Experimental Investigation on GGBS–Glass Powder Blended Mortar

Experimental Investigation on GGBS–Glass Powder Blended Mortar | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental Investigation on GGBS–Glass Powder Blended Mortar Sucharitha Jitta, Nagapurna Chandan Thammishetti This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8547194/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The presence of environmental problems in the construction industry, arising from the high cement content and the limited availability of river sand, is quite pronounced. In this regard, this research experimentally focuses on the joint use of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a cement-replacement material at various proportions in the range of 10–50% by weight of cement, as well as the utilization of waste glass powder at proportions in the range of 5–25% in place of natural sand. The prepared mortar was tested at a binder-to-sand ratio of 1:3 with respect to its compressive strength and durability against exposure to acid and sulphate attack. Findings from this experiment showed that the mixture with 30% GGBS had higher long-term compressive strength than the control mixture. Increasing this proportion with the help of glass powder past the initial replacement percentage of natural sand showed improved strength up to an optimal level of 20%, past which it marginally reduced in strength difference. However, the mass loss in the exposed specimens was remarkably reduced, confirming higher durability against attack from hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulphate solutions. In this respect, it becomes effective in indicating the combined effect of GGBS with glass powder, thus offering sustainable, durable, and efficient mortar materials with respect to eco-friendly construction works. GGBS glass powder sustainable mortar compressive strength durability acid attack Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 1. Introduction The pace at which the construction industry has expanded has raised questions related to environmental sustainability, mainly because of the huge amounts of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) consumed and the mass production of natural aggregates. The production of OPC contributes nearly 8% to the total emission of carbon dioxide. This is because huge amounts of energy are consumed for the production of clinkers and calcination of limestone. At the same time, the huge mining of river sand has resulted in the deterioration of the ecosystem. An approach that has gained some popularity involves the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) synthesized from industrial by-products. Of such materials, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), which is a by-product of the iron and steel industry, has been found to possess certain potential as a partial substitute to cement. Studies conducted previously have clearly elucidated that the use of GGBS enhances the long-term compressive strength, pore structure, and resistance to sulfate and chloride attacks as a result of the secondary hydration reaction, which in turn produces greater amounts of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel [ 1 ][ 2 ][ 3 ]. The optimal range of GGBS substitution of 30–50% was observed to provide the best combination of strength and durability, alongside marked reductions in the heat of hydration by Sarath Chandra Kumar and Ramesh [ 4 ]. Similar trends have also been observed by Pratyush Kumar et al. [ 1 ], which showed enhanced interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and pore permeability in the blend containing supplementary cementitious materials. Concurrently, the management of waste glass has also become an escalating concern from an environmental perspective, especially in metropolitan areas. Although glass is known as an easily recyclable material, it has been noted that most waste glass from post-consumption sources is typically disposed of because of economic factors associated with segregation and processing. Finely ground glass powder with high amorphous content has been explored as an auxiliary compound with the potential substitution of fine aggregate/cement in cementitious materials. Some previous studies have noted an improvement in the packing density with concomitant pozzolanic activity with appropriate proportions of glass powder substitution [ 5 ] [ 6 ][ 7 ]. Ismail et al. have noted improvement in compressive, flexural strength, and substantial reduction in alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion with up to 20% substitution rates in cementitious materials respectively [ 6 ]. Further confirmation of improved durability properties, such as increased resistivity to chlorides with reduced water absorption, was noted by Tamanna et al., if the particle size was properly optimized with fine grinding of glass powder respectively [ 7 ]. More recent research has highlighted the significance of the effect of the presence of SCMs like GGBS or fly ash on the performance of glass powder-based materials. The combination of glass powder with slag-based materials has been demonstrated to restrain the ASR effect, the availability of calcium hydroxide, as well as the microstructural densification process [ 8 , 9 ]. Muhedin et al. [ 10 ] demonstrated that the addition of GGBS along with glass powder improved the production of C-S-H gel in mortars prepared with the combination of GGBS & glass powder and minimized the pore interconnectivity, resulting in the improvement of mechanical as well as the chemical resistance of the materials. Thomas and Gupta [ 11 ] found that the addition of recycled glass powder in high strength concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength because of the pozzolanic action and filler effect of the recycled glass powder added in the optimized replacement ratios. Rashad et al. [ 12 ] presented an overall bibliography that detailed the addition of finely ground glass powder in the reduction of permeability and alkali silica reaction when added in the proper proportions. The performance of slag-based systems has been investigated in particular. Deja [ 13 ] has confirmed that slag mortars provide better resistance to acid attack than ordinary Portland cement mortars due to their higher density and lower content of calcium hydroxide. The fundamental knowledge on the mechanical and durability performance of concretes containing mineral admixtures has been adequately covered in authoritative publications by Neville [ 14 ] and Mehta and Monteiro [ 15 ] in relation to microstructure refinement and density improvement for performance enhancement. Fly ash, another by-product widely used in the industry, plays an important role in corrosion resistance and durability in reinforced concrete. Song & Saraswathy [ 16 ] found that the addition of fly ash reduced the permeability of chlorides and accelerated the corrosion of reinforcement because of the enhanced pore structure and low calcium hydroxide content in the mix. The effective use of the by-product materials, including fly ash and slag, in concrete has been stressed by Siddique [ 17 ]. Malhotra and Mehta [ 18 ] showed that high-volume fly ash concrete can replace 50–60% of cement with satisfactory strength, durability, and reduced heat of hydration. The emphasis