Recovering birds and mammals across Europe continue to be negatively impacted by threats but benefit from conservation measures

Even during ongoing global biodiversity losses and extinctions, numerous species have shown recoveries in terms of increased abundance and/or range extent. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to, or limit, these recoveries is critical not just to ensure they continue, but to promote similar recoveries across broader ecosystems. Here, we explore the changes in abundance and range extent of selected 47 recovering species (24 mammals and 23 birds) in Europe using official data reported by EU Member States and supplemented using the Living Planet Index database. We investigate how the diversity of ongoing threats and conservation measures contribute to the likelihood and extent of recoveries. For birds, long-term recoveries were less likely among species impacted by a greater diversity of threats, although this may be mitigated by the diversity of conservation measures in place. Similarly, for mammals, populations with reported threats recovered less quickly while those with management actions in place recovered more quickly. To achieve the aims of the UN Decade on Restoration, we need to ensure, even for recovering species , that threats continue to be reduced and that conservation management actions are ongoing and effective.