Mechanical and Biocompatibility Assessment of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Produced Ti6Al4V–Hydroxyapatite Composite for Orthopedic Implant Application

Mechanical and Biocompatibility Assessment of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Produced Ti6Al4V–Hydroxyapatite Composite for Orthopedic Implant Application | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mechanical and Biocompatibility Assessment of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Produced Ti6Al4V–Hydroxyapatite Composite for Orthopedic Implant Application Vipin Goyal, Shanmuga S. Rathnam, Girish Verma, Uday S. Dixit This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469908/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This work reports the characterization of Ti6Al4V-hydroxyapatite (Ti64-HA) composite fabricated using the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique for orthopedic implant applications. Ti64-HA composite has gained wide attention due to its improved bioactivity. However, till now, no one has reported the mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and cell viability of DMLS-produced Ti64-HA composite. In the present study, three different compositions (0% HA, 5% HA, and 10% HA) were fabricated to evaluate the effect of HA concentration. Along with characterizations related to mechanical and biomedical properties, corrosion behavior was also evaluated in two different bio-media/environments, viz., physiological saline solution (PSS) and simulated body fluid (SBF), to check invitro degradation rate. The cell viability of all three samples was checked with the osteoblast cell line (MG63). The highest cell viability was obtained in the case of Ti64-10HA composite, and the lowest was obtained for Ti64 alloy. Apart from enhancement in biomedical properties, the addition of HA also lowered the Young’s modulus of elasticity and brought it close to typical human bone, which is a favorable attribute for avoiding stress shielding. Thus, in terms of mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion behavior, the Ti64-10HA composite was found to be better than Ti64-5HA composite and the Ti64 alloy. Bio-composite Ti6Al4V alloy hydroxyapatite additive manufacturing corrosion tribology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 20 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Progress in Additive Manufacturing → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7469908","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":524832567,"identity":"176b43e9-e94c-4d87-b6d2-f140bb30f59a","order_by":0,"name":"Vipin Goyal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology Indore","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vipin","middleName":"","lastName":"Goyal","suffix":""},{"id":524832571,"identity":"9646eebf-dc10-431f-9d6a-3229d15ad82b","order_by":1,"name":"Shanmuga S. 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Application","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bio-composite, Ti6Al4V alloy, hydroxyapatite, additive manufacturing, corrosion, tribology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469908/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469908/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis work reports the characterization of Ti6Al4V-hydroxyapatite (Ti64-HA) composite fabricated using the direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique for orthopedic implant applications. Ti64-HA composite has gained wide attention due to its improved bioactivity. However, till now, no one has reported the mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and cell viability of DMLS-produced Ti64-HA composite. In the present study, three different compositions (0% HA, 5% HA, and 10% HA) were fabricated to evaluate the effect of HA concentration. Along with characterizations related to mechanical and biomedical properties, corrosion behavior was also evaluated in two different bio-media/environments, viz., physiological saline solution (PSS) and simulated body fluid (SBF), to check invitro degradation rate. The cell viability of all three samples was checked with the osteoblast cell line (MG63). The highest cell viability was obtained in the case of Ti64-10HA composite, and the lowest was obtained for Ti64 alloy. Apart from enhancement in biomedical properties, the addition of HA also lowered the Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus of elasticity and brought it close to typical human bone, which is a favorable attribute for avoiding stress shielding. Thus, in terms of mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and corrosion behavior, the Ti64-10HA composite was found to be better than Ti64-5HA composite and the Ti64 alloy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mechanical and Biocompatibility Assessment of Direct Metal Laser Sintering Produced Ti6Al4V–Hydroxyapatite Composite for Orthopedic Implant Application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-07 04:29:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7469908/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fbeca3c3-6214-4c82-9968-9ec664467afb","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-23T16:07:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7469908","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-026-01599-7","journal":{"identity":"progress-in-additive-manufacturing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Progress in Additive Manufacturing"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-20 15:58:58","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 20th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-07 04:29:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s40964-026-01599-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-026-01599-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7469908","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7469908","identity":"rs-7469908","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}