Association between Dental Caries and Unemployment among U.S. Adults with a history of Illicit Drugs

Objectives This study aims to explore the relationship between dental caries and unemployment among U.S. adults who have engaged in illicit drug use, such as cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015-2018) data were analyzed. The independent variable was severe dental caries (defined as DMFT >13.99), and the dependent variable was employment status. The sample was categorized into non-users, current users (used in the past year), and former users (used prior to the past year). Covariates included age, education, race, gender, smoking status, family income-to-federal poverty level ratio, and health insurance status. Logistic regression with survey weights was applied to assess associations between severe dental caries and employment status.

The total sample (n=5,476) represented 131,848,604 U.S. adults aged 18-59 years, with 4% current users and 12% former users of the specified drugs. Among current users, those with severe caries had higher odds of unemployment (OR = 2.6, p = 0.025) compared to those without severe caries. No significant association was found between severe caries and employment status among former users after controlling for covariates.

The study underscores a significant association between severe dental caries and unemployment among U.S. adults who have used illicit drugs in the past year. These findings suggest a potential need for targeted oral health interventions in this population to improve economic well-being. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish causality and explore mechanisms through which dental health may impact employment prospects. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Funding Statement The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Author Declarations I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. Yes The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: NHANES 2015-18 was approved by The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. This study was considered as an exempt study by the University of Rochester Research Subjects Review Board. I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals. Yes I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance). Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable. Yes