Category Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Research Ability among Clinical Nurses:A latent profile analysis

Category Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Research Ability among Clinical Nurses:A latent profile analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Category Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Research Ability among Clinical Nurses:A latent profile analysis Xiao-shan Wang, Li-xiang Ye, Min-xiang Li, Xiao-xia Cai, Hui-xing Huang, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7660111/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Nursing research competency is a critical driver for implementing evidence-based practice and advancing the discipline of clinical nursing. It also serves as a key support for nurses’ professional development and career fulfillment. With the rapid evolution of the nursing profession, healthcare institutions have been continuously raising the academic and professional requirements for nurse promotion and career advancement. Assessing nurses’ current research capacity provides a foundation for nursing administrators to implement research-oriented and discipline-specific management strategies. This study aims to investigate the current status of scientific research capacity among clinical nurses in tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province, identify potential profiles of research competency, and explore influencing factors. The findings are expected to provide a reference for designing targeted training measures tailored to different competence profiles, thereby promoting the overall improvement of research capacity among clinical nurses. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among clinical nurses from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province from December 2023 to January 2024. A general information questionnaire and the Nursing Research Competency Scale were used for data collection. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify potential subgroups of research competency among the nurses. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to explore factors influencing the research competency across different latent profiles. Results The overall research competency of clinical nurses in Hainan Province was at a moderate level. Four distinct profiles were identified: significantly poor research competency (69 cases, 20.5%), medium research competency (135 cases, 40.1%), good research competency (105 cases, 31.2%), and excellent research competency (28 cases, 8.3%). Multivariable regression analysis indicated that gender, highest education level, participation in research training, frequency of reading nursing journals, and weekly time dedicated to research activities were significant influencing factors of research competency (P < 0.05). Conclusion The research competency of clinical nurses could be categorized into four distinct profiles with significant heterogeneity. Identifying these profiles and their influencing factors can assist nursing administrators in developing tailored training programs to effectively enhance the research competency of clinical nurses. Clinical nurses Research competency Latent profile analysis Influencing factors Figures Figure 1 1.Introduction Nursing is an essential component of the healthcare service system, and its professional value is increasingly evident in achieving universal health coverage, responding to major public health events, managing chronic diseases, and providing lifelong health services [ 1 ]. Nurses not only play a critical role in clinical care but are also expanding their scope to include disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation care, and community-home transitional care, making them a core force in advancing the "Healthy China" strategy [ 2 ]. The National Nursing Development Plan (2021–2025) explicitly states that tertiary hospitals must undertake the care of critically ill and complex patients, strengthen nursing discipline development and talent training, and establish evidence-based and clinically driven nursing protocols and technical standards. These efforts aim to improve the homogeneity of nursing care across different regions and medical institutions, thereby promoting high-quality development of the nursing profession [ 3 ]. Compared to secondary hospitals, tertiary hospitals place greater emphasis on nursing research and innovation. The evaluation criteria for tertiary hospitals in China emphasize encouraging full staff participation in scientific research, promoting the translation of research outcomes into practice, and providing appropriate funding, conditions, facilities, and personnel support [ 4 ]. This is especially true for tertiary hospitals affiliated with universities [ 5 ], where building nursing research capacity has become a key administrative objective. Nurses are the vital link between research and practice. To bridge this gap, their active participation in research is essential. Nursing research capability refers to the ability of nursing professionals to identify universal principles and seek truth within the field. It is a crucial pathway for advancing nursing theory, methods, and technology, as well as for enhancing the efficiency and quality of nursing practice [ 6 ]. Nursing research capability is a key support for the sustainable development of the nursing discipline. Enhancing the research competence of nursing staff helps to build a more robust theoretical and technical nursing framework, promote evidence-based practice, and improve the quality of care. However, the field faces challenges such as insufficient innovation, a scarcity of high-impact research outcomes, and weak scientific research platforms. Strengthening the nursing research system, fostering interdisciplinary integration, and leveraging technological advancements such as big data and artificial intelligence have become essential pathways to advance the discipline toward higher precision, depth, and specialization [ 7 ]. Most previous studies simply categorized nurses’ research competency into low, medium, and high levels based on total scores, oversimplifying the analysis of influencing factors and failing to adequately reflect individual differences. For instance, nurses with the same total score may possess distinct characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) offers a person-centered approach that clusters individuals based on continuous observed variables, grouping populations with similar traits into subgroups. This method effectively reveals heterogeneity within the population, facilitating the study of different profiles and enabling targeted interventions based on specific characteristics [ 8 , 9 ]. Therefore, this study employs LPA to classify clinical nurses from tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province and analyze influencing factors, thereby providing a reference for hospitals to enhance nurses’ research capability in a targeted manner. 1 Methods This investigation employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. 1.1 Participants A convenience sampling method was employed to survey clinical nurses from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province between December 2023 and January 2024. The inclusion criteria were: (1) holding a valid nurse qualification certificate and currently registered; (2) engaged in frontline clinical work; (3) with at least one year of work experience; (4) providing informed consent and voluntarily participating in the questionnaire. The exclusion criteria:internship nurses and visiting nurses. 1.2 Instrument 1.2.1 Nursing Research Competency Scale The scale developed and revised by Pan[ 10 ], it was used to measure the research competency of clinical nurses. This scale consists of 30 items across six dimensions: problem identification, literature comprehension, research design, research implementation, data processing, and academic writing. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “unable to do” (0 points) to “fully able to do” (4 points), with a total possible score of 120. Higher scores indicate stronger research competency. Scores from 0 to 40 indicate low research competency, 41 to 80 moderate competency, and 81 to 120 high competency. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the scale was 0.861. 1.2.2 General Information Questionnaire A self-designed general information questionnaire was used by the research team, covering demographic characteristics such as gender, age, educational background, professional title, monthly income, and whether the participant was a research nurse, as well as research-related information including experience in acquiring research projects, frequency of reading academic journals, and weekly time devoted to research activities. 1.3 Procedure With approval from hospital administrators, two uniformly trained graduate students joined nurse groups of the tertiary teaching hospitals. Using Wenjuanxing (a widely used online survey platform in China), they explained the inclusion and exclusion criteria, survey purpose, instructions, and precautions in a standardized manner. Online assistance was provided to address nurses’ questions and guide them through the independent completion of the questionnaire. The platform was set to allow submission only after all questions were completed. Each IP address was restricted to one response. Incomplete submissions were excluded from the sample, and questionnaires completed in an unusually short time (within 60 seconds) were also removed. A total of 355 questionnaires were collected. Among these, 7 were excluded due to overly short completion time, 5 for straight-line responding (selecting the same option throughout), and 6 from nurses with less than one year of experience. After removing invalid responses, 337 valid questionnaires remained, yielding an effective response rate of 94.9%. 1.4 Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Categorical data were described using frequencies and percentages, and group comparisons were conducted using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, or the Kruskal–Wallis H test as appropriate. Normally distributed continuous data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and group differences were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 8.3. Model fit was compared across different class solutions based on the following indices: the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), the sample-size adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC), and entropy. Lower values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC indicate better model fit. An entropy value greater than 0.8 suggests classification accuracy exceeding 90%. A significant Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMRT; p < 0.05) indicates that the model with K profiles fits significantly better than a model with K-1 profiles[ 11 ]. Additionally, each profile should demonstrate distinct characteristics across classification indicators, and every class should comprise more than 5% of the total sample[ 12 ]. Finally, multivariate logistic regression was employed to control for potential confounding factors and identify influencing factors associated with latent profiles of clinical nursing research competence, using a two-tailed significance level of α = 0.05. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 1.5 Ethics This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Approval No. 2024-KCSN-18). Prior to questionnaire distribution, written informed consent was obtained from all participants with the assistance of nursing administrators from the respective hospitals. Participants were clearly informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary, the questionnaire was anonymous, and they could withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason. Additionally, they were assured that only the research team would have access to the completed questionnaires and that all data would only be used for research purposes. 