The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Spatial Margin of Safety Calculations

Humans, like many other animals, pre-empt danger by moving to locations that maximize their success at escaping future threats. Here, we test the idea that spatial margin of safety (MOS) decisions, a form of prospective avoidance, result in participants placing themselves closer to safer locations when facing more unpredictable threats. Using multivariate pattern analysis on fMRI data collected while subjects engaged in MOS decisions with varying attack location predictability, we show that while the hippocampus encodes MOS decisions across all types of threat, a vmPFC anterior-posterior gradient tracked threat predictability. The posterior vmPFC encoded for more unpredictable threat and showed functional coupling with the amygdala and hippocampus. Conversely, the anterior vmPFC was more active for the more predictable attacks and showed coupling with the striatum. Our findings suggest that when pre-empting danger, the anterior vmPFC may provide a safety signal, possibly via predictable positive outcomes, while the posterior vmPFC drives prospective danger signals.