Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students

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Pereira-González" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrea Basantes-Andrade" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Milton M. Mora Grijalva" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Saúl Vásquez Orbe" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": " Background Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health issue among young adults in Latin America. The Questionnaire of Alcohol Consumption Outcome Expectations (CERCA) was developed to assess beliefs related to drinking, but its validity in different sociocultural contexts remains underexplored. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 685 students from a public university in Ecuador, selected through stratified random sampling by sex. The CERCA instrument was applied, and both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. The EFA used principal axis factoring, and CFA was conducted using AMOS v.24, with standard fit indices. Results The EFA revealed a two-factor model—Emotional Well-being and Social Interaction—explaining 89.5% of the variance, with high internal consistency (α = .952; ω = .948). The CFA confirmed superior fit for the modified two-factor model, the Alcohol Consumption Expectancy Questionnaire (ACEQ), with CFI = .990, RMSEA = .031, and non-significant χ2 (21.5, p = .064), outperforming the original three-factor model. No significant differences were found by sex, ethnicity, or living arrangement, though students from urban areas reported higher alcohol-related expectations. Conclusions The ACEQ demonstrates robust psychometric properties and provides a more parsimonious and culturally aligned structure than the original CERCA model. It offers a valid and reliable tool for assessing alcohol consumption expectations among Ecuadorian university students, supporting the development of targeted prevention strategies. " } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/14-669/v1", "name": "Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric..." } } ] } Home Browse Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Pereira-González LM, Basantes-Andrade A, Mora Grijalva MM and Vásquez Orbe S. Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] Luz M. Pereira-González 1 , Andrea Basantes-Andrade https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-2126 1 , Milton M. Mora Grijalva 1 , Saúl Vásquez Orbe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-3396 1 Luz M. Pereira-González 1 , Andrea Basantes-Andrade https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-2126 1 , Milton M. Mora Grijalva 1 , Saúl Vásquez Orbe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5242-3396 1 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 Author details Author details 1 Grupo de Investigación de Ciencia en Red (eCIER), Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Imbabura Province, Ecuador Luz M. Pereira-González Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Andrea Basantes-Andrade Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Milton M. Mora Grijalva Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources Saúl Vásquez Orbe Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Social Psychology gateway. Abstract Background Excessive alcohol consumption is a major public health issue among young adults in Latin America. The Questionnaire of Alcohol Consumption Outcome Expectations (CERCA) was developed to assess beliefs related to drinking, but its validity in different sociocultural contexts remains underexplored. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 685 students from a public university in Ecuador, selected through stratified random sampling by sex. The CERCA instrument was applied, and both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed. The EFA used principal axis factoring, and CFA was conducted using AMOS v.24, with standard fit indices. Results The EFA revealed a two-factor model—Emotional Well-being and Social Interaction—explaining 89.5% of the variance, with high internal consistency (α = .952; ω = .948). The CFA confirmed superior fit for the modified two-factor model, the Alcohol Consumption Expectancy Questionnaire (ACEQ), with CFI = .990, RMSEA = .031, and non-significant χ 2 (21.5, p = .064), outperforming the original three-factor model. No significant differences were found by sex, ethnicity, or living arrangement, though students from urban areas reported higher alcohol-related expectations. Conclusions The ACEQ demonstrates robust psychometric properties and provides a more parsimonious and culturally aligned structure than the original CERCA model. It offers a valid and reliable tool for assessing alcohol consumption expectations among Ecuadorian university students, supporting the development of targeted prevention strategies. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords CERCA, alcohol consumption, confirmatory factor analysis, psychometric validation, university students, Ecuador Corresponding Author(s) Luz M. Pereira-González ( [email protected] ) Andrea Basantes-Andrade ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Luz M. Pereira-González, Andrea Basantes-Andrade Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Pereira-González LM et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Pereira-González LM, Basantes-Andrade A, Mora Grijalva MM and Vásquez Orbe S. Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 ) First published: 07 Jul 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 ) Latest published: 07 Jul 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 ) Introduction Excessive alcohol consumption represents a serious global public health problem, with significant consequences for society. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) of 2020, approximately 1.78 million alcohol-related deaths were recorded, and its intake is associated with deterioration of health and some chronic diseases. 1 This problem is not foreign to Ecuador, where 25,140 admissions to treatment for alcohol abuse were reported in 2021, 75% of which corresponded to men. 2 The high prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents and young adults in the region 3 – 5 has led to the need to develop psychometric tools, such as the Questionnaire of Alcohol Consumption Outcome Expectations (CERCA), which proposes three latent factors: 1) Stress reduction; 2) Improvement of social skills; and 3) Social facilitation. 6 However, models obtained through exploratory factor analyses require validation to ensure their accuracy and applicability in different cultural and social contexts. Alcohol consumption expectancies play a fundamental role in the motivation and behavior of individuals. Specifically, it has been found that there is a significant relationship between positive expectancies and the likelihood of alcohol consumption. 7 – 9 To better understand the underlying factors that influence these expectancies, it is essential to rely on sound psychological theories to analyze the complexity of this phenomenon. In this regard, three theories stand out for their relevance in the study of drinking expectancies: Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, 10 which postulates that people acquire new knowledge and skills through observation and imitation of others; Atkinson’s Expectation-Value Theory, 11 which suggests that behavioral decisions are based on outcome expectations and the value assigned to those outcomes; and Oliver’s Expectation Confirmation Theory, 12 which emphasizes that satisfaction occurs when actual expectations equal or exceed previous expectations. Social Learning Theory provides a framework for understanding how people develop expectations about the consequences of their behavior from previous experiences and social reinforcement. In the case of CERCA, the latent factors of social interaction are grounded in this principle, as people develop social skills by observing models and receiving positive reinforcement, which encourages their participation in group activities. From this understanding, it is crucial to consider how outcome expectations influence decision-making, which relates to the Expectancy-Value Theory. This theory holds that behavioral decisions are based on outcome expectations and the value assigned to them. In this context, the variables measured in the CERCA model can be viewed as elements that affect an individual’s expectations about social interactions and their emotional consequences. Complementing this perspective, The Expectancy Confirmation Theory offers an additional approach by highlighting that positive expectations can significantly influence the likelihood of repeating behaviors, such as alcohol consumption. If social experiences fulfill expectations of decreased stress, this not only encourages the repetition of social behaviors; but also contributes to the perception of an overall positive emotional state. Together, these theories provide a comprehensive theoretical framework that not only explains how drinking expectancies are formed through social observation and outcome appraisal; but also highlights the relevance of satisfaction derived from social experiences, which is relevant for understanding and addressing drinking behaviors in different cultural contexts. 13 – 15 On the other hand, variables related to what is defined in the CERCA questionnaire as decreased stress (feeling relaxed, calm, happy, at ease, with well-being) form a construct that not only measures the absence of discomfort; but also captures the richness of positive experiences, thus grounding the notion of emotional well-being in the framework of subjective well-being. 16 – 18 Previous studies have shown that expectancies related to alcohol intake may be mediated by a variety of factors. Cooke and coworkers 19 conducted research with first-year university students and found that, among others, these expectations are influenced by both emotional and social performance factors. For their part, Londoño and Carrasco 20 compared beliefs about alcohol consumption between young Colombians and Chileans, and found that Colombians believe that alcoholic beverages increase social disinhibition and the ability to interact in groups, in addition to providing relaxation and improving mood. Based on this background, the main objective of this study is to confirm the validity of the Questionnaire of Alcohol Consumption Outcome Expectations (CERCA) through a confirmatory factor analysis with structural equations in students of a public university in Ecuador. Secondary objectives include: 1) To analyze the results of the exploratory factor analysis of the CERCA; 2) To calculate the fit indices needed to validate the confirmatory factor analysis; and 3) To validate the goodness of fit of the CERCA model as a psychometric test in a sample of university students. It is expected that the results of the confirmatory analysis conducted in this research, which reunifies in a two-factor structure (emotional well-being and social interaction) the CERCA questionnaire, will contribute to a better understanding and approach to alcohol-related expectancies, as well as to the implementation of more effective interventions in this area. Methods The study was a cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, at an integrative level, corresponding to confirmatory research. 