Evaluating Security Components in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Tehran Metropolis District 20

Evaluating Security Components in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Tehran Metropolis District 20 | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluating Security Components in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Tehran Metropolis District 20 Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, Mohammad Ali Khaliji This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Urban security and the quality of public spaces are critical issues that significantly impact the livability of urban areas. Without proper security measures, even the most well-designed public spaces can fail to fulfill their intended purpose. This research takes a closer look at the security components within urban spaces, with a specific focus on District 20 of Tehran metropolis. Employing an applied research methodology, this descriptive-analytical study comprehensively evaluates security across four fundamental dimensions: economic, physical, activity, and visual quality. To gauge the level of security within these urban spaces, the research utilizes Pearson's test and path analysis. The findings reveal intriguing insights into the security landscape of the 20th district. Visual quality emerges as the most secure component, achieving a rating of 2.52, while the activity dimension records the lowest average, with a score of 1.65. Furthermore, this study identifies a significant correlation between the economic and physical security components, scoring an impressive 0.688. In light of these results, it becomes evident that addressing security concerns in urban areas is essential for enhancing the quality and safety of public spaces. This research serves as a valuable resource for urban planners and policymakers striving to create more secure and vibrant urban environments in similar contexts. urban Security Urban Space Tehran Structural Equations Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The swift urbanization process has transformed cities into significant global hubs, with growing interconnectedness facilitated by advanced information and communication technology (Kazepov & Cucca, 2019 ). As a result of these evolving dynamics, urban areas have come under increased scrutiny. Since the 1970s, the rapid increase in urban populations and a rise in social issues within cities have led to a greater emphasis on spatial studies of urban crime (Alomari, 2014 ). This emphasis has expanded to encompass crime prevention through environmental design, in line with advocates of collective crime prevention who are influenced by Jacobs' ideas about natural and informal social order. Some even argue that secondary institutions such as the police may become less necessary in reducing fear (Schubert, 2016 ). Despite the apparent disconnect, security and the urban landscape, integral components of urban planning and landscape architecture, are highly relevant. Many theories and experiences suggest that the standards and measures that shape citizens' sense of security often intersect with the principles that govern urban landscape design, whether directly or indirectly. Essentially, the urban landscape should function as a safe haven for citizens' lives (Adem Esmail & Suleiman, 2020 ; Azevedo et al., 2021 ). Security and the urban landscape are two interconnected aspects of urbanization, and individuals should be able to move through public urban environments with a sense of safety and comfort. Therefore, urban environments, which are inseparable from the landscape and urban landscape, must be designed to instill a sense of security in those who experience them. Inadequate urban spaces pose a crisis that jeopardizes citizens' mental well-being, with a lack of security being a contributing factor (Zarrabi et al., 2021 ). Addressing these challenges requires new approaches in urban planning to improve the environmental health of citizens. Environmental security is a crucial component of mental health in urban spaces (Sodiq et al., 2019 ; Machin et al., 2021 ). Effective and practical design of built spaces can reduce crime and enhance security in urban environments, creating an environment where appropriate activities thrive while deterring inappropriate ones. Increased citizen presence and their ability to monitor their surroundings promote social interaction and contribute to overall security (Tayebeh et al., 2023 ). Urban spaces, where diverse social classes come together (Roche, 2017 ; Janssen et al., 2024 ). are dynamic areas shaped by the activities of social groups and the influence of cultural and social forces (Kawachi & Berkman, 2000 ). Ensuring the well-being of citizens in these spaces requires a focus on environmental security. When we talk about urban space, we are referring to all public spaces within the urban area that are physically accessible (Micek & Staszewska, 2019 ; Ghalehteimouri et al., 2023 ). These urban public spaces, often known as the "third place," play a crucial role in promoting social interactions (Reyes-Riveros et al., 2021 ). They are public domains that derive significance from human presence and activity (Arbab and Saedi Monfared, 2019 ). Urban spaces are dynamic and multifaceted realms where individuals from various social classes come together (Roche, 2017 ; Ghalehteimouri et al., 2023 ). These spaces are not just physical landscapes but are shaped by the complex interplay of social groups' activities and the broader influence of cultural and social forces (Kawachi & Berkman, 2000 ). The concept of environmental security is essential for the well-being of residents in these spaces (Javdan et al., 2023 ). It's important to note that when we talk about urban spaces, we are including all public areas within the urban fabric that are accessible to individuals (Micek & Staszewska, 2019 ; Ghalehteimouri et al., 2023 ). These urban public spaces often serve as the "third place," playing a central role in social interactions and the collective identity of the urban community (Reyes-Riveros et al., 2021 ; Karrholm, 2016 ). Urban public spaces go beyond their physical boundaries and are deeply connected to human presence and interactions (Arbab and Saedi Monfared, 2019 ). However, despite being essential to urban life, these spaces face numerous threats. These include crime, terrorism, air and water pollution (Ghalehteimouri and Khaliji, 2023 ; Fadhel et al., 2024 ).), natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and the complex coordination of vehicular and pedestrian activities, all of which can compromise the safety and security of urban spaces (Zukin, 2012 ; Stanley et al., 2015 ; Jafarpour, 2022 ). This highlights a critical gap that needs to be addressed. Ensuring the security and environmental quality of urban public spaces has significant implications for the well-being and identity of urban residents. Our aim is to explore the intersection of urban space, security, and environmental quality, and to present strategies and solutions that can contribute to the creation of urban spaces that are safe, secure, and conducive to vibrant community life and overall well-being. This research seeks to delve into the interplay of urban space, security, and environmental quality, with the ultimate goal of unraveling the complexities and potential in this dynamic relationship. Ultimately, we hope to provide actionable recommendations that can pave the way for urban spaces that not only ensure safety but also serve as nurturing hubs for community life and the holistic well-being of residents. Theoretical Foundations of Research Security: Security is a crucial human requirement, coming second only to physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs (Mazilu, 2023). It encompasses various aspects, such as cultural, economic, social, and physical well-being, contributing to overall progress and prosperity (Dhyani et al., 2020 ). In the urban setting, the security of cities and the need to maintain it are critical issues in urban life. Urban security is widely recognized as a fundamental foundation for building social connections, providing public services, and ultimately creating a stable and healthy urban environment. The feeling of security, as one of the most visible aspects of societal progress, is essential for stability and growth (Meybodi, et al., 2023 ). Without it, individuals cannot form positive impressions of the spaces they inhabit. Feeling of Security: In urban areas, urban security is the sense that people can move around these spaces without fear, interact socially, and communicate without worrying about threats, violence, or harassment, including sexual inequality (Rafieian et al., 2019 ). It includes protecting people's lives, property, and more, showing the order, legality, and stability of society. The feeling of security arises when the needs of individuals and society are fulfilled, promoting a sense of worth, confidence, and self-assurance among people (Neild, 2003 ). Urban Space: In order to effectively shape cities, it is essential for urban planners and decision-makers to have a deep understanding of the complex formation of urban spatial structures. Urban spatial structures encompass both the physical elements of the urban environment and the intangible human activity spaces that define the social dynamics and vibrancy of the city (Saboonchi et al., 2018 ). The interaction between these dimensions has a significant impact on various aspects of urban life, including individual experiences, social equity, economic prosperity, and the pursuit of sustainable development (Ghalehteimouri et al., 2021 ). The concept of urban space is closely linked to human-centered goals and social activities, serving as a reflection of human aspirations within the broader societal context. Urban space, as a component of the overall spatial framework, represents the interconnected relationship between the city's social and physical dimensions. Essentially, it is a fusion of two distinct dimensions: the social and the physical (Toft & Rönn, 2017 ). Urban Public Spaces: Cities are made up of both private and public spaces that are closely connected. Research and experiences from around the world show that urban public spaces play a crucial role as centers for social interactions and community life. These spaces are shared by people who may not know each other personally, and they are used for a wide range of activities such as politics, religion, trade, sports, and casual interactions. Public spaces are open to everyone and can accommodate various public activities. They are important for nurturing a democratic society because when everyone has equal access to these spaces, it reduces the risk of discrimination and social segregation, and allows diverse individuals and groups to assert their rights and participate. Encouraging people to use public spaces and ensuring equal access is the first step in building a civil society. People are at the center of urban space dynamics, and they need suitable places to engage with each other. Meeting their social needs and providing opportunities for social experiences requires physical spaces, and public spaces are well-suited to meet this aspect of urban life. A public space truly becomes an urban space when it becomes a center for interactions, social encounters, and active participation. As Gehl points out in "Life between Buildings," public spaces can either encourage or hinder social interaction. The Concept of Security in Addressing Spatial Insecurity Security is a crucial aspect of human well-being and is considered an essential requirement for human excellence in Maslow's pyramid of human needs (Eliaszadeh Moghadam and Bajiyan, 2019). The concept of security encompasses both subjective and objective dimensions. Objectively, security involves creating safe conditions and circumstances that protect and enhance fundamental values and national life. On a psychological level, security is linked to the feeling of safety, which is influenced by people's perceptions and government assessments of vulnerability and security threats (Winton, 2004 ). Crime is often seen as a significant threat to urban life quality, leading individuals to avoid places associated with personal and life risks (Blöbaum & Hunecke, 2005 ). "Crime prevention through environmental design" is based on the idea that appropriate environmental design can improve the quality of life and reduce crime occurrences (Seifi et al., 2019 ). The concept of the influence of spaces on violence and violence prevention through environmental adjustments was first articulated