2 Results 2.1 Characteristics of the participants A total of 337 clinical nurses were included in the study. The majority were female (95.8%), with only 14 male participants (4.2%). The mean age was 32.78 ± 6.64. Approximately half of the nurses held a bachelor’s degree or higher as their initial qualification, and 92% held intermediate-level titles or below. Only 16% were identified as research nurses. Nearly 50% of the participants were under 35 years of age, and more than 80% had less than 15 years of work experience. Regarding research involvement, 36.8% had received research training, while only 13.4% had published an article as the first author. Furthermore, just 10.1% had ever applied for a research project. A significant proportion of nurses (72.7%) reported having limited time for scientific research activities, and only 9.8% regularly read academic literature. Additional detailed information is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 General information of nurses (n = 337) Variables Category n (%) Age ≤ 25 39 (11.6) 26–35 202 (59.9) 36–45 79 (23.4) >45 17 (5.0) Gender Male 14 (4.2) Female 323 (95.8) Initial education College 91 (27.0) Bachelor 70 (20.8) Master 176 (52.2) highest level of education vocational secondary school 3 (0.9) three-year college 27(8) undergraduate (adjective) 300 (89) bachelor's degree 7 (2.1) marital status unmarried 110 (32.6) married 219 (65.0) Divorced or other 8 (2.4) Section neurosurgery 115 (39.0) general medicine 117 (39.7) woman 22 (7.5) acute and critical illness 41 (13.9) working experience(years) 1–10 167 (50.6) 11–20 134 (40.6) ≥ 21 29 (8.8) technical title junior ranking 156 (46.3) middle level (in a hierarchy) 154 (45.7) high level 27 (8.0) Contractual situation Hospital establishment 47 (13.9) contract system 290 (86.1) Income situation(yuan) ≤ 8,000 129 (38.3) 8001-1w 143 (42.4) ≥ 1w 65 (19.3) nurse specialists yes 103 (30.6) no 234 (69.4) teaching task yes 123 (36.5) no 214 (63.5) Frequency of reading journals Regularly watched 33 (9.8) sometimes 304 (90.2) Research Nurse yes 54 (16.0) no 283 (84.0) Participation in research training yes 124 (36.8) no 213 (63.2) First-author publications yes 45 (13.4) no 292 (86.6) Declare the subject yes 34 (10.1) no 303 (89.9) Weekly time spent on research(h) < 2–3 245 (72.7) ≥ 4 92 (27.3) Scientific reasons Summarising clinical experience 72 (21.4) Promote to a new title 105 (31.2) Unit requirements 84 (24.9) Maslow's need for self-actualisation 76 (22.6) 2.2 Research Competence The total score of research competence among clinical nurses was 42.63 ± 23.43. Among the competency dimensions, the highest score was observed in problem discovery, while the lowest scores were found in data processing and research design. Detailed scores for each dimension are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Nurses' nursing research competence scores (n = 337) Dimension Total score (points) Score (points) entry Average score (points) Problem identification capacity 12 5.48 ± 2.17 3 1.83 ± 0.72 Literature reading skills 20 8.85 ± 3.89 5 1.77 ± 0.78 Research and design capabilities 20 6.07 ± 4.59 5 1.21 ± 0.92 Research Practical Ability 24 8.07 ± 5.43 6 1.34 ± 0.91 Data-processing capacity 20 5.80 ± 4.53 5 1.16 ± 0.91 Thesis writing skills 24 8.37 ± 5.55 6 1.40 ± 0.92 Total Nursing Research Competence Score 120 42.63 ± 23.43 30 1.42 ± 0.78 2.3 Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) Results Using the six dimensions of nursing research competence as observed indicators, a latent profile analysis was conducted. Models were fitted starting with one profile and incrementally increasing up to five profiles. The results are presented in Table 1 .As the number of profiles increased, the values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC decreased accordingly. All entropy values were above 0.8. The five-profile model demonstrated the best fit with optimal AIC, BIC, aBIC, and entropy values. The Lo–Mendell–Rubin (LMR) test reached statistical significance, and one group accounted for less than 5% of the sample. Therefore, the four-profile model was ultimately selected as the optimal solution (Read Table 3 for details). The four profiles were named as follows:C1: Significantly Poor Research Competence (n = 69, 20.5%).C2: Medium Research Competence (n = 135, 40.1%).C3: Good Research Competence (n = 105, 31.2%).C4: Excellent Research Competence (n = 28, 8.3%).The average latent profile probabilities of assignment for each profile were 98.9%, 98.1%, 96.3%, and 99.8%, respectively.A profile plot was generated with the six research competence dimensions on the x-axis and their standardized mean scores on the y-axis to visualize the response patterns of clinical nurses within the model (Read Fig. 1 ). Table 3 Results of potential profiles of nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals(n = 337) groups AIC BIC ABIC MLRT BLRT Entroy quorum percentage C1 11536.831 11582.671 11544.605 C2 10558.787 10631.368 10571.097 0.0013 < 0.0001 0.902 204/133 0.605/0.395 C3 10106.191 10205.513 10123.037 0.0005 < 0.0001 0.927 160/149/28 0.475/0.442/0.083 C4 9738.589 9864.651 9759.971 0.0018 < 0.0001 0.958 69/28/135/105 0.205/0.083/0.401/0.312 C5 9596.299 9749.102 9622.216 0.0055 < 0.0001 0.976 69/100/6/27/135 0.205/0.297/0.018/0.080/0.401 2.4 Univariate Analysis Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among the different categories of clinical nurses' research competence in terms of age, initial education level, highest education level, marital status, years of work experience, technical title, frequency of reading nursing journals, whether they were research nurses, and participation in research training. For detailed results, please refer to Table 4 . Table 4 Results of potential profiles of clinical nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals(n = 337) Variables Category n (%) C1 C2 C3 C4 X2/Z value P-value Age ≤ 25 39 (11.6) 1 (1.4) 14 (10.4) 20 (19) 4 (14.3) 11.974 b 0.007 26–35 202 (59.9) 51 (73.9) 78 (57.8) 57 (54.3) 16 (57.1) 36–45 79 (23.4) 14 (20.3) 35 (25.9) 24 (22.9) 6 (21.4) >45 17 (5.0) 3 (4.3) 8 (5.9) 4 (3.8) 2 (7.1) Gender Male 14 (4.2) 1 (1.4) 1 (0.7) 7 (6.7) 5 (17.9) 15.917 b < 0.001 Female 323 (95.8) 68 (98.5) 134 (99.3) 98 (93.3) 23 (82.1) Initial education College 91 (27.0) 30 (43.5) 33 (24.4) 23 (22) 5 (17.9) 22.397 a 0.001 Bachelor 70 (20.8) 19 (27.5) 28 (20.7) 20 (19) 3 (10.7) Master 176 (52.2) 20 (29) 74 (54.8) 63 (59) 20 (71.4) highest level of education vocational secondary school 3 (0.9) 1(1.4) 0 (0.0) 1(1.0) 1 (3.6) 20.757 a 0.003 three-year college 27(8) 7 (10.1) 12 (8.9) 6 (5.7) 2 (7.1) undergraduate (adjective) 300 (89) 61 (88.4) 123 (91.1) 95 (90.5) 21 (75.0) bachelor's degree 7 (2.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (2.9) 4 (14.3) marital status unmarried 110 (32.6) 15 (21.7) 42 (31.1) 44 (41.9) 9 (32.1) 11.828 a 0.045 married 219 (65.0) 53 (76.8) 91 (67.4) 58 (55.2) 17 (60.7) Divorced or other 8 (2.4) 1(1.4) 2(1.5) 3 (2.9) 2 (7.1) Section neurosurgery 115 (39.0) 25 (39.1) 45 (39.8) 39 (41.1) 6 (26.1) 11.253 a 0.242 general medicine 117 (39.7) 23 (35.9) 40 (35.4) 41 (43.2) 13 (56.5) woman 22 (7.5) 3 (4.7) 12 (10.6) 7 (7.4) 0 (0.0) acute and critical illness 41 (13.9) 13 (20.3) 16 (14.2) 8 (8.4) 4 (17.4) working experience(years) 1–10 167 (50.6) 28 (41.8) 70 (53.4) 57 (54.8) 12 (42.9) 6.657 b 0.346 11–20 134 (40.6) 35 (52.2) 48 (36.6) 37 (35.6) 14 (50.0) ≥ 21 29 (8.8) 4 (6.0) 13 (9.9) 10 (9.6) 2 (7.1) technical title junior ranking 156 (46.3) 27 (39.1) 57 (42.2) 58 (55.2) 14 (50.0) 20.699 a 0.002 middle level (in a hierarchy) 154 (45.7) 41 (59.4) 69 (51.1) 35 (33.3) 9 (32.1) high level 27 (8.0) 1(1.4) 9 (6.7) 12 (11.4) 5 (17.9) Contractual situation Hospital establishment 47 (13.9) 6 (8.7) 23 (17.0) 14 (13.3) 4 (14.3) 2.664 a 0.447 contract system 290 (86.1) 63 (91.3) 112 (83.0) 91 (86.7) 24 (85.7) Income situation(yuan) ≤ 8,000 129 (38.3) 21 (30.4) 57 (42.2) 39 (37.1) 12 (42.9) 5.934 a 0.434 8001-1w 143 (42.4) 36 (52.2) 49 (36.3) 48 (45.7) 10 (35.7) ≥ 1w 65 (19.3) 12 (17.4) 29 (21.5) 18 (17.1) 6 (21.4) nurse specialists yes 103 (30.6) 24 (34.8) 42 (31.1) 25 (23.8) 12 (42.9) 4.849 a 0.182 no 234 (69.4) 45 (65.2) 93 (68.9) 80 (76.2) 16 (57.1) teaching task yes 123 (36.5) 26 (37.7) 42 (31.1) 44 (41.9) 11 (39.3) 3.150 a 0.371 no 214 (63.5) 43 (62.3) 93 (68.9) 61 (58.1) 17 (60.7) Frequency of reading journals Regularly watched 33 (9.8) 1(1.4) 6 (4.4) 14 (13.3) 12 (42.9) 34.713 a < 0.001 sometimes 304 (90.2) 68 (98.6) 129 (95.6) 91 (86.7) 16 (57.1) Research Nurse yes 54 (16.0) 7 (10.1) 16 (11.9) 28 (26.7) 3 (10.7) 11.667 a 0.007 no 283 (84.0) 62 (89.9) 119 (88.1) 77 (73.3) 25 (89.3) Participation in research training yes 124 (36.8) 11 (15.9) 39 (28.9) 58 (55.2) 16 (57.1) 36.872 a < 0.001 no 213 (63.2) 58 (84.1) 96 (71.1) 47 (44.8) 12 (42.9) First-author publications yes 45 (13.4) 4 (5.8) 13 (9.6) 20 (19.0) 8 (28.6) 12.959 a 0.004 no 292 (86.6) 65 (94.2) 122 (90.4) 85 (81.0) 20 (71.4) Declare the subject yes 34 (10.1) 2 (2.9) 8 (5.9) 19 (18.1) 5 (17.9) 15.472 a 0.001 no 303 (89.9) 67 (97.1) 137 (94.1) 86 (81.9) 23 (82.1) Weekly time spent on research(h) < 2–3 245 (72.7) 67 (97.1) 119 (88.1) 51 (48.6) 8 (28.6) 97.207 a < 0.001 ≥ 4 92 (27.3) 2 (2.9) 16 (11.9) 54 (51.4) 20 (71.4) Scientific reasons Summarising clinical experience 72 (21.4) 14 (20.3) 30 (22.2) 17 (16.2) 11 (39.3) 20.666 a 0.014 Promote to a new title 105 (31.2) 22 (31.9) 46 (34.1) 30 (28.6) 7 (25.0) Unit requirements 84 (24.9) 23 (33.3) 34 (25.2) 26 (24.8) 1 (3.6) Maslow's need for self-actualisation 76 (22.6) 10 (14.5) 25 (18.5) 32 (30.5) 9 (32.1) Notes: a = chi-square test; b = rank-sum test. 2.5 Multivariate Analysis Gender, education level, frequency of reading journals, participation in research training, and weekly time devoted to research were identified as significant influencing factors of clinical nurses’ nursing research competence (P < 0.05). Read Table 5 for details. Table 5 Multivariate analysis of latent profiles of clinical nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals (n = 337) Independent variable β SE Wald P OR 95%CI C1 VS C2 Initial education: vocational secondary school -1.189 0.420 8.031 0.005 0.304 0.134 0.693 highest level of education: vocational secondary school 2.193 0.567 14.943 < 0.001 8.959 2.947 27.233 C1 VS C4 Sexes: male -4.585 1.517 9.134 0.003 0.010 0.001 0.200 Initial education: (vocational secondary school) -2.340 1.105 4.848 0.034 0.096 0.011 0.840 Research Nurse: yes 3.827 1.303 8.620 0.003 45.914 3.568 590.787 Research time: <2-3h -3.826 0.982 15.184 < 0.001 0.022 0.003 0.149 C1 VS C3 Sexes: male -3.022 1.324 5.212 0.022 0.049 0.004 0.652 Scientific research training: yes -1.736 0.510 11.567 0.001 0.176 0.065 0.478 Research time: <2-3h -3.398 0.826 16.944 < 0.001 0.033 0.007 0.169 C2 VS C3 Sexes: male -3.207 1.234 6.752 0.009 0.040 0.004 0.455 Initial education: (vocational secondary school) 1.015 0.451 5.058 0.025 2.760 1.139 6.685 Scientific research training: yes -0.998 0.371 7.255 0.007 0.368 0.178 0.762 Research time: <2-3h -2.307 0.425 29.459 < 0.001 0.100 0.043 0.229 C4 VS C2 Sexes: male 4.770 1.399 11.637 0.001 117.949 7.601 1830.259 highest level of education: vocational secondary school 3.221 1.285 23.844 < 0.001 18.034 5.228 62.372 Research Nurse: yes -3.229 1.212 7.091 0.008 0.040 0.004 0.426 Reading frequency(often) 2.585 1.026 6.343 0.012 13.266 1.774 99.194 Research time: <2-3h 2.735 0.678 16.264 < 0.001 15.413 4.079 58.024 C4 VS C3 highest level of education: vocational secondary school 3.511 1.365 6.614 0.010 33.481 2.306 486.210 Research Nurse: yes -2.928 1.162 6.350 0.012 0.054 0.005 0.522 Reading frequency(often) 2.789 0.965 8.325 0.004 16.268 2.454 107.862 3 Discussion 3.1Clinical Nurses’ Research Competence is Moderately Low and Heterogeneous The findings reveal that the overall research competence score of clinical nurses in Hainan Province was 42.63 ± 23.43, indicating a moderately low level—lower than that reported in studies by Liu[ 13 ] and Zhang[ 14 ]. This may be attributed to earlier nursing education models in China, which often emphasized clinical skills over research literacy. In this cohort, nearly half of the nurses had an initial educational level below a bachelor’s degree. Research-related courses were typically not integrated into the curricula of diploma-level nursing programs, and even in undergraduate programs, such courses were often elective rather than mandatory. Consequently, many nursing graduates entered clinical practice with limited research experience and motivation. After entering clinical settings, many struggled to engage in scientific research due to high clinical workloads and insufficient research mentorship.It is recommended that hospitals improve their research management systems, increase funding and resource support for nursing research, and provide both financial and non-financial incentives for research achievements to enhance nurses’ sense of accomplishment and motivation. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified four distinct profiles of research competence, indicating notable heterogeneity among clinical nurses. Nurses with master’s degrees, male nurses, those serving as research nurses, and those devoting more weekly time to research were more likely to be classified into the C3 (Good Competence) and C4 (Excellent Competence) profiles. This may be because postgraduate education systematically cultivates research awareness, design skills, and statistical literacy[ 16 ]. Professional master’s programs, in particular, emphasize the integration of theory and practice through three years of training, substantially enhancing research capability. In contrast, nurses who started with secondary education and later upgraded their qualifications through self-study programs often focused on clinical knowledge rather than research training. As a result, even after obtaining higher degrees, their research abilities remained underdeveloped.It is advised that nursing administrators develop tiered training programs tailored to the specific profile characteristics of nurses. 3.2 Factors Influencing Latent Profiles of Clinical Nurses’ Research Competence Comparisons between C1 and C2/C4 revealed that male nurses demonstrated significantly higher research competence than female nurses (OR = 0.01, OR = 0.049, all P < 0.05). The average research competence score among males was 67.07 ± 7.59, substantially higher than that of females (41.57 ± 1.26). This suggests that male nurses exhibit stronger research capabilities, possibly due to higher entry-level qualifications—all male nurses in this study held bachelor’s degrees—and innate or cultivated strengths in areas such as mathematics and computer science, which facilitate the acquisition of statistical and technical skills[ 15 – 16 ]. These findings are consistent with those reported by Lin Nan[ 17 ]. Therefore, hospitals should account for these gender-based differences in research aptitude when designing research training programs. It is recommended that training be conducted in small groups, with higher expectations and accelerated progress for male and highly educated nurses. These individuals may serve as group leaders involved in topic selection, research design, and paper writing, thereby strengthening their scientific competencies. Such strategies can enhance motivation, foster a sense of achievement, stimulate research interest, and ultimately improve research output. Comparisons between C1 and C2 indicated that initial education level was positively correlated with research competence. Similarly, comparisons among C2, C3, and C4 showed that highest educational level was also positively associated with research performance. These results align with studies by Liu[ 13 ] and Huang[ 18 ]. This educational divergence may stem from fundamental differences in training objectives across nursing education levels[ 19 – 20 ]. Lower-level programs focus heavily on clinical skills, with minimal emphasis on research methodology and data processing, resulting in weaker scientific thinking and analytical skills among these nurses[ 21 ]. Moreover, higher-educated nurses often receive more opportunities for research participation and academic support, whereas those with lower qualifications frequently encounter a vicious cycle of “limited resources - low competence - even fewer resources”[ 22 ].Hospitals should encourage capable nurses to pursue further education, diversify learning pathways for research knowledge, and establish supportive platforms that foster a conducive research environment. Comparisons across all groups indicated that increased frequency of reading nursing journals and more time devoted to research were significantly associated with higher research competence (P < 0.05). Nurses who regularly read nursing journals were more likely to be classified into the group with excellent research competence. Frequent reading of high-quality journals is an important pathway to understand cutting-edge advancements, grasp updated methodologies, enhance professional knowledge, and develop scientific thinking. Engagement with academic literature directly influences innovation in nursing disciplines and clinical outcomes[ 23 ]. Reading nursing journals can help solve practical clinical problems, allow nurses to learn from others’ experiences, and inspire innovative practices[ 24 ], which is consistent with the findings of Liu[ 13 ]. Through extensive reading of high-level research articles, nurses can gradually familiarize themselves with various research designs, data collection methods, and results reporting, thereby improving the scientific rigor of their own work[ 25 ]. Furthermore, reading is an active process that cultivates critical thinking. Spending more time on research and intentionally practicing scientific reasoning can effectively enhance research competence. Therefore, it is recommended that administrators adopt a tiered management approach: nurses with lower or moderate research competence should begin with regular reading of high-quality literature each week, analyzing research designs, methods, target populations, and results to build a foundational research mindset. Those with good or excellent competence should be assigned mentors who encourage topic selection and research design, provide targeted guidance in manuscript writing, and boost confidence, thereby systematically improving the research capacity of the nursing team. Nurses who participated in research training were more likely to fall into the C3 or C4 profiles, consistent with the results reported by HU[ 26 ]. A lack of effective research training is considered a major barrier to improving research competence, which may be related to the fact that scientific thinking and methodologies require continuous learning and practice to develop. Research itself is often perceived as abstract and lacking appeal. Without active participation in training or passive acquisition of knowledge, nurses may fail to internalize and apply what they learn[ 27 ]. Research output is a long-term process, and without managerial support and requirements, nurses may struggle to persist[ 28 – 29 ]. Therefore, when organizing research training, managers should adopt an outcome-oriented approach, integrate theory with clinical problems, and focus on addressing nurses’ weaknesses. In this study, the areas with the greatest deficits were research design, implementation, and data processing. Training curricula should emphasize these areas, allocating more time for instruction and problem-solving. Proactive support should be provided to help nurses overcome difficulties and stimulate their interest and motivation in research. This study showed that research nurses did not demonstrate higher research competence than non-research nurses. This may be because, among the four tertiary teaching hospitals included, only two had dedicated research nurses. One of these had only recently established a research team without fully developed training and operational systems, and selection criteria for research nurses were unclear. Furthermore, less than 40% of research nurses had previously received research training. Therefore, when establishing research teams, managers must secure resource support from nursing departments, define clear selection criteria, and establish incentive and performance evaluation mechanisms. A thorough understanding of nurses’ current research competence is essential before setting short-term goals and achievable outcomes. Especially in hospitals with weak research foundations, team development should avoid being overambitious. Limitations This study has several limitations. First, the data were collected from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province, so the identified latent profiles may not be generalizable to nurses in other cultural contexts, healthcare levels, or educational systems. Second, the LPA was based on cross-sectional data, which can only reveal competence profiles at a specific time point and cannot establish causal relationships or trajectories of competence development. Third, LPA typically relies on questionnaire-based self-reports, which are subject to over- or under-estimation of one’s abilities and may not fully objectively reflect actual research competence. Implications First, this study revealed the multidimensional and heterogeneous nature of nurses’ research competence. LPA confirmed that research competence is not simply “high” or “low” but constitutes a heterogeneous structure composed of multiple dimensions. This underscores the need for targeted and precise interventions. The distinct needs and shortcomings of different subgroups imply that a “one-size-fits-all” training model is inefficient.Second, nursing managers and educators should implement differentiated and tiered cultivation strategies:For the “Excellent Research Competence” (C4) group: assign leadership roles such as research mentors or team leaders, encourage grant applications, and position them as engines of scientific development.For the “Good Research Competence” (C3) group: provide structured and systematic training in basic research skills, protect their scientific enthusiasm, and facilitate research output.For the “Moderate” (C2) and “Significantly Below Average” (C1) groups: prioritize stimulating interest in research rather than forced knowledge transfer. Start with simple literature reading, clinical problem-solving, and case report writing to create successful experiences.Additionally, managers should optimize the research environment and support systems: LPA results can help identify contextual factors affecting research competence (e.g., workload, leadership support, resource access). This implies that system-level changes are needed—not only individual efforts—such as establishing research funds, providing protected time, and building mentor-mentee partnerships.Finally, as a tool for talent assessment and selection: the LPA model can help identify nurses with research potential, assisting in the selection of candidates for advanced training or postgraduate nursing programs, thereby optimizing human resource allocation. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to track the evolution of nurses across different profiles and identify key factors influencing profile transitions (e.g., training, participation in major projects, promotions), providing a basis for dynamic interventions. Conclusion Clinical nurses’ research competence can be categorized into four latent profiles. Before implementing interventions, nursing managers should conduct comprehensive assessments and tailor strategies according to different profiles to improve efficiency. This study provides a basis for designing research training curricula, building better research environments, and cultivating nursing research talent. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors gratefully thank all the study subjects for their participation. Author contributions All authors made substantial contributions.W.-X.S.,Y.-L.X.,L.-M.X., and C.-X.X. were responsible for the study conception and design. All authors participated in the data collection and analysis. Y.-L.X., W.-X.S., and L.-Y.F. wrote the article with input from all authors. Y.-L.X., W.-X.S., L.-M.X., and C.-X.X.supervised the study. All authors approved the final version for submission. Funding Hainan Higher Education Teaching Reform Research Project (High2021-56); Hainan Province Health Science and Technology Innovation Joint Project (No.SQ2023WSJK0310) Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Approval No. 2024-KCSN-18). The surveys were administered after obtaining informed consent from all participants. Consent for publication Not applicable. 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Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2013;20(4):640–57. Liu J, Wang S, Tang Y, et al. Current status and influencing factors of pediatric clinical nurses' scientific research ability: a survey. BMC Nurs. 2025;24(1):196. Zhang JH, Pang SQ, Ge L, et al. Research ability and research motivation of postgraduate nursing students in traditional Chinese medicine colleges. Nurs Open. 2022;9(1):408–17. PARDELLER S, FRAJO-APOR B. KEMMLER G.Emotional intelligence and cognitive abilities-associations and sex differences. Psychol Health Med. 2017;22(8):1001–10. CABELLO R, SORREL M A, FERNANDEZ-PINTO I. Age and gender differences in ability emotional intelligence in adults:a cross-sectional stud[J]. Dev Psychol. 