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":297629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of infant regurgitation, infant colic and functional constipation diagnosed according to the Rome IV criteria from 2 to 24 weeks of age (n = 460).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9217894/v1/4608644019b096eb854da6df.png"},{"id":108407049,"identity":"a094820a-c8b0-4fcb-bd7c-a20084352278","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 09:47:48","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":261840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFrequency of regurgitation (times per week) (A) and stool frequency (times per day) (B) from 2 to 24 weeks of age (n = 460)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9217894/v1/763329a16f02bbc368fdb28a.png"},{"id":108804203,"identity":"81c39ad4-2a15-46ad-a708-3f7085da07c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-08 15:17:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2021699,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9217894/v1/da416f86-eeac-438d-96c8-220719d8e6af.pdf"},{"id":108407046,"identity":"3504f9e2-4c6d-4f18-882c-fc6fea158000","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 09:47:48","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":21376,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementalTable1Infantfeedingdetailscorrections.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9217894/v1/9e1ef0c186a7db6bb64e4610.docx"}],"financialInterests":"Competing interest reported. This study was partially funded by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food \u0026 Fibre Futures Partnership program. SG was employed by Dairy Goat Co-operative at the time of the study. Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited had no influence on data collection and analysis, or the interpretation and decision to publish results. The researchers operated with full academic independence throughout the study duration.","formattedTitle":"Longitudinal Survey of Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction from Birth to 24 weeks and their Associations with Feeding Practices","fulltext":[{"header":"What is Known","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDisorders of Gut-Brain interaction (DGBI) are major concerns for families and may be associated with feeding practices and growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is New:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u0026nbsp;DGBI in early infancy, particularly regurgitation, are common but self-limiting conditions that improve with age and gastrointestinal maturation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- These findings highlight the developmental nature of early gastrointestinal symptoms and emphasize the need for caregiver reassurance and supportive feeding guidance rather than unnecessary interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDisorders of Gut\u0026ndash;Brain Interaction (DGBI) represent a group of functional gastrointestinal conditions arising from disruptions in the complex communication between the gut and the central nervous system. These disorders are characterized by alterations in gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, immune and mucosal responses, and microbial composition. These disturbances disrupt neurogastroenteric signaling, resulting in symptomatic gastrointestinal disturbances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiological data suggest that DGBI are highly prevalent in early life, with nearly 50% of infants exhibiting at least one related symptom within the first six months [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on Rome IV criteria, prevalence rates among neonates and toddlers range from 10% to 38%, with infant regurgitation being the most frequently reported condition, affecting 6\u0026ndash;34% of cases [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4 CR5\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. DGBI impose a considerable burden on families, as persistent symptoms can heighten parental anxiety, disrupt feeding practices, and negatively affect caregiver\u0026ndash;infant interactions, thereby influencing both family well-being and healthcare utilization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pathogenesis of DGBI is multifactorial, reflecting an interplay between innate susceptibility and environmental influences during critical developmental windows [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Genetic predisposition contributes by shaping visceral sensitivity, immune regulation, and neurogastroenteric pathways, leaving certain infants more prone to gastrointestinal dysfunction. These inherent vulnerabilities may be exacerbated by external exposures such as gastrointestinal infections, early antibiotic use, psychosocial stress, and particularly infant feeding practices, which strongly influence the establishment of gut microbiota. Disruptions in microbial colonization during this formative period can result in dysbiosis, low-grade mucosal inflammation, and increased intestinal permeability, ultimately compromising gut\u0026ndash;brain axis integrity and driving the emergence of DGBI symptoms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite growing recognition of DGBI in infancy, longitudinal data capturing their onset, trajectory, and association with early feeding practices remain limited. Since feeding behaviors during the first months of life critically shape gut microbiota and neurogastrointestinal development, understanding these relationships is essential for identifying modifiable risk factors and guiding preventive strategies. This study, therefore, aimed to conduct a longitudinal survey of DGBI from birth to 24 weeks of age and to explore their associations with infant feeding practices. By elucidating these relationships, the findings may provide clinically relevant insights to guide pediatricians in identifying at-risk infants, tailoring feeding recommendations, and implementing early interventions that could mitigate symptom burden and support optimal growth and development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStudy design, study population, and sample size calculation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis longitudinal survey was carried out between March 2022 and July 2024 at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No. 956/64; COA No. 0055/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation\u0026ndash;Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participating infants after the study procedures had been fully explained by the research team. The survey was prospectively registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20220215012, 15 February 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants were recruited from King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Police General Hospital, social media platforms, and the Chula Kids Club. Eligible infants were healthy, full-term singletons with a birth weight between 2.5 and 4.5 kg and aged around two weeks at the time of enrollment. The survey was performed via phone or teleconference platform at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 24 weeks of age. Tolerance limits for follow-up schedule were \u0026plusmn;3days for the calls at 2 and 4 weeks and \u0026plusmn; 5 days for the calls at 6, 9, 12, 16, and 24weeks. Infants with any medical conditions known to affect nutrition, growth, or immune function were excluded. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was determined using the Taro Yamane formula [10]. According to data from The Bureau of Registration Administration, Ministry of Interior, Thailand, approximately 500,000 live births per year were reported in Thailand at the time of survey initiation [11]. Using this population estimate, the calculation indicated that 400 participants would be required to achieve a \u0026plusmn;5% precision level with a 95% confidence interval. To accommodate an anticipated dropout rate of up to 20% in this prospective longitudinal survey, the final target sample size was set at 500.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eData collection\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDemographic information was collected, including birth characteristics (mode of delivery, birth weight, length, head circumference, and postnatal complications), maternal factors (age and pregnancy history), and family-related data (primary caregiver, household income, and number of siblings). In addition, family stress was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 represented the lowest and 10 the highest perceived stress level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eInfant feeding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfant feeding practices were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. At each timepoint, primary caregivers were interviewed to collect detailed information on milk feeding, including mode of feeding, type of milk provided (breast milk, formula, or mixed feeding), and the frequency and quantity of intake. For infants aged 16 weeks or older, additional data on complementary feeding was obtained, including age at introduction, frequency, quantity, and the types of foods consumed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor infants who were directly breastfed, breast milk intake was quantified using the replacement method described by B\u0026eacute;rub\u0026eacute; et al. [12]. An average daily intake of 780 mL was assumed for infants aged 0\u0026ndash;5.9 months, in accordance with Dietary Reference Intake recommendations for this age group. When other milk sources were provided, their volume was subtracted from the 780 mL estimate to calculate breast milk intake. If the additional milk exceeded 780 mL, each breastfeeding session was assumed to contribute 89 mL (3 fl oz).