Controlling the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of novel quaternary chalcogenide CuSbSnS₃ using different sulphurizing agents

Controlling the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of novel quaternary chalcogenide CuSbSnS₃ using different sulphurizing agents | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Controlling the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of novel quaternary chalcogenide CuSbSnS₃ using different sulphurizing agents Atef Y. Shenouda, Moustafa M.S. Sanad, Mostafa S. Eraky This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742233/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 16 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Copper Antimony Tin Sulphide (CATS, CuSbSnS₃) was produced through both hydrothermal and solid-state synthesis routes, employing various sulfur precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the development of a polycrystalline CuSbSnS₃ phase, with thiourea (TU) synthesis delivering the most well-defined crystal structures. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses revealed nanocrystalline morphologies, with flake-like particles of ~ 60 nm and uniformly agglomerated nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 10 nm, indicating distinct size distributions. Optical studies showed a suitable band gap range (1.25–1.70 eV), with enhanced light absorption in the 480–1000 nm region. Post-annealing treatments improved the electrical conductivity, as a result of reduced resistivity, and inhibited grain growth. Photo-electrochemical analysis under light irradiation indicated that TU-sourced CATS exhibited superior charge transport behavior, achieving the lowest charge transfer resistance (50 Ω), highest conductivity (9.41 × 10⁶ Ω⁻¹·cm⁻¹), carrier mobility (2.50 × 10⁵ cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹), and bulk carrier concentration (2.35 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³). As a result, the TU-derived CATS achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 7.77%, highlighting its strong promise for photoelectric and solar energy applications. CuSbSnS3 (CATS) energy harvesting electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) I-V parameters Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 01 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 20 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7742233","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":532440733,"identity":"9da8377d-6c3c-45b3-a085-6976ef2c9d04","order_by":0,"name":"Atef Y. 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agents","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"CuSbSnS3 (CATS), energy harvesting, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC), I-V parameters","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742233/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742233/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCopper Antimony Tin Sulphide (CATS, CuSbSnS₃) was produced through both hydrothermal and solid-state synthesis routes, employing various sulfur precursors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the development of a polycrystalline CuSbSnS₃ phase, with thiourea (TU) synthesis delivering the most well-defined crystal structures. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses revealed nanocrystalline morphologies, with flake-like particles of ~\u0026thinsp;60 nm and uniformly agglomerated nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 10 nm, indicating distinct size distributions. Optical studies showed a suitable band gap range (1.25\u0026ndash;1.70 eV), with enhanced light absorption in the 480\u0026ndash;1000 nm region. Post-annealing treatments improved the electrical conductivity, as a result of reduced resistivity, and inhibited grain growth. Photo-electrochemical analysis under light irradiation indicated that TU-sourced CATS exhibited superior charge transport behavior, achieving the lowest charge transfer resistance (50 Ω), highest conductivity (9.41 \u0026times; 10⁶ Ω⁻\u0026sup1;\u0026middot;cm⁻\u0026sup1;), carrier mobility (2.50 \u0026times; 10⁵ cm\u0026sup2;\u0026middot;V⁻\u0026sup1;\u0026middot;s⁻\u0026sup1;), and bulk carrier concentration (2.35 \u0026times; 10\u0026sup2;⁰ cm⁻\u0026sup3;). As a result, the TU-derived CATS achieved the highest power conversion efficiency of 7.77%, highlighting its strong promise for photoelectric and solar energy applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Controlling the physicochemical and optoelectronic properties of novel quaternary chalcogenide CuSbSnS₃ using different sulphurizing agents","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-23 18:57:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7742233/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-01T20:00:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T16:51:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-20T09:51:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T15:33:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-17T05:05:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-15T04:37:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"252518922405614061370421475156001418104","date":"2025-10-09T06:39:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"192560321614873811005589589328609732564","date":"2025-10-09T04:45:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"88271338307624518449695794256953849824","date":"2025-10-09T01:36:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"114409169941452598692055291830911036748","date":"2025-10-09T00:17:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"290656841305984604307848230180788170182","date":"2025-10-08T23:53:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"309754497931320787769425293665316962616","date":"2025-10-08T23:24:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T23:19:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T06:27:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T06:26:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ionics","date":"2025-09-29T12:39:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ionics","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Ionics](https://www.springer.com/journal/11581) ","snPcode":"11581","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ionics","title":"Ionics","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"abcb38f1-6661-462f-9a4a-c61a3a492784","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-31T11:38:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-23 18:57:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7742233","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7742233","identity":"rs-7742233","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}