in their studies is basically for environmental advantages considering CO₂ emissions and sustainability in concrete construction. Although research has grown concerning GGBS and glass powder separately, very little research has been conducted regarding their joint effects in mortar systems, especially concerning durability in harsh environments. Most available research has concerned concrete, whereas mortar, as a material governing performance, bond, and serviceability to a significant degree, has been relatively under-researched as a material type. Research regarding durability in an environment combining exposure to acids as well as sulphates is also very limited, even though such an environment is very common in industrial areas as well as coastal areas. Accordingly, the current work has attempted to experimentally test the mechanical and durability properties of mortar containing GGBS as a partial substitution for cement and WGP as a partial substitution for natural sand. Compressive strength and resistance to acid and sulphate attacks were examined to determine the optimal proportion of substitution. The addition of industrial by-products and urban waste materials, thereby attempting to help manufacture eco-friendly and affordable mortar, is the aim of the current investigation. 2. Experimental Work 2.1 Materials The constituents used in this research were 53-grade OPC of JSW, Ground granulated blast furnace slag purchased from astra chemicals pvt ltd, natural river sand, waste glass powder obtained from local scraps, and drinking water. Each of these was locally obtained and ensured to comply with Indian standards before use. OPC acted as the major binder, while GGBS, a by-product from the iron and steel industry, was used based on its latent hydraulic properties. GGBS, a supplemental cementitious material, reacts with the evolved calcium hydroxide during mixing and acts as a slow-setting binder that, in blended cements, aids secondary hydration and produces more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. The river sand that conformed to Zone II grading specifications stated in IS 383:2016 [ 20 ] was taken as fine aggregate. The glass powder prepared from brown glass waste and retaining 300 µm and passing 2.36 mm was taken as partial replacement for river sand. The fine size and high content of amorphous silica in glass powder enable better matrix consolidation due to filler and pozzolanic action in appropriate proportions. Clean potable water conforming to IS 456:2000 [ 22 ] was used for mixing and curing. A constant water-to-binder ratio was maintained for all mixes to ensure uniform hydration and reliable comparison of mechanical and durability performance. Table 1 Oxide composition of Cement, GGBS and Glass Powder Oxides Cement (%) GGBS (%) Glass Powder (%) SiO2 21.06 34.16 71.2 Al2O3 6.1 20.1 1.7 Fe2O3 3.08 0.81 0.5 SO3 2.4 0.88 - CaO 57.98 32.8 9.5 MgO 2.74 7.69 2.9 K2O 0.61 0.45 0.4 Na2O 0.2 0.3 12.5 2.2 Methodology The experimental program was designed to evaluate the mechanical and durability performance of mortar incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for cement and waste glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The investigation was carried out in two sequential stages to identify optimum replacement levels and to assess the combined influence of both materials. In the first stage, cement was partially replaced with GGBS at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight, along with a control mix without GGBS in Table 2 . All mixes were prepared with a constant binder-to-sand ratio of 1:3. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7 and 28 days to determine the optimum GGBS content based on strength performance. Based on the results, 30% GGBS was identified as the optimum replacement level and selected for the second stage. In this stage, waste glass powder was used to replace natural sand at levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, while maintaining a constant binder composition shown in Table 3 . Mortar specimens were cast into 70.6 mm cube moulds, demoulded after 24 hours, and cured in water under ambient laboratory conditions shown in Fig. 4 . A total of 144 specimens of mortar were casted. Table 2 Mix Proportions by Replacing Cement with GGBS by Percentage% Mix ID Cement (% of binder) GGBS (% of binder) Binder to sand ratio M0 100 0 1:3 M1 90 10 1:3 M2 80 20 1:3 M3 70 30 1:3 M4 60 40 1:3 M5 50 50 1:3 Table 3 Mix Proportions by Replacing Sand with Glass Powder by Percentage% Mix ID Cement (% of binder) GGBS (% of binder) Sand (% of fine aggregate) Glass (% of fine aggregate) Binder to sand ratio R0 70 30 100 0 1:3 R1 70 30 95 5 1:3 R2 70 30 90 10 1:3 R3 70 30 85 15 1:3 R4 70 30 80 20 1:3 R5 70 30 75 25 1:3 2.3 Mechanical properties Compressive strength was determined on mortar cube specimens of size 70.6 mm × 70.6 mm × 70.6 mm. The tests were conducted at curing ages of 7 and 28 days using a compression testing machine, following the procedure specified in IS 4031 (Part 6). The maximum load at failure was recorded, and compressive strength was calculated as the ratio of applied load to the loaded area of the specimen. The average value of three specimens was considered for each mix. 2.4 Durability Properties Durability performance was evaluated through acid resistance and sulphate resistance tests to assess the behavior of mortar under aggressive environmental conditions. For acid resistance, samples were cured for 28 days and then immersed in a hydrochloric acid solution of 5%. Exposure times were specified. Tests included mass loss and measurements of residual strength after being subjected to acidic attacks. The ability of the cement to resist sulphate was determined by soaking the cured specimens in a 5% magnesium sulphate solution. After the duration of exposure, the specimens were assessed for visual damage, weight loss, and residual compressive strength. A reduced weight loss and greater strength retention signified better durability. The outcomes of the mechanical and durability tests enabled the assessment of performance trends as well as the determination of the optimal replacement levels of GGBS and the waste glass powder. 3. Results and discussions 3.1 Physical properties of materials Table 4 Physical properties of cement and GGBS S no Materials Fineness Specific gravity Consistency (%) Initial setting time (min) 1 Cement 8 3.14 32 50 2 GGBS - 2.89 29 275 The physical properties of the constituent materials were considered based on IS 4031 [ 19 ] to assess the impact of these properties on the mortar properties. Ordinary Portland cement and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag meet the requirements of the standard in terms of the parameters of fineness, specific gravity, consistency, and setting time [ 21 ]. GGBS has relatively finer particles and longer setting times than cement, which are desirable in the blended cement system. Table 5 Physical properties of Sand and Glass Powder S no Materials Fineness modulus Specific gravity 1 Sand 2.9 2.65 2 Glass Powder − 2.57 The natural river sand complied with Zone II grading, providing an equal distribution of particles. The specific gravity and bulking of the waste glass powder were lower than that of sand because it is a fine and impermeable material. Such properties helped improve the