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDietary intakes were converted to daily energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient values. Breast milk energy and nutrient content was estimated using published reference values [13], while infant formula energy and nutrient content were derived from data provided by the manufacturer. Complementary food intake was analyzed using INMUCAL-Nutrients V.4.0 (Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Thailand) [14].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGastrointestinal symptoms\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInfant gastrointestinal symptoms were systematically assessed at enrollment and at 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, and 24 weeks of age. Caregivers first completed a self-administered questionnaire, and trained research assistants subsequently conducted interviews to verify and clarify responses. Data collection included the frequency of regurgitation, stooling patterns (frequency and consistency using the Brussels infant and toddler stool scale [15]), and episodes of prolonged unexplained crying, defined as crying lasting more than 15 minutes without an identifiable cause. Additional gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloating, dyschezia, vomiting, and diarrhea, were also recorded during these interviews.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each follow-up visit, the average frequency of regurgitation, stooling, and prolonged crying was calculated based on the interval from the prior assessment. On the first visit, information was obtained directly from the caregiver\u0026apos;s recall. The prevalence of infant regurgitation, colic, and functional constipation was further determined according to the Rome IV criteria [16] based on pediatrician diagnosis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnthropometry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnthropometric data comprising weight, length, and head circumference were obtained at 2, 9, 16, and 24 weeks from the child\u0026rsquo;s vaccination record. Growth status was assessed by calculating weight for age (WFA), weight for length (WFL), length for age (LFA), and body mass index (BMI) z-scores in accordance with the WHO Child Growth Standards, using the WHO Anthro Survey Analyzer [17].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eStatistical analyses were conducted using Stata version 18.5 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA). The distribution of continuous variables was assessed for normality using both histogram inspection and the Kolmogorov\u0026ndash;Smirnov test. Continuous variables, including age, gestational age, birth weight and length, family stress score, frequency of regurgitation, prevalence of infantile colic and functional constipation, stool frequency, feeding characteristics (amount and frequency), and anthropometric measurements, were presented as means with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Categorical variables, such as sex, number of siblings, parental educational level, family income, primary caregiver, stool consistency, other gastrointestinal symptoms, and feeding practices (method and type of milk consumed), were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Changes in outcomes over time were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE) with a population-averaged linear model and an exchangeable correlation structure. To examine potential determinants of regurgitation, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for relevant covariates. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value \u0026lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 515 mother\u0026ndash;infant dyads were enrolled in the survey; of these, 483 completed the initial interview at 2 weeks of age. Forty dyads (7.7%) were subsequently excluded from the final analysis, yielding 475 participants with complete data at the 24-week follow-up. Reasons for exclusion included inaccurate birth weight records (n = 2), caregiver-reported inconvenience with the follow-up (n = 9), and failure to contact the caregiver (n = 29).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the first timepoint, the mean infant age was 2.1 weeks (95% CI 2.1\u0026ndash;2.2)(\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e). Approximately half of the infants were male, and 46.1% were delivered vaginally. Postnatal complications were reported in 32.9% of infants, with neonatal jaundice comprising nearly half of these cases. In addition, 58% were first-born children with no siblings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean maternal age at delivery was 31.0 years (95% CI: 30.5\u0026ndash;31.5). About half of the participants were from middle- to high-income families. Nearly all mothers (97%) reported no history of smoking. The mean family stress score was 2.9 on a 10-point scale, reflecting generally low levels of perceived stress. Regarding maternity leave, 44% of mothers received fully paid leave for less than three months, while 50% reported receiving such leave for three to six months.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBaseline characteristics (N=483)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge at the first timepoint\u0026nbsp;(weeks old)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1 (2.1-2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale, n, (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235 (48.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational age (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.4 (38.3 to 38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePostnatal complication\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e159 (32.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirthweight (g)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3141.1 (3108.2-3173.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBirth length (cm)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8 (49.7-49.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnthropometry at enrollment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight-for-age z-score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.35 (-0.42 to -0.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength-for-age z score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 (0.09 to 0.24)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight-for-length z-score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.67 (-0.76 to -0.59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHead-circumference z-score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.17 (-0.25 to -0.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMode of delivery, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal labor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207 (43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssisted vaginal delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElective c/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmergency c/s\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (35.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSibling number (n = 481), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e280 (58.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195 (40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal history (n = 481)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal age (years old)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.0 (30.5-31.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrepregnancy BMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.2 (27.8-28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGestational weight gain (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8 (13.3-14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst ANC at GA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo ANC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330 (68.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (27.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal smoking (n =471)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458 (97.