Benchmark evaluation of event‑based imaging velocimetry using digital micro-mirror device

Benchmark evaluation of event‑based imaging velocimetry using digital micro-mirror device | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Benchmark evaluation of event‑based imaging velocimetry using digital micro-mirror device Jiajun CAO, Xin ZENG, Zhen LYU, Weiwei CAI, Hong LIU, Yingzheng LIU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract A benchmark evaluation of the event-based imaging velocimetry (EBIV) on its acquisition capability and measurement uncertainty is performed. Toward this end, a digital micro-mirror device interfaced with a pulsed laser light source is employed to generate the illuminated particle image under various predefined particle diameters and concentrations, serving as the ground truth base. For ease of comparison, a frame-based camera is used to provide the reference particle images. The measurement results indicate that the maximum frame-recovered acquisition frequency decreases as particle image diameter or concentration increases, converging to a minimum level of 2,400 Hz for the EVK4 event-based camera. Despite this lower limit of frequency, adding large-diameter and high-concentration particles may induce event loss and then lead to incorrect velocity measurements. This deficiency can be avoided by maintaining a margin of around 5% between the maximum acquisition frequency and its lower limit, which corresponds to the frequency above 2,500 Hz in this study. Furthermore, at the acquisition frequency over 2,500 Hz, a diameter of 2.20 px exhibits the lowest mean velocity uncertainty; whereas, at the acquisition frequency below 2,500 Hz, a diameter of 2.20 px and 3.06 px can both achieve the lowest uncertainty level. A linear model is also proposed to estimate the maximum acquisition frequency for practice purpose. This work determines the relationship among acquisition frequency, particle size and concentration for the EBIV system. Finally, a two-dimensional EBIV experiment of a water jet is successfully conducted at 4 kHz for demonstration. event-based imaging velocimetry event readout acquisition frequency digital micro-mirror device Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Experiments in Fluids → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 25 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Nov, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Oct, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Oct, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5109357","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":383078450,"identity":"4536eb7a-6c48-4ce9-a7e5-38f632a8809f","order_by":0,"name":"Jiajun CAO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiajun","middleName":"","lastName":"CAO","suffix":""},{"id":383078452,"identity":"64129d6e-7ae6-44de-bf5e-49d718ebe55d","order_by":1,"name":"Xin ZENG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xin","middleName":"","lastName":"ZENG","suffix":""},{"id":383078453,"identity":"fa65325f-8c1b-47f1-a683-42281573fb4c","order_by":2,"name":"Zhen LYU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhen","middleName":"","lastName":"LYU","suffix":""},{"id":383078455,"identity":"5a0808bd-2b7a-4b35-85b6-1534a0da06f9","order_by":3,"name":"Weiwei CAI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Weiwei","middleName":"","lastName":"CAI","suffix":""},{"id":383078457,"identity":"f6830542-0bcf-4a36-b453-e4227982c785","order_by":4,"name":"Hong LIU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hong","middleName":"","lastName":"LIU","suffix":""},{"id":383078458,"identity":"25832ea2-378f-46fc-9882-4f9e1dc901a2","order_by":5,"name":"Yingzheng LIU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAyUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5oYDDBUMzGA2D3FaGIFazjAw85CkhYGxDaqaKC0G5w82HuadV8duL5HA+OBtG4O8OUEtBw42HObddpiZRyKB2XBuG4PhzgZCWg42grQcAGlhk+ZtY0gwOEBIy2FGoJY5dSAt7L+J03IMpKWBGWwLM1FaJM8wNhyccwzolzMPmyXnnJMw3EBIC9/5w4c/vKmpS2ZvTz744U2ZjTxBWxSgCpLBEcTAIEFAPRDIN0BoO8JKR8EoGAWjYMQCAKT6Pp8yx75MAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yingzheng","middleName":"","lastName":"LIU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-18 10:44:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-025-04003-2","type":"published","date":"2025-03-13T15:57:57+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78689765,"identity":"2a650207-e07c-46e7-9400-10ae4f3a5091","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-17 16:13:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1708600,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CaoZengLiuEventcameraDMDSubmission20240918.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5109357/v1_covered_1a62b4d9-d318-4530-b217-6ea10f6e5ca8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Benchmark evaluation of event‑based imaging velocimetry using digital micro-mirror device","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"exif","sideBox":"Learn more about [Experiments in Fluids](http://link.springer.com/journal/348)","snPcode":"348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/348/3","title":"Experiments in Fluids","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"event-based imaging velocimetry, event readout, acquisition frequency, digital micro-mirror device","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eA benchmark evaluation of the event-based imaging velocimetry (EBIV) on its acquisition capability and measurement uncertainty is performed. Toward this end, a digital micro-mirror device interfaced with a pulsed laser light source is employed to generate the illuminated particle image under various predefined particle diameters and concentrations, serving as the ground truth base. For ease of comparison, a frame-based camera is used to provide the reference particle images. The measurement results indicate that the maximum frame-recovered acquisition frequency decreases as particle image diameter or concentration increases, converging to a minimum level of 2,400 Hz for the EVK4 event-based camera. Despite this lower limit of frequency, adding large-diameter and high-concentration particles may induce event loss and then lead to incorrect velocity measurements. This deficiency can be avoided by maintaining a margin of around 5% between the maximum acquisition frequency and its lower limit, which corresponds to the frequency above 2,500 Hz in this study. Furthermore, at the acquisition frequency over 2,500 Hz, a diameter of 2.20 px exhibits the lowest mean velocity uncertainty; whereas, at the acquisition frequency below 2,500 Hz, a diameter of 2.20 px and 3.06 px can both achieve the lowest uncertainty level. A linear model is also proposed to estimate the maximum acquisition frequency for practice purpose. This work determines the relationship among acquisition frequency, particle size and concentration for the EBIV system. Finally, a two-dimensional EBIV experiment of a water jet is successfully conducted at 4 kHz for demonstration.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Benchmark evaluation of event‑based imaging velocimetry using digital micro-mirror device","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-08 22:46:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5109357/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-11-26T21:56:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-25T16:02:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"68237000988906258159057497110793929015","date":"2024-11-11T10:58:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-10T20:07:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23946275334906065312839676682925813604","date":"2024-10-28T11:15:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"322270846742816067005128060310536321761","date":"2024-10-02T11:38:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-09-29T15:13:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T04:20:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-19T11:21:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Experiments in Fluids","date":"2024-09-18T10:42:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"exif","sideBox":"Learn more about [Experiments in Fluids](http://link.springer.com/journal/348)","snPcode":"348","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/348/3","title":"Experiments in Fluids","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"58e5f5f8-ee21-4f9f-b06d-b4aece09ff52","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 8th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-17T16:10:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5109357","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-025-04003-2","journal":{"identity":"experiments-in-fluids","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Experiments in Fluids"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-13 15:57:57","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 13th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-08 22:46:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00348-025-04003-2","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-025-04003-2","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5109357","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5109357","identity":"rs-5109357","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}