packing efficiency and supported the densification effect that occurred with the use of glass powder as a supplement for sand. The results from the tests verified that all materials are suitable for producing a uniform mortar mixture. Sieve analysis of sand reveals i.e, Table 6 shows that it has an equal distribution of grain size with considerable retention in the medium and fine-sieved fractions. Approximately 64.8% of sand samples are retained between the 600 µm and 300 µm sieves. Also, the cumulative percentage passing reveals that it complies with Zone II, thus suitable for workability and strength of mortar. Table 6 Sieve analysis of Sand Sieve size Wt retained (gms) % Wt retained % Cumulative wt 4.75 46 4.6 4.6 2.36 102 10.2 14.8 1.18 138 13.8 28.6 600 262 26.2 54.8 300 386 38.6 93.4 150 56 5.6 99 75 7 0.7 99.7 pan 3 0.3 100 Table 7 Bulking of Sand with Glass Replacement S No Mix ID Bulking 1 R0 21 2 R1 20 3 R2 18 4 R3 17 5 R4 15 6 R5 12 Bulking of sand consistently decreases as the percentage of glass powder replacement increases from mix R0 to R5. This reduction indicates that the inclusion of fine glass powder lowers moisture-related volume expansion by improving particle packing and reducing voids in the aggregate matrix Based on these physical and gradation properties, it can be said that all the constituents meet the requirement of the IS code, and hence they can be used for making mortar. The results obtained indicate that improvements in packing efficiency and bulking can be obtained by using glass powder replacements, hence suggesting that these replacements are appropriate for making mortar. 3.2 Mechanical properties Table 8 Compressive strength of mortar with GGBS replacement S No Mix ID 7Days N/mm 2 28Days N/mm 2 1 M0 28.2 53.9 2 M1 29.4 54.7 3 M2 29.9 55.2 4 M3 31.2 57.6 5 M4 30.5 56.9 6 M5 29.3 54.1 The graphical representation of the compressive strength of GGBS-cement mortar mix indicates a gradual rise up to a maximum point and then a drop as the amount of GGBS replacement exceeds that maximum. At 28 days, the compressive strength rises from 53.9 N/mm² (M0) to a maximum value of 57.6 N/mm² (M3), an increase of about 6.9%, and then falls to 56.9 N/mm² (M4) and finally to 54.1 N/mm² (M5). This follows a similar pattern for the 7th-day strength values, though lower. There is clear evidence that moderate GGBS replacement and the consequent secondary hydration reactions improve the strength, but that over-replacement dilutes the cementing material. Table 9 Compressive strength of mortar with Glass Powder replacement S No Mix ID 7Days N/mm 2 28Days N/mm 2 1 R0 31.2 57.6 2 R1 31.52 59.61 3 R2 32.15 60.12 4 R3 33.56 62.35 5 R4 35.9 63.4 6 R5 34.44 61.15 The compressive strength of mortar increases with glass powder replacement up to an optimum level, after which a slight reduction is observed. At 28 days, strength increases from 57.6 N/mm² (R0) to a peak value of 63.4 N/mm² (R4), representing an increase of about 10.1%. When the replacement is further increased to R5, the strength decreases to 61.15 N/mm². At 7 days, strength follows the same increasing–decreasing trend. The improvement up to R4 is mainly attributed to the filler effect and improved particle packing, while the reduction at higher replacement is due to reduced cohesion and weaker bonding. 3.3 Durability properties 3.3.1 Acid attack Table 10: Mass loss Results of Mortar samples exposed to HCl solution HCl Mix ID 28days 56days before immersion (gm) after immersion (gm) mass loss% before immersion (gm) after immersion (gm) mass loss% R0 0.77 0.757 2.54 0.769 0.749 2.6 R1 0.793 0.775 2.26 0.788 0.769 2.34 R2 0.805 0.788 2.11 0.799 0.781 2.15 R3 0.787 0.77 2.06 0.806 0.789 2.09 R4 0.8 0.788 1.5 0.795 0.782 1.6 R5 0.804 0.792 1.48 0.792 0.779 1.59 The mass loss results under hydrochloric acid exposure indicate a clear improvement in acid resistance with increasing replacement levels. At 28 days, mass loss decreases from 2.54% (R0) to 1.48% (R5), while at 56 days it reduces from 2.6% (R0) to 1.59% (R5). The graph confirms a consistent downward trend for both exposure durations. The reduced mass loss in modified mixes is attributed to lower calcium hydroxide content and a denser microstructure, which limits acid penetration and material degradation. Table 11 Compressive strength Results of Mortars exposed to HCl solution HCl Compressive strength N/mm 2 Mix ID 28days 56days before immersion N/mm 2 after immersion N/mm 2 % loss before immersion N/mm 2 after immersion N/mm 2 % loss R0 57.6 48.2 16.31 57.6 46.5 23.87 R1 59.61 50.9 14.16 59.61 49.6 20.18 R2 60.12 52.1 13.33 60.12 50.8 18.34 R3 62.35 54.8 12.1 62.35 53.5 16.54 R4 63.4 57.6 9.14 63.4 55.1 15.06 R5 61.15 55.9 8.58 61.15 53.8 13.66 The rate of compressive strength loss due to exposure to hydrochloric acid reduces considerably as the level of replacement increases. The values of compressive strength losses at 28 and 56 days reduce from 16.31% (R0) to 8.58% (R5) and from 23.87% (R0) to 13.66% (R5), respectively. The above graph also verifies that the rate of strength loss decreases considerably with an increase in the level of replacement for both exposure times. The compressive strength loss due to exposure to the acid is lower due to the addition of GGBS and glass powder to the mortar. 3.3.2 Sulphate attack Table 12 Mass gain Results of Mortar samples exposed to MgSO 4 solution MgSO 4 Mix ID 28days 56days before immersion (gm) after immersion (gm) mass gain% before immersion (gm) after immersion (gm) mass gain% R0 0.777 0.783 0.77 0.782 0.791 1.5 R1 0.794 0.8 0.75 0.781 0.791 1.36 R2 0.803 0.81 0.76 0.811 0.821 1.28 R3 0.805 0.811 0.74 0.808 0.819 1.23 R4 0.811 0.817 0.73 0.797 0.806 1.12 R5 0.788 0.792 0.5 0.798 0.806 1 The rate at which mass gain occurs under exposure to magnesium sulphate reduces with increased replacement levels, signifying enhanced resistance to sulphate. The mass gain at 28 days reduces from 0.77% (R0) to 0.50% (R5), and at 56 days, it reduces from 1.50% (R0) to 1.00% (R5). The graph does, in fact, justify the steady decline in mass gain in both cases. The low mass gain indicates very minimal penetration of sulphate as well as formation of expansive products in the blends of GGBS and glass powders. Table 13 Compressive strength Results of Mortars exposed to MgSO 4 solution MgSO 4 Compressive strength N/mm2 Mix ID 28days 56days before immersion N/mm 2 after immersion N/mm 2 % loss before immersion N/mm 2 after immersion N/mm 2 % loss R0 57.6 52.4 9.02 57.6 50.6 12.15 R1 59.61 55.81 6.37 59.61 54.2 9.07 R2 60.12 57.4 4.54 60.12 55.1 8.34 R3 62.35 59.8 4.08 62.35 57.9 7.13 R4 63.4 61.2 3.47 63.4 60.4 4.73 R5 61.15 59.8 2.2 61.15 59.5 2.69 Loss of compressive strength because of exposure to magnesium sulphate exhibits a descending pattern as the replacement levels are increased. For instance, for 28 days of exposure, loss of strength lessens from 9.02% for R0 to 2.20% for R5, and for 56 days from 12.15% for R0 to 2.69% for R5. In the graph, there is an unmistakable decrease in overall strength loss in the modified mixes rather than the control mix. 4. Conclusions Based on the experimental study conducted for mortar mixtures containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), partial replacement of cement with GGBS, and powder form of waste glass, it has been possible to establish a number of key conclusions. The study proves that the partial replacement of cement with GGBS has a prominent effect on the strength development of the mortar. 