Visible lighted assisted magnetic COF/HKUST/CoFe2O4 composite as a novel photocatalyst: Green synthesis and efficient degradation of pollutants (dye and pharmaceutical) in water

Visible lighted assisted magnetic COF/HKUST/CoFe2O4 composite as a novel photocatalyst: Green synthesis and efficient degradation of pollutants (dye and pharmaceutical) in water | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Visible lighted assisted magnetic COF/HKUST/CoFe 2 O 4 composite as a novel photocatalyst: Green synthesis and efficient degradation of pollutants (dye and pharmaceutical) in water Bahareh Rabeie, Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi, Hossein Kazemian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8196220/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study reports the facile, green synthesis of ternary magnetic photocatalyst composites (COF/HKUST/CoFe 2 O 4 ) with tunable COF: HKUST ratios, integrating an amide-based covalent organic framework, the metal-organic framework (HKUST-1), and CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles. The hybrid was comprehensively characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, MAP and EDX, TEM, VSM, AFM, PL and DRS. The optimized COF/HKUST/CoFe 2 O 4 composite achieved 95% degradation of 90 mg/L doxycycline (DOX) within 180 min and 97% removal of 20 mg/L methylene blue (MB) in 150 min under visible-light irradiation. This efficacy stems from synergistic heterointerface interactions that promote efficient charge separation, accelerated electron transfer, and suppressed recombination. Kinetic modeling confirmed second-order degradation for DOX and first-order for MB, while scavenging assays identified photogenerated holes (h⁺) as the dominant oxidative species, followed by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and superoxide anions (•O 2 ⁻). Notably, the composite enables straightforward magnetic separation, and robust recyclability, retaining > 72% pollutant degradation efficiency over five consecutive cycles. This work advances sustainable wastewater remediation by providing a low-cost, scalable photocatalyst that aligns with circular economy principles and United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, offering a versatile platform for mitigating antibiotic resistance and dye-induced aquatic toxicity. Green synthesis Magnetic COF/HKUST/CoFe2O4 composite Photocatalysis Dye and pharmaceutical degradation Water Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplementaryfile.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 11 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 15 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 17 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 26 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8196220","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":560202515,"identity":"79995a89-6921-4893-a142-dbf246424105","order_by":0,"name":"Bahareh Rabeie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute for Color Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bahareh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rabeie","suffix":""},{"id":560202516,"identity":"b170b5a2-bbe7-4c73-bf84-91976cc317d5","order_by":1,"name":"Niyaz Mohammad 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