Pregnancy risk factors and outcomes in the transition from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to RDS and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study

Pregnancy risk factors and outcomes in the transition from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to RDS and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Pregnancy risk factors and outcomes in the transition from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to RDS and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study Long Chen, Jing Xiong, Jingyu Guo, Jie Li, Yuan Shi, Lei Bao This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.21709/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has been proposed in 2017. Growing evidence suggests that pregnancy risk factors (PRF) contribute to the deterioration of respiratory distress. The present study aims to clarify PRF and outcomes in the transition from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to RDS and ARDS in preterm infants. Methods : A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit from Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018. Preterm neonates diagnosed with RDS were enrolled at baseline and followed up during hospitalization. The primary outcomes were to identify the relationships between PRF and transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS and the incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Results: A total of 269 preterm infants were included. Of them, 168 were diagnosed with both RDS and ARDS, and 101 with RDS. Comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with RDS was related to the decreased incidence of BPD (22:79 vs 61:107, 95%CI:0.27-0.85, P =0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD (3:98 vs 17:151, 95%CI:0.08-0.95, P =0.032) and two or more of surfactant (14:87 vs 43:125, 95%CI:0.24-0.91, P =0.023). PRF including intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy (ICP), pernicious placenta previa (PPP), hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were not shown differences between the two groups. Conclusion : Preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS were easier to convert to BPD as compared with that with RDS. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900026980 Keywords: ARDS · RDS · risk factors · outcomes · neonate Critical Care & Emergency Medicine ARDS RDS risk factors outcomes neonate Figures Figure 1 Introduction Neonatal respiratory distress related to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major health problem affecting the increasing premature birth population [ 1 ]. It is of great importance to recognize and treat the preterm infants at the early stage of respiratory distress. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with an increased risk for progression to BPD, and its incidence has been confirmed to be gradually increased with the decreased gestational age [ 2 ]. Exogenous surfactant replacement is a key treatment to reduce the incidence of BPD [ 3 ]. In 2017, the international neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) collaborative group provides the first consensus definition for neonatal ARDS [ 4 ]. To date, no studies have indicated beneficial effects of surfactant on adult and pediatric ARDS [ 5 , 6 ], its action for neonatal ARDS is therefore needed to be further elucidated [ 7 ]. Otherwise, the impact of RDS and/or ARDS on BPD is also unclear. Given RDS is a disease of respiratory distress that commences within 24 h after birth [ 3 ], and most ARDS also appears in the first three days [ 5 ]. The optimal active measures should be taken before birth. Pregnancy risk factors (PRF), including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP), and intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy (ICP), are related to increase the incidences of preterm birth and RDS [ 3 , 8 ]. The identification and subsequent active management for PRF before neonates' birth should be more beneficial strategies for preventing deterioration of RDS. We have found that PRF is related to the deterioration of RDS in a Chinese cohort [ 9 ]. However, no studies report the relationships between PRF and the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS in preterm infants, and it also remains unknown whether stayed in RDS is related to the decreased incidences of BPD, as well as other complications. The aims of the present study are: 1) to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS, and 2) to clarify whether stayed in RDS, as compared with transition to RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD. Methods Study registrations and Ethics consideration The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and registered at h ttp://www.chictr.org.cn . (ID: ChiCTR1900026980) (registration time: Oct-27, 2019). The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations of the participating institutions. Study Design and Participants. This was a retrospective study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018. Eligibility requirements for neonates were as follows: (1) The gestational age was less than 37 weeks and admitted to NICU in 24 h after birth; (2) These neonates were initially diagnosed with RDS. Exclusion criteria were: (1) major congenital anomalies; (2) chromosomal abnormalities; (3) neuromuscular diseases; (4) upper respiratory tract abnormalities. Diagnosis of neonatal RDS The diagnosis criteria of RDS was based on clinical manifestations and chest X-ray findings. The clinical signs and symptoms of RDS were respiratory distress, tachypnea, nasal flaring, groan, and cyanosis appear within 24 h after birth, as well as beneficial response to pulmonary surfactant and/or lung recruitment strategies. The other criteria include the typical X-ray picture of a grain shadow, air bronchogram or white lung [3]. Diagnosis of neonatal ARDS. The diagnosis of ARDS was according to the criteria established by pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference group in 2015 [6] and Montreux conference in 2017 [4], which mainly included: (1) A known or suspected clinical insult-associated acute onset within one week; (2) Exclusion of transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN), RDS, or congenital anomalies as a primary current acute respiratory condition. (3) Chest imaging changes cannot be explained by local effusions, atelectasis, RDS, TTN, or congenital anomalies; (4) Exclusion: edema induced by acute heart failure, fluid overload; (5) Oxygen index (OI) ≥4 should be used to diagnose ARDS for patients receiving noninvasive and invasive ventilation. Definition of the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS Definition of the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS must fulfill both the following conditions: 1. The first diagnosis in the first 24 h after birth was RDS; 2. The preterm infants were diagnosed with both RDS and ARDS within one week after birth; The administration of surfactant replacement and caffeine citrate. When the neonate was admitted to the NICU and had fulfilled the entry criteria, pulmonary surfactant (Curosurf, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Parma, Italy) was administered with a dosage of 200 mg/kg as a rescue treatment using the INSURE (intubation-surfactant-extubation) technique of surfactant administration if an infant needed FiO 2 >0.40 to maintain the targeted SpO 2 with 90%-95%. The intervals of surfactant administration were 6 to 12 hours without more than four doses allowed, and the second and later dose was 100 mg/kg. Also, these preterm infants received a loading dose of 20 mg/kg caffeine citrate and a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg/d until 34 weeks of GA. Other care was at the discretion of the attending neonatologist. Definition of PRF. Four individual PRF were analyzed in the present study, including ICP, HDCP, GDM, and pernicious placenta previa (PPP). Diagnosis of PRF were consistent with recommendations and guidelines from international consensus files [10] and Chinese Medical Association [11-14]. The preterm infants with RDS were considered to be with PRF as long as having one or more individual PRF. The diagnosis of BPD is consistent with definition of BPD [15]. Evaluation of p rimary and secondary outcomes. The primary outcomes were: 1) to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS in preterm infants, and 2) to clarify whether stayed in RDS, as compared with transition to RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD. And the secondary outcomes is mortality and other complications. Data Collection The clinical data of all enrolled neonates were collected in standardized case report forms, including