Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate students

Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate students | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate students Annie Sareen, Dr. Prachi Bisht This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence in undergraduate students. Childhood trauma, which includes emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, has been found as an enormous impact on an individual's psychological and social development. The current study included 620 undergraduate students (310 males and 310 females) aged 20–22 years from six institutions in the Malwa district of Punjab. Data were collected using standardised instruments, specifically the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein and Fink 1998 ) and Social Intelligence Scale (Chadha and Ganesan 2009 ). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma and several dimensions of social intelligence, such as patience, cooperation, confidence, sensitivity, social environment recognition, tactfulness, sense of humour, and memory. The findings showed that childhood trauma had a considerable impact on various aspects of social intelligence, with notable gender variations. Female respondents reported a higher negative impact of trauma on aspects such as patience, sensitivity, tactfulness, and overall social intelligence, whereas male respondents showed fewer significant effects. Certain types of trauma, including physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, have been shown to significantly predict lower social intelligence levels in females. Overall, the study emphasises the long-term effects of negative childhood experiences on interpersonal functioning and the necessity of early intervention and support structures in promoting healthy social development. Introduction Traumatic and distressing occurrences that occur to children when they are young, typically before the age of 18, have an impact on their health and well-being both during the exposure period and later in life. These incidents are known as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and are a public health concern (Wiehn et al 2018 ). A child may suffer trauma as a result of an event, a series of events, or a set of circumstances that they consider to be frightening or harmful to their physical or mental health. These experiences can have long-term detrimental consequences for the child's functioning and physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being (SAMHSA, Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative 2013). Trauma is a perceived incident that causes feelings of terror, horror, and powerlessness, as well as endangers one's life and bodily integrity. These experiences can result from repeated (chronic) exposure or a single occurrence (The American Psychiatric Association, 2000 ). As a result, traumatic events can cause serious psychological problems in youngsters. Childhood trauma is described as any physical, mental, or sexual abuse, neglect, or exploitation that endangers a child's health, life, development, or dignity (World Health Organization 1999). Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of long-term biological, behavioural, and emotional consequences (Felitti 1998 ). Childhood trauma can be caused by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect (Bernstein and Fink 1998 ). Physical abuse happens when a child is hurt by behaviours like striking, slapping, or beating (Kimberly et al 2016 ). It can cause anxiety, risk-taking behaviour, and suicidal ideation (Manly et al 2001 ). Physical neglect occurs when parents or carers fail to provide a child with basic requirements such as food, shelter, and medical treatment, impairing their growth and well-being and leading to behavioural difficulties and low self-esteem (Finzi et al 2002 ). Trauma can also result from emotional abuse, such as criticism, rejection, or withholding affection, which is harmful to a child's emotional health. Children enduring emotional neglect exhibit identical symptoms, and it is regarded as one of the "most predictively potent maltreatment types" (Spinazzola et al 2015 ). Emotional neglect, defined as parental unresponsiveness and restricted engagement, is associated with emotions of guilt, humiliation, and worthlessness (Glaser 2002 ). Child sexual abuse (CSA) is when an adult or older adolescent exploits a child for sexual objectives, such as indecent exposure or sexual actions with a child (Williams 2019 ). It can have both acute and long-term repercussions, including psychopathology in adulthood (Nelson et al 2002 ). Human survival and fulfilment depend significantly on our capacity to interact socially. Social interactions are essential to our daily lives because they enable us to function in public, school, and corporate settings, establish and sustain connections, and relate appropriately to those around us. Children who have had traumatic experiences in their early lives are more likely to develop social behaviour problems, such as decreased social responsiveness, abnormal social interactions, reduced social competence, social communication deficits (verbal and nonverbal, usage and comprehension), and impaired adaptive behaviours (Ryan et al 2016 ), all of which have an impact on a child's social intelligence. Social intelligence is defined as the ability to understand, relate to, and engage with others in a flexible manner. It is the ability to cope with people's emotions, ideas, and behaviours in social or interpersonal contexts and respond appropriately to the context of such understanding (Thorndike 1920 ). A person's success is more dependent on social intelligence than cognitive intelligence, which means he will succeed if he interacts with others positively (Kriemeen and Hajaia 2017 ). As a result, social intelligence is important since it allows people to perform tactfully and confidently. The endeavour to