30% replacement of cement with GGBS has been seen to achieve enhanced compressive strength at the later stages of the curing process. This has been attributed to the additional development of calcium silicate hydrate gel within the mortar mixture. A maximum of 20% improvement was observed due to the use of waste glass powder instead of sand. The major reason for such improvement is due to the filling action provided by fine glass powder, which resulted in increasing the packing density. At a higher level, the increase in compressive strength is minimal. As observed in the durability test, the mixtures of GGBS and glass powder mortar had better resistance than the conventional mortar in the case of an acidic environment as well as a sulphate environment. Because of the higher density and impermeability of the improved mixtures, the mass loss is observed to be lower with increased residual compressive strength. Through this study, the use of glass powder from waste glass along with GGBS is found to be an effective approach for the preparation of durable high-performance mortar with the use of less cement as well as sand. Declarations Consent to Publish The authors confirm that this manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data, images, or identifiable information. Therefore, consent to publish is not applicable for this study. Consent to Participate This research does not involve human participants, surveys, interviews, or personal data. Hence, consent to participate is not applicable. Ethics Approval This study is based on experimental investigation of construction materials and does not involve human participants or animals. As such, ethical approval was not required. Clinical trial number not applicable. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Funding statement No funds are received for this research Author Contribution Jitta Sucharitha: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing original documentation, preparing tables and figures.Nagapurna Chandan Thammishetti: Documentation review and editing. Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to the management of Anurag University for providing an opportunity to publish this paper. Data Availability The supporting data findings are available for this study from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Pratyush Kumar, Pankar C, Manish D, Santhi AS. (2018) Mechanical and microstructural properties of geopolymer concrete with GGBS and metakaolin. Materials Today: Proceedings 5(2):28127–28135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.10.093 Kamal Kishore, Gupta N. (2020) Mechanical characterization and performance assessment of composite geopolymer concrete. 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IS 383. Specification for coarse and fine aggregates from natural sources for concrete. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2016. IS 12269. Ordinary Portland Cement, 53 grade—Specification. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2013. IS 456. Plain and reinforced concrete—Code of practice. New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2000. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8547194","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":583753826,"identity":"55f75f80-ae2b-404b-b464-ee0b6115c199","order_by":0,"name":"Sucharitha 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sand\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/10d1504cba542eb2c9e6ee30.jpg"},{"id":101671231,"identity":"151a1242-3d91-4d62-a156-bab59bcde82c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcess of making Glass Powder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/108b0703aaf63e0a1da195e7.jpg"},{"id":101671235,"identity":"7e9cb0e0-e46d-4bc8-bc73-03971fcbf521","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":83246,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart about Total Process of work\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/5d287db9744dd1c2d052f571.jpg"},{"id":101671239,"identity":"9f6ffe7d-32df-43f9-a94c-d5631fa7558d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":35761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparations of 70.6 cube specimens (a) casting, (b) demoulding, (c) curing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/f8eea8010ba3cb19859b3bd4.jpg"},{"id":101671233,"identity":"3d53e92b-00d3-4414-928e-0b7fa2dba8ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTests (a) compressive strength test by CTM, (b) acid attack, (c) sulphate attack\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/5e0c25699405a8b868fee3bc.jpg"},{"id":101671229,"identity":"5aeeae40-fb22-4b2e-994d-e9d385ea8631","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraph of Compressive strength of mortar with GGBS replacement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/6c04cd7a5b58e2e79c8cbd92.jpg"},{"id":101671240,"identity":"0e60fe8e-179e-4816-a3ce-71eb5a7cecda","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGraph of Compressive strength of mortar with Glass Powder replacement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/c15e9174d11b7edae424c6a2.jpg"},{"id":101671236,"identity":"d7ed7f8d-42e1-4228-ac82-9bd703608bc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMass loss% of mortar cubes exposed to HCl solution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/181b8006e0296c9aecc855bd.jpg"},{"id":101671238,"identity":"77e9e993-39fe-4eba-b913-a3290149d3f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":49053,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrength loss % of mortar cubes exposed to HCl solution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/7b5e7b7ffbf3c218bc9affd4.jpg"},{"id":101753966,"identity":"7fca05ea-2466-48dd-be15-bcd2c5d94c6a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:41:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":38382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMass gain% of mortar cubes exposed to MgSO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e solution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/32805f702d7d667885a239b4.jpg"},{"id":101671230,"identity":"365da799-c5ce-48b3-87f8-1a41d20514db","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 12:43:09","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrength loss % of mortar cubes exposed to MgSO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esolution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/753d6e2486cf82a03d05698f.jpg"},{"id":103576047,"identity":"f3827c57-1e99-404b-96c3-d0f10143594a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-27 09:12:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2119262,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8547194/v1/085fb5ed-0085-49d2-a5af-afb72ec9dd41.