2016;52(9):1486–92. Lin N, Jiang XP, Lei RB. Analysis of the Current Status and Influencing Factors of Research Competence Among 970 Pediatric Nursing Staff [J]. Chin Gen Pract Nurs 2019,17(21):2672–5. Huang Z, Liu Y, Lei Y et al. Scientific research ability of specialist nurses in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Open 2023,10(9):6258–67. 10.1002/nop2.1868 Xiao Y-L, Jia L, Ye F, et al. A comparative analysis of training programs for Master of Nursing Specialist students in 19 universities [J]. J Nurs. 2024;31(2):12–5. Sun H-Y, Chen H, Dong C-Q, et al. Developing first-class nursing programs based on the National Standards for Nursing Education Quality [J]. Chin J Nurs Educ. 2021;18(5):389–94. Liu DM, Zhang JQ, Zheng YP, et al. Post establishment and implementation effect of research nurses in prefecture-level general hospitals [J]. Zhejiang Med Educ. 2025;24(1):21–6. ZHOU, J,GAN Y,QI, H, et al. Correlations among positive psychological capital, research motivation,and research ability by master's degree nursing students:a structural equation modeling[J]. Nurse Educ Today. 2024;139:106218. Xu ZP, Qiu JF, Wang YF, et al. Enhancing medical students' scientific literacy and research innovation capability through intensive medical literature reading [J]. J Nanjing Med Univ (Social Sciences). 2021;21(2):189–92. Song BY, Huang WZ, Jing MJ. Difficulties and countermeasures of academic journal reading among clinical nurses [J]. Chin Nurs Manage. 2021;21(9):1296–9. Feng W, Wang X, He X. Application of experiential teaching in scientific research ability training for junior undergraduate nurses. Clin Educ Gen Pract Med. 2022;20(2):152–5. HU Y, LIANG T, LI W, et al. Research competence of community nurses in Shanghai:a cross-sectional study[J]. J Nurs Manag. 2022;30(7):3340–9. WU X,WUXJ,GAO Y, H, et al. Research-training needs of clinical nurses:a nationwide study among tertiary hospitals in China[J]. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(3):300–8. JANSSON, I,FORSBERG. A.How do nurses and ward managers perceive that evidence-based sources are obtained to inform relevant nursing interventions?--an exploratory study[J]. J Clin Nurs 2016,25(5/6):769–76. GLADMAN, T,GALLAGHER S,ALI. A.MUSIC for medical students:confirming the reliability and validity of a multi-factorial measure of academic motivation for medical education[J]. Teach Learn Med. 2020;32(5):494–507. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 29 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 19 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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05:19:28","extension":"html","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":148391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7660111/v1/c36da1c1bfe279b8594e2d0d.html"},{"id":95500387,"identity":"ac546b53-1550-4d70-8ec8-c5281e1aed3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 05:19:28","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults and naming of potential profiles of nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Picture1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7660111/v1/b3377133a4b710ee9618b33e.jpg"},{"id":95531681,"identity":"5e5f6a50-4978-4998-b365-8975678afcaf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-10 10:23:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1523717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7660111/v1/5030273e-ce94-4ba5-b4b8-e45608c4afeb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Category Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Research Ability among Clinical Nurses:A latent profile analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"1.Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNursing is an essential component of the healthcare service system, and its professional value is increasingly evident in achieving universal health coverage, responding to major public health events, managing chronic diseases, and providing lifelong health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses not only play a critical role in clinical care but are also expanding their scope to include disease prevention, health promotion, rehabilitation care, and community-home transitional care, making them a core force in advancing the \"Healthy China\" strategy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe National Nursing Development Plan (2021\u0026ndash;2025) explicitly states that tertiary hospitals must undertake the care of critically ill and complex patients, strengthen nursing discipline development and talent training, and establish evidence-based and clinically driven nursing protocols and technical standards. These efforts aim to improve the homogeneity of nursing care across different regions and medical institutions, thereby promoting high-quality development of the nursing profession [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Compared to secondary hospitals, tertiary hospitals place greater emphasis on nursing research and innovation. The evaluation criteria for tertiary hospitals in China emphasize encouraging full staff participation in scientific research, promoting the translation of research outcomes into practice, and providing appropriate funding, conditions, facilities, and personnel support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This is especially true for tertiary hospitals affiliated with universities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], where building nursing research capacity has become a key administrative objective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurses are the vital link between research and practice. To bridge this gap, their active participation in research is essential. Nursing research capability refers to the ability of nursing professionals to identify universal principles and seek truth within the field. It is a crucial pathway for advancing nursing theory, methods, and technology, as well as for enhancing the efficiency and quality of nursing practice [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing research capability is a key support for the sustainable development of the nursing discipline. Enhancing the research competence of nursing staff helps to build a more robust theoretical and technical nursing framework, promote evidence-based practice, and improve the quality of care. However, the field faces challenges such as insufficient innovation, a scarcity of high-impact research outcomes, and weak scientific research platforms. Strengthening the nursing research system, fostering interdisciplinary integration, and leveraging technological advancements such as big data and artificial intelligence have become essential pathways to advance the discipline toward higher precision, depth, and specialization [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost previous studies simply categorized nurses\u0026rsquo; research competency into low, medium, and high levels based on total scores, oversimplifying the analysis of influencing factors and failing to adequately reflect individual differences. For instance, nurses with the same total score may possess distinct characteristics. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) offers a person-centered approach that clusters individuals based on continuous observed variables, grouping populations with similar traits into subgroups. This method effectively reveals heterogeneity within the population, facilitating the study of different profiles and enabling targeted interventions based on specific characteristics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, this study employs LPA to classify clinical nurses from tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province and analyze influencing factors, thereby providing a reference for hospitals to enhance nurses\u0026rsquo; research capability in a targeted manner.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"1 Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e This investigation employed a cross-sectional design and was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA convenience sampling method was employed to survey clinical nurses from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province between December 2023 and January 2024. The inclusion criteria were: (1) holding a valid nurse qualification certificate and currently registered; (2) engaged in frontline clinical work; (3) with at least one year of work experience; (4) providing informed consent and voluntarily participating in the questionnaire. The exclusion criteria:internship nurses and visiting nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2 Instrument\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2.1 Nursing Research Competency Scale\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe scale developed and revised by Pan[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], it was used to measure the research competency of clinical nurses. This scale consists of 30 items across six dimensions: problem identification, literature comprehension, research design, research implementation, data processing, and academic writing. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from \u0026ldquo;unable to do\u0026rdquo; (0 points) to \u0026ldquo;fully able to do\u0026rdquo; (4 points), with a total possible score of 120. Higher scores indicate stronger research competency. Scores from 0 to 40 indicate low research competency, 41 to 80 moderate competency, and 81 to 120 high competency. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s α coefficient of the scale was 0.861.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.2.2 General Information Questionnaire\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA self-designed general information questionnaire was used by the research team, covering demographic characteristics such as gender, age, educational background, professional title, monthly income, and whether the participant was a research nurse, as well as research-related information including experience in acquiring research projects, frequency of reading academic journals, and weekly time devoted to research activities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.3 Procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith approval from hospital administrators, two uniformly trained graduate students joined nurse groups of the tertiary teaching hospitals. Using Wenjuanxing (a widely used online survey platform in China), they explained the inclusion and exclusion criteria, survey purpose, instructions, and precautions in a standardized manner. Online assistance was provided to address nurses\u0026rsquo; questions and guide them through the independent completion of the questionnaire. The platform was set to allow submission only after all questions were completed. Each IP address was restricted to one response. Incomplete submissions were excluded from the sample, and questionnaires completed in an unusually short time (within 60 seconds) were also removed. A total of 355 questionnaires were collected. Among these, 7 were excluded due to overly short completion time, 5 for straight-line responding (selecting the same option throughout), and 6 from nurses with less than one year of experience. After removing invalid responses, 337 valid questionnaires remained, yielding an effective response rate of 94.9%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.4 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Categorical data were described using frequencies and percentages, and group comparisons were conducted using the chi-square test, Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test, or the Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis H test as appropriate. Normally distributed continuous data were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, and group differences were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 8.3. Model fit was compared across different class solutions based on the following indices: the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), the sample-size adjusted Bayesian Information Criterion (aBIC), and entropy. Lower values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC indicate better model fit. An entropy value greater than 0.8 suggests classification accuracy exceeding 90%. A significant Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test (LMRT; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) indicates that the model with K profiles fits significantly better than a model with K-1 profiles[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, each profile should demonstrate distinct characteristics across classification indicators, and every class should comprise more than 5% of the total sample[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Finally, multivariate logistic regression was employed to control for potential confounding factors and identify influencing factors associated with latent profiles of clinical nursing research competence, using a two-tailed significance level of α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05. A p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.5 Ethics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Approval No. 2024-KCSN-18). Prior to questionnaire distribution, written informed consent was obtained from all participants with the assistance of nursing administrators from the respective hospitals. Participants were clearly informed that their involvement was entirely voluntary, the questionnaire was anonymous, and they could withdraw from the study at any time without providing a reason. Additionally, they were assured that only the research team would have access to the completed questionnaires and that all data would only be used for research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Characteristics of the participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 337 clinical nurses were included in the study. The majority were female (95.8%), with only 14 male participants (4.2%). The mean age was 32.