gender, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, administration of surfactant, respiratory mode, PRF, death, BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and so on. Sample Size Estimation. The sample size estimation was calculated by PASS software (2008 v8.0.3). According to previous studies [16], the incidence of RDS in newborns from ICP was about 28%. Our previous study have indicated that the incidence of severe RDS in newborns from ICP was about 7% [9], the incidence of ARDS was therefore thought to no less than 7%, if the severe RDS was considered as ARDS. With 80% power and a 2-sided significance level of 0.05, 21 neonates would be needed at least in RDS and ARDS conversion group. According to the nature of cohort study, the number in the RDS group was usually not less than RDS and ARDS conversion group, so at least 42 neonates would be needed in preterm infants from ICP. In the present study, four PRF were included, the total number was therefore 168. Actually, during the study period, 269 preterm infants were enrolled. Therefore, the actual sample size was more than theoretical need. Statistical analysis. Continuous variables, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, were compared using independent samples t test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test or the Fisher’s test. The predefined BPD subgroups were: mild, moderate and severe BPD. To further assess the effects of surfactant administration on the rate of BPD between the two groups, use of surfactant were divided into three subgroups: zero, one and two of surfactant. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the primary outcome. All analyses were carried out using computer software (SPSS 16.0 for windows). A p -value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results From Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018, 775 preterm neonates with respiratory distress were admitted to NICU of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China. And 506 were excluded for the following causes: 274 were full term infants, 35 underwent surgery operation, 20 were diagnosed upper respiratory tract abnormalities, 85 were admitted after 24 h, 50 of ARDS were diagnosed after one week after birth and 42 were TTN. Finally, 269 preterm infants were included in the final analysis. 62.4% (168/269) converted to RDS and ARDS and 37.6% (101/269) stayed in RDS. And the prevalence of RDS in preterm neonates with respiratory disorders was 13.0% (101/775) and the conversion incidence from RDS to RDS and ARDS was 21.7% (168/775). (Fig 1) Baseline characteristics for the included preterm neonates . All the included neonates were born in other hospitals and transferred to the NICU due to respiratory distress within one week after birth. The baseline characteristics of neonates who stayed in RDS and who converted to RDS and ARDS are presented in table 1. There were also no significant differences in the main clinical characteristics of neonates, including gestational age, gender, birth weight, Apgar score, and invasive ventilation between two groups. The primary noninvasive modes were nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Compared with neonates who converted to RDS and ARDS, those who stayed in RDS had more primary mode of NCPAP (81:4 vs 103:24, 95%CI: 2.59-147.70, P =0.000). All subjects with RDS were diagnosed within 3 days. Otherwise, among the neonates with both RDS and ARDS, 83.9% of them were diagnosed with ARDS (141/168) between 1-3 days, and 16.1% (27/168) were 4-7 days. Surfactant replacement was administrated within three days after birth to 86 and 106 preterm infants in the RDS and RDS combined with ARDS groups, respectively. No neonates received 4 of surfactant and no neonates received surfactant after three days after birth. The primary and secondary outcomes. Association between PRF and the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS are shown in table 1. Generally, PRF was not found to be related to the increased conversion rate from RDS to RDS and ARDS. Comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with RDS was related to the decreased incidence of BPD (22:79 vs 61:107, 95%CI:0.27-0.85, P =0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD (3:98 vs 17:151, 95%CI:0.08-0.95, P =0.032). No difference was found in the administration of surfactant between the subjects with RDS and RDS combined with ARDS (86:15 vs 106:35, 95%CI: 0.97-3.69, P =0.059). In the preterm infants administrated with surfactant, less frequency of surfactant was needed in the RDS group as compared with RDS and ARDS group(1.2±0.5 vs 1.6±0.7, 95%CI: (-0.56)-(-0.21), P =0.000). Otherwise, comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, less preterm infants with RDS were administrated with two or more surfactant (16:85 vs 50:91, 95%CI: 0.18-0.65, P =0.001). In contrast, when only one of surfactant was need, there were more preterm infants with RDS (70:31 vs 56:85, 95%CI: 2.00-5.89, P =0.000). To further assess the effects of surfactant administration on the rate of BPD between the two groups, the subgroup analysis was also conducted. As far as two or more of surfactant was considered, there was still decreased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with RDS as compared with that with both RDS and ARDS (14:87 vs 43:125, 95%CI:0.24-0.91, P =0.023). (table 2) Discussion In the retrospective study, we aimed to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS combined with ARDS, and to clarify whether preterm infants with RDS, as compared with both RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD. As a result, we found that PRF were not related to the increased conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS. But, comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with RDS was related to the decreased incidence of BPD (22:79 vs 61:107, 95%CI:0.27–0.85, P = 0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD (3:98 vs 17:151, 95%CI:0.08–0.95, P = 0.032). We also showed that the effects of RDS and RDS combined with ARDS on the incidence of BPD were partially associated with the exogenous surfactant replacement. When only one of surfactant was administrated, no difference in the incidence of BPD was found between the two groups. But when more than two of surfactant was needed, there was decreased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with RDS as compared with that with RDS and ARDS (14:87 vs 43:125, 95%CI:0.24–0.91, P = 0.023). To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effects of surfactant on BPD between preterm infants with RDS and RDS combined with ARDS. The result suggests that preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS is associated with the increased incidence of BPD as compared with that with RDS when two or more of surfactant were needed. Besides caffeine [ 17 ], early use of NCPAP has been proved to be one of the most effective pathways to reduce the incidence of BPD. Supplying with an intermittent peak pressure on NCPAP, NIPPV is considered as a strengthened version of NCPAP with increased flow delivery in the upper airway, increased minute volume and functional residual capacity and recruitment of collapsed alveoli, improved stability of the chest wall and reduced asynchrony of thoraco-abdominal movement [ 18 – 21 ]. And it should be related to the decreased incidence of BPD. However, several studies have compared the effects of NIPPV and NCPAP on the incidence of BPD, and the results were no advantages of NIPPV over NCPAP. Meneses J et al [22] indicated that NIPPV did not significantly reduce the incidence of BPD comparing with NCPAP, of which mean gestational ages were about 30 weeks. Our previous study did not also show differences in the incidence of BPD [ 23 ], which was consistent with the meta-analyses [ 24 , 25 ]. The largest multi-centered study on the comparison of NIPPV and NCPAP also showed that, in very preterm infant, there was no significant difference on the rate of intubation and survival to 36 weeks of post-menstrual age without BPD [ 26 ]. And the authors suggested that there might be some subtle but important differences between extremely preterm and preterm infants, but they did not tell us what the differences were. One important cause to induce the difference may be the diagnosis of RDS and ARDS. the above studies were mainly performed in the pre-neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) era, in which ARDS was usually considered as severe RDS or severe respiratory failure. Actually, ARDS and RDS are two diseases according to their etiological and pathological characteristics. To further reduce the heterogeneities and exclude the potential effects of RDS on outcomes in neonates with ARDS, the