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental Investigation on GGBS–Glass Powder Blended Mortar","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pace at which the construction industry has expanded has raised questions related to environmental sustainability, mainly because of the huge amounts of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) consumed and the mass production of natural aggregates. The production of OPC contributes nearly 8% to the total emission of carbon dioxide. This is because huge amounts of energy are consumed for the production of clinkers and calcination of limestone. At the same time, the huge mining of river sand has resulted in the deterioration of the ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn approach that has gained some popularity involves the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) synthesized from industrial by-products. Of such materials, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), which is a by-product of the iron and steel industry, has been found to possess certain potential as a partial substitute to cement. Studies conducted previously have clearly elucidated that the use of GGBS enhances the long-term compressive strength, pore structure, and resistance to sulfate and chloride attacks as a result of the secondary hydration reaction, which in turn produces greater amounts of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The optimal range of GGBS substitution of 30\u0026ndash;50% was observed to provide the best combination of strength and durability, alongside marked reductions in the heat of hydration by Sarath Chandra Kumar and Ramesh [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Similar trends have also been observed by Pratyush Kumar et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], which showed enhanced interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and pore permeability in the blend containing supplementary cementitious materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConcurrently, the management of waste glass has also become an escalating concern from an environmental perspective, especially in metropolitan areas. Although glass is known as an easily recyclable material, it has been noted that most waste glass from post-consumption sources is typically disposed of because of economic factors associated with segregation and processing. Finely ground glass powder with high amorphous content has been explored as an auxiliary compound with the potential substitution of fine aggregate/cement in cementitious materials. Some previous studies have noted an improvement in the packing density with concomitant pozzolanic activity with appropriate proportions of glass powder substitution [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Ismail et al. have noted improvement in compressive, flexural strength, and substantial reduction in alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion with up to 20% substitution rates in cementitious materials respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Further confirmation of improved durability properties, such as increased resistivity to chlorides with reduced water absorption, was noted by Tamanna et al., if the particle size was properly optimized with fine grinding of glass powder respectively [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore recent research has highlighted the significance of the effect of the presence of SCMs like GGBS or fly ash on the performance of glass powder-based materials. The combination of glass powder with slag-based materials has been demonstrated to restrain the ASR effect, the availability of calcium hydroxide, as well as the microstructural densification process [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Muhedin et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] demonstrated that the addition of GGBS along with glass powder improved the production of C-S-H gel in mortars prepared with the combination of GGBS \u0026amp; glass powder and minimized the pore interconnectivity, resulting in the improvement of mechanical as well as the chemical resistance of the materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThomas and Gupta [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] found that the addition of recycled glass powder in high strength concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength because of the pozzolanic action and filler effect of the recycled glass powder added in the optimized replacement ratios. Rashad et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] presented an overall bibliography that detailed the addition of finely ground glass powder in the reduction of permeability and alkali silica reaction when added in the proper proportions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe performance of slag-based systems has been investigated in particular. Deja [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] has confirmed that slag mortars provide better resistance to acid attack than ordinary Portland cement mortars due to their higher density and lower content of calcium hydroxide. The fundamental knowledge on the mechanical and durability performance of concretes containing mineral admixtures has been adequately covered in authoritative publications by Neville [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] and Mehta and Monteiro [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] in relation to microstructure refinement and density improvement for performance enhancement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFly ash, another by-product widely used in the industry, plays an important role in corrosion resistance and durability in reinforced concrete. Song \u0026amp; Saraswathy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] found that the addition of fly ash reduced the permeability of chlorides and accelerated the corrosion of reinforcement because of the enhanced pore structure and low calcium hydroxide content in the mix. The effective use of the by-product materials, including fly ash and slag, in concrete has been stressed by Siddique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalhotra and Mehta [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] showed that high-volume fly ash concrete can replace 50\u0026ndash;60% of cement with satisfactory strength, durability, and reduced heat of hydration. The emphasis in their studies is basically for environmental advantages considering CO₂ emissions and sustainability in concrete construction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough research has grown concerning GGBS and glass powder separately, very little research has been conducted regarding their joint effects in mortar systems, especially concerning durability in harsh environments. Most available research has concerned concrete, whereas mortar, as a material governing performance, bond, and serviceability to a significant degree, has been relatively under-researched as a material type. Research regarding durability in an environment combining exposure to acids as well as sulphates is also very limited, even though such an environment is very common in industrial areas as well as coastal areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the current work has attempted to experimentally test the mechanical and durability properties of mortar containing GGBS as a partial substitution for cement and WGP as a partial substitution for natural sand. Compressive strength and resistance to acid and sulphate attacks were examined to determine the optimal proportion of substitution. The addition of industrial by-products and urban waste materials, thereby attempting to help manufacture