21 The population (N = 1632) consisted of students in the seven education programs of an Ecuadorian public university. Given that the majority proportion of the population corresponds to women (68.8%), it was decided to carry out a stratified probability sampling by sex, with proportional allocation. 22 Based on the population data, we took p = .688 (q = .312) where p is the probability of selecting an individual with the characteristic of interest, which in this case is the proportion of women in the population. For the calculations, because alcohol consumption represents a public health problem, 23 , 24 a confidence level of 99% (Z = 2.576) and an estimation error e = 3.5% was considered. Since the population was finite, the formula used to calculate the sample was: (1) n = N Z 2 p q ( N − 1 ) e 2 + Z 2 p q which produced a value n = 680. Taking a small additional percentage for non-response, the final sample consisted of 685 individuals, selected by simple random sampling, respecting the proportions of the defined strata. Data were collected using the Questionnaire of Alcohol Consumption Outcome Expectations Questionnaire, CERCA. 6 The CERCA is an instrument designed to assess the expectations that individuals have about the effects of alcohol consumption in three main dimensions: 1) Decreased stress; 2) Improved social skills; 3) Social facilitation. The questionnaire consists of 12 items assessing these dimensions using a six-point Likert scale: 1 = Strongly Disagree; 2 = Strongly Disagree; 3 = Disagree; 4 = Agree; 5 = Strongly Agree; 6 = Strongly Agree. In addition to the CERCA, demographic data such as age, sex, ethnic self-recognition, type of cohabitation, and context of origin were collected. Data collection was carried out in person at the university facilities. Participation was voluntary and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before applying the questionnaire. All participants were aged 18 years or older, and no minors were included in this study. Anonymity and confidentiality of responses were guaranteed. The application of the instrument was supervised by trained researchers to resolve any doubts during the process, following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects. The data collected were processed with R-Studio 2023.06.0 Build 421, SPSS v. 29, Amos Graphics v.24, and the macro for calculating McDonald’s in SPSS. 25 Throughout the study, the following analyses were performed: 1) Descriptive analysis of demographic variables and CERCA scores; 2) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to examine the factor structure of the CERCA in the Ecuadorian sample. The principal axis factorization extraction method with direct oblimin rotation (delta = 0) was used. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index (KMO) and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were calculated to assess the adequacy of the data for the factor analysis, and reliability analysis was performed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for each of the subscales identified and for the global scale, complemented with McDonald’s w; 3) Mann-Whitney U test to study the existence of statistically significant differences by sex and Kruskal-Wallis test for the variables ethnic self-recognition, living environment and context of origin; 4) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) by structural equation modeling to validate the factor structure obtained in the model proposed by the CERCA questionnaire, using AMOS v. 24. The estimates of the fit indices were based on the Asymptotic Distribution Free method (ADF), recommended when some categorical data and data do not fit the normal distribution. 26 In cases of large samples without multivariate normality, the literature recommends replacing the Chi-square with the alternative CMIN/DF index, which evaluates the discrepancy between the Chi-square and the degrees of freedom, avoiding the rejection of well-specified models showing statistically significant p-values due to the sensitivity of the Chi-square index to sample size. 27 – 31 Other indices considered were the comparative fit index, CFI, and the root-mean-square error of approximation, RMSEA. When a model reports a good fit in both, it is improbable that it does not adequately represent the data. 32 The traditional cut-off points for these indices were taken, i.e. CFI > 0.95 and RMSEA < 0.05. 33 For the other indexes, such as the unstandardized Tucker Lewis fit index (TLI), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) and the normed fit index (NFI), minimum required values of 0.95 were established, depending on the sample size. Likewise, for the root mean square residual (RMR), values lower than 0.05 were considered as an acceptance criterion. 