Finite Element Analysis of Two-Piece Cardan Shafts Using Conventional and Composite Materials

Finite Element Analysis of Two-Piece Cardan Shafts Using Conventional and Composite Materials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Finite Element Analysis of Two-Piece Cardan Shafts Using Conventional and Composite Materials Noha Muhammad Abd Elsalam, Ahmed Abdullah Hussien, Noha M. Abdeltawab, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the structural and modal behavior of two-piece cardan shafts constructed from conventional and composite materials. Material selection included Steel SM45C, Hardox 400, Stainless Steel, and two composite coatings Carbon Epoxy and E-Glass Polyester applied on a steel core. Finite element analyses in ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2 were conducted to assess the cardan shaft's total deformation, shear stress, maximum principal stress, strain energy, and natural frequency. Under torsional loading of 1250 N·mm at 2000 rpm, Hardox 400 showed the highest total deformation of 0.778 mm, while Steel SM45C had the lowest at 0.398 mm. Maximum principal stresses ranged between 2.4041 MPa (Stainless Steel) and 3.1634 MPa (E-Glass Polyester). Modal analysis revealed that Hardox 400 displayed the lowest fundamental natural frequency at 1191.1 Hz, while Carbon Epoxy exhibited the highest at 952.96 Hz. Across higher-order modes up to Mode 16, Carbon Epoxy and Stainless Steel consistently yielded the highest natural frequencies (~ 8802.3 Hz), while Hardox 400 showed the most compliant behavior (~ 5314.5 Hz). These findings highlight that material selection greatly influences dynamic performance, making composite and stainless-steel coatings promising for lightweight, high-speed automotive driveshafts. Cardan shaft SOLIDWORKS finite elements analysis Ansys composite material hardox400 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7777720","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":533897134,"identity":"33c1226e-a2e4-4396-ba06-314fdd69e8f6","order_by":0,"name":"Noha Muhammad Abd Elsalam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Canadian International College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noha","middleName":"Muhammad Abd","lastName":"Elsalam","suffix":""},{"id":533897135,"identity":"2f466e9c-00cc-4bcc-85a6-3c8afdb9f977","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed Abdullah Hussien","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technology and Education Faculties Helwan University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"Abdullah","lastName":"Hussien","suffix":""},{"id":533897136,"identity":"766961bd-bf30-480a-9eec-52e9431953ef","order_by":2,"name":"Noha M. Abdeltawab","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"German University in Cairo","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noha","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Abdeltawab","suffix":""},{"id":533897137,"identity":"2a3cd073-5a9e-4c92-b84e-28061fdfa814","order_by":3,"name":"M. Ali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Higher Technological Institute (HTI)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"M.","middleName":"","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":533897138,"identity":"a4dee477-2f2f-4b9b-bf79-5bf3a70e33aa","order_by":4,"name":"Mahmoud A. Essam","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Higher Technological Institute (HTI)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmoud","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Essam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-04 06:23:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":94450769,"identity":"85a1a1f3-a35a-4e8d-b53e-0914cd76c526","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:35","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4098159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptfile.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/2282b16abad911e5a3b1172e.docx"},{"id":94451791,"identity":"91ef0496-1854-4cd2-a696-73288f440817","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:23","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"5dac027514f44cf9b32f268b9e3b3930.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/1293db268a85cdce133f80e0.json"},{"id":94450888,"identity":"8514f037-964a-4053-8e8a-6ed22489f3c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:39","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":138030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"5dac027514f44cf9b32f268b9e3b39301enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/594b79ead30094a73bdc7d76.xml"},{"id":94450891,"identity":"ec17c3e3-903a-48be-9712-bea485d37cf3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/8117f86acd190ff97d10741b.jpeg"},{"id":94450073,"identity":"9cb0d899-8c50-4601-9562-c8411a3d5a89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:38:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189150,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/466ff7e0d410a3383794a015.jpeg"},{"id":94451435,"identity":"883257b3-4f7d-4b9a-b4ab-737fe31c9b8f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179309,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d56c94c64284496ea6963ad5.jpeg"},{"id":94451119,"identity":"e3790534-4ce3-4e12-bda5-8a420b8eca7b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":181926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/9c58d27d1c5cd0995ebdaf32.jpeg"},{"id":94450377,"identity":