keywords "severe RDS" or "severe respiratory distress" were hypothetically regarded as ARDS. An interesting result was that, as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduced the mortality (2:9 vs 3:3, 95%CI 0.09–0.89, P = 0.03) (4:177 vs 13:179, 95%CI 0.10–0.94, P = 0.04) [ 27 , 28 ], and the incidence of BPD at 36 weeks (13:173 vs 28:166, 95%CI 0.24–0.83, P = 0.01) [ 28 ], and improved long-term neurodevelopment outcomes [ 28 ]. Recently, we also reported a randomized controlled trial, and the result demonstrated that, compared with NCPAP, nasal high frequency oscillatory ventilation significantly reduced the need for endotracheal ventilation in the infants with ARDS and/or RDS (10:33 vs 21:15 95%CI 0.08–0.57, P = 0.002), but not in the neonates with RDS and ARDS (2:7 vs 11:6 95%CI 0.02-1.00, P = 0.097) [ 29 ]. And the result was consistent with the present study. Another important cause to induce the difference might be the administration of surfactant. In fact, no studies have indicated beneficial effects of surfactant for adult and pediatric ARDS [ 5 , 6 ], including meconium aspiration syndrome, and which is a subtype of ARDS. Cochrane review showed that, although reducing the severity of respiratory illness and decreased number of infants with progressive respiratory failure requiring support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome, surfactant administration does not reduce the incidence of BPD [ 30 ]. And they were consistent with the present study, in which two or more of surfactant was related to the increased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS as compared with that with RDS. Furthermore, the exact rate of ARDS in neonates was unknown due to the substantial heterogeneity of ARDS [ 5 ]. Seung Hyun Lee, et al reviewed retrospectively 242 late preterm and term newborn infants who were admitted to NICU for acute respiratory distress within 24 h after birth, and the respiratory distress were divided into six diseases: RDS (21, 8.6%), TTN (132, 54.5%), atypical acute respiratory disorder (52, 21.5%), meconium aspiration syndrome (18, 7.4%), pneumonia (5, 2.1%), and the others(14, 5.8%). According to the figures, the estimated rate of ARDS was up to 36.8% after excluding RDS and TTN [ 31 ]. In the present study, the prevalence of RDS in preterm neonates was 34.7% (269/775) and the conversion incidence from RDS to RDS and ARDS was 21.7% (168/775). Even so, the rate of ARDS was thought to be under-recognized. An observational study in 2016 including 459 ICUs in fifty countries showed that the clinical recognition rates ranged from 51.3% for mild ARDS to 78.5% for severe ARDS [ 32 ]. There were some basic limitations due to the observational nature of the present study. 1. there were small neonates with PRF. 2. the severity of ARDS was not measured quantitatively. These factors could induce potential bias, including restricted application scope and size effect. These problems could be overcome in additional prospective studies. A definitive answer to whether PRF increased the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS and incidence of BPD would require a larger sample size in randomized controlled trials. Conclusions In summary, preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS were associated with the increased incidence of BPD, especially in the subgroup of severe BPD and two or more of surfactant as compared with preterm neonates with RDS. But, PRF was not related to the increased conversion from RDS to RD S and ARDS. Due to small neonates with PRF, the relationship between PRF and the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS need further assessment. Declarations Acknowledgement Not applicable Author ’ s contributions LC conceptualized the study, accomplished the clinical trial, drafted the initial manuscript and reviewed the manuscript. JX revised the manuscript, accomplished the registration of clinical trial, and reviewed the manuscript. JYG carried out the initial analyses and reviewed the manuscript. JL designed the data collection instruments, and reviewed the manuscript. YS reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. LB conceptualized and designed the study and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Funding This work was supported by Clinical Medical Study Program of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (YBXM-2019-013), the Technology Innovation and Application Demonstration Program of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, China (No. cstc2018jscx-msybX0040), "guan'ai" preterm Study Program of Renze Foundation of Beijing (K022), Medical Science Study Program of Chongqing Hygiene and Health Commission (No. 2017MSXM018). Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due hospital policy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Abbreviations bronchopulmonary dysplasia BPD respiratory distress syndrome RDS acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS nasal continuous positive airway pressure NCPAP nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation NIPPV transient tachypnea of newborn TTN neonatal intensive care unit NICU pregnancy risk factor PRF gestational diabetes mellitus GDM hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy HDCP intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy ICP premature rupture of membrane PROM pernicious placenta previa PPP retinopathy of prematurity ROP necrotizing enterocolitis NEC intraventricular hemorrhage IVH References Reuter S,Moser C,Baack M. Respiratory distress in the newborn. Pediatr Rev. 2014; 35:417-428. Lemons JA , Bauer CR , Oh W , Korones SB , Papile LA , Stoll BJ , et al. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child health and human development neonatal research network, January 1995 through December 1996. NICHD Neonatal Research Network. 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The baseline characteristics of neonates with RDS and neonates with RDS and ARDS RDS (n=101) RDS and ARDS (n=168) RR or MD 95%CI p-value Gestational age (weeks) 31.8±2.6 31.9±2.8 -0.21 (-4.94)- 4.51 0.930 Gender (male), No. (%) 57 (56.4) 104 (61.9) 0.80 0.48-1.32 0.376 Caesarean (yes), No. (%) 65 (64.4) 107 (63.7) 1.03 0.62-1.72 0.912 Birth weight (g) 1.73±0.53 1.72±0.61 0.01 (-0.13)- 0.15 0.898 Apgar, 1 min 7.3±2.4 7.0±2.5 0.29 (-0.32)-0.91 0.351 Apgar, 5 min 8.8±1.3 8.5±1.5 0.26 (-0.10)-0.63 0.150 Apgar, 10 min 9.1±1.0 8.9±1.2 0.16 (-0.11)-0.44 0.245 Antenatal corticoids (yes), No. (%) 41 (40.6) 58 (34.5) 1.30 0.78-2.16 0.317 GDM (yes), No. (%) 4 (4.0) 2 (1.2) 3.42 0.61-19.03 0.202 PROM (yes), No. (%) 41 (40.6) 53 (31.5) 1.48 0.89-2.48 0.132 ICP (yes), No. (%) 1 (1.0) 1 (0.6) 1.67 0.10-27.00 1.000 PPP (yes), No. (%) 5 (5.0) 13 (7.7) 0.62 0.22-1.80 0.456 HDCP (yes), No. (%) 3 (3.0) 15 (8.9) 0.31 0.09-1.11 0.077 Primary modes (NIV,IV,%) 85:16(84.2%) 127:41(75.6%) 1.72 0.91-3.25 0.123 Primary modes-NIV (NCPAP,NIPPV, %) 81:4(98.8%) 103:24(81.1%) 19.57 2.59-147.70 0.000 GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; PROM: premature rupture of the membrane; ICP: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; pernicious placenta previa:PPP; respiratory distress syndrome: RDS; acute respiratory distress syndrome: ARDS; nasal continuous positive airway pressure: NCPAP; nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation: NIPPV; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval. Table 2. The primary and secondary outcomes RDS (n=101) RDS and ARDS (n=168) RR or MD 95%CI p-value BPD (yes), No. (%) 22 (21.8) 61 (36.7) 0.48 0.27-0.85 0.010 Severe 3 (3.0) 17 (10.1) 0.27 0.08-0.95 0.032 Moderate 12 (11.9) 32 (19.0) 0.57 0.28-1.17 0.124 Mild 7 (6.9) 12 (7.1) 0.97 0.37-2.55 0.948 0 dose of surfactant 2 (2.0) 7 (4.2) 0.47 0.10-2.28 0.491 1 dose of surfactant 6 (5.9) 11 (6.5) 0.90 0.32-2.52 1.000 ³2 doses of surfactant 14 (13.9) 43 (25.6) 0.47 0.24-0.91 0.023 Death (yes), No. (%) 0 (0.0) 3 (1.8) 1.02 1.00-1.04 0.294 Surfactant use (yes), No. (%) 86 (85.1) 106 (75.2) 1.89 0.97-3.69 0.059 1 dose 70 (70.0) 56 (39.3) 3.43 2.00-5.89 0.000 ³2 doses 16 (15.8) 50 (47.2) 0.34 0.18-0.65 0.001 Frequency of surfactant 1.2±0.5 (86) 1.6±0.7 (106) -0.39 (-0.56)- (-0.21) 0.000 Intubation (yes), No. (%) 17 (14.4) 42 (20.0) 0.67 0.36-1.25 0.206 2 nd stage 4 (4.0) 8 (4.8) 0.82 0.24-2.81 1.000 ROP>2 nd stage (yes), No. (%) 1 (1.0) 2 (1.2) 0.83 0.07-9.27 1.000 Air leak (yes), No. (%) 1 (1.0) 4 (2.4) 0.41 0.05-3.72 0.653 NEC ³2 nd stage (yes), No. (%) 9 (8.9) 11 (6.5) 1.40 0.56-3.50 0.474 Hospital stay (days) 30.8±19.9 31.9±23.2 -1.09 (-6.75)- 4.58 0.695 BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity: NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval. 