by Newman and Jacobs, focusing on addressing crime at its root by enhancing the image of a space and reducing criminal opportunities (Winton, 2004 ). The fear of crime can cause more significant social harm than the crimes themselves, leading people to avoid areas where they feel threatened and vulnerable. Neglected areas can deteriorate over time, becoming hotspots for criminal activities (Németh, 2010 ). Creating environments that attract and encourage people to move about without fear can significantly contribute to public safety and enhance the quality of life in those spaces (Lubuva & Mtani, 2004 ). Familiar sights and urban furniture, such as benches, trash bins, telephone kiosks, and bus stations, can help alleviate feelings of disorientation and anxiety and reinforce a sense of familiarity within urban public spaces (Simpson, Jensen, & Rubing, 2017 ). Methodology Study Design This research is classified as an applied study, falling under the methodological category of descriptive research. Its primary aim is to describe, explain, and delve into the correlations within the subject matter. These correlations were assessed through a comprehensive questionnaire that encompasses various dimensions of the subject. Sample Size and Selection The study included the entire population of district 20 of Tehran municipality. The sample size of 200 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula. Validity and Reliability To ensure the validity of the research tool, the questionnaires were rigorously evaluated by experts and specialists in the relevant field. Their positive feedback confirmed both content and form validity for the questionnaires. The research's construct validity was evaluated through an assessment of internal question consistency, with the reliability measured using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a reliable coefficient of 0.7. Data Analysis The collected data underwent comprehensive analysis using a range of statistical methods. This included the utilization of Pearson's correlation test and path analysis within the SPSS environment to explore the intricate relationships and patterns within the data. Additionally, Partial Least Squares (PLS) modeling was employed to construct robust statistical models that capture the complex relationships between variables, enhancing the depth and accuracy of the analysis. This comprehensive approach ensures a rigorous and dependable assessment of the subject matter, aligned with the research's objectives (Benitez et al., 2020 ; Petrudi et al., 2020 ) (Table 1 ). Table 1 Variables affecting the security of urban public spaces Component Symbol Variables Economic E1 Increase in land prices E2 Increase in the price of a residential unit E3 Rent increase E4 Fuel price increase Activity A1 Compatibility of activities A2 Night life A3 Cultural and artistic events A4 Occurrence of collective activity A5 Role-playing and people's participation Visual qualities V1 Light and brightness V2 Readability V3 Water and greenery V4 Non-polluting and non-polluting Physical P1 Repair and maintenance P2 Signs and signs P3 Furniture and equipment P4 Hidden corners from sight P5 Vehicular traffic P6 Walking facilities P7 Human scale P8 Transparent wall P9 Climate comfort These variables play a significant role in influencing the security of urban public spaces, and they will be analyzed in depth to understand their impact on the research subject. Study area Tehran, the 32nd official capital of Iran, had a population of 8,693,706 in 2015, with 22 districts. District 20, in the south, has 5 internal and 2 external sub-districts, 20 neighborhoods, and a population of 453,740. Known for its historical and religious significance, it was physically separated from Tehran until recently but remains a crucial part of the city's urban fabric (Fig. 1 ). Research Findings The demographic profile of the respondents in this study provides valuable insights into the composition of the sample. With an average age of 36.48 years, the study reflects a diverse range of age groups, ensuring a comprehensive perspective on urban security components. A closer look at the educational background of the respondents reveals a varied and educated cohort. A significant portion of the participants, approximately 52.3%, held a bachelor's degree or a lower educational qualification. This diverse representation in educational attainment ensures a broad spectrum of perspectives, as individuals with varying levels of education often have distinct insights into urban spaces and their security requirements. Furthermore, 32.4% of the respondents held a master's degree, reflecting a sizable group with a higher level of education. Their experiences and knowledge contribute significantly to the study's depth, as individuals with advanced degrees often possess a nuanced understanding of urban dynamics and the interplay between security components. The study also incorporated participants with doctoral degrees, constituting 15.3% of the sample. These individuals represent the apex of academic achievement and bring their advanced expertise to research. Their input is invaluable, as doctoral degree holders often have a profound comprehension of complex urban issues and can supply critical perspectives on security components in urban spaces. The amalgamation of respondents with varying ages and educational backgrounds enhances the study's comprehensiveness and validity. The inclusion of diverse perspectives ensures a well-rounded analysis of the security components in urban spaces within District 20 of Tehran metropolis, setting a solid foundation for the research's findings and implications (Table. 2). Table 2 Respondents profile General profile items General Average General Frequency Age average 36.48 383 Education Bachelor 52.3 168 Master 32.4 128 Ph.D 15.3 87 In this research, an extensive set of 22 variables were thoughtfully organized into four distinct components, creating a comprehensive framework for exploring the complex relationship between urban space security and variations in means. To assess these relationships, the study initially evaluated the correlation and significance of both independent and dependent variables individually. Following this, the study delved deeper into the intricate web of associations between these variables. The analytical tools used in this exploration included the t-test for individual variables (T) and the Pearson test for gauging the strength of relationships. The results, as depicted in Table 3 , offer valuable insights into the security landscape of urban spaces within the 20th district of Tehran metropolis. Among the four identified components, visual quality emerged as the highest-rated, boasting an average score of 2.52. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the activities component received the lowest average score of 1.65. Importantly, all four components exhibited scores below the median value of 3, indicating an overall unfavorable condition of urban space security within the study area. Furthermore, the cumulative average across the four components was calculated at 2.08, once again falling below the pivotal value of 3. This collective assessment underscores the suboptimal state of urban space security in the 20th district. Notably, the findings were substantiated by the t-test, which revealed a statistically significant difference between the theoretical and empirical averages. This crucial observation highlights the presence of unfavorable urban space security conditions, necessitating further attention and analysis to address the multifaceted challenges faced by this urban locale (Table 3 ). Table 3 Results of the t-test in Urban Space Security Criteria Descriptive data Analytical data Test Value = 3 95% Confidence Interval Average Standard Deviation Mean Difference t-value Degrees of Freedom Significance Lower Bound Upper Bound Activities 1.65 0.281 0.0281 47.968 199 0.000 1.405 1.293 Visual Quality 2.52 0.543 0.0543 19.335 199 0.000 1.158 0.942 Economic 2.20 0.97 0.097 8.192 199 0.000 0.987 0.602 Physical 1.95 0.573 0.0573 8.378 199 0.000 0.594 0.367 Table 4 provides an insightful overview of the correlations among the various security components. These correlations reveal the intricate relationships within urban space security, shedding light on the dynamic interplay of these crucial factors. Notably, the findings indicate predominantly positive correlations between the security components. This suggests that when one component experiences an increase, the others also tend to follow suit, and conversely, when one decreases, it has a cascading effect on the rest. Of the observed correlations, the most robust relationship was identified between the economic and physical components, scoring an impressive 0.688, highlighting the strong interconnection between these aspects of urban space security. In contrast, the weakest relationship emerged between the physical and activity components, reflecting a more tenuous link between these facets. It is important to underscore that these findings were substantiated by the t-test, which verified a significant difference between the theoretical averages and the empirical averages. This further underscores the less-than-ideal state of urban space security, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this issue. Table 4 Correlation of Research Components Criteria Activities Visual quality Economic Physical Activities Correlation Coefficient 1 0.521 0.265 0.278 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 Visual quality Correlation Coefficient 0.521 1 0.496 0.316 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 Economic Correlation Coefficient 0.265 0.496 1 0.688 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Physical Correlation Coefficient 0.278 0.316 0.688 1 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Path analysis using structural equation model fit Path analysis was carried out using structural equation modeling (SEM) with the assistance of AMOS software to rigorously analyze the collected data. This research encompasses four first-order variables, and it begins by evaluating the appropriateness of utilizing structural equations. To ensure that the designed questions effectively measure the corresponding latent variables based on the collected data, a first-order confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. This step is crucial as it verifies the alignment between the questionnaire and the underlying constructs it intends to assess. Figure 2 provides a visual representation of the standardized model solution, offering insights into the complex relationships between variables and components. While this figure delivers an overview of the model, additional information from Table 5 is required for a more comprehensive analysis. Following the significance test and confirmation of the model, two partial indices, the Critical Ratio (CR) and P-value, were employed. A CR value greater than 1.96, at a significance level of 0.05, is deemed important within the model, signifying a meaningful relationship. Furthermore, P-values less than 0.05 indicate a significant difference, especially concerning regression weights at a 95% confidence level. Table 5 presents a range of fit indices for the research model. While several indices suggest an acceptable model fit, it's crucial to address the aspects where the model falls short of the desired acceptability. This may necessitate further in-depth analysis and potential adjustments to enhance the overall model fit, ensuring a more accurate representation of the relationships within the data. Table 5 Fit indices of the research model Type of indices Model Fit Index Amount Acceptable Results Absolute Fit Indices Chi-Square CMIN 159.64 Degrees of Freedom DF 93 Significance level P 0.000 Less than 0.05 Acceptable Chi-Square to Degrees of Freedom Ratio CMIN/DF 1.71 Between 1 and 5 Unacceptable Relative indices Root Mean Square Error of Approximation RMSEA 0.103 0.1 less than Acceptable Goodness of Fit Index GFI 0.747 0.9 higher than Unacceptable Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index AGFI 0.689 0.9 higher than Unacceptable Normed Fit Index NFI 0.757 Close to 1 Unacceptable Tucker-Lewis Index TLI 0.86 0.9 higher than Unacceptable Incremental Fit Index IFI 0.88 0.9 higher than Unacceptable Comparative Fit Index CFI 098 0.9 higher than Acceptable Relative Fit Index RFI 0.725 0.6 higher than Acceptable Parsimonious Comparative Fit Index PCFI 0.697 0.6 higher than Acceptable Parsimonious Normed Fit Index PNFI 0.670 0.6 higher than Acceptable However, several indices suggest an acceptable fit, it is important to address the aspects where the model falls short of acceptability. Further analysis and potential model adjustments may be necessary to enhance the overall model fit. Table 6 provides an extensive overview of the research tests conducted to evaluate the relationships between the study's variables. The results are categorized as either "Confirmed" or "Rejected" and are accompanied by essential statistical details. In cases where the results are "Confirmed" and are marked with asterisks ( ), the critical ratio values exhibit strong significance and reliability. Notably, these confirmed results boast a high level of significance (P), denoted as " ," and the critical ratio values (estimation) indicate substantial impact and strength for the respective variables. These confirmed outcomes encompass a range of key components, from P1 to P9, A1 to A5, V1 to V4, and E2, E3, and E4. These findings underscore the pivotal role of these variables within the research model. However, there are instances where results are "Rejected," indicating that these variables did not reach the same level of significance within the model. Despite these rejections, the confirmed results offer valuable insights into the relationships between different variables, illuminating the critical components that significantly influence the security of urban public spaces. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dynamics at play within the urban environment. Table 6 Results of research tests Variables estimation Critical ratio P Results P9 0.90 2.25 *** Confirmed P8 0.90 2.36 *** Confirmed P7 1.03 3.15 *** Confirmed P6 1.16 3.44 *** Confirmed P5 1.08 3.06 *** Confirmed P4 1 Rejected P3 1.02 4.74 *** Confirmed P2 0.89 3.61 *** Confirmed P1 1.06 3.5 *** Confirmed A4 0.94 3.7 *** Confirmed A3 1 *** Rejected A1 1.41 3.76 *** Confirmed A2 1.39 3.59 *** Confirmed A5 0.99 3.15 *** Confirmed V4 0.32 2.66 *** Confirmed V3 0.39 2.37 *** Confirmed V2 0.60 2.18 *** Confirmed V1 0.42 2.01 *** Confirmed E1 1 Rejected E2 0.93 3.23 *** Confirmed E3 1.11 2.58 *** Confirmed E4 1.07 2.99 *** Confirmed Discussion The discussion segment delves into a comprehensive analysis of the research findings and their implications, shedding light on the significance of this study in the context of urban space security. The research explored the complex relationship between various components and their impact on the security of urban public spaces in the 20th district of Tehran. The results obtained through structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, combined with robust statistical tests, revealed several key insights. The analysis began by assessing the profile of the respondents, indicating that the research encompassed individuals with diverse educational backgrounds. This diversity among respondents offers a well-rounded perspective on the subject matter, incorporating insights from individuals with bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. The research scrutinized four key components that encompassed economic, physical, activity, and visual quality factors, each bearing a significant influence on the overall security of urban spaces. The statistical analysis confirmed that there is a substantial correlation between these components. The observed positive correlations signify that improvements in one component can positively impact other components. For instance, enhancing visual quality can contribute to better economic conditions, fostering activities, and improving the physical environment. This interconnectedness highlights the multifaceted nature of urban space security. The confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis provided crucial insights into the relationships between these components, laying the foundation for further investigation into the factors that directly impact the security of urban public spaces. The results indicated that some of these components had a profound and positive impact, further underscoring the complexity of urban space security. However, it is essential to acknowledge that not all variables exhibited the same level of significance. Some components were "Rejected" in the model, suggesting that their impact on urban space security might not be as pronounced as others. This nuanced understanding of the variables at play in this context can guide future research and urban planning strategies to focus on enhancing those components that have the most substantial influence on security. The fit indices of the research model highlighted the challenges in ensuring a good model fit, with some indices indicating less than desirable results. The examination of fit indices underscores the complexity of modeling urban space security and the need for further refinement and investigation. Conclusion In conclusion, this research advances our comprehension of urban space security in the 20th district of Tehran. The interplay of various components, as revealed by statistical analysis and structural equation modeling, sheds light on the multifaceted nature of this issue. The results underscore the importance of addressing and enhancing specific components to bolster the security of urban public spaces effectively. This research not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of urban space security but also offers practical insights that can inform urban planning and policy decisions aimed at creating safer and more vibrant urban environments. The complexity of this issue necessitates continued exploration and the development of targeted strategies to ensure the security and well-being of urban residents. However, this research underscores the critical importance of designing urban public spaces with a conscious focus on enhancing environmental security and, by extension, the overall quality of life for urban residents. Urban spaces serve as hubs where diverse individuals converge, making it imperative that these spaces are not only physically attractive but also secure and inviting. Environmental security, a psychological factor that contributes to the attractiveness of urban spaces, plays a pivotal role in transforming them into havens of civility. It is evident that the certainty of safety within these environments is not solely contingent on the absence of criminal activities; it also hinges on the perception of a space as unfamiliar or tense, which can create a sense of insecurity in the minds of individuals. Consequently, bolstering security in urban spaces is not only advantageous for strengthening their identity, vitality, efficiency, and aesthetics but also enhances overall prosperity. This research examined 22 variables that pertain to different dimensions of urban space security, encompassing activity, economic, physical, and visual qualities. By employing advanced statistical techniques, path analysis was conducted to dissect the relationships between these variables and components, revealing significant factors. It is evident from the results that the highest level of the security component in the 20th district of Tehran Municipality is visual quality, boasting an average score of 2.52. On the contrary, the activity component exhibits the lowest average, standing at 1.65. Additionally, the analysis highlighted a strong correlation between the economic and physical components, with a coefficient of 0.688, while the weakest relationship exists between the physical and activity components. Basically, the findings from this research contribute to our understanding of urban space security in the specific context of the 20th district of Tehran. They emphasize the need for strategic urban planning that not only elevates the visual appeal of these spaces but also reinforces the perception of security among residents. By addressing these key components, urban environments can become more vibrant, inclusive, and conducive to economic growth, ultimately fostering a more prosperous and secure urban landscape while deterring potential repulsion of people and investors from unsafe areas. Declarations On behalf of authors I declare that his paper does not contain any sources of information that be cause of conflicts of interest. References Adem Esmail, B., & Suleiman, L. (2020). Analyzing evidence of sustainable urban water management systems: a review through the lenses of sociotechnical transitions. Sustainability, 12(11), 4481. Alomari, M. K. (2014). Discovering citizens reaction toward e-government: factors in e-government adoption. JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 11(1), 5-20. Arbab, N., & Saedi Monfared, S. (2019). An Investigation of the Effect of Environmental Security Component on the Mental Health of Citizens in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Janbaz Square in Mashhad. Creative City Design, 2(2), 33-45. Aurigi, A., & Graham, S. (2004). The ‘crisis’ in the urban public realm. In Cyberspace divide (pp. 71-94): Routledge. Azevedo, V., Sani, A., Nunes, L. M., & Paulo, D. (2021). Do you feel safe in the urban space? From perceptions to associated variables. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 31(1), 75-84. Bartoli, A., Hernández-Serrano, J., Soriano, M., Dohler, M., Kountouris, A., & Barthel, D. (2011). Security and privacy in your smart city. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Barcelona smart cities congress. Benitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., & Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information & management, 57(2), 103168. Blöbaum, A., & Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space: The impacts of physical features and personal factors. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465-486. Carmona, M. (2019). Principles for public space design, planning to do better. Urban Design International, 24(1), 47-59. Carmona, M., Heath, T., Tiesdell, S., & Oc, T. (2010). Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design: Routledge. Chitrakar, R. M., Baker, D. C., & Guaralda, M. (2017). Emerging challenges in the management of contemporary public spaces in urban neighbourhoods. ArchNet-IJAR, 11(1), 29-43. Devereux, S. (2001). Livelihood insecurity and social protection: a re‐emerging issue in rural development. Development policy review, 19(4), 507-519. Dhyani, S., Karki, M., & Gupta, A. K. (2020). Opportunities and advances to mainstream nature-based solutions in disaster risk management and climate strategy. Nature-based solutions for resilient ecosystems and societies, 1-26. Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: using public space: Island press. Fadhel, M. A., Duhaim, A. M., Saihood, A., Sewify, A., Al-Hamadani, M. N., Albahri, A. S., ... & Gu, Y. (2024). Comprehensive Systematic Review of Information Fusion Methods in Smart Cities and Urban Environments. Information Fusion, 102317. Fawaz, M., Harb, M., & Gharbieh, A. (2012). Living Beirut's security zones: an investigation of the modalities and practice of urban security. City & Society, 24(2), 173-195. Ghalehteimouri, K. J., & Khaliji, M. A. (2023). A multi-criteria decision-making is the ANP network analysis process for identification relief centers in urban areas: A case of study Tabriz city, Iran. Ghalehteimouri, K. J., Ros, F. C., & Rambat, S. (2023). Flood risk assessment through rapid urbanization LULC change with destruction of urban green infrastructures based on NASA Landsat time series data: A case of study Kuala Lumpur between 1990–2021. Acta Ecologica Sinica. Ghalehteimouri, K. J., Shamaei, A., & Ros, F. B. C. (2021). Effectiveness of spatial justice in sustainable development and classification of sustainability in Tehran province. Regional Statistics, 11(2). Goya, K., Zhang, X., Kitayama, K., & Nagayama, I. (2009). A method for automatic detection of crimes for public security by using motion analysis. Paper presented at the 2009 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing. Jafarpour, K. G. (2022). Analyzing housing market and price fluctuation among 22 regions in Tehran: An assessment between 2015 and 2018. AIS-Architecture Image Studies, 3(2), 8-25. Jalaladdini, S., & Oktay, D. (2012). Urban public spaces and vitality: a socio-spatial analysis in the streets of Cypriot towns. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 664-674. Janssen, C., Daamen, T. A., & Verheul, W. J. (2024). Governing capabilities, not places–how to understand social sustainability implementation in urban development. Urban Studies, 61(2), 331-349. Javdan, M., Ghalehteimouri, K. J., Ghasemi, M., & Riazi, A. (2023). A novel framework for social life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable cultural tourism destinations. Turyzm/Tourism, 7-18. Karrholm, M. (2016). Retailising space: Architecture, retail and the territorialisation of public space: Routledge. Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. (2000). Social cohesion, social capital, and health. Social epidemiology, 174(7). Kazepov, Y., & Cucca, R. (2019). European Cities. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1-9. Low, S., & Smith, N. (2013). The politics of public space: Routledge. Lubuva, J., & Mtani, A. (2004). Urban space and security: A case of the Dar es Salaam, safety audits for women. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 7(2), 13-17. Machin, J., Batista, E., Martínez-Ballesté, A., & Solanas, A. (2021). Privacy and security in cognitive cities: A systematic review. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4471. Markvica, K., Richter, G., & Lenz, G. (2019). Impact of urban street lighting on road users’ perception of public space and mobility behavior. Building and environment, 154, 32-43. Mazilu, M., Niță, A., Drăguleasa, I. A., & Mititelu-Ionuș, O. (2023). Fostering Urban Destination Prosperity through Post COVID-19 Sustainable Tourism in Craiova, Romania. Sustainability, 15(17), 13106. Meybodi, A. R., Hosseini, E., Kazimi, J. K., & Sazawar, A. (2023). Identifying and Analysing Entrepreneurship Barriers in Afghanistan. In Exploring Business Ecosystems and Innovation Capacity Building in Global Economics (pp. 155-180). IGI Global. Micek, M., & Staszewska, S. (2019). Urban and Rural Public Spaces: Development Issues and Qualitative Assessment. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 45(45),75-93 Mourão, A. L. (2014). Place matters: behind neighbourhood lines. Brunel University London, Movahed, A., & Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, K. (2019). The importance of the concept and meaning of place in tourism geography. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 4(16), 01-09. Neild, R. (2003). Human rights NGOs, police and citizen security in transitional democracies. Journal of human rights, 2(3), 277-296. Németh, J. (2010). Security in public space: an empirical assessment of three US cities. Environment and Planning a, 42(10), 2487-2507. O’Shea, T. C. (2006). Physical deterioration, disorder, and crime. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(2), 173-187. Petrudi, S. H. H., Tavana, M., & Abdi, M. (2020). A comprehensive framework for analyzing challenges in humanitarian supply chain management: A case study of the Iranian Red Crescent Society. International Journal of disaster risk reduction, 42, 101340. Rafieian, M., Rafieiannaajafabadi, M., & Bemanian, M. (2019). INVESTIGATING MEANING QUALITY of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES In YAZD CITIZEN PERCEPTION. Iran University of Science & Technology, 29(1), 91-98. Reyes-Riveros, R., Altamirano, A., De La Barrera, F., Rozas-Vásquez, D., Vieli, L., & Meli, P. (2021). Linking public urban green spaces and human well-being: A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61, 127105. Roche, M. (2017). Mega-events, urban space and social change: Expos, parks and cities. In Mega-events and social change: Manchester University Press. Saboonchi, P., Abarghouyifard, H., & Motedayen, H. (2018). Green Landscape Networks; The role of articulation in the integrity of green space in landscapes of contemporary cities of Iran. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(62). Schubert, H. (2016). Urban crime prevention–broadening of perspectives. Journal of Place Management and Development. Seifi, M., Abdullah, A., Haron, S., & Salman, A. (2019). Creating Secured Residential Places: Conflicting Design Elements of Natural Surveillance, Access Control and Territoriality. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Sepe, M. (2020). Shaping the future: perspectives in research on, and the teaching of, urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 25(1), 28-31. Shaftoe, H. (2012). Convivial urban spaces: Creating effective public places: Earthscan. Shearing, C. D., & Johnston, L. (2013). Governing security: Explorations of policing and justice: Routledge. Simpson, D., Jensen, V., & Rubing, A. (2017). The City Between Freedom and Security: Contested Public Spaces in the 21st Century: Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH. Sodiq, A., Baloch, A. A., Khan, S. A., Sezer, N., Mahmoud, S., Jama, M., & Abdelaal, A. (2019). Towards modern sustainable cities: Review of sustainability principles and trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 972-1001. Stanley, M. C., Beggs, J. R., Bassett, I. E., Burns, B. R., Dirks, K. N., Jones, D. N., . . . Souter-Brown, G. (2015). Emerging threats in urban ecosystems: a horizon scanning exercise. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13(10), 553-560. Tayebeh, P., Gholamreza, J., Ali, S., & Ghalehteimouri, K. J. (2023). Introducing creative city factors as a solution in sustainable urban development: a case study from Bushehr City in Iran. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 26, 206-225. Thiengkamol, N. (2010). Urban community development with food security management: A case of Bang Sue District in Bangkok. Journal of the Association of Researcher, 15(2), 109-117. Tibbalds, F. (2012). Making people-friendly towns: Improving the public environment in towns and cities: Taylor & Francis. Toft, A. E., & Rönn, M. (2017). Urban Mobility: Architectures, Geographies and Social Space: Nordic Academic Press of Architectural Research. Traunmueller, M. W. (2017). A Quantitative Approach to Evaluate and Develop Theories on (Fear of) Crime in Urban Environments. UCL (University College London), Vindevogel, F. (2005). Private security and urban crime mitigation: A bid for BIDs. Criminal Justice, 5(3), 233-255. Winton, A. (2004). Urban violence: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2), 165-184. Zarrabi, M., Yazdanfar, S. A., & Hosseini, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 and healthy home preferences: The case of apartment residents in Tehran. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102021. Zukin, S. (2012). Whose culture? Whose city? In The urban sociology reader (pp. 363-371): Routledge. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Apr, 2024 Reviews received at journal 26 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Mar, 2024 Reviews received at journal 16 Mar, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Mar, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Mar, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Feb, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Feb, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 Jan, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4037289","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277238703,"identity":"8b42fce3-6fc2-4ac0-84c1-48cd53ebbef9","order_by":0,"name":"Kamran Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCBAj1AYjZ2EnRwjgDpIWZFC3MPGCSgFr52c0PP3xgSJPXnX342WObX9vk+ZgZGD98zMGtxeDOMWPJGQw5htvOpZkb5/bdNmxjZmCWnLkNjxaJBDOgeyoYt51hMJPO7bnNCNTCxsyLR4v8jPRvzH8YKuy3nWH/Jm3Zc9ueoBaGGzlmQP/mJG47w2MmzfDjdiJBLQZ3zhRL9hikJQO1lEn2NtxObmNmbMbrF/nZ7Rs//KhItgU6bJvEjz+3bee3Nx/88BGfwyTAdkE5jG1gsgGPepgWOPiDX/EoGAWjYBSMTAAAGhVM4gA3eT0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Technology Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamran","middleName":"Jafarpour","lastName":"Ghalehteimouri","suffix":""},{"id":277238704,"identity":"5ff5a621-2b0b-43b9-b347-c5c2cdc1bfdf","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Ali Khaliji","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Khaliji","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-08 06:07:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52600427,"identity":"5bbb5b37-c156-4ae5-bb86-48b71389ab7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-13 12:57:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1234529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of District 20 of Tehran\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4037289/v1/3e33df272d4390a016d7f205.png"},{"id":52600426,"identity":"f3af0681-04df-4cdc-a887-5e5f80f5fc0c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-13 12:57:54","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":139090,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStandardized model solution\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4037289/v1/51699b5915cca3e808d3706f.png"},{"id":52602350,"identity":"2ee2edf8-2a69-420e-9e6a-2fdb67f7c84e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-13 13:05:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2029368,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4037289/v1/2d594da2-af55-45a8-9cc5-3ee14f063939.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Evaluating Security Components in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Tehran Metropolis District 20","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe swift urbanization process has transformed cities into significant global hubs, with growing interconnectedness facilitated by advanced information and communication technology (Kazepov \u0026amp; Cucca, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). As a result of these evolving dynamics, urban areas have come under increased scrutiny. Since the 1970s, the rapid increase in urban populations and a rise in social issues within cities have led to a greater emphasis on spatial studies of urban crime (Alomari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This emphasis has expanded to encompass crime prevention through environmental design, in line with advocates of collective crime prevention who are influenced by Jacobs' ideas about natural and informal social order. Some even argue that secondary institutions such as the police may become less necessary in reducing fear (Schubert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the apparent disconnect, security and the urban landscape, integral components of urban planning and landscape architecture, are highly relevant. Many theories and experiences suggest that the standards and measures that shape citizens' sense of security often intersect with the principles that govern urban landscape design, whether directly or indirectly. Essentially, the urban landscape should function as a safe haven for citizens' lives (Adem Esmail \u0026amp; Suleiman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Azevedo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Security and the urban landscape are two interconnected aspects of urbanization, and individuals should be able to move through public urban environments with a sense of safety and comfort. Therefore, urban environments, which are inseparable from the landscape and urban landscape, must be designed to instill a sense of security in those who experience them. Inadequate urban spaces pose a crisis that jeopardizes citizens' mental well-being, with a lack of security being a contributing factor (Zarrabi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Addressing these challenges requires new approaches in urban planning to improve the environmental health of citizens. Environmental security is a crucial component of mental health in urban spaces (Sodiq et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Machin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Effective and practical design of built spaces can reduce crime and enhance security in urban environments, creating an environment where appropriate activities thrive while deterring inappropriate ones. Increased citizen presence and their ability to monitor their surroundings promote social interaction and contribute to overall security (Tayebeh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban spaces, where diverse social classes come together (Roche, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Janssen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). are dynamic areas shaped by the activities of social groups and the influence of cultural and social forces (Kawachi \u0026amp; Berkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Ensuring the well-being of citizens in these spaces requires a focus on environmental security. When we talk about urban space, we are referring to all public spaces within the urban area that are physically accessible (Micek \u0026amp; Staszewska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ghalehteimouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These urban public spaces, often known as the \"third place,\" play a crucial role in promoting social interactions (Reyes-Riveros et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). They are public domains that derive significance from human