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaternal occupation after delivery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployee\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Own business\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFully paid maternity leave\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215 (44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e244 (50.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMain caregiver, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334 (69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFathers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMothers/ Fathers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (29.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrandfathers/grandmothers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOthers\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily income (baht), n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;15,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;15,000-30,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (30.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;30,000-50,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (25.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;50,000-100,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;100,0000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMissing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of family stress\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9 (2.7-3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eValue are presented as mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003ePostnatal complications were reported as follows: neonatal jaundice in 74 infants (46.5%), postnatal glucocorticoid use in 50 (31.4%), other complications in 29 (18.2%), and transient tachypnea of the newborn in 6 (3.8%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003eFamily stress level was assessed using a visual analogue scale ranging from 1 to 10, where 1 indicated no stress and 10 represented the highest level of perceived family stress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Infant feeding details\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1 and Supplemental\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003esummarize infant feeding practices over the study period. Of the total sample, 254 infants (55.2%) were predominantly breastfed (infants received breast milk as main nutrition, with small amounts of water/juice/oral replacement solution or medication allowed but no formula, non-human milk, or solid) during the first two weeks of life, with a mean duration of 2.4 months (95% CI: 2.1\u0026ndash;2.7). Among them, 170 infants (40.2%) maintained predominant breastfeeding up to 24 weeks. By contrast, only 10.6% of infants were exclusively directly breastfed, whereas 60.3% were primarily bottle-fed (either expressed breast milk or formula) by 24 weeks of age, while 29.1% were mixed-fed (mix of direct breastfeeding and bottle-feeding).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal milk intake increased steadily from 2 to 24 weeks, with a mean rise of 7.5 mL/day (95% CI: 6.7\u0026ndash;8.2; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Over the same period, breast milk intake declined by 9.7 mL/day (95% CI: \u0026ndash;10.7 to \u0026ndash;8.7; p \u0026lt; 0.001), whereas formula consumption increased by 17.2 mL/day (95% CI: 16.2\u0026ndash;18.3; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Consistent with this pattern, bottle-feeding progressively became more prevalent. Parallel to the increase in milk volume, mean daily energy intake rose from 501.6 mL (95% CI: 494.8\u0026ndash;508.3) at 2 weeks to 619.1 mL (95% CI: 604.0\u0026ndash;634.3) at 24 weeks, while protein intake increased from 7.3 g/day (95% CI: 7.2\u0026ndash;7.4) to 10.7 g/day (95% CI: 10.3\u0026ndash;11.1). The frequency of milk feeds declined from 10 times/day (95% CI: 9.8\u0026ndash;10.3) at 2 weeks to 8 times/day (95% CI: 7.8\u0026ndash;8.2) at 24 weeks, corresponding to a mean change of \u0026ndash;0.1 feeds/week (95% CI: \u0026ndash;0.19 to \u0026ndash;0.01; p 0.030).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComplementary feeding was introduced in 91 of 475 infants (19.2%) before 24 weeks of age. Among the early introducers, the mean age at introduction was 21.8 weeks (95% CI: 21.4\u0026ndash;22.3)., Complementary foods contributed an average of 60.3 kcal/day (95% CI: 48.0\u0026ndash;72.7) and 2.1 g/day of protein (95% CI: 1.3\u0026ndash;2.8) \u003cstrong\u003e(data not shown).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDisorder of Gut-Brain Interaction\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 and Figures 2 and 3\u003c/strong\u003e summarize the longitudinal changes in the prevalence of regurgitation, constipation, colic, and other gastrointestinal symptoms between 2 and 24 weeks of age. The frequency of regurgitation peaked at 6 weeks, with a mean of 10.0 episodes per week (95% CI: 8.7\u0026ndash;11.2), and subsequently declined at a rate of \u0026minus;0.22 episodes per week (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.26 to \u0026minus;0.19, p \u0026lt; 0.001) through 24 weeks. Similarly, the prevalence of regurgitation based on Rome IV criteria peaked at 8.6% at 6 weeks and decreased to 2.0% by 24 weeks. This age-related decline was consistent across feeding types, with no significant differences observed among breastfed, formula-fed, and mixed-fed infants (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of prolonged crying, defined as inconsolable or unexplained crying lasting more than 15 minutes, peaked at 4 weeks of age (3.5%) and gradually declined thereafter. Across the study period, the prevalence of prolonged crying occurring more than one day per week decreased by approximately 10% with each additional week of age (odds ratio, OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83\u0026ndash;0.96; p 0.003). Similarly, the prevalence of infant colic based on the Rome IV criteria peaked at 4 weeks (1.4%) and had resolved by 16 weeks of age, with no significant within-group changes over time. In between-group comparisons using predominantly breastfed infants as the reference, mixed-fed infants demonstrated a significantly higher risk of prolonged crying, with an OR of 2.42 (95% CI: 1.05\u0026ndash;5.56; p 0.037) (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, stool frequency gradually decreased over time, from 4.6 times/day (95% CI: 4.4\u0026ndash;4.8) at 2 weeks of age to 1.7 times/day (95% CI: 1.6\u0026ndash;1.8) at 24 weeks, with a mean change of \u0026ndash;0.13 times/day (95% CI: \u0026ndash;0.14 to \u0026ndash;0.13; p \u0026lt; 0.001). The prevalence of formed stools also increased significantly over time (p 0.006). In subgroup analyses using breastfed infants as the reference group (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e), formula-fed infants demonstrated a greater decline in stool frequency across the study period, with an odds ratio of \u0026ndash;1.83 times/ day (95% CI: \u0026ndash;2.07 to \u0026ndash;1.60; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Mixed-fed infants also showed a reduction in stool frequency, though to a lesser extent, with an OR of \u0026ndash;0.83 times/day (95% CI: \u0026ndash;1.01 to \u0026ndash;0.64; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Regarding stool consistency, both formula-fed and mixed-fed infants demonstrated significantly lower risks of watery stools, by 53% and 37%, respectively. No cases of constipation were identified according to Rome IV criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaregiver-reported dyschezia peaked at four weeks of age, affecting approximately 9% of infants, and subsequently declined across all feeding groups (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e). The decreasing trend was significant among breastfed infants (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88\u0026ndash;0.97; p 0.001), formula-fed infants (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76\u0026ndash;0.95; p 0.005), and mixed-fed infants (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87\u0026ndash;0.97; p 0.001). There were no significant differences in the overall prevalence of dyschezia between feeding types.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDisorder of Gut-Brain Interaction\u0026nbsp;at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12. 