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It is of great importance to recognize and treat the preterm infants at the early stage of respiratory distress. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is associated with an increased risk for progression to BPD, and its incidence has been confirmed to be gradually increased with the decreased gestational age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Exogenous surfactant replacement is a key treatment to reduce the incidence of BPD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2017, the international neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) collaborative group provides the first consensus definition for neonatal ARDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. To date, no studies have indicated beneficial effects of surfactant on adult and pediatric ARDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], its action for neonatal ARDS is therefore needed to be further elucidated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Otherwise, the impact of RDS and/or ARDS on BPD is also unclear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven RDS is a disease of respiratory distress that commences within 24\u0026nbsp;h after birth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], and most ARDS also appears in the first three days [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The optimal active measures should be taken before birth. Pregnancy risk factors (PRF), including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy (HDCP), and intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy (ICP), are related to increase the incidences of preterm birth and RDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The identification and subsequent active management for PRF before neonates' birth should be more beneficial strategies for preventing deterioration of RDS. We have found that PRF is related to the deterioration of RDS in a Chinese cohort [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, no studies report the relationships between PRF and the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS in preterm infants, and it also remains unknown whether stayed in RDS is related to the decreased incidences of BPD, as well as other complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aims of the present study are: 1) to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS, and 2) to clarify whether stayed in RDS, as compared with transition to RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy registrations and Ethics consideration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University and registered at \u003cu\u003eh\u003c/u\u003e\u003cu\u003ettp://www.chictr.org.cn\u003c/u\u003e. (ID: ChiCTR1900026980) (registration time: Oct-27, 2019). The study was performed in accordance with the approved guidelines and regulations of the participating institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Design and Participants. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a retrospective study conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEligibility requirements for neonates were as follows: (1) The gestational age was less than 37 weeks and admitted to NICU in 24 h after birth; (2) These neonates were initially diagnosed with RDS. Exclusion criteria were: (1) major congenital anomalies; (2) chromosomal abnormalities; (3) neuromuscular diseases; (4) upper respiratory tract abnormalities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis of neonatal RDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagnosis criteria of RDS was based on clinical manifestations and chest X-ray findings. The clinical signs and symptoms of RDS were respiratory distress, tachypnea, nasal flaring, groan, and cyanosis appear within 24 h after birth, as well as beneficial response to pulmonary surfactant and/or lung recruitment strategies. The other criteria include the typical X-ray picture of a grain shadow, air bronchogram or white lung [3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnosis of neonatal ARDS. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diagnosis of ARDS was according to the criteria established by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pediatric%20Acute%20Lung%20Injury%20Consensus%20Conference%20Group%5BCorporate%20Author%5D\"\u003epediatric\u0026nbsp;acute lung injury\u0026nbsp;consensus\u0026nbsp;conference\u0026nbsp;group\u003c/a\u003e in 2015 [6] and Montreux conference in 2017 [4], which mainly included: (1) A known or suspected clinical insult-associated acute onset within one week; (2) Exclusion of transient tachypnea of newborn (TTN), RDS, or congenital anomalies as a primary current acute respiratory condition. (3) Chest imaging changes cannot be explained by local effusions, atelectasis, RDS, TTN, or congenital anomalies; (4) Exclusion: edema induced by acute heart failure, fluid overload; (5) Oxygen index (OI) \u0026ge;4 should be used to diagnose ARDS for patients receiving noninvasive and invasive ventilation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefinition of the transition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e from RDS to RDS and ARDS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDefinition of the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS must fulfill both the following conditions: 1. The first diagnosis in the first 24 h after birth was RDS; 2. The preterm infants were diagnosed with both RDS and ARDS within one week after birth;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe administration of surfactant replacement and caffeine citrate.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the neonate was admitted to the NICU and had fulfilled the entry criteria, pulmonary surfactant (Curosurf, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Parma, Italy) was administered with a dosage of 200 mg/kg as a rescue treatment using the INSURE (intubation-surfactant-extubation) technique of surfactant administration if an infant needed FiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026gt;0.40 to maintain the targeted SpO\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003ewith 90%-95%. The intervals of surfactant administration were 6 to 12 hours without more than four doses allowed, and the second and later dose was 100 mg/kg.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlso, these preterm infants received a loading dose of 20 mg/kg caffeine citrate and a maintenance dose of 10 mg/kg/d until 34 weeks of GA. Other care was at the discretion of the attending neonatologist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDefinition of PRF. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour individual PRF were analyzed in the present study, including ICP, HDCP, GDM, and pernicious placenta previa (PPP). Diagnosis of PRF were consistent with recommendations and guidelines from international consensus files [10] and Chinese Medical Association [11-14]. The preterm infants with RDS were considered to be with PRF as long as having one or more individual PRF. The diagnosis of BPD is consistent with definition of BPD [15].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of p\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003erimary and secondary outcomes. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe primary outcomes were: 1) to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS and ARDS in preterm infants, and 2) to clarify whether stayed in RDS, as compared with transition to RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD. And the secondary outcomes is mortality and other complications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical data of all enrolled neonates were collected in standardized case report forms, including gender, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, administration of surfactant, respiratory mode, PRF, death, BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and so on.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size Estimation. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size estimation was calculated by PASS software (2008 v8.0.3). According to previous studies [16], the incidence of RDS in newborns from ICP was about 28%. Our previous study have indicated that the incidence of severe RDS in newborns from ICP was about 7% [9], the incidence of ARDS was therefore thought to no less than 7%, if the severe RDS was considered as ARDS. With 80% power and a 2-sided significance level of 0.05, 21 neonates would be needed at least in RDS and ARDS conversion group. According to the nature of cohort study, the number in the RDS group was usually not less than RDS and ARDS conversion group, so at least 42 neonates would be needed in preterm infants from ICP. In the present study, four PRF were included, the total number was therefore 168. Actually, during the study period, 269 preterm infants were enrolled. Therefore, the actual sample size was more than theoretical need.