Hybrid Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Extended Network Lifetime in Wireless Body Area Networks

Hybrid Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Extended Network Lifetime in Wireless Body Area Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Hybrid Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Extended Network Lifetime in Wireless Body Area Networks Ako Muhammad Abdullah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6830278/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 30 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are an emerging technology designed to provide extensive applications in different fields. Healthcare is a particularly interesting field for WBANs. This network plays a vital role in remotely monitoring patients' health conditions anytime and anywhere without interfering with their normal daily activities. In WBANs, sensor nodes are implanted on or inside the human body to detect significant changes caused by abnormal physiological conditions. These sensor nodes can transmit the collected data packets through a sink node to a medical center for analysis, facilitating accurate treatment for patients. However, the energy capacity of sensor nodes is limited. Hence, it is imperative to design and develop a reliable routing protocol to extend the lifetime and achieve load balancing of sensor nodes in WBANs, especially in the healthcare industry. Although many routing protocols have been proposed for WBANs, most of these protocols rely on a single or a few parameters, such as residual energy, hop count, or signal strength to construct routes for transmitting data packets. These parameters are not adequate for selecting the optimal route between the source sensor node and the sink node. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid energy-efficient routing (HEER) protocol that overcomes the shortcomings of previous routing protocols for WBANs. The proposed routing protocol introduces a novel route selection function that considers multiple significant parameters, such as residual energy, drain rate energy, energy harvest, distance, priority data, and the participation rate of forwarder nodes in constructing the optimal route. This approach mitigates frequent route failures, extends the lifetime of sensor nodes in the network, and increases the volume of data delivered. Furthermore, a novel hybrid data transmission model and forwarder rotation mechanism are proposed to enhance network performance and load balancing during the transmission of data packets. The experimental results reveal that the proposed HEER routing scheme outperforms existing protocols in various performance evaluation metrics. Specifically, it achieves an improvement of up to 7.64% in packet delivery ratio, increases throughput by 11.08%, and reduces end-to-end delay by as much as 33.74%. Additionally, the HEER protocol significantly minimizes energy consumption by up to 39.98%, thereby extending the network lifetime by 37.04%. These findings validate the protocol's effectiveness in addressing critical challenges in WBANs, including reliable communication, energy efficiency, and extended network lifetime. WBANs routing protocol residual energy energy harvesting network lifetime single-hop multi-hop Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 10 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 05 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 03 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 28 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 23 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 16 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 11 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 11 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 05 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6830278","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":550103136,"identity":"c604eb96-badb-4c42-9f71-5f3c0fc94f5e","order_by":0,"name":"Ako Muhammad 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Healthcare is a particularly interesting field for WBANs. This network plays a vital role in remotely monitoring patients' health conditions anytime and anywhere without interfering with their normal daily activities. In WBANs, sensor nodes are implanted on or inside the human body to detect significant changes caused by abnormal physiological conditions. These sensor nodes can transmit the collected data packets through a sink node to a medical center for analysis, facilitating accurate treatment for patients. However, the energy capacity of sensor nodes is limited. Hence, it is imperative to design and develop a reliable routing protocol to extend the lifetime and achieve load balancing of sensor nodes in WBANs, especially in the healthcare industry. Although many routing protocols have been proposed for WBANs, most of these protocols rely on a single or a few parameters, such as residual energy, hop count, or signal strength to construct routes for transmitting data packets. These parameters are not adequate for selecting the optimal route between the source sensor node and the sink node. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid energy-efficient routing (HEER) protocol that overcomes the shortcomings of previous routing protocols for WBANs. The proposed routing protocol introduces a novel route selection function that considers multiple significant parameters, such as residual energy, drain rate energy, energy harvest, distance, priority data, and the participation rate of forwarder nodes in constructing the optimal route. This approach mitigates frequent route failures, extends the lifetime of sensor nodes in the network, and increases the volume of data delivered. Furthermore, a novel hybrid data transmission model and forwarder rotation mechanism are proposed to enhance network performance and load balancing during the transmission of data packets. The experimental results reveal that the proposed HEER routing scheme outperforms existing protocols in various performance evaluation metrics. Specifically, it achieves an improvement of up to 7.64% in packet delivery ratio, increases throughput by 11.08%, and reduces end-to-end delay by as much as 33.74%. Additionally, the HEER protocol significantly minimizes energy consumption by up to 39.98%, thereby extending the network lifetime by 37.04%. These findings validate the protocol's effectiveness in addressing critical challenges in WBANs, including reliable communication, energy efficiency, and extended network lifetime.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Hybrid Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol for Extended Network Lifetime in Wireless Body Area Networks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 11:35:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6830278/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision 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