"85c8d5c8-2aa1-408b-b085-b6ef44ccf78b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":179426,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/082c92eb24352acef0a16bef.jpeg"},{"id":94451252,"identity":"62af0fa3-6f55-4233-8dd7-075902e7add3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:59","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182123,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/97249931cf8163bcecf31146.jpeg"},{"id":94450692,"identity":"0666edf5-4cc8-4b76-94bf-6bbaa82bef0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":180896,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/47b072b69380281ffb306109.jpeg"},{"id":94451633,"identity":"f414c5b5-0745-497a-9ce9-bd1c512ae3de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":191874,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/25210400b3771a82c2852d2d.jpeg"},{"id":94450834,"identity":"36163e88-feb9-4ce6-a95f-69b490e192d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3ad76cfc1b2f96f693b84dea.jpeg"},{"id":94450767,"identity":"242f1c39-33f3-457d-9566-eb0e88d3408c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189184,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/24fe96fca672e2227c2bb580.jpeg"},{"id":94451639,"identity":"7973cb5a-fe3b-4905-bbc0-a6725eed4a75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187910,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/2b2422241b23febdd6b84155.jpeg"},{"id":94489727,"identity":"690c4b15-632c-48e6-aec2-fa4628f10dad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":109088,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/8a54af89f92dab91e3c18e16.jpeg"},{"id":94451123,"identity":"a6311b6d-f35f-4416-aec4-a427fde51bb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:51","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":185781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/0824cd32b192cc863be1f5e4.jpeg"},{"id":94451148,"identity":"45a61081-ab49-4ec6-86e0-54019f77f011","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":197467,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage21.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d58f0793eacf1c18fcac4f21.jpeg"},{"id":94451130,"identity":"fcb10029-76cc-4d2f-9673-a588c74aaa77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189685,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage22.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/29857aa32c271212c82dfafc.jpeg"},{"id":94451189,"identity":"7dbd1892-95c7-40b7-9256-cb33cfeabfdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":195987,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage23.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/df1abe1708820a875601f4b1.jpeg"},{"id":94451143,"identity":"e2fa9a46-7fb9-4b1e-900f-9e9b407cf2d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190840,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage24.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3d8589c5fbaaeb2fb716eb6c.jpeg"},{"id":94451635,"identity":"30c366dd-22bb-4a7c-8dde-bb68e61ef262","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":197139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage25.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/53b9d1fbaabe65a0cf40c5bc.jpeg"},{"id":94450699,"identity":"c7835f99-93a1-40b3-b062-024096276abd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage26.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/2b9e91d329d677aaf82505af.jpeg"},{"id":94451522,"identity":"91c5294b-5e2e-46f8-b908-1ad3151819cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":188865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage27.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/05d3987b6f21bdfddcd7f8e1.jpeg"},{"id":94451496,"identity":"189809fa-c897-4065-9156-020028238e83","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":201414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage28.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/c6576ff8a4f99de3ee911080.jpeg"},{"id":94450753,"identity":"6b83c570-cb0e-4e93-85e4-d676e0e57610","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:34","extension":"jpeg","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189986,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage29.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/f3332968644bdd1c2276eb83.jpeg"},{"id":94450688,"identity":"3d9f041b-c950-4115-ac97-0010d4dd560e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:31","extension":"jpeg","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":145332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/1c98afcc1ed0b40c93ceedc1.jpeg"},{"id":94489357,"identity":"0336a35f-3f36-4bdd-a814-6aed84a2c4c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:04:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":194306,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage30.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/df170c6c6903b185b0f8b2de.jpeg"},{"id":94451182,"identity":"3977040f-f67e-4a67-bdc6-ae00cbe6b972","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":209334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage31.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/6c0407cdb411cc38c617152e.jpeg"},{"id":94451273,"identity":"619b5dfb-b063-4ae1-a642-9422a5b92666","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":192173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage32.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3cca7798a92bf179b04891f3.jpeg"},{"id":94451157,"identity":"1ab49c68-c817-4fff-a7d7-f441efb12053","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage33.