eco-friendly and affordable mortar, is the aim of the current investigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Work","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe constituents used in this research were 53-grade OPC of JSW, Ground granulated blast furnace slag purchased from astra chemicals pvt ltd, natural river sand, waste glass powder obtained from local scraps, and drinking water. Each of these was locally obtained and ensured to comply with Indian standards before use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOPC acted as the major binder, while GGBS, a by-product from the iron and steel industry, was used based on its latent hydraulic properties. GGBS, a supplemental cementitious material, reacts with the evolved calcium hydroxide during mixing and acts as a slow-setting binder that, in blended cements, aids secondary hydration and produces more calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe river sand that conformed to Zone II grading specifications stated in IS 383:2016 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] was taken as fine aggregate. The glass powder prepared from brown glass waste and retaining 300 \u0026micro;m and passing 2.36 mm was taken as partial replacement for river sand. The fine size and high content of amorphous silica in glass powder enable better matrix consolidation due to filler and pozzolanic action in appropriate proportions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClean potable water conforming to IS 456:2000 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] was used for mixing and curing. A constant water-to-binder ratio was maintained for all mixes to ensure uniform hydration and reliable comparison of mechanical and durability performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxide composition of Cement, GGBS and Glass Powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass Powder (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiO2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl2O3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" 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\u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa2O\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Methodology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental program was designed to evaluate the mechanical and durability performance of mortar incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for cement and waste glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The investigation was carried out in two sequential stages to identify optimum replacement levels and to assess the combined influence of both materials.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first stage, cement was partially replaced with GGBS at levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by weight, along with a control mix without GGBS in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. All mixes were prepared with a constant binder-to-sand ratio of 1:3. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7 and 28 days to determine the optimum GGBS content based on strength performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results, 30% GGBS was identified as the optimum replacement level and selected for the second stage. In this stage, waste glass powder was used to replace natural sand at levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%, while maintaining a constant binder composition shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Mortar specimens were cast into 70.6 mm cube moulds, demoulded after 24 hours, and cured in water under ambient laboratory conditions shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. A total of 144 specimens of mortar were casted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix Proportions by Replacing Cement with GGBS by Percentage%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement (% of binder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS (% of binder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinder to sand ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix Proportions by Replacing Sand with Glass Powder by Percentage%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement (% of binder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS (% of binder)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand (% of fine aggregate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass (% of fine aggregate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBinder to sand ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Mechanical properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength was determined on mortar cube specimens of size 70.6 mm \u0026times; 70.6 mm \u0026times; 70.6 mm. The tests were conducted at curing ages of 7 and 28 days using a compression testing machine, following the procedure specified in IS 4031 (Part 6). The maximum load at failure was recorded, and compressive strength was calculated as the ratio of applied load to the loaded area of the specimen. The average value of three specimens was considered for each mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Durability Properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurability performance was evaluated through acid resistance and sulphate resistance tests to assess the behavior of mortar under aggressive environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor acid resistance, samples were cured for 28 days and then immersed in a hydrochloric acid solution of 5%. Exposure times were specified. Tests included mass loss and measurements of residual strength after being subjected to acidic attacks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ability of the cement to resist sulphate was determined by soaking the cured specimens in a 5% magnesium sulphate solution. After the duration of exposure, the specimens were assessed for visual damage, weight loss, and residual compressive strength. A reduced weight loss and greater strength retention signified better durability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe outcomes of the mechanical and durability tests enabled the assessment of performance trends as well as the determination of the optimal replacement levels of GGBS and the waste glass powder.