Improving the efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) based on TiO 2 using Rhodamine B, Allura Red and Janus Green as photosensitizers

Improving the efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) based on TiO 2 using Rhodamine B, Allura Red and Janus Green as photosensitizers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Improving the efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) based on TiO 2 using Rhodamine B, Allura Red and Janus Green as photosensitizers Jai Lalita, K. R. Genwa This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538416/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The existence of energy resources in a nation has a significant role in its development. Therefore, to meet energy demand on time, it is imperative to identify the most suitable alternative findings for enhancing energy supplies. In this direction, several metal-free dyes have been used in the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) development. These dyes are thought to be appealing for the operation of DSSCs due to their superior light-absorbing capacity in the red and near-IR regions, photostability, and redox stability. DSSC is an inexpensive type of solar cell. In this research paper, Rhodamine B, Allura red and Janus green dyes for TiO₂-based DSSCs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterize the TiO₂ semiconducting plates surface morphology and crystalline structure of the material, and UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to check dye degradation and stability. Different electrical parameters for DSCC have been assessed. DSSC fabricated with Rhodamine B, Allura red and Janus green contained dye solutions dissolved in three different solvents, i.e., distilled water, ethanol and DMSO. The fill factor, conversion efficiency, and characteristic resistance of the cell were calculated. As a result, for the Dye Janus Green + KCl in the ethanol system, the highest electrical performance was 1598 mV and 2.365 mA/cm², which corresponded to a solar conversion efficiency of 2.832%. This result was supported by the SEM analysis; the sample calcined at 500°C for 60 minutes had the highest active surface area. A higher active surface area enabled more dye with potassium chloride solution and electrolyte to be stored inside the material so that photo adsorptions from solar power became more effective, resulting in higher efficiency. Titanium dioxide Organic Dyes DSSC DMSO Conversion efficiency Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 21 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 20 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7538416","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":521453788,"identity":"5e34ff19-9696-4a05-924e-22ab8916b8e6","order_by":0,"name":"Jai Lalita","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jai Narain Vyas University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jai","middleName":"","lastName":"Lalita","suffix":""},{"id":521453789,"identity":"e5b98659-4385-4618-b902-938390dd6d44","order_by":1,"name":"K. R. Genwa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAApElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCRDB2GDDwHAAjIjXkka6lsPEqgcCydnHLzD83HFeju9GAuPhAmK0SPPlFDD2nrltLHkjgeHwDGK0yPHwJDAztt1O3ADSwkOClnP1xGuR5mE/ANRyIMGAaC2SPTwMB3vbkg1nnnnYQJwWiTPsDx/8bLOT5zuefPgzUVoYGHgMDkAYjA3EaWBgYH9ArMpRMApGwSgYqQAACiQ0B6oNHqkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Jai Narain Vyas University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"K.","middleName":"R.","lastName":"Genwa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-04 17:53:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538416/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538416/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92695052,"identity":"049eec06-0f07-4595-bd66-1643fd601ffe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-03 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Therefore, to meet energy demand on time, it is imperative to identify the most suitable alternative findings for enhancing energy supplies. In this direction, several metal-free dyes have been used in the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) development. These dyes are thought to be appealing for the operation of DSSCs due to their superior light-absorbing capacity in the red and near-IR regions, photostability, and redox stability. DSSC is an inexpensive type of solar cell. In this research paper, Rhodamine B, Allura red and Janus green dyes for TiO₂-based DSSCs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) were used to characterize the TiO₂ semiconducting plates surface morphology and crystalline structure of the material, and UV-Visible spectroscopy was used to check dye degradation and stability. Different electrical parameters for DSCC have been assessed. DSSC fabricated with Rhodamine B, Allura red and Janus green contained dye solutions dissolved in three different solvents, i.e., distilled water, ethanol and DMSO. The fill factor, conversion efficiency, and characteristic resistance of the cell were calculated. As a result, for the Dye Janus Green + KCl in the ethanol system, the highest electrical performance was 1598 mV and 2.365 mA/cm², which corresponded to a solar conversion efficiency of 2.832%. This result was supported by the SEM analysis; the sample calcined at 500°C for 60 minutes had the highest active surface area. A higher active surface area enabled more dye with potassium chloride solution and electrolyte to be stored inside the material so that photo adsorptions from solar power became more effective, resulting in higher efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Improving the efficiency of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) based on TiO 2 using Rhodamine B, Allura Red and Janus Green as photosensitizers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-03 06:39:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7538416/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-14T11:09:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T11:43:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236245529920970440002908316653744914886","date":"2025-10-09T08:09:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"180653012660348529053960401662869274900","date":"2025-10-07T05:31:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-05T11:04:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"63291604208992830736992003762861096915","date":"2025-09-27T09:40:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T11:17:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-22T03:57:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","date":"2025-09-20T04:11:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"materials-for-renewable-and-sustainable-energy","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy](https://link.springer.com/journal/40243)","snPcode":"40243","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40243/3","title":"Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3acc969c-0660-4bce-9cfa-e8b8a5c2aa2e","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-07T11:09:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-03 06:39:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7538416","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7538416","identity":"rs-7538416","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}