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d0e83510d5bfb2b347b1827f.jpeg"},{"id":94450823,"identity":"a34b6a7c-8de2-450d-b7a5-d59c4a057150","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage34.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/bf4e8af3baa8d6df691786b7.jpeg"},{"id":94451443,"identity":"6cceb1f6-ee30-45b4-856c-e75b6906ef9c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189367,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage35.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/19cc632c97122277cd1069dc.jpeg"},{"id":94450368,"identity":"7c9fa17a-ea68-4243-834f-c0928835e746","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage36.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/2c880da3563648eca2ac3e80.jpeg"},{"id":94489456,"identity":"ddad3eb8-6a2e-49d2-aa20-50a0cc2913cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:04:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":184384,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage37.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/f495667e6a472c8f009b742a.jpeg"},{"id":94451257,"identity":"27d7a7e5-f14c-4e55-851d-58c4654c3ec4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:59","extension":"jpeg","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":196008,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage38.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/bde4cf13564fac284c1d8180.jpeg"},{"id":94450900,"identity":"6baa7865-2c99-4b6d-aec2-f79062bfc738","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:39","extension":"jpeg","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":215508,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage39.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/e9fd34133458b28a7220c8aa.jpeg"},{"id":94451532,"identity":"de4469b9-276b-455e-a69c-226e2a491301","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86951,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d1185252c4918b2faf6852a2.jpeg"},{"id":94451151,"identity":"510ab749-042f-403c-b555-b0d21a6e7376","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"jpeg","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":196065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage40.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/54f9d7aac0e022800aa7d968.jpeg"},{"id":94451612,"identity":"56384b40-8c0b-48a3-a47c-78f752c1eca2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187614,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage41.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/f53f652cac797c8dc7d6377a.jpeg"},{"id":94451486,"identity":"ace14596-b4c9-43e2-bd69-0ad17be67ed1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":188925,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage42.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/8c25beb5eaad75bec97434e6.jpeg"},{"id":94451896,"identity":"f1dbf123-c921-4fe1-88f9-759160d80e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:28","extension":"jpeg","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":199888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage43.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/473d171ddff56a0a4a22cf88.jpeg"},{"id":94450792,"identity":"ca2c8bd9-906d-40d2-be05-0577df81e116","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":189980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage44.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/df630d53a9f755ccb808fb13.jpeg"},{"id":94451303,"identity":"9296c900-2c39-4373-8c72-e00876e62a3b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":190826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage45.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/0c5b09a16ea4be8cada88928.jpeg"},{"id":94451127,"identity":"4441a188-ab4f-43a8-89c7-df40dd9ad5d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":193234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage46.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/71f25f5308b3d52500822ebb.jpeg"},{"id":94451488,"identity":"605b3aee-a3f2-44b4-9b7a-bab7f556a428","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":195900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage47.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/90b238d08911ad29398f67ac.jpeg"},{"id":94450689,"identity":"d390ae61-c824-4151-852d-0e24a04b6679","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":204795,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage48.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/bc8e3dfb07bf812cb5c4bb88.jpeg"},{"id":94451280,"identity":"c0000b8e-c75b-4239-a0fd-ab8ea3dafd82","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"jpeg","order_by":46,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage49.