34 , 35 Results The characterization of the sample, n = 685, is presented in Table 1 . Table 1. Characterization of the sample, n = 685. Variable Category Value Sex Female Male 68.8% 31.2% Age (years) Minimum Maximum Average Standard deviation 18 38 21.3 2.5 Ethnic self-recognition Mestizo Indigenous Afro-Ecuadorian Other 80.0% 13.9% 2.2% 3.3% Living environment Friends or acquaintances Relatives Alone 0.6% 85.7% 13.7% Context of origin Rural Urban Marginal urban 38.2% 59.0% 2.8% Comparatively, the CERCA model, 25 was conducted with a sample of 208 individuals confined in an addiction center, with 86.5% men. Still, the authors recommended considering how it works in other populations and acknowledged the low inclusion of women as a limitation of their study. In the EFA used for the psychometric characterization of the CERCA, they performed an extraction using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. However, this popular approach known as “Little Jiffy” is considered problematic because it can lead to inadequate and unreliable factor solutions when applied to complex multidimensional data. 36 , 37 In the extraction, the principal component method should be used when the objective is to simplify the data without assuming an underlying theoretical model and the objective is to maximize the amount of total variance explained by the first components, and varimax rotation when the factors are not correlated with each other 38 , 39 ; however, this is not the case in the CERCA model, 25 nor do the authors theoretically justify the selection of the methods. In general, the indiscriminate use of the combination of Principal Components and varimax rotation carried out by SPSS by default is not a good practice. 40 – 42 Considering that the variables were measured on an ordinal scale, polychoric correlations were used. 39 All correlation values were greater than 0.61, indicating a strong relationship between the ordinal or categorical variables in terms of their latent association. The results, obtained using R-Studio 4.3.3 software, are presented in Table 2 . Table 2. Partial Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Polychoric correlations between items. Factor Variables KMO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1. Stress Reduction 1. Relaxed .92 1 2. Well-being .94 .84 1 3. Calm .91 .87 .92 1 4. Happy .91 .84 .84 .84 1 5. Comfortable .89 .84 .85 .86 .90 1 2. Social Skills Improvement 6. Coexist .97 .68 .67 .70 .71 .72 1 7. Socializing .84 .68 .67 .69 .73 .73 .93 1 8. Sharing .96 .70 .67 .69 .73 .72 .93 .92 1 9. Being sociable .84 .70 .66 .68 .74 .71 .91 .98 .91 1 3. Social Facilitation 10. Meeting with friends .98 .64 .61 .62 .70 .72 .71 .74 .73 .74 1 11. Having fun .97 .71 .67 .67 .74 .74 .90 .90 .92 .88 ,74 1 12. Having fun with friends .94 .68 .64 .65 .72 .72 .91 .92 .93 .89 .74 .91 1 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) Cronbach’s alpha for each factor defined in the CERCA was 0.954, 0.893, and 0.970, respectively. The communalities of the variables, that is, the proportion of their variance explained by all factors, were all greater than 0.553. Given that this study assumed the variables were observable manifestations of underlying, non-observable constructs, that the data were measured on ordinal scales, and that the distribution was not normal, principal axis factoring was chosen as the extraction method. 43 , 44 The objective was to identify the latent factors explaining the correlation between the observed variables. Consequently, the analysis aimed to model only the common variance among the variables (i.e., the shared variance), which is assumed to be influenced by underlying factors, while excluding each variable’s specific variance and error variance. 39 The data from the Ecuadorian sample, forcing 3 factors, explains 88.77% of the variance, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .967 and a Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) measure 45 of .953; these values were much higher than those found in the EFA of the CERCA model, which explained 61.5% of the variance, with a Cronbach’s alpha of .857 and a KMO of .84. 6 Bartlett’s test 46 of sphericity was significant (Chi-square = 10899.8, df = 66, p < .001). In addition, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was greater than.70 for all items, confirming that there were sufficient significant relationships between the variables and an adequate adequacy of the data to proceed with factor analysis. 47 Given the expected correlation between factors, the solution was rotated using two methods to compare its stability: oblimin with delta = 0 and promax with kappa = 4. 48 , 49 The factor structure, analyzed using both rotation methods, revealed that the third factor was weak. In the factor loading matrix, loadings greater than.5 were observed for the first two factors. Specifically, variables 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 showed a strong correlation with the first factor, while variables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were associated with the second factor. Table 3 presents the factor correlation matrices for the oblimin and promax methods, obtained using SPSS v.29. Table 3. Factorial correlation matrices, oblimin and promax methods. Oblimin rotation Promax rotation Factor 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 .712 .369 1 .666 .577 2 .712 1 .332 .666 1 .538 3 .369 .332 1 .577 .538 1 Although factor correlations are closer in the promax rotation, both rotations indicate a strong correlation between factors 1 and 2. For the remaining factors, at least a moderate correlation is observed. It is important to note that, although the extraction of three factors was forced to align with the CERCA