duplicate spending quality time with family members aims to improve social intelligence by instilling a sense of security and confidence (Huda and Salem 2022 ). Instilling social intelligence in familial contexts improves performance in society. Childhood trauma has a significant impact on a child's social abilities and behaviour. For example, physical abuse may affect a child's ability to regulate their emotions. This makes youngsters less cooperative, reducing patience and tact (Dubowitz 2013 ). When interacting with others, this may elicit anger, agitation, or hostility. Emotional abuse, such as constant criticism or rejection, can harm a child's feelings while also impairing their confidence and sensitivity, all of which are necessary for good social relationships (Spinazzola et al 2014 ). Physical and emotional neglect, defined by a lack of care and emotional sensitivity, are linked to an inability to detect social signs and form cooperative connections. Furthermore, sexual abuse has been shown to impair memory and social judgement, leaving a person less able to feel amused, safe, or confident in social circumstances (Trickett et al 2011 ). As a result, carers and parents must grasp how social intelligence develops in childhood and how it determines an individual's future personal, intellectual, and professional successes. It teaches children how to interpret emotions, manage relationships, and adjust to various social settings, all of which will be useful in later life (Goleman 2006 ). Individuals with strong social intelligence are more likely to form positive relationships, excel at collaborative work, and effectively deal with life's problems (Bar-On 2006 ). Early social intelligence predicts emotional well-being and resilience in adulthood (Zamani et al 2019 ). Thus, building social intelligence early on builds the groundwork for a successful, emotionally healthy, and socially competent adult existence. Furthermore, trauma can lead to the development of maladaptive coping strategies such as social withdrawal, aggressiveness, or hypervigilance in social situations, further isolating a child from peers and valuable social learning experiences (Cook et al 2005 ). As a result, trauma has far-reaching consequences for a child's emotional and cognitive development, influencing how they interact with and interpret their social environment. Method Sample The sample consisted of 620 undergraduate students aged 20 to 22, with an equal distribution of males and females. The study was carried out in six institutions in the Malwa region of Punjab, specifically in Ludhiana, Patiala, and Moga. After presenting the study's objectives to the principals, authorization to collect data was granted. The questionnaires were then handed over to students, who were requested to respond honestly and informed that their responses would be kept anonymous and utilized solely for research purposes. Research Tools Both standardised and self-structured instruments were used to gather data as follows: Demographic Profile Questionnaire A self-structured demographic profile questionnaire that included questions about their age, gender, birth order, family type, family size, parents' educational history, and occupation. Childhood Trauma questionnaire The respondents' childhood trauma was assessed using Bernstein and Fink's childhood trauma questionnaire (1998). A 28-item self-report questionnaire that provides a rapid, reliable, and acceptable method of screening for past abuse and neglect. The CTQ can be used by both adults and adolescents (ages 12 and up). The CTQ has five items for each of the five types of maltreatment: physical abuse (9,11,12,15,17), physical neglect (1,2,4,6,26), emotional abuse (3,8,14,18,25), emotional neglect (5,7,13,19,28), and sexual abuse (20,21,23,24,27). This includes the following: 1. Physical Abuse 2. Physical Neglect 3. Emotional Abuse 4. Emotional Neglect 5. Sexual Abuse The CTQ includes a three-item Minimization/Denial Scale to help identify falsely negative trauma claims. On a 5-point Likert scale, respondents score how frequently they agree with a series of statements about their childhood experiences. The answers range from Never True to Very Often True. The level scores for the different dimensions were interpreted using the following procedure: Classification Dimensions None (or minimal) Low (to moderate) Moderate (to severe) Severe (to extreme) Emotional abuse 5-8 9-12 13-15 > 16 Physical abuse 5-7 8-9 10-12 > 13 Sexual abuse 5 6-7 8-12 > 13 Emotional neglect 5-9 10-14 15-17 > 18 Physical neglect 5-7 8-9 10-12 > 13 Social Intelligence scale: The social intelligence scale developed by Chadha and Ganesan (2009) was used to assess social intelligence. The scale contains 66 objects in 8 dimensions, which are as follows: Patience Co-operativeness Confidence Level Sensitivity Recognition of Social Environment Tactfulness Sense of Humor Memory The scale has eight dimensions and 66 items. Except for tactfulness, replies were in the form of 'Yes' or 'No', and memory was rated 1 or 0 based on whether the subject's response was correct or wrong. The scale's reliability was assessed using split-half and test-retest techniques. The split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 0.96, while the test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.84 to 0.97, indicating that the scale is highly consistent and stable. The total scores on the scale were computed to determine students' overall social intelligence, using the following three levels: S.No. Levels of Social Intelligence Range of Raw Scores 1. Low 103 Statistical Analysis Statistical method regression was employed to assess the impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence. Results Table 1: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Patience’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Patience (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 21.731 0.435 49.912** 