Enhanced Plasmon-Induced Transparency for Slow-Light Applications in an Ingenious Architecture of Asymmetrical Square Ring Resonators Integrated with Optical Switching and its high effect on the performance of a proposed index sensor and all optical logical Gates

Enhanced Plasmon-Induced Transparency for Slow-Light Applications in an Ingenious Architecture of Asymmetrical Square Ring Resonators Integrated with Optical Switching and its high effect on the performance of a proposed index sensor and all optical logical Gates | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Enhanced Plasmon-Induced Transparency for Slow-Light Applications in an Ingenious Architecture of Asymmetrical Square Ring Resonators Integrated with Optical Switching and its high effect on the performance of a proposed index sensor and all optical logical Gates Elnaz Gholizade, Behnam Jafari, Hadi Soofi, Saeed Golmohammadi1, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6693921/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This Study proposes an asymmetrically coupled square ring resonator coupled to a metal-insulator metal waveguide to optimize slow-light manipulation and refractive index sensing based on plasmon-induced transparency. The asymmetrical design facilitates differential excitation of the incoming light and the induced plasmons and thus interference patterns, which are responsible for power enhancement in certain input ports while blocking others. This mechanism gives higher delay times and pronounced slow-light effects. This, in turn, has greatly enhanced the sensitivity and figures of merit compared to the symmetrical structure, which suffers from lower delay times that reduce sensitivity. Such a dynamical process may result in different output modes with distinct resonator wavelengths depending on the size and propagation delays. 3D FDTD simulations indicate significant sensitivity enhancement with FOMs of 1900, 2000, 1600, and 1600 for the different modes featuring an ng of 95 and a corresponding delay of 34. These results further pinpoint the capabilities of the asymmetrical structure to work as a versatile sensor and optical switch, opening new ways toward ultra-compact devices for biomedical sensing, environmental monitoring, and high-speed communications. The multi-mode features of the output slow light system which originated from Asymmetrical SRRs lead to its tunability to be adjusted in any wavelength of interest in which specific modes have specified delay time, group index, FOM, sensitivity, and phase shift, which can be chosen from a wide range of 200 to 2000 nm included telecommunication band, moreover in this study reaching to negative delay time which originates from negative group velocity (Index) cause to the phase velocity of the SPPs waves can exceed the speed of light in vacuum, leading to unusual propagation characteristic in one hand and Superluminal Propagation in another hand enrich its performance and FOM in terms of optical switching and high modulation speed. The proposed structure presents a groundbreaking advancement in the fields of optical encoders, logically integrated circuits, and optical computing, opening new possibilities for enhanced functionality and innovation. Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Imaging and sensing Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Optical manipulation and tweezers Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Nonlinear optics Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Slow light Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Physical sciences/Physics Plasmon-Induced Transparency (PIT) plasmonic delay time phase shift group velocity Metal-Insulator-Metal MIM Waveguide Refractive Index Sensing Slow-Light Applications Square Ring Resonator Resonators Logical Gate XOR XNOR encoder Fabry-Perot Interferometer Interferometer optical logical gate sensor nanostructure multifunction nanostructure optical computing logically integrated circuits. Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6693921","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":472061636,"identity":"80d0c60e-a353-41c5-81a1-e05b8f8fc422","order_by":0,"name":"Elnaz Gholizade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Tabriz","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elnaz","middleName":"","lastName":"Gholizade","suffix":""},{"id":472061637,"identity":"f74bf993-304f-4c25-a50c-6b049323abb4","order_by":1,"name":"Behnam 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Metal-Insulator-Metal, MIM, Waveguide, Refractive Index Sensing, Slow-Light Applications, Square Ring Resonator, Resonators, Logical Gate, XOR, XNOR, encoder, Fabry-Perot, Interferometer, Interferometer, optical logical gate, sensor, nanostructure, multifunction nanostructure, optical computing, logically integrated circuits.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6693921/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6693921/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis Study proposes an asymmetrically coupled square ring resonator coupled to a metal-insulator metal waveguide to optimize slow-light manipulation and refractive index sensing based on plasmon-induced transparency. The asymmetrical design facilitates differential excitation of the incoming light and the induced plasmons and thus interference patterns, which are responsible for power enhancement in certain input ports while blocking others. This mechanism gives higher delay times and pronounced slow-light effects. This, in turn, has greatly enhanced the sensitivity and figures of merit compared to the symmetrical structure, which suffers from lower delay times that reduce sensitivity. Such a dynamical process may result in different output modes with distinct resonator wavelengths depending on the size and propagation delays. 3D FDTD simulations indicate significant sensitivity enhancement with FOMs of 1900, 2000, 1600, and 1600 for the different modes featuring an ng of 95 and a corresponding delay of 34. 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The proposed structure presents a groundbreaking advancement in the fields of optical encoders, logically integrated circuits, and optical computing, opening new possibilities for enhanced functionality and innovation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced Plasmon-Induced Transparency for Slow-Light Applications in an Ingenious Architecture of Asymmetrical Square Ring Resonators Integrated with Optical Switching and its high effect on the performance of a proposed index sensor and all optical logical Gates","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-17 17:19:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6693921/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f2b82640-7531-415d-b18a-e7a3a9b062a4","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 17th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":50130396,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering"},{"id":50130397,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Applied optics"},{"id":50130398,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Imaging and sensing"},{"id":50130399,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Optical techniques/Optical manipulation and tweezers"},{"id":50130400,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Nonlinear optics"},{"id":50130401,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics"},{"id":50130402,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics/Slow light"},{"id":50130403,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":50130404,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"},{"id":50130405,"name":"Physical sciences/Optics and photonics"},{"id":50130406,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-13T14:54:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-17 17:19:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6693921","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6693921","identity":"rs-6693921","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}