model in the exploratory factor analysis, the weakness of the third factor, along with the eigenvalues and the scree plot, suggested that only two factors should be extracted. Non-parametric tests The score obtained for each individual, calculated as the sum of the three factors defined in the CERCA model, did not follow a normal distribution. Therefore, the Mann-Whitney U test 50 was used to compare scores by sex, revealing no statistically significant differences between the expectations of both groups (Z = 1.16, p > .05). These results align with those reported by Ref. 51 , 52 Similarly, Ref. 53 found no significant differences by sex in expectations related to socialization or relaxation. However, Ref. 54 reported that while no sex differences were found in sociability expectations, men exhibited higher expectations regarding relaxation outcomes. This study found no statistically significant differences across ethnic self-definitions (H = 4.32, df = 5, p > .05), nor was the influence of the living environment significant (H = 5.54, df = 2, p > .05). However, the Kruskal-Wallis test 55 revealed statistically significant differences in the context of origin (H = 8.4, df = 2, p < .05), with students from urban areas exhibiting higher expectation levels. These findings align with those of Ref. 51 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) The confirmatory factor analysis estimates for the three factors of the original CERCA model, obtained using AMOS v.24, are presented in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Standardized estimates for the confirmatory factor analysis of the CERCA model. The factor loadings of the measured variables on their respective factors are all greater than .78, indicating a strong relationship between them. Similarly, the squared multiple correlations have values greater than .61, suggesting that a significant portion of the variance in the observed variables is explained by the latent factors. Regarding the fit indices, the original model reports an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 56 of 192.2. It does not pass the Chi-square test and fails to meet the optimal thresholds for key fit indices, including the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Root Mean Square Residual (RMR), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI). 57 , 58 To improve the fit indices, the standardized covariance matrix suggests that removing the variables “coexisting,” “peaceful,” and “well-being”—which exhibit the highest covariances—could be a viable strategy. However, the high correlation (.99) between Factor 1 (Improvement of Social Skills) and Factor 3 (Social Facilitation) indicates that these two factors are highly interrelated and measure conceptually similar constructs. 59 This extreme correlation undermines the validity of the original three-factor CERCA model. For the estimation of the modified CERCA model, Alcohol Consumption Expectancy Questionnaire (ACEQ), the variables identified as problematic in the three-factor model were removed. As a result, the Chi-square test was not significant, indicating that the specified model adequately fits the empirical data. The ACEQ yielded an AIC of 51.45, representing a substantial improvement over the original model proposed by Ref. 6 Passing this chi-square test is uncommon in CFAs of expectations about alcohol consumption that have used relatively large samples, as seen in the studies by Ref. 60 , 61 where the models did not pass the inferential test. Figure 2 presents the standardized estimates for the modified CERCA model (ACEQ), showing that all factor loadings are very high (above .86). Notably, in Factor 1, significantly higher values have been found compared to those reported in the unifactorial model by Ref. 62 (.95, .94, .86 versus .77), which the researchers classified as having excellent fit. Compared to the CERCA model, a substantial increase has been achieved in the percentage of variance explained by the latent factor for each measured variable, with a minimum of 74%. Figure 2. Standardized estimates for the confirmatory factor analysis of the modified CERCA model. Table 4 presents a comparison of the Chi-square test results and the goodness-of-fit indices for both the CERCA and ACEQ models. 35 , 63 – 65 Table 4. Comparison of Chi-square test and goodness-of-fit indices for the CERCA and ACEQ models. Fit index Expected1 CERCA Model (3 factors) ACEQ Model (2 factors) Observed Chi-square ( χ 2 ) p > 0.05 c2 = 69.005; p = .000 c2 = 21.5 p = .064 Discrepancy between χ 2 and degrees of freedom (CMIN/DF) Between 1 y 3 2.875 1.65 Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) .95-1 .952 .983 Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index (AGFI) .90-1 .911 .964 Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) < .05 .118 .042 Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) < .05 0.052; p = 0.371 .031; p = .915 Comparative Fit Index (CFI) .95 – 1.0 .951 .990 Normed Fit Index (NFI) .95-1.0 .927 .976 Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI or TLI, Tucker-Lewis Index) .95-1 .926 .984 Table 5 presents the communalities and factor loadings for the modified two-factor CERCA model (ACEQ), using principal axis factorization with oblimin rotation as the extraction method. A KMO value of .903 and communalities greater than .67 were obtained. These two factors account for 89.5% of the variance. Table 5. Communalities and factor loadings of the pattern matrix from the exploratory