presence and activity (Arbab and Saedi Monfared, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Urban spaces are dynamic and multifaceted realms where individuals from various social classes come together (Roche, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ghalehteimouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These spaces are not just physical landscapes but are shaped by the complex interplay of social groups' activities and the broader influence of cultural and social forces (Kawachi \u0026amp; Berkman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of environmental security is essential for the well-being of residents in these spaces (Javdan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It's important to note that when we talk about urban spaces, we are including all public areas within the urban fabric that are accessible to individuals (Micek \u0026amp; Staszewska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Ghalehteimouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These urban public spaces often serve as the \"third place,\" playing a central role in social interactions and the collective identity of the urban community (Reyes-Riveros et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Karrholm, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban public spaces go beyond their physical boundaries and are deeply connected to human presence and interactions (Arbab and Saedi Monfared, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, despite being essential to urban life, these spaces face numerous threats. These include crime, terrorism, air and water pollution (Ghalehteimouri and Khaliji, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Fadhel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).), natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, and the complex coordination of vehicular and pedestrian activities, all of which can compromise the safety and security of urban spaces (Zukin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Stanley et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Jafarpour, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This highlights a critical gap that needs to be addressed. Ensuring the security and environmental quality of urban public spaces has significant implications for the well-being and identity of urban residents. Our aim is to explore the intersection of urban space, security, and environmental quality, and to present strategies and solutions that can contribute to the creation of urban spaces that are safe, secure, and conducive to vibrant community life and overall well-being. This research seeks to delve into the interplay of urban space, security, and environmental quality, with the ultimate goal of unraveling the complexities and potential in this dynamic relationship. Ultimately, we hope to provide actionable recommendations that can pave the way for urban spaces that not only ensure safety but also serve as nurturing hubs for community life and the holistic well-being of residents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Theoretical Foundations of Research","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSecurity:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecurity is a crucial human requirement, coming second only to physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs (Mazilu, 2023). It encompasses various aspects, such as cultural, economic, social, and physical well-being, contributing to overall progress and prosperity (Dhyani et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In the urban setting, the security of cities and the need to maintain it are critical issues in urban life. Urban security is widely recognized as a fundamental foundation for building social connections, providing public services, and ultimately creating a stable and healthy urban environment. The feeling of security, as one of the most visible aspects of societal progress, is essential for stability and growth (Meybodi, et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Without it, individuals cannot form positive impressions of the spaces they inhabit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFeeling of Security:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn urban areas, urban security is the sense that people can move around these spaces without fear, interact socially, and communicate without worrying about threats, violence, or harassment, including sexual inequality (Rafieian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It includes protecting people's lives, property, and more, showing the order, legality, and stability of society. The feeling of security arises when the needs of individuals and society are fulfilled, promoting a sense of worth, confidence, and self-assurance among people (Neild, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUrban Space:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to effectively shape cities, it is essential for urban planners and decision-makers to have a deep understanding of the complex formation of urban spatial structures. Urban spatial structures encompass both the physical elements of the urban environment and the intangible human activity spaces that define the social dynamics and vibrancy of the city (Saboonchi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The interaction between these dimensions has a significant impact on various aspects of urban life, including individual experiences, social equity, economic prosperity, and the pursuit of sustainable development (Ghalehteimouri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of urban space is closely linked to human-centered goals and social activities, serving as a reflection of human aspirations within the broader societal context. Urban space, as a component of the overall spatial framework, represents the interconnected relationship between the city's social and physical dimensions. Essentially, it is a fusion of two distinct dimensions: the social and the physical (Toft \u0026amp; R\u0026ouml;nn, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUrban Public Spaces:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCities are made up of both private and public spaces that are closely connected. Research and experiences from around the world show that urban public spaces play a crucial role as centers for social interactions and community life. These spaces are shared by people who may not know each other personally, and they are used for a wide range of activities such as politics, religion, trade, sports, and casual interactions. Public spaces are open to everyone and can accommodate various public activities. They are important for nurturing a democratic society because when everyone has equal access to these spaces, it reduces the risk of discrimination and social segregation, and allows diverse individuals and groups to assert their rights and participate. Encouraging people to use public spaces and ensuring equal access is the first step in building a civil society. People are at the center of urban space dynamics, and they need suitable places to engage with each other. Meeting their social needs and providing opportunities for social experiences requires physical spaces, and public spaces are well-suited to meet this aspect of urban life. A public space truly becomes an urban space when it becomes a center for interactions, social encounters, and active participation. As Gehl points out in \"Life between Buildings,\" public spaces can either encourage or hinder social interaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe Concept of Security in Addressing Spatial Insecurity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecurity is a crucial aspect of human well-being and is considered an essential requirement for human excellence in Maslow's pyramid of human needs (Eliaszadeh Moghadam and Bajiyan, 2019). The concept of security encompasses both subjective and objective dimensions. Objectively, security involves creating safe conditions and circumstances that protect and enhance fundamental values and national life. On a psychological level, security is linked to the feeling of safety, which is influenced by people's perceptions and government assessments of vulnerability and security threats (Winton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrime is often seen as a significant threat to urban life quality, leading individuals to avoid places associated with personal and life risks (Bl\u0026ouml;baum \u0026amp; Hunecke, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). \"Crime prevention through environmental design\" is based on the idea that appropriate environmental design can improve the quality of life and reduce crime occurrences (Seifi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of the influence of spaces on violence and violence prevention through environmental adjustments was first articulated by Newman and Jacobs, focusing on addressing crime at its root by enhancing the image of a space and reducing criminal opportunities (Winton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fear of crime can cause more significant social harm than the crimes themselves, leading people to avoid areas where they feel threatened and vulnerable. Neglected areas can deteriorate over time, becoming hotspots for criminal activities (N\u0026eacute;meth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Creating environments that attract and encourage people to move about without fear can significantly contribute to public safety and enhance the quality of life in those spaces (Lubuva \u0026amp; Mtani, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Familiar sights and urban furniture, such as benches, trash bins, telephone kiosks, and bus stations, can help alleviate feelings of disorientation and anxiety and reinforce a sense of familiarity within urban public spaces (Simpson, Jensen, \u0026amp; Rubing, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research is classified as an applied study, falling under the methodological category of descriptive research. Its primary aim is to describe, explain, and delve into the correlations within the subject matter. These correlations were assessed through a comprehensive questionnaire that encompasses various dimensions of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample Size and Selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included the entire population of district 20 of Tehran municipality. The sample size of 200 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eValidity and Reliability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the validity of the research tool, the questionnaires were rigorously evaluated by experts and specialists in the relevant field. Their positive feedback confirmed both content and form validity for the questionnaires. The research's construct validity was evaluated through an assessment of internal question consistency, with the reliability measured using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a reliable coefficient of 0.7.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected data underwent comprehensive analysis using a range of statistical methods. This included the utilization of Pearson's correlation test and path analysis within the SPSS environment to explore the intricate relationships and patterns within the data. Additionally, Partial Least Squares (PLS) modeling was employed to construct robust statistical models that capture the complex relationships between variables, enhancing the depth and accuracy of the analysis. This comprehensive approach ensures a rigorous and dependable assessment of the subject matter, aligned with the research's objectives (Benitez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Petrudi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables affecting the security of urban public spaces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSymbol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEconomic\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in land prices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in the price of a residential unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRent increase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuel price increase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eActivity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompatibility of activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNight life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural and artistic events\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccurrence of collective activity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRole-playing and people's participation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisual qualities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLight and brightness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater and greenery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-polluting and non-polluting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"8\" rowspan=\"9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepair and maintenance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns and signs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurniture and equipment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidden corners from sight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVehicular traffic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalking facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman scale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransparent wall\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimate comfort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese variables play a significant role in influencing the security of urban public spaces, and they will be analyzed in depth to understand their impact on the research subject.