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.64. Approximately half of the nurses held a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree or higher as their initial qualification, and 92% held intermediate-level titles or below. Only 16% were identified as research nurses. Nearly 50% of the participants were under 35 years of age, and more than 80% had less than 15 years of work experience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding research involvement, 36.8% had received research training, while only 13.4% had published an article as the first author. Furthermore, just 10.1% had ever applied for a research project. A significant proportion of nurses (72.7%) reported having limited time for scientific research activities, and only 9.8% regularly read academic literature. Additional detailed information is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral information of nurses (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202 (59.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (95.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (27.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehighest level of education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003evocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ethree-year college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eundergraduate (adjective)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300 (89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eunmarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced or other\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eneurosurgery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egeneral medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewoman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eacute and critical illness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eworking experience(years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etechnical title\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ejunior ranking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emiddle level (in a hierarchy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContractual situation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital establishment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econtract system\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290 (86.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome situation(yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;8,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8001-1w\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143 (42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1w\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enurse specialists\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234 (69.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eteaching task\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency of reading journals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegularly watched\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esometimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304 (90.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283 (84.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation in research training\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst-author publications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e292 (86.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeclare the subject\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekly time spent on research(h)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific reasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummarising clinical experience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromote to a new title\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit requirements\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaslow's need for self-actualisation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Research Competence\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe total score of research competence among clinical nurses was 42.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.43. Among the competency dimensions, the highest score was observed in problem discovery, while the lowest scores were found in data processing and research design. Detailed scores for each dimension are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurses' nursing research competence scores (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDimension\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal score (points)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScore (points)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eentry\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAverage score (points)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProblem identification capacity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiterature reading skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch and design capabilities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Practical Ability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData-processing capacity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThesis writing skills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal Nursing Research Competence Score\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) Results\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing the six dimensions of nursing research competence as observed indicators, a latent profile analysis was conducted. Models were fitted starting with one profile and incrementally increasing up to five profiles. The results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.As the number of profiles increased, the values of AIC, BIC, and aBIC decreased accordingly. All entropy values were above 0.8. The five-profile model demonstrated the best fit with optimal AIC, BIC, aBIC, and entropy values. The Lo\u0026ndash;Mendell\u0026ndash;Rubin (LMR) test reached statistical significance, and one group accounted for less than 5% of the sample. Therefore, the four-profile model was ultimately selected as the optimal solution (Read Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for details).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe four profiles were named as follows:C1: Significantly Poor Research Competence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;69, 20.5%).C2: Medium Research Competence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;135, 40.1%).C3: Good Research Competence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;105, 31.2%).C4: Excellent Research Competence (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, 8.3%).The average latent profile probabilities of assignment for each profile were 98.9%, 98.1%, 96.3%, and 99.8%, respectively.A profile plot was generated with the six research competence dimensions on the x-axis and their standardized mean scores on the y-axis to visualize the response patterns of clinical nurses within the model (Read Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of potential profiles of nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egroups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eABIC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMLRT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBLRT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEntroy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003equorum\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epercentage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11536.831\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11582.671\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11544.605\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10558.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10631.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10571.097\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e204/133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605/0.395\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10106.191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10205.513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10123.037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e160/149/28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.475/0.442/0.083\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9738.589\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9864.651\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9759.971\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69/28/135/105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.205/0.083/0.401/0.312\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9596.299\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9749.102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9622.216\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69/100/6/27/135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.205/0.297/0.018/0.080/0.401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Univariate Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant differences (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) were observed among the different categories of clinical nurses' research competence in terms of age, initial education level, highest education level, marital status, years of work experience, technical title, frequency of reading nursing journals, whether they were research nurses, and participation in research training. For detailed results, please refer to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of potential profiles of clinical nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eX2/Z value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (11.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.974\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202 (59.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (73.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78 (57.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (54.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u0026ndash;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79 (23.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (25.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (22.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.917\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323 (95.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (98.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (99.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98 (93.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (82.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (27.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (43.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (24.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (22)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.397 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBachelor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (20.