factor analysis of ACEQ. Factor Communalities Initial 1 2 Drinking alcohol makes me feel relaxed .671 .018 .831 Drinking alcohol makes me feel happy .783 .016 .911 Drinking alcohol makes me feel comfortable .785 -.030 .952 Drinking alcohol helps me socialize .877 .963 -.011 Drinking alcohol helps me have fun with my friends .837 .938 -.013 Drinking alcohol helps me share .856 .943 .000 Drinking alcohol helps me be sociable .848 .909 .028 Discussion All the descriptive measures presented in Table 4 met the cut-off points specified by Ref. 35 , 63 , 64 for establishing a good fit and align with the values reported in Ref. 65 , 66 The cut-off points for the CFI, GFI, and RMSEA indices were superior to those reported by Ref. 62 (0.90 for CFI and GFI, and <.08 for RMSEA) and those presented in other studies validating models of motivations related to alcohol consumption, such as Ref. 60 , 61 The proposed two-factor model, ACEQ, consolidates social behavior into a single factor. Accordingly, Factor 1 is identified as “Emotional Well-being” (α = .927, ω = .928) and Factor 2 as “Social Interaction” (α = .968, ω = .968). The overall internal consistency yielded a Cronbach’s α of .952 and a McDonald’s ω of .948, both higher than those reported by Ref. 62 (α = ω = .79) for the validation of the Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQAB) in Portuguese university students. The high internal consistency of the subscales and the excellent goodness-of-fit indices of the modified model suggest that ACEQ is a robust instrument for assessing expectations regarding alcohol consumption in this population. Although a three-factor structure was expected, in accordance with the original model by Ref., 6 confirmatory analyses indicated that a two-factor structure is more appropriate for the Ecuadorian population. This discrepancy, consistent with Fog’s study 13 highlights the necessity of adapting theoretical models to specific cultural contexts, which may require eliminating variables that do not align well. The high correlation (.99) between the “Improvement of Social Skills” and “Social Facilitation” factors in the original CERCA model raises questions about the true distinction between these constructs within the Ecuadorian university student population. Future research is encouraged to further explore these models to confirm or refine the present conclusions. In the CERCA model 6 both the variables “socializing” and “coexisting” are included under the social skills factor. Depending on the context, both encompass the individual’s ability to relate to others and the specific behaviors within a social environment that facilitate interpersonal connections. Therefore, the ACEQ model not only offers greater parsimony and a better fit but also provides a more integrated conceptualization by unifying these elements under the label “social interaction.” This unification more accurately reflects the way social skills and activities intertwine in daily life and manifest in social practice. Furthermore, the theoretical foundation supporting this social interaction factor is based on the triangulation of Bandura’s social learning theory, 10 Atkinson’s achievement motivation theory, 11 and Oliver’s expectancy-value model. 12 This factor consists of interrelated components that mutually reinforce one another in the social learning process. It illustrates how expectations and values not only drive the acquisition of social skills but also encourage participation in social activities. Additionally, it integrates both expectations of social interaction and real-life experiences (e.g., having fun with friends) to form a comprehensive assessment of social engagement. In this way, unifying these variables allows for a more coherent representation of how expectations and experiences collectively shape satisfaction in social contexts. The results provide empirical support for the validity of the Alcohol Consumption Expectancy Questionnaire (ACEQ) model in the Ecuadorian context. This validation lays the groundwork for the development of preventive interventions specifically targeting positive expectations related to alcohol consumption. These findings align with the predominance of positive expectations identified in the study by Ref. 7 This study reveals that positive expectations regarding alcohol consumption are closely linked to emotional well-being and social interaction. These findings are consistent with those reported by Ref. 53 and Ref. 54 Additionally, they align with previous studies, such as that of Ref., 19 which found that alcohol consumption expectations among university students are strongly influenced by emotional and social factors. Similarly, the study by Londoño and Carrasco, 20 highlights that expectations surrounding alcohol consumption vary across cultural and social contexts, with disinhibition and social interaction emerging as the primary motives among young Colombians. This study has significant implications for both academic research and public health policy development. Its diagnostic utility lies in its ability to elucidate the motivational factors underlying alcohol consumption. The identification of emotional well-being and social interaction as key determinants of alcohol consumption expectations aligns with the findings of Sánchez-Puertas et al., 67 who emphasize that many alcohol prevention programs focus on promoting healthy alternatives for stress management and the development of social skills. These findings hold both theoretical