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContinuous variables, expressed as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation, were compared using independent samples t test. Categorical variables were compared using the \u0026chi;2 test or the Fisher\u0026rsquo;s test. The predefined BPD subgroups were: mild, moderate and severe BPD. To further assess the effects of surfactant administration on the rate of BPD between the two groups, use of surfactant were divided into three subgroups: zero, one and two of surfactant. Subgroup analyses were conducted for the primary outcome. All analyses were carried out using computer software (SPSS 16.0 for windows). A \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018, 775 preterm neonates with respiratory distress were admitted to NICU of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China. And 506 were excluded for the following causes: 274 were full term infants, 35 underwent surgery operation, 20 were diagnosed upper respiratory tract abnormalities, 85 were admitted after 24 h, 50 of ARDS were diagnosed after one week after birth and 42 were TTN. Finally, 269 preterm infants were included in the final analysis. 62.4% (168/269) converted to RDS and ARDS and 37.6% (101/269) stayed in RDS. And the prevalence of RDS in preterm neonates with respiratory disorders was 13.0% (101/775) and the conversion incidence from RDS to RDS and ARDS was 21.7% (168/775). (Fig 1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline characteristics for the included preterm neonates\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the included neonates were born in other hospitals and transferred to the NICU due to respiratory distress within one week after birth. The baseline characteristics of neonates who stayed in RDS and who converted to RDS and ARDS are presented in table 1. There were also no significant differences in the main clinical characteristics of neonates, including gestational age, gender, birth weight, Apgar score, and invasive ventilation between two groups. The primary noninvasive modes were nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Compared with neonates who converted to RDS and ARDS, those who stayed in RDS had more primary mode of NCPAP (81:4 vs 103:24, 95%CI: 2.59-147.70, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll subjects with RDS were diagnosed within 3 days. Otherwise, among the neonates with both RDS and ARDS, 83.9% of them were diagnosed with ARDS (141/168) between 1-3 days, and 16.1% (27/168) were 4-7 days. Surfactant replacement was administrated within three days after birth to 86 and 106 preterm infants in the RDS and RDS combined with ARDS groups, respectively. No neonates received 4 of surfactant and no neonates received surfactant after three days after birth.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe primary and secondary outcomes. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociation between PRF and the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS are shown in table 1. Generally, PRF was not found to be related to the increased conversion rate from RDS to RDS and ARDS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eComparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with RDS was related to the decreased incidence of BPD (22:79 vs 61:107, 95%CI:0.27-0.85,\u003cem\u003e P\u003c/em\u003e=0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD (3:98 vs 17:151, 95%CI:0.08-0.95,\u003cem\u003e P\u003c/em\u003e=0.032). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo difference was found in the administration of surfactant between the subjects with RDS and RDS combined with ARDS (86:15 vs 106:35, 95%CI: 0.97-3.69, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.059). In the preterm infants administrated with surfactant, less frequency of surfactant was needed in the RDS group as compared with RDS and ARDS group(1.2\u0026plusmn;0.5 vs 1.6\u0026plusmn;0.7, 95%CI: (-0.56)-(-0.21), \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.000). Otherwise, comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, less preterm infants with RDS were administrated with two or more surfactant (16:85 vs 50:91, 95%CI: 0.18-0.65, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.001). In contrast, when only one of surfactant was need, there were more preterm infants with RDS (70:31 vs 56:85, 95%CI: 2.00-5.89, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e=0.000).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further assess the effects of surfactant administration on the rate of BPD between the two groups, the subgroup analysis was also conducted. As far as two or more of surfactant was considered, there was still decreased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with RDS as compared with that with both RDS and ARDS (14:87 vs 43:125, 95%CI:0.24-0.91,\u003cem\u003e P\u003c/em\u003e=0.023). (table 2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn the retrospective study, we aimed to report the effects of PRF on the transition from RDS to RDS combined with ARDS, and to clarify whether preterm infants with RDS, as compared with both RDS and ARDS, is associated with the decreased incidence of BPD. As a result, we found that PRF were not related to the increased conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS. But, comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with RDS was related to the decreased incidence of BPD (22:79 vs 61:107, 95%CI:0.27\u0026ndash;0.85, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD (3:98 vs 17:151, 95%CI:0.08\u0026ndash;0.95, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also showed that the effects of RDS and RDS combined with ARDS on the incidence of BPD were partially associated with the exogenous surfactant replacement. When only one of surfactant was administrated, no difference in the incidence of BPD was found between the two groups. But when more than two of surfactant was needed, there was decreased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with RDS as compared with that with RDS and ARDS (14:87 vs 43:125, 95%CI:0.24\u0026ndash;0.91, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effects of surfactant on BPD between preterm infants with RDS and RDS combined with ARDS. The result suggests that preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS is associated with the increased incidence of BPD as compared with that with RDS when two or more of surfactant were needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides caffeine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], early use of NCPAP has been proved to be one of the most effective pathways to reduce the incidence of BPD. Supplying with an intermittent peak pressure on NCPAP, NIPPV is considered as a strengthened version of NCPAP with increased flow delivery in the upper airway, increased minute volume and functional residual capacity and recruitment of collapsed alveoli, improved stability of the chest wall and reduced asynchrony of thoraco-abdominal movement [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR19 CR20\" citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. And it should be related to the decreased incidence of BPD. However, several studies have compared the effects of NIPPV and NCPAP on the incidence of BPD, and the results were no advantages of NIPPV over NCPAP. Meneses J et al [22] indicated that NIPPV did not significantly reduce the incidence of BPD comparing with NCPAP, of which mean gestational ages were about 30 weeks. Our previous study did not also show differences in the incidence of BPD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], which was consistent with the meta-analyses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The largest multi-centered study on the comparison of NIPPV and NCPAP also showed that, in very preterm infant, there was no significant difference on the rate of intubation and survival to 36 weeks of post-menstrual age without BPD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. And the authors suggested that there might be some subtle but important differences between extremely preterm and preterm infants, but they did not tell us what the differences were.