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Physical properties of materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of cement and GGBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFineness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistency\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial setting time (min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical properties of the constituent materials were considered based on IS 4031 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] to assess the impact of these properties on the mortar properties. Ordinary Portland cement and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag meet the requirements of the standard in terms of the parameters of fineness, specific gravity, consistency, and setting time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. GGBS has relatively finer particles and longer setting times than cement, which are desirable in the blended cement system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of Sand and Glass Powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS no\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFineness modulus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecific gravity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlass Powder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe natural river sand complied with Zone II grading, providing an equal distribution of particles. The specific gravity and bulking of the waste glass powder were lower than that of sand because it is a fine and impermeable material. Such properties helped improve the packing efficiency and supported the densification effect that occurred with the use of glass powder as a supplement for sand. The results from the tests verified that all materials are suitable for producing a uniform mortar mixture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSieve analysis of sand reveals i.e, Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows that it has an equal distribution of grain size with considerable retention in the medium and fine-sieved fractions. Approximately 64.8% of sand samples are retained between the 600 \u0026micro;m and 300 \u0026micro;m sieves. Also, the cumulative percentage passing reveals that it complies with Zone II, thus suitable for workability and strength of mortar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSieve analysis of Sand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSieve size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWt retained (gms)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Wt retained\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Cumulative wt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulking of Sand with Glass Replacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulking of sand consistently decreases as the percentage of glass powder replacement increases from mix R0 to R5. This reduction indicates that the inclusion of fine glass powder lowers moisture-related volume expansion by improving particle packing and reducing voids in the aggregate matrix\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these physical and gradation properties, it can be said that all the constituents meet the requirement of the IS code, and hence they can be used for making mortar. The results obtained indicate that improvements in packing efficiency and bulking can be obtained by using glass powder replacements, hence suggesting that these replacements are appropriate for making mortar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Mechanical properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of mortar with GGBS replacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7Days N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28Days N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe graphical representation of the compressive strength of GGBS-cement mortar mix indicates a gradual rise up to a maximum point and then a drop as the amount of GGBS replacement exceeds that maximum. At 28 days, the compressive strength rises from 53.9 N/mm\u0026sup2; (M0) to a maximum value of 57.6 N/mm\u0026sup2; (M3), an increase of about 6.9%, and then falls to 56.9 N/mm\u0026sup2; (M4) and finally to 54.1 N/mm\u0026sup2; (M5). This follows a similar pattern for the 7th-day strength values, though lower. There is clear evidence that moderate GGBS replacement and the consequent secondary hydration reactions improve the strength, but that over-replacement dilutes the cementing material.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength of mortar with Glass Powder replacement\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7Days N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28Days N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe compressive strength of mortar increases with glass powder replacement up to an optimum level, after which a slight reduction is observed. At 28 days, strength increases from 57.6 N/mm\u0026sup2; (R0) to a peak value of 63.4 N/mm\u0026sup2; (R4), representing an increase of about 10.1%. When the replacement is further increased to R5, the strength decreases to 61.15 N/mm\u0026sup2;. At 7 days, strength follows the same increasing\u0026ndash;decreasing trend. The improvement up to R4 is mainly attributed to the filler effect and improved particle packing, while the reduction at higher replacement is due to reduced cohesion and weaker bonding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Durability properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.1 Acid attack\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;10: Mass loss Results of Mortar samples exposed to HCl solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebefore immersion (gm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eafter immersion (gm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emass loss%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ebefore immersion (gm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eafter immersion (gm)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emass loss%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.749\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.793\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.769\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.787\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.795\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.779\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mass loss results under hydrochloric acid exposure indicate a clear improvement in acid resistance with increasing replacement levels. At 28 days, mass loss decreases from 2.54% (R0) to 1.48% (R5), while at 56 days it reduces from 2.6% (R0) to 1.59% (R5). The graph confirms a consistent downward trend for both exposure durations. The reduced mass loss in modified mixes is attributed to lower calcium hydroxide content and a denser microstructure, which limits acid penetration and material degradation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength Results of Mortars exposed to HCl solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCl Compressive strength N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate of compressive strength loss due to exposure to hydrochloric acid reduces considerably as the level of replacement increases. The values of compressive strength losses at 28 and 56 days reduce from 16.31% (R0) to 8.58% (R5) and from 23.87% (R0) to 13.66% (R5), respectively. The above graph also verifies that the rate of strength loss decreases considerably with an increase in the level of replacement for both exposure times. The compressive strength loss due to exposure to the acid is lower due to the addition of GGBS and glass powder to the mortar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3.2 Sulphate attack\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass gain Results of Mortar samples exposed to MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion (gm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion (gm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emass gain%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion (gm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion (gm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emass gain%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.783\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.782\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.797\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate at which mass gain occurs under exposure to magnesium sulphate reduces with increased replacement levels, signifying enhanced resistance to sulphate. The mass gain at 28 days reduces from 0.77% (R0) to 0.50% (R5), and at 56 days, it reduces from 1.50% (R0) to 1.00% (R5). The graph does, in fact, justify the steady decline in mass gain in both cases. The low mass gain indicates very minimal penetration of sulphate as well as formation of expansive products in the blends of GGBS and glass powders.