and practical relevance. On the one hand, they provide a solid foundation for the development of more effective and culturally tailored prevention and intervention programs. On the other hand, they pave the way for future research directions, enabling a deeper exploration of the dynamics of alcohol consumption expectations and their relationship with other psychosocial factors. Conclusions This study provides evidence of the validity and reliability of the Questionnaire on Expectations of Alcohol Consumption Outcome (CERCA) in its modified version (CERCAM) using a sample of Ecuadorian university students. The results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicate that a two-factor structure offers a superior fit compared to the original three-factor model proposed by Templos-Núñez et al. 6 This finding suggests that alcohol consumption expectations in this population are best categorized into two core dimensions: emotional well-being and social interaction. The high internal consistency of the subscales and the strong fit indices of the ACEQ model, reflected in high Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s ω values, support its reliability as a psychometric instrument. The model’s validity is further reinforced by the good fit indices obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis, particularly the comparative fit index (CFI), the normed fit index (NFI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Most notably, the Chi-square test yielded p > .05, indicating an adequate model fit. The absence of significant gender differences in alcohol consumption expectations contrasts with some previous studies and warrants further investigation. However, this finding could reflect shifting social and cultural norms regarding alcohol consumption among Ecuadorian youth. These results highlight the importance of addressing expectations related to stress reduction and social interaction, particularly among university students, to promote healthier alcohol consumption habits in academic settings. Practical implications The findings have important implications for the development of preventive interventions and educational programs on alcohol consumption within university contexts. The identification of emotional well-being and social interaction as key factors in consumption expectations provides a solid foundation for designing targeted strategies that address these areas specifically. Such strategies should focus on promoting healthy alternatives for stress management and enhancing social skills to reduce alcohol-related risks. Limitations and future research directions This study has certain limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the sample predominantly consisted of women, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to the entire Ecuadorian university population. Additionally, the study follows a cross-sectional design, preventing the establishment of causal relationships between the variables studied and limiting the ability to assess how alcohol consumption expectations evolve over time or how they relate to actual drinking behaviors. Moreover, no direct measurements of alcohol consumption were included, which would have allowed for an examination of the relationship between expectations and drinking behavior. Future research should aim to incorporate longitudinal designs to better capture the dynamics of alcohol consumption expectations over time. Additionally, studies using more ethnically diverse samples are recommended to explore whether cultural or demographic variables influence these expectations. Ethical approval This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee for Research of the Faculty of Education, Science and Technology at Universidad Técnica del Norte (certificate No. UTN-FECYT-CEI-2024-0000001356-C), dated October 22, 2024. The research was also formally endorsed by the Governing Council of the Faculty (Resolution No. FECYT-CD-SE-40-0319-2024) and the university’s Research Council (Resolution No. UTN-CI-2024-219-R). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision), the Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research of the British Educational Research Association (BERA), and the Code of Ethics of Universidad Técnica del Norte. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Data availability statement All data supporting the results and analyses in this article are openly available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). Datasets can be accessed via OSF at https://osf.io/6zxpt , with the persistent identifier https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6ZXPT . 68 Data include raw scores, values used for descriptive statistics and figures, and all materials required to replicate the analyses. Underlying data • Database alcohol consumption in university students (SPSS file) • Database alcohol consumption in university students (Excel file) Extended data • Figure 1. Standardized estimates for the confirmatory análisis of the CERCA model. https://osf.io/5m9xp • Figure 2. Standardized estimates for the confirmatory factor análisis of the modified CERCA model. https://osf.io/j89yr • Table 1. Characterization of the sample, n = 685. https://osf.io/hcsft • Table 2. Partial Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Polychoric Correlations Between Items. https://osf.io/hf3rw • Table 3. Factorial correlation matrices, oblimin and promax methods. https://osf.io/cvtg5 • Table 4. Comparison of Chi-square test and goodness-of-fit índices for the CERCA and ACEQ models. https://osf.io/d8y2n • Table 5. Communalities and Factor Loading of the Pattern Matrix from the Exploratory Factor Analysis. https://osf.io/4kvfb Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Universidad Técnica del Norte for its institutional support in the development of this research. References 1. 