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne important cause to induce the difference may be the diagnosis of RDS and ARDS. the above studies were mainly performed in the pre-neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) era, in which ARDS was usually considered as severe RDS or severe respiratory failure. Actually, ARDS and RDS are two diseases according to their etiological and pathological characteristics. To further reduce the heterogeneities and exclude the potential effects of RDS on outcomes in neonates with ARDS, the keywords \"severe RDS\" or \"severe respiratory distress\" were hypothetically regarded as ARDS. An interesting result was that, as compared with conventional mechanical ventilation, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation reduced the mortality (2:9 vs 3:3, 95%CI 0.09\u0026ndash;0.89, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.03) (4:177 vs 13:179, 95%CI 0.10\u0026ndash;0.94, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and the incidence of BPD at 36 weeks (13:173 vs 28:166, 95%CI 0.24\u0026ndash;0.83, \u003cspan type=\"Italic\" class=\"Italic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eP\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], and improved long-term neurodevelopment outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Recently, we also reported a randomized controlled trial, and the result demonstrated that, compared with NCPAP, nasal high frequency oscillatory ventilation significantly reduced the need for endotracheal ventilation in the infants with ARDS and/or RDS (10:33 vs 21:15 95%CI 0.08\u0026ndash;0.57, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002), but not in the neonates with RDS and ARDS (2:7 vs 11:6 95%CI 0.02-1.00, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.097) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. And the result was consistent with the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother important cause to induce the difference might be the administration of surfactant. In fact, no studies have indicated beneficial effects of surfactant for adult and pediatric ARDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], including meconium aspiration syndrome, and which is a subtype of ARDS. Cochrane review showed that, although reducing the severity of respiratory illness and decreased number of infants with progressive respiratory failure requiring support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with meconium aspiration syndrome, surfactant administration does not reduce the incidence of BPD [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. And they were consistent with the present study, in which two or more of surfactant was related to the increased incidence of BPD in the preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS as compared with that with RDS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the exact rate of ARDS in neonates was unknown due to the substantial heterogeneity of ARDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Seung Hyun Lee, et al reviewed retrospectively 242 late preterm and term newborn infants who were admitted to NICU for acute respiratory distress within 24\u0026nbsp;h after birth, and the respiratory distress were divided into six diseases: RDS (21, 8.6%), TTN (132, 54.5%), atypical acute respiratory disorder (52, 21.5%), meconium aspiration syndrome (18, 7.4%), pneumonia (5, 2.1%), and the others(14, 5.8%). According to the figures, the estimated rate of ARDS was up to 36.8% after excluding RDS and TTN [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. In the present study, the prevalence of RDS in preterm neonates was 34.7% (269/775) and the conversion incidence from RDS to RDS and ARDS was 21.7% (168/775). Even so, the rate of ARDS was thought to be under-recognized. An observational study in 2016 including 459 ICUs in fifty countries showed that the clinical recognition rates ranged from 51.3% for mild ARDS to 78.5% for severe ARDS [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere were some basic limitations due to the observational nature of the present study. 1. there were small neonates with PRF. 2. the severity of ARDS was not measured quantitatively. These factors could induce potential bias, including restricted application scope and size effect. These problems could be overcome in additional prospective studies. A definitive answer to whether PRF increased the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS and incidence of BPD would require a larger sample size in randomized controlled trials.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusions","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn summary, preterm infants with both RDS and ARDS were associated with the increased incidence of BPD, especially in the subgroup of severe BPD and two or more of surfactant as compared with preterm neonates with RDS. But, PRF was not related to the increased conversion from RDS to RD S and ARDS. Due to small neonates with PRF, the relationship between PRF and the conversion from RDS to RDS and ARDS need further assessment.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLC conceptualized the study, accomplished the clinical trial, drafted the initial manuscript and reviewed the manuscript. JX revised the manuscript, accomplished the registration of clinical trial, and reviewed the manuscript. JYG carried out the initial analyses and reviewed the manuscript. JL designed the data collection instruments, and reviewed the manuscript. YS reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. LB conceptualized and designed the study and critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Clinical Medical Study Program of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (YBXM-2019-013), the Technology Innovation and Application Demonstration Program of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission, China (No. cstc2018jscx-msybX0040), \"guan'ai\" preterm Study Program of Renze Foundation of Beijing (K022), Medical Science Study Program of Chongqing Hygiene and Health Commission (No. 2017MSXM018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due hospital policy but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":" \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ebronchopulmonary dysplasia\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003erespiratory distress syndrome\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eacute respiratory distress syndrome\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eARDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003enasal continuous positive airway pressure\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNCPAP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003enasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNIPPV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003etransient tachypnea of newborn\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTTN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eneonatal intensive care unit\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNICU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epregnancy risk factor\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003egestational diabetes mellitus\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGDM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ehypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHDCP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eintrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epremature rupture of membrane\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePROM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003epernicious placenta previa\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eretinopathy of prematurity\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eROP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003enecrotizing enterocolitis\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNEC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eintraventricular hemorrhage\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIVH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReuter S,Moser C,Baack M. \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25274969\"\u003eRespiratory distress in the newborn.\u003c/a\u003e Pediatr Rev. 2014; 35:417-428.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca 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Epidemiology,\u0026nbsp;Patterns\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;Care, and Mortality for Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Intensive Care Units in 50 Countries. JAMA. 2016;315:788-800.