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaster\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (29)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (59)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehighest level of education\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003evocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.757\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ethree-year college\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27(8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (8.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eundergraduate (adjective)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e300 (89)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (88.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123 (91.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (90.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ebachelor's degree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarital status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eunmarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110 (32.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (21.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.828\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e219 (65.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (67.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDivorced or other\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2(1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eneurosurgery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115 (39.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (26.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.253\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egeneral medicine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117 (39.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (35.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (35.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (43.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (56.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewoman\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (7.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eacute and critical illness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (8.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eworking experience(years)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e167 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (41.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70 (53.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (54.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.657\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (40.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (36.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (35.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (6.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (9.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003etechnical title\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ejunior ranking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e156 (46.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (50.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.699\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003emiddle level (in a hierarchy)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41 (59.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69 (51.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehigh level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (8.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (11.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eContractual situation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHospital establishment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (13.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (8.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (17.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.664\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003econtract system\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e290 (86.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63 (91.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 (83.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome situation(yuan)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;8,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (38.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21 (30.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (37.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.934\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8001-1w\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143 (42.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (52.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (36.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (45.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1w\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (19.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (17.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (21.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003enurse specialists\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103 (30.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (34.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (23.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.849\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e234 (69.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (65.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (76.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eteaching task\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e123 (36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (37.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44 (41.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.150 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43 (62.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93 (68.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (58.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency of reading journals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegularly watched\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (4.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.713\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esometimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e304 (90.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68 (98.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129 (95.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91 (86.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Nurse\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (16.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (26.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.667\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e283 (84.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119 (88.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (73.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (89.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipation in research training\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e124 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (15.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (55.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (57.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.872\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (84.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e96 (71.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47 (44.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst-author publications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (13.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (5.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (9.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.959\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e292 (86.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65 (94.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e122 (90.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (81.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeclare the subject\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eyes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19 (18.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.472 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eno\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e303 (89.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (97.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137 (94.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (81.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (82.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekly time spent on research(h)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026ndash;3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e245 (72.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (97.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119 (88.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (48.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.207\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (27.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20 (71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific reasons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummarising clinical experience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (20.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (16.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (39.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.666\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromote to a new title\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105 (31.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (31.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (34.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 (28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (25.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnit requirements\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84 (24.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34 (25.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26 (24.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaslow's need for self-actualisation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25 (18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32 (30.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003eNotes: a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;chi-square test; b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;rank-sum test.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Multivariate Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender, education level, frequency of reading journals, participation in research training, and weekly time devoted to research were identified as significant influencing factors of clinical nurses\u0026rsquo; nursing research competence (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Read Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e for details.