16, and 24 weeks of age and their changes over time\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"float: ;width: 112%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVisit appointment, weeks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value compare overtime\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual age (mean,95% CI), weeks old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(2-2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(3.9-4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.9-6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.9-9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(12-12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15.9-16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24-24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e424\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant regurgitation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of regurgitation (times/weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.3-5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.8-8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.7-11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.9-7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.3-5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.4-4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.9-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean change over time (95%CI):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-0.22 (-0.26 to -0.19)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of infant regurgitation, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant colic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProlong crying \u0026gt; 1 days/week, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR (95%CI)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.90(0.83-0.96)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of infant colic, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant constipation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of stooling (times/day)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4.4-4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(4-4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.2-3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.3-2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2.1-2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.8-2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.6-1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean change over time (95%CI):\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-0.13 (-0.14 to -0.13)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStool consistency, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Hard stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Formed stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Loose stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e433 (94.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398 (90.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389 (89.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e389 (92.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (92.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e383 (91.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Watery stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.618\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of functional constipation, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther gastrointestinal symptoms reported by caregiver, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBloating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (7.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR(95%CI)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.90 (0.88- 0.94)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (3.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eData present as n (%) or mean (95%CI), compare overtime in proportion was evaluated by GEE population-averaged logit model, Correlation: exchangeable, compare overtime in mean was evaluated by GEE population-averaged linear model, Correlation: exchangeable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Subgroup analysis of Disorders of Gut\u0026ndash;Brain Interaction by feeding type at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, and 24 weeks of age, and their longitudinal changes over time\u0026sup1;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"width: 7.5e+2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePredominant breast milk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant formula\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value among groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVisit appointment, weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual age (mean,95% CI), weeks old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(2-2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.9-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.9-6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(8.9-9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (11.9-12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(16-16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24-24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.9-2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.9-4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6.1-6.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9-9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(11.8-13.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15.7-16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(24-24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.8-2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3.8-4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(5.8-6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(9-9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(12-12.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(15.9-16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.8-25.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant regurgitation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of regurgitation (\u003cstrong\u003etimes/weeks\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6 (3.7-5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.9 (6.6-9.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1 (8.3-11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (5.4-8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2 (3.9-6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8 (2.9-4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 (1.6-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.4 (1.2-9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2 (3.9-12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7 (4-17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8 (2.6-7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.9 (2.8-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 (3.3-6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (1.7-4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5 (4.3-6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4 (6.1-8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8 (8.1-11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6 (6.2-8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.5 (4.3-6.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7 (2.6-4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4-2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean change overtime (95%CI)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21 (-0.26 to -0.16), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23 (-0.32 to -0.14), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.22 (-0.29 to -0.15), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of infant regurgitation, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (9.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant colic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProlong crying \u0026gt; 1 days/week, n(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value compare overtime among group\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio \u0026nbsp;0.51 (0.10-2.52), p 0.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 2.42 (1.05-5.56), p 0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of infant colic, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant constipation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency of stooling (times/day)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.1 (4.8-5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7 (4.5-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.7-4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1 (2.8-3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (2.6-3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 (2.1-2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9 (1.7-2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4 (2-4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4 (1.5-3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.5-2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.4-1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.4-1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.7 (1.5-1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.5-1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3.8-4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6 (3.3-3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 (2.5-3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.7-2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8 (1.6-2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6 (1.4-1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 (1.3-1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMean change overtime (95%CI)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16 (-0.17 to -0.15), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03 (-0.04 to -0.02), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14 (-0.15 to -0.12), p \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e compare overtime among group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean difference -1.83 (-2.07 to -1.60), p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean difference -0.83 (-1.01 to -0.64), p\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStool consistency, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHard stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormed stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; P-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.966\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLoose stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241 (94.