Exposure, distribution, and ecological risk of four new bisphenol analogs in the typical lake region of Taihu Lake

The development of the industrial economy in Taihu Lake has led to increased levels of bisphenol compounds (BPs), which are difficult to degrade and highly toxic, making them a research focus. This study aimed to determine the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of bisphenol Z (BPZ), bisphenol C (BPC), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS). Surface water and sediment samples were collected and analyzed, revealing average BPs concentrations of 1227 ng/L and 11 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. BPS had the highest detection rate among the four BPs, followed by BPF. Pollutant levels were found to increase upstream and decrease downstream. In wild fish, the pollutants were found to be concentrated in the muscle, gill, liver, kidney, and brain tissues, indicating short-term exposure. Correlation and stable isotope analyses showed that BPF and BPS had similar origins, and sediments were found to be the primary source of the pollutants. Ecological and human health risk assessments showed low-risk levels, but the risks are still increasing and require attention. This study provides valuable information for the management and control of BP pollution in Taihu Lake.