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTehran, the 32nd official capital of Iran, had a population of 8,693,706 in 2015, with 22 districts. District 20, in the south, has 5 internal and 2 external sub-districts, 20 neighborhoods, and a population of 453,740. Known for its historical and religious significance, it was physically separated from Tehran until recently but remains a crucial part of the city's urban fabric (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResearch Findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographic profile of the respondents in this study provides valuable insights into the composition of the sample. With an average age of 36.48 years, the study reflects a diverse range of age groups, ensuring a comprehensive perspective on urban security components. A closer look at the educational background of the respondents reveals a varied and educated cohort. A significant portion of the participants, approximately 52.3%, held a bachelor's degree or a lower educational qualification. This diverse representation in educational attainment ensures a broad spectrum of perspectives, as individuals with varying levels of education often have distinct insights into urban spaces and their security requirements. Furthermore, 32.4% of the respondents held a master's degree, reflecting a sizable group with a higher level of education. Their experiences and knowledge contribute significantly to the study's depth, as individuals with advanced degrees often possess a nuanced understanding of urban dynamics and the interplay between security components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also incorporated participants with doctoral degrees, constituting 15.3% of the sample. These individuals represent the apex of academic achievement and bring their advanced expertise to research. Their input is invaluable, as doctoral degree holders often have a profound comprehension of complex urban issues and can supply critical perspectives on security components in urban spaces. The amalgamation of respondents with varying ages and educational backgrounds enhances the study's comprehensiveness and validity. The inclusion of diverse perspectives ensures a well-rounded analysis of the security components in urban spaces within District 20 of Tehran metropolis, setting a solid foundation for the research's findings and implications (Table. 2).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents profile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral profile items\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Average\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge average\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e383\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePh.D\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this research, an extensive set of 22 variables were thoughtfully organized into four distinct components, creating a comprehensive framework for exploring the complex relationship between urban space security and variations in means. To assess these relationships, the study initially evaluated the correlation and significance of both independent and dependent variables individually. Following this, the study delved deeper into the intricate web of associations between these variables. The analytical tools used in this exploration included the t-test for individual variables (T) and the Pearson test for gauging the strength of relationships. The results, as depicted in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, offer valuable insights into the security landscape of urban spaces within the 20th district of Tehran metropolis. Among the four identified components, visual quality emerged as the highest-rated, boasting an average score of 2.52. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the activities component received the lowest average score of 1.65. Importantly, all four components exhibited scores below the median value of 3, indicating an overall unfavorable condition of urban space security within the study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the cumulative average across the four components was calculated at 2.08, once again falling below the pivotal value of 3. This collective assessment underscores the suboptimal state of urban space security in the 20th district. Notably, the findings were substantiated by the t-test, which revealed a statistically significant difference between the theoretical and empirical averages. This crucial observation highlights the presence of unfavorable urban space security conditions, necessitating further attention and analysis to address the multifaceted challenges faced by this urban locale (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of the t-test in Urban Space Security\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalytical data\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTest Value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean Difference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegrees of Freedom\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.968\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual Quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0543\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0573\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e provides an insightful overview of the correlations among the various security components. These correlations reveal the intricate relationships within urban space security, shedding light on the dynamic interplay of these crucial factors. Notably, the findings indicate predominantly positive correlations between the security components. This suggests that when one component experiences an increase, the others also tend to follow suit, and conversely, when one decreases, it has a cascading effect on the rest. Of the observed correlations, the most robust relationship was identified between the economic and physical components, scoring an impressive 0.688, highlighting the strong interconnection between these aspects of urban space security. In contrast, the weakest relationship emerged between the physical and activity components, reflecting a more tenuous link between these facets. It is important to underscore that these findings were substantiated by the t-test, which verified a significant difference between the theoretical averages and the empirical averages. This further underscores the less-than-ideal state of urban space security, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation of Research Components\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriteria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual quality\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.521\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEconomic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCorrelation Coefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSig. (2-tailed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePath analysis using structural equation model fit\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePath analysis was carried out using structural equation modeling (SEM) with the assistance of AMOS software to rigorously analyze the collected data. This research encompasses four first-order variables, and it begins by evaluating the appropriateness of utilizing structural equations. To ensure that the designed questions effectively measure the corresponding latent variables based on the collected data, a first-order confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. This step is crucial as it verifies the alignment between the questionnaire and the underlying constructs it intends to assess. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e provides a visual representation of the standardized model solution, offering insights into the complex relationships between variables and components. While this figure delivers an overview of the model, additional information from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e is required for a more comprehensive analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the significance test and confirmation of the model, two partial indices, the Critical Ratio (CR) and P-value, were employed. A CR value greater than 1.96, at a significance level of 0.05, is deemed important within the model, signifying a meaningful relationship. Furthermore, P-values less than 0.05 indicate a significant difference, especially concerning regression weights at a 95% confidence level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e presents a range of fit indices for the research model. While several indices suggest an acceptable model fit, it's crucial to address the aspects where the model falls short of the desired acceptability. This may necessitate further in-depth analysis and potential adjustments to enhance the overall model fit, ensuring a more accurate representation of the relationships within the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFit indices of the research model\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eModel Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbsolute Fit Indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-Square CMIN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDegrees of Freedom DF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSignificance level P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than 0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-Square to Degrees of Freedom Ratio CMIN/DF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBetween 1 and 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"9\" rowspan=\"10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative indices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot Mean Square Error of Approximation RMSEA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1 less than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGoodness of Fit Index GFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.747\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdjusted Goodness of Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormed Fit Index NFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClose to 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTucker-Lewis Index TLI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncremental Fit Index IFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnacceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative Fit Index CFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative Fit Index RFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParsimonious Comparative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.697\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParsimonious Normed Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePNFI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6 higher than\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcceptable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, several indices suggest an acceptable fit, it is important to address the aspects where the model falls short of acceptability. Further analysis and potential model adjustments may be necessary to enhance the overall model fit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e provides an extensive overview of the research tests conducted to evaluate the relationships between the study's variables. The results are categorized as either \"Confirmed\" or \"Rejected\" and are accompanied by essential statistical details. In cases where the results are \"Confirmed\" and are marked with asterisks (\u003cb\u003e), the critical ratio values exhibit strong significance and reliability. Notably, these confirmed results boast a high level of significance (P), denoted as \"\u003c/b\u003e,\" and the critical ratio values (estimation) indicate substantial impact and strength for the respective variables. These confirmed outcomes encompass a range of key components, from P1 to P9, A1 to A5, V1 to V4, and E2, E3, and E4. These findings underscore the pivotal role of these variables within the research model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, there are instances where results are \"Rejected,\" indicating that these variables did not reach the same level of significance within the model. Despite these rejections, the confirmed results offer valuable insights into the relationships between different variables, illuminating the critical components that significantly influence the security of urban public spaces. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dynamics at play within the urban environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of research tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eestimation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCritical ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRejected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRejected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRejected\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe discussion segment delves into a comprehensive analysis of the research findings and their implications, shedding light on the significance of this study in the context of urban space security. The research explored the complex relationship between various components and their impact on the security of urban public spaces in the 20th district of Tehran. The results obtained through structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, combined with robust statistical tests, revealed several key insights. The analysis began by assessing the profile of the respondents, indicating that the research encompassed individuals with diverse educational backgrounds. This diversity among respondents offers a well-rounded perspective on the subject matter, incorporating insights from individuals with bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe research scrutinized four key components that encompassed economic, physical, activity, and visual quality factors, each bearing a significant influence on the overall security of urban spaces. The statistical analysis confirmed that there is a substantial correlation between these components. The observed positive correlations signify that improvements in one component can positively impact other components. For instance, enhancing visual quality can contribute to better economic conditions, fostering activities, and improving the physical environment. This interconnectedness highlights the multifaceted nature of urban space security.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis provided crucial insights into the relationships between these components, laying the foundation for further investigation into the factors that directly impact the security of urban public spaces. The results indicated that some of these components had a profound and positive impact, further underscoring the complexity of urban space security. However, it is essential to acknowledge that not all variables exhibited the same level of significance. Some components were \"Rejected\" in the model, suggesting that their impact on urban space security might not be as pronounced as others. This nuanced understanding of the variables at play in this context can guide future research and urban planning strategies to focus on enhancing those components that have the most substantial influence on security. The fit indices of the research model highlighted the challenges in ensuring a good model fit, with some indices indicating less than desirable results. The examination of fit indices underscores the complexity of modeling urban space security and the need for further refinement and investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, this research advances our comprehension of urban space security in the 20th district of Tehran. The interplay of various components, as revealed by statistical analysis and structural equation modeling, sheds light on the multifaceted nature of this issue. The results underscore the importance of addressing and enhancing specific components to bolster the security of urban public spaces effectively. This research not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of urban space security but also offers practical insights that can inform urban planning and policy decisions aimed at creating safer and more vibrant urban environments. The complexity of this issue necessitates continued exploration and the development of targeted strategies to ensure the security and well-being of urban residents. However, this research underscores the critical importance of designing urban public spaces with a conscious focus on enhancing environmental security and, by extension, the overall quality of life for urban residents. Urban spaces serve as hubs where diverse individuals converge, making it imperative that these spaces are not only physically attractive but also secure and inviting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental security, a psychological factor that contributes to the attractiveness of urban spaces, plays a pivotal role in transforming them into havens of civility. It is evident that the certainty of safety within these environments is not solely contingent on the absence of criminal activities; it also hinges on the perception of a space as unfamiliar or tense, which can create a sense of insecurity in the minds of individuals. Consequently, bolstering security in urban spaces is not only advantageous for strengthening their identity, vitality, efficiency, and aesthetics but also enhances overall prosperity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research examined 22 variables that pertain to different dimensions of urban space security, encompassing activity, economic, physical, and visual qualities. By employing advanced statistical techniques, path analysis was conducted to dissect the relationships between these variables and components, revealing significant factors. It is evident from the results that the highest level of the security component in the 20th district of Tehran Municipality is visual quality, boasting an average score of 2.52. On the contrary, the activity component exhibits the lowest average, standing at 1.65. Additionally, the analysis highlighted a strong correlation between the economic and physical components, with a coefficient of 0.688, while the weakest relationship exists between the physical and activity components. Basically, the findings from this research contribute to our understanding of urban space security in the specific context of the 20th district of Tehran. They emphasize the need for strategic urban planning that not only elevates the visual appeal of these spaces but also reinforces the perception of security among residents. By addressing these key components, urban environments can become more vibrant, inclusive, and conducive to economic growth, ultimately fostering a more prosperous and secure urban landscape while deterring potential repulsion of people and investors from unsafe areas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOn behalf of authors I declare that his paper does not contain any sources of information that be cause of conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdem Esmail, B., \u0026amp; Suleiman, L. (2020). Analyzing evidence of sustainable urban water management systems: a review through the lenses of sociotechnical transitions. Sustainability, 12(11), 4481.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlomari, M. K. (2014). Discovering citizens reaction toward e-government: factors in e-government adoption. JISTEM-Journal of Information Systems and Technology Management, 11(1), 5-20. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArbab, N., \u0026amp; Saedi Monfared, S. (2019). An Investigation of the Effect of Environmental Security Component on the Mental Health of Citizens in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Janbaz Square in Mashhad. Creative City Design, 2(2), 33-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAurigi, A., \u0026amp; Graham, S. (2004). The \u0026lsquo;crisis\u0026rsquo; in the urban public realm. In Cyberspace divide (pp. 71-94): Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzevedo, V., Sani, A., Nunes, L. M., \u0026amp; Paulo, D. (2021). Do you feel safe in the urban space? From perceptions to associated variables. Anuario de Psicolog\u0026iacute;a Jur\u0026iacute;dica, 31(1), 75-84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBartoli, A., Hern\u0026aacute;ndez-Serrano, J., Soriano, M., Dohler, M., Kountouris, A., \u0026amp; Barthel, D. (2011). Security and privacy in your smart city. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Barcelona smart cities congress.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., \u0026amp; Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information \u0026amp; management, 57(2), 103168.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBl\u0026ouml;baum, A., \u0026amp; Hunecke, M. (2005). Perceived danger in urban public space: The impacts of physical features and personal factors. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 465-486. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarmona, M. (2019). Principles for public space design, planning to do better. Urban Design International, 24(1), 47-59. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCarmona, M., Heath, T., Tiesdell, S., \u0026amp; Oc, T. (2010). Public places, urban spaces: the dimensions of urban design: Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChitrakar, R. M., Baker, D. C., \u0026amp; Guaralda, M. (2017). Emerging challenges in the management of contemporary public spaces in urban neighbourhoods. ArchNet-IJAR, 11(1), 29-43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDevereux, S. (2001). Livelihood insecurity and social protection: a re‐emerging issue in rural development. Development policy review, 19(4), 507-519. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDhyani, S., Karki, M., \u0026amp; Gupta, A. K. (2020). Opportunities and advances to mainstream nature-based solutions in disaster risk management and climate strategy. Nature-based solutions for resilient ecosystems and societies, 1-26. Gehl, J. (2011). Life between buildings: using public space: Island press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFadhel, M. A., Duhaim, A. M., Saihood, A., Sewify, A., Al-Hamadani, M. N., Albahri, A. S., ... \u0026amp; Gu, Y. (2024). Comprehensive Systematic Review of Information Fusion Methods in Smart Cities and Urban Environments. Information Fusion, 102317.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFawaz, M., Harb, M., \u0026amp; Gharbieh, A. (2012). Living Beirut\u0026apos;s security zones: an investigation of the modalities and practice of urban security. City \u0026amp; Society, 24(2), 173-195. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhalehteimouri, K. J., \u0026amp; Khaliji, M. A. (2023). A multi-criteria decision-making is the ANP network analysis process for identification relief centers in urban areas: A case of study Tabriz city, Iran.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhalehteimouri, K. J., Ros, F. C., \u0026amp; Rambat, S. (2023). Flood risk assessment through rapid urbanization LULC change with destruction of urban green infrastructures based on NASA Landsat time series data: A case of study Kuala Lumpur between 1990\u0026ndash;2021. Acta Ecologica Sinica.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGhalehteimouri, K. J., Shamaei, A., \u0026amp; Ros, F. B. C. (2021). Effectiveness of spatial justice in sustainable development and classification of sustainability in Tehran province. Regional Statistics, 11(2).