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10px; line-height: 200%; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 1. The baseline characteristics of neonates with RDS and neonates with RDS and ARDS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\" width=\"577\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;RDS (n=101)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eRDS and ARDS (n=168)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eRR or MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:39.3pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003ep-value\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eGestational age (weeks)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e31.8±2.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e31.9±2.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e-0.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-4.94)- 4.51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.930\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eGender (male), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e57 (56.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e104 (61.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.48-1.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.376\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eCaesarean (yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e65 (64.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e107 (63.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.62-1.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.912\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eBirth weight (g)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.73±0.53\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.72±0.61\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-0.13)- 0.15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.898\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eApgar, 1 min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e7.3±2.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e7.0±2.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-0.32)-0.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.351\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eApgar, 5 min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e8.8±1.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e8.5±1.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-0.10)-0.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.150\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eApgar, 10 min\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e9.1±1.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e8.9±1.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-0.11)-0.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.245\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eAntenatal corticoids (yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e41 (40.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e58 (34.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.78-2.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.317\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eGDM (yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e4 (4.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e3.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.61-19.03\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.202\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003ePROM\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e41 (40.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e53 (31.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.89-2.48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.132\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eICP\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 (0.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.10-27.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003ePPP (yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e5 (5.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e13 (7.7)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.22-1.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.456\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eHDCP (yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e3 (3.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e15 (8.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.09-1.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.077\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003ePrimary modes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(NIV,IV,%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e85:16(84.2%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e127:41(75.6%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.91-3.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.123\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:130.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"30.155979202772965%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003ePrimary modes-NIV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(NCPAP,NIPPV, %)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:60.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"14.038128249566725%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e81:4(98.8%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:84.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"19.584055459272097%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e103:24(81.1%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:38.25pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"8.838821490467938%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e19.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:70.75pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"16.291161178509533%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e2.59-147.70\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width:48.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"11.091854419410746%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eGDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; PROM: premature rupture of the membrane; ICP: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%; background: white;\"\u003epernicious placenta previa:PPP;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003erespiratory distress syndrome: RDS; acute respiratory distress syndrome: ARDS;\u0026nbsp;nasal continuous positive airway pressure: NCPAP;\u0026nbsp;nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation: NIPPV; NIV: noninvasive ventilation; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eTable 2. The primary and secondary outcomes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left:-4.05pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\" width=\"549\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eRDS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(n=101)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eRDS and ARDS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(n=168)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eRR or MD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e95%CI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt 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style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.010\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 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200%;\"\u003e0.97\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.37-2.55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.948\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0 dose of surfactant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e2 (2.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e7 (4.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.10-2.28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.491\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 dose of surfactant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e6 (5.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e11 (6.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.32-2.52\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e³2 doses of surfactant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e14 (13.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e43 (25.6)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.24-0.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eDeath\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e3 (1.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.02\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.00-1.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.294\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eSurfactant use\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e86 (85.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e106 (75.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.97-3.