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209 (88.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190 (85.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188 (93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (93.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (90.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (94.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (94.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (93.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177 (94.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172 (93.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160 (90.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163 (93.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153 (88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (90.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; P-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWatery stool\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (9.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (7.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;P-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value compare overtime among group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio \u0026nbsp;0.46 (0.27-0.79), p 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 0.63 (0.44-0.92), p 0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of functional constipation, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"24\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOther gastrointestinal symptoms reported by caregiver, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBloating\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (3.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (11.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (9.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDyschezia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 0.92 (0.88- 0.97), p 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 0.85 (0.76- 0.95), p 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio 0.92 (0.87- 0.97), p 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (5.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value compare overtime within group\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eValues are presented as mean (95% CI) for continuous variables and as n (%) for categorical variables. Changes in proportions over time were assessed using a GEE population-averaged logit model with an exchangeable correlation structure, while changes in means over time were evaluated using a GEE population-averaged linear model with an exchangeable correlation structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnthropometry\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eOverall, infants demonstrated an average weight gain of 23.6 g/day (95% CI: 22.4\u0026ndash;24.9) from 2 to 24 weeks of age, with weight-for-age, weight-for-length, length-for-age, and head circumference z-scores remaining within the normal range. At 24 weeks, mean z-scores were \u0026minus;0.4 (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.6 to \u0026minus;0.1) for weight-for-age, \u0026minus;0.2 (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.5 to 0) for weight-for-length, \u0026minus;0.3 (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.5 to \u0026minus;0.1) for length-for-age, and \u0026minus;0.5 (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.7 to \u0026minus;0.2) for head circumference. When stratified by type of milk feeding (predominant breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding), no significant differences were observed in anthropometric measures, either in cross-sectional values or in longitudinal changes across time points (\u003cstrong\u003edata not shown\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactors associated with frequency of regurgitation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003esummarizes the factors associated with regurgitation frequency (episodes per week). In univariate analysis, infant age, total daily milk intake, milk volume per feed, and the proportion of infant formula to total milk intake were all negatively correlated with regurgitation frequency. Bottle feeding was associated with lower regurgitation frequency, whereas mixed feeding was associated with higher frequency. Weight for length z-scores showed no significant association with frequency of regurgitation \u003cstrong\u003e(data not shown)\u003c/strong\u003e. However, after adjusting for potential confounders in the multivariable model, only infant age remained significantly associated. Each additional week of age was associated with a decrease of 0.21 episodes per week (95% CI: \u0026minus;0.26 to \u0026minus;0.17).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e Factors associated with the frequency of regurgitation (times/week)\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width: 5.1e+2pt;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnivariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoefficient\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted Coefficient (95%CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfant factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (weeks old)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21 (-0.25 to-0.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21 (-0.26 to -0.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.70 (-0.45 to 1.86)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType of milk intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBreast milk\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-1.17 to 1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003einfant formula\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.24 (-589 to 1.42))\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003emixed\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 (-0.93 to 1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal daily milk intake (per 100 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29 (-0.45 to -0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047 (-0.16 to 0.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVolume of milk per feed (per 10 mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.19 (-0.26 to-0.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01 (-0.16 to 0.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatio of infant formula to total milk intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0175 (-0.0277 to-0.0073)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-0.003 to 0.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMode of feeding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDirect breastfeeding\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01 (-1.02 to 1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBottle feeding\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.09 (-2.84 to -1.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13 (-1.78 to 2.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMixed feeding\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69 (1.02 to 2.36)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 (-0.60 to 2.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of family stress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21 (-0.04 to0.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCesarean section\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.99 (-2.15 to 0.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.09 (-2.25 to 0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04 (-0.14 to 0.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBelow Bachelor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.56 (-2.39 to 1.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBachelor\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15 (-1.97 to 1.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbove Bachelor\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily income (baht/month)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026lt; 15000\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21 (-2.23 to 2.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e15001-30000\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.86 (-3.78 to 0.