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoya, K., Zhang, X., Kitayama, K., \u0026amp; Nagayama, I. (2009). A method for automatic detection of crimes for public security by using motion analysis. Paper presented at the 2009 Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJafarpour, K. G. (2022). Analyzing housing market and price fluctuation among 22 regions in Tehran: An assessment between 2015 and 2018. AIS-Architecture Image Studies, 3(2), 8-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJalaladdini, S., \u0026amp; Oktay, D. (2012). Urban public spaces and vitality: a socio-spatial analysis in the streets of Cypriot towns. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 664-674. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJanssen, C., Daamen, T. A., \u0026amp; Verheul, W. J. (2024). Governing capabilities, not places\u0026ndash;how to understand social sustainability implementation in urban development. Urban Studies, 61(2), 331-349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJavdan, M., Ghalehteimouri, K. J., Ghasemi, M., \u0026amp; Riazi, A. (2023). A novel framework for social life cycle assessment to achieve sustainable cultural tourism destinations. Turyzm/Tourism, 7-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarrholm, M. (2016). Retailising space: Architecture, retail and the territorialisation of public space: Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKawachi, I., \u0026amp; Berkman, L. (2000). Social cohesion, social capital, and health. Social epidemiology, 174(7). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKazepov, Y., \u0026amp; Cucca, R. (2019). European Cities. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1-9. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLow, S., \u0026amp; Smith, N. (2013). The politics of public space: Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLubuva, J., \u0026amp; Mtani, A. (2004). Urban space and security: A case of the Dar es Salaam, safety audits for women. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 7(2), 13-17. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMachin, J., Batista, E., Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Ballest\u0026eacute;, A., \u0026amp; Solanas, A. (2021). Privacy and security in cognitive cities: A systematic review. Applied Sciences, 11(10), 4471.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarkvica, K., Richter, G., \u0026amp; Lenz, G. (2019). Impact of urban street lighting on road users\u0026rsquo; perception of public space and mobility behavior. Building and environment, 154, 32-43. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMazilu, M., Niță, A., Drăguleasa, I. A., \u0026amp; Mititelu-Ionuș, O. (2023). Fostering Urban Destination Prosperity through Post COVID-19 Sustainable Tourism in Craiova, Romania. Sustainability, 15(17), 13106.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeybodi, A. R., Hosseini, E., Kazimi, J. K., \u0026amp; Sazawar, A. (2023). Identifying and Analysing Entrepreneurship Barriers in Afghanistan. In Exploring Business Ecosystems and Innovation Capacity Building in Global Economics (pp. 155-180). IGI Global.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMicek, M., \u0026amp; Staszewska, S. (2019). Urban and Rural Public Spaces: Development Issues and Qualitative Assessment. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 45(45),75-93\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMour\u0026atilde;o, A. L. (2014). Place matters: behind neighbourhood lines. Brunel University London, \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMovahed, A., \u0026amp; Jafarpour Ghalehteimouri, K. (2019). The importance of the concept and meaning of place in tourism geography. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Environment Management, 4(16), 01-09.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNeild, R. (2003). Human rights NGOs, police and citizen security in transitional democracies. Journal of human rights, 2(3), 277-296. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eN\u0026eacute;meth, J. (2010). Security in public space: an empirical assessment of three US cities. Environment and Planning a, 42(10), 2487-2507. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO\u0026rsquo;Shea, T. C. (2006). Physical deterioration, disorder, and crime. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(2), 173-187. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetrudi, S. H. H., Tavana, M., \u0026amp; Abdi, M. (2020). A comprehensive framework for analyzing challenges in humanitarian supply chain management: A case study of the Iranian Red Crescent Society. International Journal of disaster risk reduction, 42, 101340.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRafieian, M., Rafieiannaajafabadi, M., \u0026amp; Bemanian, M. (2019). INVESTIGATING MEANING QUALITY of URBAN PUBLIC PLACES In YAZD CITIZEN PERCEPTION. Iran University of Science \u0026amp; Technology, 29(1), 91-98. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReyes-Riveros, R., Altamirano, A., De La Barrera, F., Rozas-V\u0026aacute;squez, D., Vieli, L., \u0026amp; Meli, P. (2021). Linking public urban green spaces and human well-being: A systematic review. Urban Forestry \u0026amp; Urban Greening, 61, 127105. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoche, M. (2017). Mega-events, urban space and social change: Expos, parks and cities. In Mega-events and social change: Manchester University Press.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaboonchi, P., Abarghouyifard, H., \u0026amp; Motedayen, H. (2018). Green Landscape Networks; The role of articulation in the integrity of green space in landscapes of contemporary cities of Iran. Bagh-e Nazar, 15(62).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchubert, H. (2016). Urban crime prevention\u0026ndash;broadening of perspectives. Journal of Place Management and Development. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSeifi, M., Abdullah, A., Haron, S., \u0026amp; Salman, A. (2019). Creating Secured Residential Places: Conflicting Design Elements of Natural Surveillance, Access Control and Territoriality. Paper presented at the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSepe, M. (2020). Shaping the future: perspectives in research on, and the teaching of, urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 25(1), 28-31. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShaftoe, H. (2012). Convivial urban spaces: Creating effective public places: Earthscan.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShearing, C. D., \u0026amp; Johnston, L. (2013). Governing security: Explorations of policing and justice: Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimpson, D., Jensen, V., \u0026amp; Rubing, A. (2017). The City Between Freedom and Security: Contested Public Spaces in the 21st Century: Birkh\u0026auml;user Verlag GmbH.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSodiq, A., Baloch, A. A., Khan, S. A., Sezer, N., Mahmoud, S., Jama, M., \u0026amp; Abdelaal, A. (2019). Towards modern sustainable cities: Review of sustainability principles and trends. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 972-1001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eStanley, M. C., Beggs, J. R., Bassett, I. E., Burns, B. R., Dirks, K. N., Jones, D. N., . . . Souter-Brown, G. (2015). Emerging threats in urban ecosystems: a horizon scanning exercise. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13(10), 553-560. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTayebeh, P., Gholamreza, J., Ali, S., \u0026amp; Ghalehteimouri, K. J. (2023). Introducing creative city factors as a solution in sustainable urban development: a case study from Bushehr City in Iran. Journal of Urban Culture Research, 26, 206-225.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThiengkamol, N. (2010). Urban community development with food security management: A case of Bang Sue District in Bangkok. Journal of the Association of Researcher, 15(2), 109-117. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTibbalds, F. (2012). Making people-friendly towns: Improving the public environment in towns and cities: Taylor \u0026amp; Francis.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToft, A. E., \u0026amp; R\u0026ouml;nn, M. (2017). Urban Mobility: Architectures, Geographies and Social Space: Nordic Academic Press of Architectural Research.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTraunmueller, M. W. (2017). A Quantitative Approach to Evaluate and Develop Theories on (Fear of) Crime in Urban Environments. UCL (University College London), \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVindevogel, F. (2005). Private security and urban crime mitigation: A bid for BIDs. Criminal Justice, 5(3), 233-255. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWinton, A. (2004). Urban violence: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2), 165-184. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZarrabi, M., Yazdanfar, S. A., \u0026amp; Hosseini, S. B. (2021). COVID-19 and healthy home preferences: The case of apartment residents in Tehran. Journal of Building Engineering, 35, 102021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZukin, S. (2012). Whose culture? Whose city? In The urban sociology reader (pp. 363-371): Routledge.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-environment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Environment](https://www.springer.com/44274/)","snPcode":"44274","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44274/3","title":"Discover Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"urban Security, Urban Space, Tehran, Structural Equations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUrban security and the quality of public spaces are critical issues that significantly impact the livability of urban areas. Without proper security measures, even the most well-designed public spaces can fail to fulfill their intended purpose. This research takes a closer look at the security components within urban spaces, with a specific focus on District 20 of Tehran metropolis. Employing an applied research methodology, this descriptive-analytical study comprehensively evaluates security across four fundamental dimensions: economic, physical, activity, and visual quality. To gauge the level of security within these urban spaces, the research utilizes Pearson's test and path analysis. The findings reveal intriguing insights into the security landscape of the 20th district. Visual quality emerges as the most secure component, achieving a rating of 2.52, while the activity dimension records the lowest average, with a score of 1.65. Furthermore, this study identifies a significant correlation between the economic and physical security components, scoring an impressive 0.688. In light of these results, it becomes evident that addressing security concerns in urban areas is essential for enhancing the quality and safety of public spaces. This research serves as a valuable resource for urban planners and policymakers striving to create more secure and vibrant urban environments in similar contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluating Security Components in Urban Spaces: A Case Study of Tehran Metropolis District 20","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-13 12:57:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4037289/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-04-02T09:21:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-26T11:53:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"18860a6e-a1c3-44da-9560-9fc2ef9fc7dc","date":"2024-03-20T15:43:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-03-16T12:31:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"1ca36862-5982-4e78-9ea6-564862c37ce5","date":"2024-03-13T18:08:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-03-13T10:49:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-02-29T05:57:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-02-29T05:55:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Environment","date":"2024-01-24T11:36:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-environment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Environment](https://www.springer.com/44274/)","snPcode":"44274","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/44274/3","title":"Discover Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ada176f0-bdf5-4249-835e-216e65ddf4ac","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-02T06:17:31+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-13 12:57:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4037289","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4037289","identity":"rs-4037289","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}