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Sánchez-Puertas R, Vaca-Gallegos S, López-Núñez C, et al. : Prevention of alcohol consumption programs for children and youth: A narrative and critical review of recent publications. Front. Psychol. 2022; 13 : 1–11. 68. Pereira González LM, Basantes-Andrade A, Mora M, et al. : Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students. OSF. 2025. osf.io/6zxpt. Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Grupo de Investigación de Ciencia en Red (eCIER), Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Imbabura Province, Ecuador Luz M. Pereira-González Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Funding Acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Andrea Basantes-Andrade Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Milton M. Mora Grijalva Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Methodology, Resources Saúl Vásquez Orbe Roles: Conceptualization, Methodology, Resources Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 07 Jul 2025, 14:669 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 Copyright © 2025 Pereira-González LM et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Pereira-González LM, Basantes-Andrade A, Mora Grijalva MM and Vásquez Orbe S. Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.164549.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Kristina SA. Reviewer Report For: Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181076.r428024 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-669/v1#referee-response-428024 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 13 Nov 2025 Susi Ari Kristina , Gadjah Mada University, Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181076.r428024 Background: The background does not fully explain the theoretical basis of the original CERCA instrument or why a new factor structure was anticipated Sample: briefly justify the choice of a university sample and discuss its implications for ... Continue reading READ ALL Background: The background does not fully explain the theoretical basis of the original CERCA instrument or why a new factor structure was anticipated Sample: briefly justify the choice of a university sample and discuss its implications for generalizability Please inform the details of steps taken to ensure cross-cultural adaptation transition from CERCA to the “ACEQ” modified model should be explained more clearly, as the name change may confuse readers. the results report excellent psychometric outcomes, but the sudden introduction of the modified “ACEQ” model is unclear and should be justified. Conclusion: the conclusion should more explicitly reflect the study’s contribution to cross-cultural instrument validation and potential practical applications for alcohol prevention programs. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: psychometric studies, outcome research, public health pharmacy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Kristina SA. Reviewer Report For: Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181076.r428024 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-669/v1#referee-response-428024 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 07 Jul 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 07 Jul 25 read Susi Ari Kristina , Gadjah Mada University, Gadjah Mada, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Kristina S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 13 Nov 2025 | for Version 1 Susi Ari Kristina , Gadjah Mada University, Gadjah Mada, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2025 Kristina S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Background: The background does not fully explain the theoretical basis of the original CERCA instrument or why a new factor structure was anticipated Sample: briefly justify the choice of a university sample and discuss its implications for generalizability Please inform the details of steps taken to ensure cross-cultural adaptation transition from CERCA to the “ACEQ” modified model should be explained more clearly, as the name change may confuse readers. the results report excellent psychometric outcomes, but the sudden introduction of the modified “ACEQ” model is unclear and should be justified. Conclusion: the conclusion should more explicitly reflect the study’s contribution to cross-cultural instrument validation and potential practical applications for alcohol prevention programs. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise psychometric studies, outcome research, public health pharmacy I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Kristina SA. Peer Review Report For: Alcohol consumption outcome expectancy questionnaire: psychometric validation in Ecuadorian university students [version 1; peer review: 1 approved] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :669 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.181076.r428024) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-669/v1#referee-response-428024 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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