Recalculating the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) to a sea surface temperature climate data record

Recalculating the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) to a sea surface temperature climate data record | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Data Note Recalculating the Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) to a sea surface temperature climate data record Daniel J. Ford, Jamie D. Shutler, Thomas Holding, Richard P. Sims, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8260066/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The Surface Ocean CO 2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a global scientific community effort to collate and provide additional quality control and standardisation for surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) data. Each year the international marine carbon community submit any new measurements collected on research vessels, ships of opportunity, moorings, uncrewed surface vehicles and sailing yachts for inclusion in the annual update of the SOCAT database. The data synthesis effort, which published its first data product in 2011, includes a variety of systems, sampling strategies, maintenance cycles and instrument calibrations. Each in-water CO 2 gas data value is paired, and linked, with a sea surface temperature (SST) data. However, the differences in measurement systems means that data pairs from different platforms are representative of differing depths in the ocean, whilst sea water temperature measurements can suffer from warming. These complexities can limit the accuracy and precision of any atmosphere-ocean CO 2 assessments that use the SOCAT products. Here the SOCATv2025 database with an estimated uncertainty in the fugacity of CO 2 in seawater (fCO 2 (sw) ) of less than 5 µatm is recalculated to a reference temperature at a consistent depth of 0.2 m using the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SST climate data record. This recalculation process of the fCO 2 values does not assume isochemical conditions and so temperature driven carbonate speciation is captured. The data pairing is maintained so the resulting dataset is well suited for the analysis of atmosphere-ocean CO 2 exchange. The synthesis cruise data and gridded data products, that include both the original and recalculated data, are provided and consistency with the original SOCAT data products and format is confirmed. The importance of robustly accounting for the observed warm bias is demonstrated as removing this signal by recalculation to a climate data record temperature shows a ~ 0.4 Pg C yr − 1 increase in the 2024 ocean CO 2 sink. These recalculated data products are needed for annual carbon assessments therefore these will be routinely provided each year following each annual SOCAT dataset release. Oceanography Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8260066","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Data Note","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":554038338,"identity":"dfbd1274-afb5-4cfb-9ca7-eb533e3a6180","order_by":0,"name":"Daniel J. 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CO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Atlas (SOCAT) to a sea surface temperature climate data record\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"e1966234-4440-499b-99b3-684f29a420f9","identifier":"10.13039/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","awardNumber":"3-18399/24/I-NB","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of 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and provide additional quality control and standardisation for surface ocean carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) data. Each year the international marine carbon community submit any new measurements collected on research vessels, ships of opportunity, moorings, uncrewed surface vehicles and sailing yachts for inclusion in the annual update of the SOCAT database. The data synthesis effort, which published its first data product in 2011, includes a variety of systems, sampling strategies, maintenance cycles and instrument calibrations. Each in-water CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e gas data value is paired, and linked, with a sea surface temperature (SST) data. However, the differences in measurement systems means that data pairs from different platforms are representative of differing depths in the ocean, whilst sea water temperature measurements can suffer from warming. These complexities can limit the accuracy and precision of any atmosphere-ocean CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e assessments that use the SOCAT products. Here the SOCATv2025 database with an estimated uncertainty in the fugacity of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in seawater (fCO\u003csub\u003e2 (sw)\u003c/sub\u003e) of less than 5 \u0026micro;atm is recalculated to a reference temperature at a consistent depth of 0.2 m using the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SST climate data record. This recalculation process of the fCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e values does not assume isochemical conditions and so temperature driven carbonate speciation is captured. The data pairing is maintained so the resulting dataset is well suited for the analysis of atmosphere-ocean CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e exchange. The synthesis cruise data and gridded data products, that include both the original and recalculated data, are provided and consistency with the original SOCAT data products and format is confirmed. The importance of robustly accounting for the observed warm bias is demonstrated as removing this signal by recalculation to a climate data record temperature shows a\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;0.4 Pg C yr\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e increase in the 2024 ocean CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e sink. These recalculated data products are needed for annual carbon assessments therefore these will be routinely provided each year following each annual SOCAT dataset release.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Recalculating the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) to a sea surface temperature climate data record","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-03 12:02:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8260066/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dac3e67a-5dc0-4e35-a3dc-d98a54d62f51","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":59002987,"name":"Oceanography"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-03T12:02:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-03 12:02:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8260066","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8260066","identity":"rs-8260066","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}