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of latent profiles of clinical nursing research competence in tertiary teaching hospitals (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;337)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndependent variable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eβ\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWald\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95%CI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1 VS C2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial education: vocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.031\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehighest level of education: vocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.943\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.959\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.947\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.233\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1 VS C4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexes: male\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.517\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial education: (vocational secondary school)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.340\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.848\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.840\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Nurse: yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.827\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.303\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.914\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.568\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e590.787\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch time: \u0026lt;2-3h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.982\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC1 VS C3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexes: male\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific research training: yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.736\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.567\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch time: \u0026lt;2-3h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.398\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.944\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC2 VS C3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexes: male\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.207\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.234\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.752\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitial education: (vocational secondary school)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.058\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.760\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.685\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScientific research training: yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.998\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.255\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch time: \u0026lt;2-3h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.307\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.425\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.459\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.100\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4 VS C2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSexes: male\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.770\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e117.949\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.601\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1830.259\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehighest level of education: vocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.221\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.228\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.372\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Nurse: yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.229\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.091\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReading frequency(often)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.343\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.266\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.774\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99.194\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch time: \u0026lt;2-3h\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.735\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.413\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC4 VS C3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ehighest level of education: vocational secondary school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.511\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.365\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.614\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.481\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.306\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e486.210\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch Nurse: yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.928\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.162\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.350\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.522\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReading frequency(often)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.789\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.325\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.268\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.454\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.862\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1Clinical Nurses\u0026rsquo; Research Competence is Moderately Low and Heterogeneous\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings reveal that the overall research competence score of clinical nurses in Hainan Province was 42.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.43, indicating a moderately low level\u0026mdash;lower than that reported in studies by Liu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] and Zhang[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be attributed to earlier nursing education models in China, which often emphasized clinical skills over research literacy. In this cohort, nearly half of the nurses had an initial educational level below a bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degree. Research-related courses were typically not integrated into the curricula of diploma-level nursing programs, and even in undergraduate programs, such courses were often elective rather than mandatory. Consequently, many nursing graduates entered clinical practice with limited research experience and motivation. After entering clinical settings, many struggled to engage in scientific research due to high clinical workloads and insufficient research mentorship.It is recommended that hospitals improve their research management systems, increase funding and resource support for nursing research, and provide both financial and non-financial incentives for research achievements to enhance nurses\u0026rsquo; sense of accomplishment and motivation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLatent profile analysis (LPA) identified four distinct profiles of research competence, indicating notable heterogeneity among clinical nurses. Nurses with master\u0026rsquo;s degrees, male nurses, those serving as research nurses, and those devoting more weekly time to research were more likely to be classified into the C3 (Good Competence) and C4 (Excellent Competence) profiles. This may be because postgraduate education systematically cultivates research awareness, design skills, and statistical literacy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Professional master\u0026rsquo;s programs, in particular, emphasize the integration of theory and practice through three years of training, substantially enhancing research capability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, nurses who started with secondary education and later upgraded their qualifications through self-study programs often focused on clinical knowledge rather than research training. As a result, even after obtaining higher degrees, their research abilities remained underdeveloped.It is advised that nursing administrators develop tiered training programs tailored to the specific profile characteristics of nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Factors Influencing Latent Profiles of Clinical Nurses\u0026rsquo; Research Competence\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparisons between C1 and C2/C4 revealed that male nurses demonstrated significantly higher research competence than female nurses (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01, OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049, all P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The average research competence score among males was 67.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.59, substantially higher than that of females (41.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.26). This suggests that male nurses exhibit stronger research capabilities, possibly due to higher entry-level qualifications\u0026mdash;all male nurses in this study held bachelor\u0026rsquo;s degrees\u0026mdash;and innate or cultivated strengths in areas such as mathematics and computer science, which facilitate the acquisition of statistical and technical skills[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings are consistent with those reported by Lin Nan[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, hospitals should account for these gender-based differences in research aptitude when designing research training programs. It is recommended that training be conducted in small groups, with higher expectations and accelerated progress for male and highly educated nurses. These individuals may serve as group leaders involved in topic selection, research design, and paper writing, thereby strengthening their scientific competencies. Such strategies can enhance motivation, foster a sense of achievement, stimulate research interest, and ultimately improve research output.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparisons between C1 and C2 indicated that initial education level was positively correlated with research competence. Similarly, comparisons among C2, C3, and C4 showed that highest educational level was also positively associated with research performance. These results align with studies by Liu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] and Huang[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis educational divergence may stem from fundamental differences in training objectives across nursing education levels[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Lower-level programs focus heavily on clinical skills, with minimal emphasis on research methodology and data processing, resulting in weaker scientific thinking and analytical skills among these nurses[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, higher-educated nurses often receive more opportunities for research participation and academic support, whereas those with lower qualifications frequently encounter a vicious cycle of \u0026ldquo;limited resources - low competence - even fewer resources\u0026rdquo;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].Hospitals should encourage capable nurses to pursue further education, diversify learning pathways for research knowledge, and establish supportive platforms that foster a conducive research environment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparisons across all groups indicated that increased frequency of reading nursing journals and more time devoted to research were significantly associated with higher research competence (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Nurses who regularly read nursing journals were more likely to be classified into the group with excellent research competence. Frequent reading of high-quality journals is an important pathway to understand cutting-edge advancements, grasp updated methodologies, enhance professional knowledge, and develop scientific thinking. Engagement with academic literature directly influences innovation in nursing disciplines and clinical outcomes[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Reading nursing journals can help solve practical clinical problems, allow nurses to learn from others\u0026rsquo; experiences, and inspire innovative practices[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], which is consistent with the findings of Liu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrough extensive reading of high-level research articles, nurses can gradually familiarize themselves with various research designs, data collection methods, and results reporting, thereby improving the scientific rigor of their own work[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, reading is an active process that cultivates critical thinking. Spending more time on research and intentionally practicing scientific reasoning can effectively enhance research competence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is recommended that administrators adopt a tiered management approach: nurses with lower or moderate research competence should begin with regular reading of high-quality literature each week, analyzing research designs, methods, target populations, and results to build a foundational research mindset. Those with good or excellent competence should be assigned mentors who encourage topic selection and research design, provide targeted guidance in manuscript writing, and boost confidence, thereby systematically improving the research capacity of the nursing team.