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/1170ac6ba7e8ff58f6bbad88.jpeg"},{"id":94450711,"identity":"84f1419f-4a3a-4f3b-b5a9-a1745dadab2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":645382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/b5afea5721d42f90f94b3f08.jpeg"},{"id":94451137,"identity":"1a6d5eb4-5a41-4236-a8f2-08bf05180fc3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":48,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":162981,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/87b8e0a064b2bff4e8e3cb5f.jpeg"},{"id":94450771,"identity":"cfc59c24-9cd5-401a-8514-e9fd7049e44c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:35","extension":"jpeg","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":163954,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/b23f6373ab4fed90a6adf9ad.jpeg"},{"id":94451654,"identity":"20d60128-d8ad-4c00-8d8e-6bac1c178a9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":50,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/ecbb6a28ac15aa0eac79bfa2.jpeg"},{"id":94489650,"identity":"4e704c24-c2aa-4dec-9d79-8f887dc309be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:30","extension":"jpeg","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":198127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/46b99e56a2aff19ca9871987.jpeg"},{"id":94451517,"identity":"0b79dbcb-ef32-442f-a712-a02e7c7ac8fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:12","extension":"png","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/30a69360b6bb276726328daf.png"},{"id":94451399,"identity":"fec8e100-78ac-4281-ac5e-ef330e837ab0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:06","extension":"png","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33677,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/dd59cd12c64a9c5c935cfd3f.png"},{"id":94451652,"identity":"3193cbd9-0e8a-4b66-8c8b-f3710c2f3de9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:15","extension":"png","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29545,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/91b98f2463abcdbf2067fbfd.png"},{"id":94489555,"identity":"eea8f687-fe18-405a-bd05-928ee924f563","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:06","extension":"png","order_by":55,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29481,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/cc0964227cec326a9d7d2e71.png"},{"id":94451162,"identity":"d55477ee-85ff-4a14-bc5d-858317f35a4c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/ab4c34cfe913b3fcd9d6d8f0.png"},{"id":94450903,"identity":"09fa0ef9-9b5b-4875-816f-84179b0f979e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:39","extension":"png","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/a7406e077f79d3dc246afd90.png"},{"id":94451401,"identity":"93a38ebd-de2e-48b5-a847-7d9087006f11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:06","extension":"png","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3d4a330655a050a9ffaea3de.png"},{"id":94450714,"identity":"5709c6af-2c7e-43fc-91c9-220e90b500b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:33","extension":"png","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34392,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3f9ccf1593d7b9849a53d24b.png"},{"id":94451530,"identity":"38e43a92-4067-4822-b9b4-3b5f341d520e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:13","extension":"png","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/1fa7e2f67feafc8d459769e9.png"},{"id":94451290,"identity":"a4fe162f-29de-445e-a024-0487ec5303ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33510,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/63b481f809794b621680e7dd.png"},{"id":94451504,"identity":"2a66f89e-2377-4eb1-96e2-7a583d6fbd59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:12","extension":"png","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/5db7c270cb637170a32e94f5.png"},{"id":94450085,"identity":"fe76effc-71aa-484c-9a2f-39ce7a2819fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:38:57","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52647,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/c398552aec91bdf37263ea47.png"},{"id":94451737,"identity":"d97f9ce5-fe6d-4dce-b850-95bab2fb0b3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:20","extension":"png","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30612,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/8259c09597780c21b879531d.png"},{"id":94451277,"identity":"e92144f4-dc42-46aa-ba09-e511a51cf498","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"png","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/08a88f0c898775266f189545.png"},{"id":94450777,"identity":"7521db27-f7e4-48c8-ac9a-6b70864aea3c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:35","extension":"png","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/152c75bb9a3e4952a656c1f9.png"},{"id":94451288,"identity":"74ba2abd-cc1f-43a3-a0a1-011a80661615","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32565,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/64a850f4df53f677dfb89679.png"},{"id":94450702,"identity":"e57331eb-e158-4ce1-a8dc-e10e03131d10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:32","extension":"png","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/db98e1fea068ba9dadb0c7b0.png"},{"id":94451165,"identity":"3db37f57-37ca-4768-b6f9-d2654f480d1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/53f9949412d4d97c1cd641cc.png"},{"id":94450784,"identity":"701c0821-dca7-47f6-a6be-a4600d78ff1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:35","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29536,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/a94b53d7e822fe0365a9f58a.png"},{"id":94451601,"identity":"22e6758f-4d6a-43aa-8bd3-c8c083c1d7ec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:14","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/b135fa9d131ccb1c8b946705.png"},{"id":94450899,"identity":"15316169-4cdc-4f3c-a331-8f61dd81d78a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:39","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/3807b40a5be46483fe199967.png"},{"id":94451266,"identity":"1aecadca-856e-46f6-8471-077ff6bec06f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"png","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/c3c57c5ddc5979a248ea8271.png"},{"id":94489805,"identity":"a9df9b01-0b12-417d-b880-b2aba9c25e4f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:06:04","extension":"png","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44335,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/6af700a0c6e6dc0d3ffb777e.png"},{"id":94450905,"identity":"1a8a4d6c-415b-4378-83d6-dfa9a9eaa556","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:40","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32178,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/2e52277525947bc0806928c3.png"},{"id":94451839,"identity":"29536b7e-b342-4318-954f-69ea99afa651","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:26","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/5c8755d44bda026ada8886e0.png"},{"id":94489440,"identity":"0512882a-70f7-45db-a567-c5316fea633d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:04:43","extension":"png","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32052,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/e96143afab26fd9728642a60.png"},{"id":94451793,"identity":"6219b4ea-c281-4c79-b3f1-b17d0e6437a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:24","extension":"png","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/47ac8cd65584043bc9ece58b.png"},{"id":94451199,"identity":"6f6446a6-310d-4b5f-bb61-28ad4665fa60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:57","extension":"png","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/1e1a15d2259613b65c42fdf8.png"},{"id":94450103,"identity":"f5ad1a85-b73c-434f-bb82-f513e2ac4f3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:38:58","extension":"png","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32971,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/4178d4058eb29e0214ace5c0.png"},{"id":94451117,"identity":"648e9003-d82d-4157-bf09-1c099659ff7e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:51","extension":"png","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29622,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/fc78b979f89ad5a166aed4ce.png"},{"id":94489601,"identity":"8d582e59-177c-4ef4-b9b3-210e8273a2e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:15","extension":"png","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/c0d85a158685346336ab7c0f.png"},{"id":94489705,"identity":"fd70d365-a760-4a68-b768-f7d53907f3f8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 17:05:40","extension":"png","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32371,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage38.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/a272865ebe4b212f32c3cfb4.png"},{"id":94450721,"identity":"127d8c9b-3065-4f25-aba6-3d64e64926f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:34","extension":"png","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34621,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage39.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/009ce2e293398090a6bc7689.png"},{"id":94451159,"identity":"74bdd9bf-aebe-434e-847d-2d3969f01b07","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":45717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d510e34e64fa7a510df397b2.png"},{"id":94451161,"identity":"2ecd0c59-c35b-46d9-a36f-376437832cca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage40.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/762c0c685f12fc4f3f1145b4.png"},{"id":94450407,"identity":"968fc700-70aa-48ef-b53e-e97c34749ddd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:14","extension":"png","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":28406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/8cfdbaa97d183c6359627a32.png"},{"id":94451301,"identity":"2b0d08a5-60e0-447b-b143-f64a6f04b926","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:01","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage42.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/d57fec71c87456158ca617f6.png"},{"id":94451154,"identity":"d2b3d222-68ff-4003-9968-3d28da3a3aa5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:53","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage43.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/f5842818fcb86b350e36699a.png"},{"id":94451606,"identity":"a09ff83a-e088-4a10-9f1f-c092db12bb4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:14","extension":"png","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30238,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage44.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/f4e8b76b90697990f3e664c6.png"},{"id":94451285,"identity":"17404c03-3b25-48b9-902a-f2eb22ecf45c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"png","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30154,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage45.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/58b0bc1646d8396cd064b21d.png"},{"id":94451800,"identity":"5c30dfd5-67e2-42ce-961a-b5a64ccebba1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:24","extension":"png","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage46.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/070cbf775f30fc14a84e8112.png"},{"id":94450709,"identity":"10923789-f0dc-40c4-a3a5-c66cd97f9321","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:33","extension":"png","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage47.