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.059\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 dose\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e70 (70.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e56 (39.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e3.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e2.00-5.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e³2 doses\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e16 (15.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e50 (47.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 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style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eFrequency of surfactant\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.2±0.5 (86)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.6±0.7 (106)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e-0.39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-0.56)- (-0.21)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eIntubation\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e17 (14.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e42 (20.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.67\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.36-1.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.206\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026lt;32w\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e4 (7.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e21 (19.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.11-1.00\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.041\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e32-36w\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e13 (28.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e21 (35.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.73\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.32-1.68\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.461\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eIVH\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e23 (22.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.177\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:right;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 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style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e8 (4.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.82\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.24-2.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eROP\u0026gt;2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e stage\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e2 (1.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.07-9.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eAir leak\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1 (1.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e4 (2.4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.05-3.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.653\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eNEC\u0026nbsp;³2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e stage\u0026nbsp;(yes), No. (%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e9 (8.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e11 (6.5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e1.40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.56-3.50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.474\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"16.939890710382514%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eHospital stay (days)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80.4pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"19.48998178506375%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e30.8±19.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86.95pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"21.129326047358834%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e31.9±23.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58.6pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.207650273224044%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e-1.09\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"14.571948998178506%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e(-6.75)- 4.58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56.25pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"13.66120218579235%\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.695\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eBPD:\u0026nbsp;bronchopulmonary dysplasia; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity: NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:left;text-indent:0in;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Times New Roman\u0026quot;,serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: \n Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: \n 10px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;font-size:14px;font-family:\u0026quot;Calibri\u0026quot;,sans-serif;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 10px; line-height: 200%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ARDS, RDS, risk factors, outcomes, neonate","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.21709/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.21709/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground:\u0026nbsp;Neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome\u0026nbsp;(ARDS) has been proposed in 2017.\u0026nbsp;Growing evidence suggests\u0026nbsp;that pregnancy\u0026nbsp;risk factors (PRF) contribute to\u0026nbsp;the deterioration of respiratory distress. The present study aims\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;clarify\u0026nbsp;PRF and outcomes\u0026nbsp;in the transition from\u0026nbsp;respiratory distress syndrome\u0026nbsp;(RDS) to RDS and ARDS\u0026nbsp;in preterm infants. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods :\u0026nbsp;A retrospective study\u0026nbsp;was conducted at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit\u0026nbsp;from Jan-1, 2017 to July-30, 2018.\u0026nbsp;Preterm neonates\u0026nbsp;diagnosed with RDS\u0026nbsp;were enrolled at baseline and followed up during hospitalization.\u0026nbsp;The primary outcomes were to identify the relationships\u0026nbsp;between PRF and transition from\u0026nbsp;RDS\u0026nbsp;to RDS and ARDS and the incidences of bronchopulmonary dysplasia\u0026nbsp;(BPD).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults:\u0026nbsp;A total of 269\u0026nbsp;preterm infants were included. Of them, 168\u0026nbsp;were diagnosed with both RDS and ARDS, and 101\u0026nbsp;with RDS. Comparing with preterm neonates with both RDS and ARDS, that with\u0026nbsp;RDS\u0026nbsp;was related to the\u0026nbsp;decreased\u0026nbsp;incidence of BPD\u0026nbsp;(22:79\u0026nbsp;vs\u0026nbsp;61:107, 95%CI:0.27-0.85,\u0026nbsp;P =0.010), especially in the subgroup of severe BPD\u0026nbsp;(3:98\u0026nbsp;vs\u0026nbsp;17:151, 95%CI:0.08-0.95,\u0026nbsp;P =0.032)\u0026nbsp;and two or more of surfactant\u0026nbsp;(14:87\u0026nbsp;vs\u0026nbsp;43:125, 95%CI:0.24-0.91,\u0026nbsp;P =0.023).\u0026nbsp;PRF including intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy\u0026nbsp;(ICP), pernicious placenta previa\u0026nbsp;(PPP), hypertensive disorder complicating pregnancy\u0026nbsp;(HDCP)\u0026nbsp;and gestational diabetes mellitus\u0026nbsp;(GDM)\u0026nbsp;were not shown differences between the two groups. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusion :\u0026nbsp;Preterm infants\u0026nbsp;with both RDS and ARDS\u0026nbsp;were easier to convert to BPD\u0026nbsp;as compared\u0026nbsp;with\u0026nbsp;that with RDS. Trial registration:\u0026nbsp;Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1900026980 Keywords: ARDS\u0026nbsp;·\u0026nbsp;RDS\u0026nbsp;· risk factors\u0026nbsp;· outcomes\u0026nbsp;· neonate\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Pregnancy risk factors and outcomes in the transition from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) to RDS and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-01-23 18:52:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.21709/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"56e61e2f-07d5-44f3-9dc6-b117e928c935","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 23rd, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":52547,"name":"Critical Care \u0026 Emergency Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-01-23 18:52:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-12292","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-12292","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"omnImTCwR2MFx8CMYfrG7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}