Contrasting processing tomato cultivars unlink yield and pollen viability under heat stress

The occurring climate change is causing temperature increment in crop production areas worldwide, generating conditions of heat stress that negatively affect crop productivity. Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), a major vegetable crop, is highly susceptible to conditions of heat stress. When tomato plants are exposed to ambient day/night temperatures that exceed 32°C/20°C respectively during the reproductive phase, fruit set and fruit weight are reduced, leading to a significant decrease in yield. Processing tomato cultivars are cultivated in open fields, where environmental conditions are not controlled, therefore plants are exposed to multiple abiotic stresses, including heat stress. Understanding the physiological response of modern processing tomato cultivars to heat stress may facilitate the development of thermotolerant cultivars. Here, we compared two tomato processing cultivars, H4107 and H9780, that we found to be constantly differing in yield performance. Using field and temperature-controlled greenhouse experiments, we show that the observed difference in yield is attributed to the occurrence of heat stress conditions. In addition, fruit-set and seed production were significantly improved in the thermotolerant cultivar H4107, compared with H9780. Despite the general acceptance of pollen viability as a measure of thermotolerance, there was no difference in the percentage of viable pollen between H4107 and H9780 under either of the conditions tested. Therefore, processing tomato cultivars may present a particular case, in which other factors are central for heat stress tolerance. Our results also demonstrate the value of combining controlled with uncontrolled experimental settings, in order to identify heat stress related responses and facilitate the development of thermotolerant processing tomato cultivars.