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e30001-50000\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.30 (-3.28 to 0.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e50001-10000\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.83 (-3.86 to 0.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026gt; 100000\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eFactors associated with frequency of regurgitation (times/week) were first analyzed using univariable linear regression. Variables with a p-value \u0026lt; 0.1 were included in a multivariable linear regression model to adjust for potential confounders\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDGBI are increasingly recognized as important conditions in early life, imposing considerable impact on quality of life for infants and their families, and influencing infant feeding behaviours and practices. In this study, regurgitation emerged as the predominant DGBI, peaking at six weeks and declining rapidly by six months, independent of feeding type or growth status. Bloating and dyschezia were transient and most evident during the first month, while colic was uncommon, and no functional constipation was detected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observed age-related decline in regurgitation aligned with previous studies based on the Rome IV criteria, which report that regurgitation typically peaks within the first one to four months of life and improves as neuromuscular coordination and gastric capacity mature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Comparable prevalence patterns have been described in both European and Asian cohorts; the rates observed in the present study were slightly lower [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The narrative review of Muhadi et al. found that according to Rome IV criteria, the prevalence of infant regurgitation among infants age 0\u0026ndash;6 months old was 33.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, a recent Indonesian study found a prevalence of 26.3% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], whereas studies from Vietnam and Malaysia reported lower rates of 9.3\u0026ndash;10.5%% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], comparable to our findings. These variations may reflect differences in study design, sample characteristics, and feeding practices. Furthermore, methodological heterogeneity, particularly the use of caregiver-reported questionnaires versus physician-based diagnosis, substantially affects prevalence estimates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this survey, we found the same declining trend for regurgitation with age in the subgroup analysis and there was no significant difference in this reduction among the three feeding groups. Total daily milk intake, milk volume per feed, and the proportion of breast milk to formula were all inversely associated with regurgitation frequency, while mixed feeding appeared directly related with regurgitation episodes. Bottle feeding, in contrast, was associated with a lower frequency of regurgitation. These findings suggest that feeding characteristics and technique may influence early gastrointestinal symptoms, possibly through variations in gastric distension, feeding pace, or air swallowing during feeding. However, the association between bottle feeding and lower regurgitation should be interpreted with caution, as reverse causation is possible. For example, infants with fewer regurgitation symptoms may have been more readily transitioned to or allowed to receive bottle feeding more freely, while those with more regurgitation may have remained on direct breastfeeding for longer. Nevertheless, after adjustment for potential confounders, only infant age remained significantly associated, indicating that physiological maturation is the predominant determinant of regurgitation frequency. This aligns with previous studies showing that transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and immature gastric motility are age-dependent phenomena that improve over time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The initial associations with feeding practices may therefore reflect age-related feeding transitions rather than causal effects. Clinically, these findings reinforce the importance of caregiver reassurance and appropriate feeding counseling, emphasizing that most regurgitation resolves spontaneously with growth and maturation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of infantile colic based on the Rome IV criteria in this survey was low (1.4%), peaking at four weeks of age and gradually declining thereafter. This finding aligns with recent studies conducted in clinical settings, similarly low prevalence rates ranging from 1.9% to 4.2%, which were notably lower than those observed in community-based studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. The lower prevalence observed in this hospital-based population may reflect differences in participant characteristics, healthcare access, low perceived parental stress and parental perception or reporting of symptoms. Infants under regular hospital follow-up often receive early feeding counseling and growth monitoring, which may help prevent feeding-related problems and reduce caregiver misinterpretation of normal infant behaviors as pathological. Moreover, reassurance and guidance from healthcare professionals may contribute to underreporting mild or transient symptoms. As more than three-fourths of infants in this study were predominantly breastfed or received mixed feeding, this feeding pattern may also have contributed to the low prevalence of colic by supporting normal gastrointestinal motility and softer stool consistency. Interestingly, more mixed-fed infants were reported to have prolonged crying episodes (although not meeting the diagnostic criteria for infantile colic) compared to predominantly breastfed counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study also found that no cases of functional constipation were identified based on the Rome IV criteria, consistent with previous studies showing that true functional constipation is uncommon in early infancy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, formula-fed infants demonstrated the greatest decline in stool frequency over time, followed by mixed-fed infants, and both groups also had significantly lower risks of watery stools. A pattern that aligns with established evidence demonstrating that breastfed infants typically have higher stool frequency and looser stools due to the osmotic effects of human milk oligosaccharides and faster gastrointestinal transit [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, formula feeding is associated with firmer stools and decreased stool frequency, as reported in a recent meta-analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The lower likelihood of watery stools among formula-fed and mixed-fed infants in our study is also consistent with known compositional differences in formula, including protein, fat and mineral content, which contribute to stool solidity [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. While these findings align with existing literature, the overall decline in stool frequency with age remains a normal developmental pattern, and the more pronounced reduction observed in formula-fed infants likely reflects both physiological maturation and feeding-related differences in gastrointestinal transit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding infant feeding, our survey found that 40.2% of infants were predominantly breastfed until 24 weeks, while the proportion of formula to total milk intake increased significantly over time. Compared with the recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) of Thailand [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], which reported a prevalence of exclusively breastfed infants of 28.6%, our study demonstrated a higher rate. This difference may be partly explained by variations in the operational definitions used, since predominant breastfeeding in our survey allowed the inclusion of water, whereas the MICS defined exclusive breastfeeding as no additional liquids. Our findings also indicate an early shift in feeding patterns, consistent with the study by Tongchom et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], which showed that formula feeding tends to replace breast milk, particularly among mixed-fed infants after three months of age. This transition may be influenced by the duration of maternity leave, perceived milk insufficiency, and sociocultural factors shaping feeding decisions. Around one-fifth of the infants in this survey started complementary feeding before the WHO recommendation of 24 weeks of age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Most of these infants started complementary food after 20 weeks, which was still within the multi-society recommendation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. This pattern suggests that although some caregivers introduce complementary foods earlier than