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/c39414e987cff53ee53b9967.png"},{"id":94451207,"identity":"b3e62b22-74f4-477b-833b-d5368122920e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:57","extension":"png","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage48.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/bfc3c2f371c5b17f9c16377b.png"},{"id":94450794,"identity":"b9236bbd-1ac0-43a6-8666-ff8c5293ab95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:36","extension":"png","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11526,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage49.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/e05516e7c7eef7468254e73b.png"},{"id":94451828,"identity":"f175804d-9710-4868-a882-8aebe3debfcb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:26","extension":"png","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":182468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/e30705b2f46b4fbfba34fb13.png"},{"id":94450907,"identity":"54e424c2-bcaa-4878-8dfb-20e99c96274c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:40","extension":"png","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/e592044fbb3e9cb96de0557a.png"},{"id":94451480,"identity":"99fcfefa-ab21-4373-b6e3-1540592e68f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:10","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30192,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/7b3f587ce1f60ab0793bcbbf.png"},{"id":94451271,"identity":"1cc12741-1bc7-4fb7-ae67-8127602f8205","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:00","extension":"png","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35284,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/97cbcb5f68309344c611d7d7.png"},{"id":94450803,"identity":"cbd2b365-3cf2-48f9-99f7-f7a0c430f185","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:39:36","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32370,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/526efc8446c0761e8bc63112.png"},{"id":94450129,"identity":"bd75b0f6-2c35-4f7b-9ba0-5718e1c07551","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:38:59","extension":"xml","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":134580,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"5dac027514f44cf9b32f268b9e3b39301structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/5ed28b65bfc7e5a7edc640d5.xml"},{"id":94451658,"identity":"af4b9cda-75ff-45af-83bd-14d666f1a425","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-27 14:40:16","extension":"html","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":154205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1/5975278f22f32cda96d109ea.html"},{"id":99308089,"identity":"7a6cb4eb-1f80-4074-b906-cf5dce853b71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:07:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1293757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscriptfile.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7777720/v1_covered_8a159dd1-4464-4583-b6a4-32e2926b8a2f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Finite Element Analysis of Two-Piece Cardan Shafts Using Conventional and Composite Materials","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cardan shaft, SOLIDWORKS, finite elements analysis, Ansys, composite material, hardox400","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the structural and modal behavior of two-piece cardan shafts constructed from conventional and composite materials. Material selection included Steel SM45C, Hardox 400, Stainless Steel, and two composite coatings Carbon Epoxy and E-Glass Polyester applied on a steel core. Finite element analyses in ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2 were conducted to assess the cardan shaft's total deformation, shear stress, maximum principal stress, strain energy, and natural frequency. Under torsional loading of 1250 N\u0026middot;mm at 2000 rpm, Hardox 400 showed the highest total deformation of 0.778 mm, while Steel SM45C had the lowest at 0.398 mm. Maximum principal stresses ranged between 2.4041 MPa (Stainless Steel) and 3.1634 MPa (E-Glass Polyester). Modal analysis revealed that Hardox 400 displayed the lowest fundamental natural frequency at 1191.1 Hz, while Carbon Epoxy exhibited the highest at 952.96 Hz. Across higher-order modes up to Mode 16, Carbon Epoxy and Stainless Steel consistently yielded the highest natural frequencies (~\u0026thinsp;8802.3 Hz), while Hardox 400 showed the most compliant behavior (~\u0026thinsp;5314.5 Hz). These findings highlight that material selection greatly influences dynamic performance, making composite and stainless-steel coatings promising for lightweight, high-speed automotive driveshafts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Finite Element Analysis of Two-Piece Cardan Shafts Using Conventional and Composite Materials","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-27 11:32:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7777720/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ee697998-baac-4e68-81a7-dcaabb9853e8","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-23T02:09:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-27 11:32:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7777720","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7777720","identity":"rs-7777720","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}