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNurses who participated in research training were more likely to fall into the C3 or C4 profiles, consistent with the results reported by HU[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. A lack of effective research training is considered a major barrier to improving research competence, which may be related to the fact that scientific thinking and methodologies require continuous learning and practice to develop. Research itself is often perceived as abstract and lacking appeal. Without active participation in training or passive acquisition of knowledge, nurses may fail to internalize and apply what they learn[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch output is a long-term process, and without managerial support and requirements, nurses may struggle to persist[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, when organizing research training, managers should adopt an outcome-oriented approach, integrate theory with clinical problems, and focus on addressing nurses\u0026rsquo; weaknesses. In this study, the areas with the greatest deficits were research design, implementation, and data processing. Training curricula should emphasize these areas, allocating more time for instruction and problem-solving. Proactive support should be provided to help nurses overcome difficulties and stimulate their interest and motivation in research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that research nurses did not demonstrate higher research competence than non-research nurses. This may be because, among the four tertiary teaching hospitals included, only two had dedicated research nurses. One of these had only recently established a research team without fully developed training and operational systems, and selection criteria for research nurses were unclear. Furthermore, less than 40% of research nurses had previously received research training.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, when establishing research teams, managers must secure resource support from nursing departments, define clear selection criteria, and establish incentive and performance evaluation mechanisms. A thorough understanding of nurses\u0026rsquo; current research competence is essential before setting short-term goals and achievable outcomes. Especially in hospitals with weak research foundations, team development should avoid being overambitious.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLimitations\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has several limitations. First, the data were collected from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province, so the identified latent profiles may not be generalizable to nurses in other cultural contexts, healthcare levels, or educational systems. Second, the LPA was based on cross-sectional data, which can only reveal competence profiles at a specific time point and cannot establish causal relationships or trajectories of competence development. Third, LPA typically relies on questionnaire-based self-reports, which are subject to over- or under-estimation of one\u0026rsquo;s abilities and may not fully objectively reflect actual research competence.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImplications\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, this study revealed the multidimensional and heterogeneous nature of nurses\u0026rsquo; research competence. LPA confirmed that research competence is not simply \u0026ldquo;high\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;low\u0026rdquo; but constitutes a heterogeneous structure composed of multiple dimensions. This underscores the need for targeted and precise interventions. The distinct needs and shortcomings of different subgroups imply that a \u0026ldquo;one-size-fits-all\u0026rdquo; training model is inefficient.Second, nursing managers and educators should implement differentiated and tiered cultivation strategies:For the \u0026ldquo;Excellent Research Competence\u0026rdquo; (C4) group: assign leadership roles such as research mentors or team leaders, encourage grant applications, and position them as engines of scientific development.For the \u0026ldquo;Good Research Competence\u0026rdquo; (C3) group: provide structured and systematic training in basic research skills, protect their scientific enthusiasm, and facilitate research output.For the \u0026ldquo;Moderate\u0026rdquo; (C2) and \u0026ldquo;Significantly Below Average\u0026rdquo; (C1) groups: prioritize stimulating interest in research rather than forced knowledge transfer. Start with simple literature reading, clinical problem-solving, and case report writing to create successful experiences.Additionally, managers should optimize the research environment and support systems: LPA results can help identify contextual factors affecting research competence (e.g., workload, leadership support, resource access). This implies that system-level changes are needed\u0026mdash;not only individual efforts\u0026mdash;such as establishing research funds, providing protected time, and building mentor-mentee partnerships.Finally, as a tool for talent assessment and selection: the LPA model can help identify nurses with research potential, assisting in the selection of candidates for advanced training or postgraduate nursing programs, thereby optimizing human resource allocation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research should employ longitudinal designs to track the evolution of nurses across different profiles and identify key factors influencing profile transitions (e.g., training, participation in major projects, promotions), providing a basis for dynamic interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eClinical nurses\u0026rsquo; research competence can be categorized into four latent profiles. Before implementing interventions, nursing managers should conduct comprehensive assessments and tailor strategies according to different profiles to improve efficiency. This study provides a basis for designing research training curricula, building better research environments, and cultivating nursing research talent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully thank all the study subjects for their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors made substantial contributions.W.-X.S.,Y.-L.X.,L.-M.X., and C.-X.X. were responsible for the study conception and design. All authors participated in the data collection and analysis. Y.-L.X., W.-X.S., and L.-Y.F. wrote the article with input from all authors. Y.-L.X., W.-X.S., L.-M.X., and C.-X.X.supervised the study. All authors approved the final version for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHainan Higher Education Teaching Reform Research Project (High2021-56); Hainan Province Health Science and Technology Innovation Joint Project (No.SQ2023WSJK0310)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University (Approval No. 2024-KCSN-18). The surveys were administered after obtaining informed consent from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.WHO. :state of the world\u0026rsquo;s nursing report [EB/OL].[2023-01-\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e06].https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003279\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://06].https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240003279\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTHE LANCET. 2020:unleashing the full potential of nursing[J].Lancet,2019, 394(10212):1879.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational Nursing Career Development Plan. 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A.MUSIC for medical students:confirming the reliability and validity of a multi-factorial measure of academic motivation for medical education[J]. Teach Learn Med. 2020;32(5):494\u0026ndash;507.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Clinical nurses, Research competency, Latent profile analysis, Influencing factors","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7660111/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7660111/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNursing research competency is a critical driver for implementing evidence-based practice and advancing the discipline of clinical nursing. It also serves as a key support for nurses\u0026rsquo; professional development and career fulfillment. With the rapid evolution of the nursing profession, healthcare institutions have been continuously raising the academic and professional requirements for nurse promotion and career advancement. Assessing nurses\u0026rsquo; current research capacity provides a foundation for nursing administrators to implement research-oriented and discipline-specific management strategies. This study aims to investigate the current status of scientific research capacity among clinical nurses in tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province, identify potential profiles of research competency, and explore influencing factors. The findings are expected to provide a reference for designing targeted training measures tailored to different competence profiles, thereby promoting the overall improvement of research capacity among clinical nurses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional survey was conducted among clinical nurses from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Hainan Province from December 2023 to January 2024. A general information questionnaire and the Nursing Research Competency Scale were used for data collection. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify potential subgroups of research competency among the nurses. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to explore factors influencing the research competency across different latent profiles.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe overall research competency of clinical nurses in Hainan Province was at a moderate level. Four distinct profiles were identified: significantly poor research competency (69 cases, 20.5%), medium research competency (135 cases, 40.1%), good research competency (105 cases, 31.2%), and excellent research competency (28 cases, 8.3%). Multivariable regression analysis indicated that gender, highest education level, participation in research training, frequency of reading nursing journals, and weekly time dedicated to research activities were significant influencing factors of research competency (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe research competency of clinical nurses could be categorized into four distinct profiles with significant heterogeneity. Identifying these profiles and their influencing factors can assist nursing administrators in developing tailored training programs to effectively enhance the research competency of clinical nurses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Category Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Research Ability among Clinical Nurses:A latent profile analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 05:19:23","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7660111/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T13:58:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"280864652215067158585411310328008140045","date":"2025-10-29T13:21:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-28T03:07:40+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T11:41:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T06:10:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-29T06:08:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Nursing","date":"2025-09-19T15:49:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-nursing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nurs","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Nursing](http://bmcnurs.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/nurs/default.aspx","title":"BMC Nursing","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b1ba998c-a03e-4819-84ae-ad8b61a5c21b","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-10T05:19:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 05:19:23","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7660111","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7660111","identity":"rs-7660111","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}