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCompressive strength Results of Mortars exposed to MgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e solution\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMgSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e Compressive strength N/mm2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMix ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebefore immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eafter immersion N/mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of compressive strength because of exposure to magnesium sulphate exhibits a descending pattern as the replacement levels are increased. For instance, for 28 days of exposure, loss of strength lessens from 9.02% for R0 to 2.20% for R5, and for 56 days from 12.15% for R0 to 2.69% for R5. In the graph, there is an unmistakable decrease in overall strength loss in the modified mixes rather than the control mix.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the experimental study conducted for mortar mixtures containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), partial replacement of cement with GGBS, and powder form of waste glass, it has been possible to establish a number of key conclusions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study proves that the partial replacement of cement with GGBS has a prominent effect on the strength development of the mortar. 30% replacement of cement with GGBS has been seen to achieve enhanced compressive strength at the later stages of the curing process. This has been attributed to the additional development of calcium silicate hydrate gel within the mortar mixture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA maximum of 20% improvement was observed due to the use of waste glass powder instead of sand. The major reason for such improvement is due to the filling action provided by fine glass powder, which resulted in increasing the packing density. At a higher level, the increase in compressive strength is minimal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs observed in the durability test, the mixtures of GGBS and glass powder mortar had better resistance than the conventional mortar in the case of an acidic environment as well as a sulphate environment. Because of the higher density and impermeability of the improved mixtures, the mass loss is observed to be lower with increased residual compressive strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough this study, the use of glass powder from waste glass along with GGBS is found to be an effective approach for the preparation of durable high-performance mortar with the use of less cement as well as sand.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that this manuscript does not contain any individual person\u0026rsquo;s data, images, or identifiable information. Therefore, consent to publish is not applicable for this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research does not involve human participants, surveys, interviews, or personal data. Hence, consent to participate is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is based on experimental investigation of construction materials and does not involve human participants or animals. As such, ethical approval was not required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003enot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial or personal interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funds are received for this research\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eJitta Sucharitha: Conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing original documentation, preparing tables and figures.Nagapurna Chandan Thammishetti: Documentation review and editing.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to the management of Anurag University for providing an opportunity to publish this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe supporting data findings are available for this study from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePratyush Kumar, Pankar C, Manish D, Santhi AS. 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New Delhi: Bureau of Indian Standards; 2000.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"GGBS, glass powder, sustainable mortar, compressive strength, durability, acid attack","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8547194/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8547194/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe presence of environmental problems in the construction industry, arising from the high cement content and the limited availability of river sand, is quite pronounced. In this regard, this research experimentally focuses on the joint use of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as a cement-replacement material at various proportions in the range of 10\u0026ndash;50% by weight of cement, as well as the utilization of waste glass powder at proportions in the range of 5\u0026ndash;25% in place of natural sand. The prepared mortar was tested at a binder-to-sand ratio of 1:3 with respect to its compressive strength and durability against exposure to acid and sulphate attack. Findings from this experiment showed that the mixture with 30% GGBS had higher long-term compressive strength than the control mixture. Increasing this proportion with the help of glass powder past the initial replacement percentage of natural sand showed improved strength up to an optimal level of 20%, past which it marginally reduced in strength difference. However, the mass loss in the exposed specimens was remarkably reduced, confirming higher durability against attack from hydrochloric acid and magnesium sulphate solutions. In this respect, it becomes effective in indicating the combined effect of GGBS with glass powder, thus offering sustainable, durable, and efficient mortar materials with respect to eco-friendly construction works.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental Investigation on GGBS–Glass Powder Blended Mortar","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-02 12:42:40","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8547194/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b1a48aec-825f-479c-95f3-371a4a63bdd1","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-27T09:11:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-02 12:42:40","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8547194","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8547194","identity":"rs-8547194","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}