COVID-19 vaccination atlas: an integrative systems vaccinology approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article COVID-19 vaccination atlas: an integrative systems vaccinology approach Gustavo Cabral-Miranda, Wasim Prates-Syed, Dennyson Fonseca, Shahab Pour, and 16 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4656840/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in npj Vaccines → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The COVID-19 vaccinations have played a significant role in controlling the pandemic. To elucidate their impact on the immune system, a COVID-19 vaccination atlas was developed through an integrative systems vaccinology approach. The atlas includes both healthy individuals and those infected with or without prior vaccination, and covers the administration of five vaccines in different regimens: Covilo®, Zifivax®, Vaxzebria® or Covishield®, Spikevax®, and Comirnaty®. Critical markers were identified to discriminate the different types of vaccines and infection, in which infection was associated with GATA3, ZNF3, KMT2A, ASXL1, SP100, and GZMM, and vaccine types were marked by ITGAM, ACTG1, LGALS3, and STAT5B. Additionally, the immunological signatures of heterologous vaccination and infection were described, and it was also shown how a full vaccination regimen markedly limited the shift of immune responses during natural infection, thereby constraining disease progression. Finally, the common transcripts shared across COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines against other pathogens were described. Biological sciences/Immunology/Vaccines Health sciences/Medical research Full Text Additional Declarations (Not answered) Supplementary Files 01Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 02Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 03Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 04Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 05Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 06Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 07Supplementaryfiguresimagens6.jpg 08Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg 09Supplementaryfiguresimagens.jpg SupplementaryMaterialCovid19vaccinationatlas.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in npj Vaccines → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 20 Sep, 2024 Review # 2 received at journal 01 Aug, 2024 Review # 1 received at journal 22 Jul, 2024 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2024 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2024 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 03 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 28 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4656840","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":326762961,"identity":"c00bad2b-c47d-4819-9271-46303f944a18","order_by":0,"name":"Gustavo 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