WHO guidance, their practices still fall within internationally accepted evidence-based ranges. Early initiation within this window has been shown not to adversely affect growth or allergy risk when developmentally appropriate, highlighting the importance of individualized, readiness-based feeding guidance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, this study provides valuable insight into the prevalence and natural course of DGBI and feeding practices during early infancy in a Thai population. Using a longitudinal design with serial follow-up from two to 24 weeks of age, the study captured dynamic changes in gastrointestinal symptoms and feeding transitions within a real-world setting. The prospective data collection, and application of standardized Rome IV diagnostic criteria strengthen the validity and generalizability of the findings. Moreover, concurrent assessment of feeding type, milk intake, and growth outcomes allowed for comprehensive evaluation of potential associations. However, several limitations should be noted. The study relied on caregiver-reported symptoms, which may be subject to recall or reporting bias. Also, hospital-based recruitment may also limit representativeness compared with community populations. Furthermore, biological markers such as gut microbiota composition, gastrointestinal motility indices, or hormonal profiles were not assessed, limiting mechanistic interpretation. Future studies should incorporate objective biomarkers, longitudinal microbiome analyses, and cross-cultural comparisons to elucidate the biological pathways underlying early-life DGBI and its association with early life nutrition. Interventional studies evaluating targeted feeding guidance or probiotic supplementation may also help identify strategies to prevent or mitigate gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that DGBI in early infancy, particularly regurgitation, are common but self-limiting conditions that improve with age and gastrointestinal maturation. Colic and constipation were rare, while dyschezia and bloating were transient. Feeding patterns influenced symptom occurrence early in life, but infant age remained the main determinant over time. These findings highlight the developmental nature of early gastrointestinal symptoms and emphasize the need for caregiver reassurance and supportive feeding guidance rather than unnecessary interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eBMI, body mass index\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI, confidence intervals\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDGBI, disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGEE, generalized estimating equations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eICH-GCP, International Council for Harmonisation\u0026ndash;Good Clinical Practice\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLFA, length for age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVAS, visual analogue scale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWFA, weight for age\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWFL, weight for length\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (IRB No. 956/64; COA No. 0055/2022). The study was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation\u0026ndash;Good Clinical Practice (ICH-GCP) guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of all participating infants after the study procedures had been fully explained by the research team\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDe-identified data, the study codebook, and analytic code can be made available upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was partially funded by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food \u0026amp; Fibre Futures Partnership program. SG was employed by Dairy Goat Co-operative at the time of the study. Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited had no influence on data collection and analysis, or the interpretation and decision to publish results. The researchers operated with full academic independence throughout the study duration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOS, SG, and SC were responsible for the study conception and design. Data collection was undertaken by OS, EM, NK, and the TIGER study team. OS, JS and SC conducted the data analysis and interpretation. OS prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and SC provided substantial revisions. EM and SG reviewed and commented on subsequent drafts. All authors approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by the Ratchadapiseksompotch Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University (Grant No. RA65/022), as well as by Dairy Goat Co-operative (N.Z.) Limited and the New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries through the Caprine Innovations NZ Sustainable Food \u0026amp; Fibre Futures Partnership program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors most appreciate the dedication of the TIGER study team (Nathawan Khunsri, Siriporn Khabuan, Siriluck Poonkatkij, Apichaya Khowijitpaisal, Umroh laman from the Center of Excellence in Pediatric Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Duangporn Maitreechit from\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003eLactation clinic, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital)\u003csup\u003e \u003c/sup\u003ein recruitment and data collection. We sincerely thank Professor Chitsanu Pancharoen and the team at Chula Kids Club for their essential support in participant recruitment. The contributions of Pol. Col. Apiwat Chunsangfah and Pol. Lt. Col. Warangkana Raveesiri from the Police General Hospital in assisting with recruitment are also gratefully acknowledged. The authors are deeply grateful to all participating children and their families for their willingness and cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchmulson MJ, Drossman DA (2017). What Is New in Rome IV. J Neurogastroenterol Motil;23(2):151-63. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm16214 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVandenplas Y, Hauser B, Salvatore S (2019). Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy: Impact on the Health of the Infant and Family. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology \u0026amp; nutrition;22(3):207-16. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2019.22.3.207 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChia LW, Nguyen TVH, Phan VN, Luu TTN, Nguyen GK, Tan SY, et al. (2022). Prevalence and risk factors of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Vietnamese infants and young children. BMC Pediatrics;22(1):315. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03378-z \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang Y, Tan SY, Parikh P, Buthmanaban V, Rajindrajith S, Benninga MA (2021). Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and young children in China. BMC Pediatrics;21(1):131. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02610-6 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScarpato E, Salvatore S, Romano C, Bruzzese D, Ferrara D, Inferrera R, et al. (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study in Italian Infants and Young Children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;76(2):e27-e35. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000003653 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZeevenhooven J, Koppen IJ, Benninga MA (2017). The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr;20(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2017.20.1.1 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbrahamsson TR, Wu RY, Sherman PM (2017). Microbiota in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy: Implications for Management. Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser;88:107-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455219 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDrossman DA (2016). Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.032 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoltmann G, Shah A, Morrison M (2017). Pathophysiology of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Holistic Overview. Dig Dis;35 Suppl 1:5-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485409 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaro Y. (1973).Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. 3rd Edition, Harper \u0026amp; Row Ltd., New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Bureau of Registration Administration T (2022). Official Statistics from Civil Registration [cited 2022 4 January]. Available from: https://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/statnew/statMONTH/statmonth/#/mainpage.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomas Berube L, Gross R, Messito MJ, Deierlein A, Katzow M, Woolf K (2018). Concerns About Current Breast Milk Intake Measurement for Population-Based Studies. J Acad Nutr Diet;118(10):1827-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.06.010 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuth A. Lawrence RML. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePannee Pornprachanuvat IoN, Mahidol University, Thailand,. INMUCAL-Nutrients V.4.0. 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuysentruyt K, Koppen I, Benninga M, Cattaert T, Cheng J, De Geyter C, et al. (2019). The Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale: A Study on Interobserver Reliability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;68(2):207-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000002153 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenninga MA, Faure C, Hyman PE, St James Roberts I, Schechter NL, Nurko S (2016). Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler. Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.016 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO (2022). Child Growth Standards: WHO Anthro Survey Analyser and other tools [Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/child-growth-standards/software.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChew KS, Em JM, Koay ZL, Jalaludin MY, Ng RT, Lum LCS, Lee WS (2021). Low prevalence of infantile functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Pediatr Neonatol;62(1):49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.08.009 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuhardi L, Aw MM, Hasosah M, Ng RT, Chong SY, Hegar B, et al. (2021). A Narrative Review on the Update in the Prevalence of Infantile Colic, Regurgitation, and Constipation in Young Children: Implications of the ROME IV Criteria. Front Pediatr;9:778747. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.778747 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLestari LA, Rizal AN, Damayanti W, Wibowo Y, Ming C, Vandenplas Y (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants in Indonesia. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr;26(1):58-69. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2023.26.1.58 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIndrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Cavallo L, Francavilla R (2009). Regurgitation in healthy and non healthy infants. Ital J Pediatr;35(1):39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-35-39 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteutel NF, Zeevenhooven J, Scarpato E, Vandenplas Y, Tabbers MM, Staiano A, Benninga MA (2020). Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in European Infants and Toddlers. J Pediatr;221:107-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.02.076 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaaleman DF, Wegh CAM, de Leeuw TJM, van Etten-Jamaludin FS, Vaughan EE, Schoterman MHC, et al. (2023). What are Normal Defecation Patterns in Healthy Children up to Four Years of Age? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr;261:113559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113559 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ccedil;amurdan AD, Beyazova U, \u0026Ouml;zkan S, Tun\u0026ccedil; VT (2014). Defecation patterns of the infants mainly breastfed from birth till the 12th month: Prospective cohort study. Turk J Gastroenterol;25 Suppl 1:1-5. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2014.5218 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHyams JS, Treem WR, Etienne NL, Weinerman H, MacGilpin D, Hine P, et al. (1995). Effect of infant formula on stool characteristics of young infants. Pediatrics;95(1):50-4. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLasekan JB, Hustead DS, Masor M, Murray R (2017). Impact of palm olein in infant formulas on stool consistency and frequency: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Nutr Res;61(1):1330104. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1330104 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eManios Y, Karaglani E, Thijs-Verhoeven I, Vlachopapadopoulou E, Papazoglou A, Maragoudaki E, et al. (2020). Effect of milk fat-based infant formulae on stool fatty acid soaps and calcium excretion in healthy term infants: two double-blind randomised cross-over trials. BMC Nutr;6:46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-020-00365-4 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Statistical Office of Thailand UNsCF (2022). Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey [Available from: https://www.unicef.org/thailand/reports/thailand-multiple-indicator-cluster-survey-2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTongchom W, Pongcharoen T, Judprasong K, Udomkesmalee E, Kriengsinyos W, Winichagoon P (2020). Human Milk Intake of Thai Breastfed Infants During the First 6 Months Using the Dose-to-Mother Deuterium Dilution Method. Food Nutr Bull;41(3):343-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572120943092 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. WHO Guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.; 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domell\u0026ouml;f M, Embleton N, Fidler Mis N, et al. (2017). Complementary Feeding: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr;64(1):119-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0000000000001454 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVassilopoulou E, Feketea G, Pagkalos I, Rallis D, Milani GP, Agostoni C, et al. (2024). Complementary Feeding Practices: Recommendations of Pediatricians for Infants with and without Allergy Risk. Nutrients;16(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16020239 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"infant regurgitation, predominantly breastfeeding, formula feeding, disorders of gut-brain interaction, DGBI","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9217894/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9217894/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePurposes: \u003c/strong\u003eDisorders of Gut-Brain Interaction (DGBI) are major concerns for families, affecting their quality of life. We aimed to examine the prevalence of DGBI in early infancy and their associations with feeding practices and growth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA prospective longitudinal survey was conducted among healthy full-term Thai infants. Feeding practices, and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed via telephone interviews at ages 2,4,6,9,12,16, and 24 weeks. DGBI were diagnosed based on Rome IV criteria. Growth parameters were obtained from routine vaccination records (9, 16, and 24 weeks).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e A total of 483 infants [51% female; mean age 2.1 (95% CI 2.1-2.2) weeks] were enrolled, 40.2% were predominantly breastfed until 24 weeks. Formula intake increased from 16.1% (95% CI 13.8–18.4%) of total milk volume at 2 weeks to 46.3% (42.0–50.5%) at 24 weeks. Infant regurgitation prevalence peaked at 6 weeks (8.6%) and declined to 2% at 24 weeks. Regurgitation frequency also peaked at 6 weeks (10 episodes/week; 95% CI 8.7–11.2) and decreased with age (mean change −0.22 episodes/week; 95% CI −0.26 to −0.19). Regurgitation frequency did not differ by feeding practices and was not associated with growth parameters. The prevalence of bloating and dyschezia was highest at 4 weeks (10.3% and 9.2%, respectively) and significantly declined overtime. The prevalence of infantile colic was low (1.4%), and no infants were diagnosed with functional constipation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: Infant regurgitation peaked at 6 weeks and diminished over time, independent of feeding practices and growth. These findings highlight the importance of providing reassurance for families. \u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration\u003c/strong\u003e: TCTR20220215012, 15 February 2022\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Longitudinal Survey of Disorders of Gut Brain Interaction from Birth to 24 weeks and their Associations with Feeding Practices","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-04 09:47:44","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9217894/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-22T12:51:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T11:37:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T07:56:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-02T01:43:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Pediatrics","date":"2026-04-02T01:38:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-pediatrics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bped","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Pediatrics](http://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/bped/default.aspx","title":"BMC Pediatrics","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"70de3db4-9db7-4955-bb17-37616430fe6a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 4th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T09:47:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-04 09:47:44","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9217894","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9217894","identity":"rs-9217894","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}