23.516 0.543 43.284** Emotional abuse -0.012 0.226 0.054 -0.338 0.125 2.706** Physical abuse 0.075 0.239 0.314 -0.445 0.142 3.137** Sexual abuse -0.110 0.208 0.530 -0.312 0.135 2.310* Emotional neglect 0.004 0.228 0.019 -0.356 0.124 2.862** Physical neglect 0.048 0.239 0.200 -0.349 0.149 2.339* Overall abuse -0.069 0.224 0.307 0.262 0.116 2.253* R 2 0.147 0.204 F ratio 8.682** 12.980** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The regression analysis in Table 1 indicated significant gender variations in how different aspects of childhood trauma affected patience. For females, all dimensions of childhood trauma had a significantly negative influence on patience, with the exception of overall trauma, which had a large favourable impact. Males showed no significant differences in patience across any dimension of childhood trauma. Among females, emotional abuse (t=2.70**, p ≤0.01), physical abuse (t=3.13**, p ≤0.01), sexual abuse (t=2.31*, p ≤0.05), emotional neglect (t=2.86**, p ≤0.01), and physical neglect (t=2.33*, p ≤0.05) all exhibited significantly negative impact on patience. Overall, abuse had a significant favourable impact (t=2.25*, p ≤0.05), while males had a negative impact with an insignificant difference. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 12.980**, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.204) indicated that childhood trauma accounted for approximately 20.4% of the variance in female patience. Similarly, among males, total regression was shown to be significant (F = 8.682**, p≤0.01). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.147) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reported roughly 14.7% of the variance in patience. Table 2: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Cooperativeness’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Co-operativeness (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 28.787 0.689 41.800** 30.432 0.742 41.004** Emotional abuse 0.127 0.357 0.355 -0.023 0.171 0.137 Physical abuse 0.384 0.378 1.015 -0.457 0.194 2.361* Sexual abuse 0.060 0.330 0.181 0.005 0.185 0.025 Emotional Neglect -0.148 0.361 0.410 -0.221 0.170 1.299 Physical Neglect 0.365 0.378 0.967 -0.153 0.204 0.750 Overall abuse 0.333 0.355 0.937 -0.003 0.159 0.016 R 2 0.205 0.272 F ratio 13.042** 18.861** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level Table 2 illustrates that female respondents reported a negative impact on cooperativeness due to physical abuse, which was statistically significant (t=2.36*, p ≤0.01). On the contrary, physical abuse among males had a non-significant favourable influence. The remaining dimensions were not significantly different between genders. Emotional abuse had no significant positive impact on males, but a negative impact on females. Sexual abuse in both males and females exhibited a positive and non-significant impact. Both males and females felt that emotional neglect had a negative impact on cooperativeness. Physical neglect had a positive impact on male cooperativeness, but it had a negative and non-significant effect on female cooperativeness. Overall, abuse had a positive impact on male cooperativeness but was not significant. On the contrary, in females, overall abuse had a negative and non-significant impact on cooperativeness. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F=18.861**, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.272) indicated that childhood trauma explained roughly 27.2% of the variance in cooperativeness among females. Similarly, in males, total regression was found to be significant (F = 13.042, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.205) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reported roughly 20.5% of the variance in cooperativeness. Table 3: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Confidence’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood Trauma (Independent variable) Confidence (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 21.545 0.512 42.053** 22.329 0.506 44.146** Emotional abuse -0.163 0.266 0.613 -0.016 0.116 0.141 Physical abuse 0.156 0.282 0.554 0.105 0.132 0.798 Sexual abuse -0.249 0.245 1.014 -0.082 0.126 0.650 Emotional neglect -0.164 0.268 0.610 -0.154 0.116 1.330 Physical neglect 0.041 0.281 0.146 -0.091 0.139 0.652 Overall childhood trauma 0.021 0.264 0.078 -0.019 0.108 0.179 R 2 0.157 0.174 F ratio 9.394** 10.656** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The regression analysis presented in table 3 measured the dimension-wise impact of childhood trauma, found no significant variations in confidence between males and females. Males and females who experienced emotional abuse had negative impact of confidence. In cases of physical abuse, both males and females displayed positive impact on confidence. On the contrary, sexual abuse of both males and females had a negative impact. Similarly, both genders reported that emotional neglect had a negative impact on their confidence. Male confidence was positively impacted by physical neglect, while female confidence was negatively impacted. In overall abuse, males had a positive and insignificant impact. On the other hand, overall abuse generally had a detrimental and insignificant effect on confidence in females. Regression analysis showed significant results for females (F = 10.656**, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.174) showed that childhood trauma accounted for about 17.4% of the variance in female confidence. The results were significant (F = 9.394, p≤0.01) for males as well, and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.157) showed that childhood trauma components reported around 15.7% of the variance in confidence. Table 4: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Sensitivity’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Sensitivity (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 20.751 0.471 44.079** 22.655 0.492 46.090** Emotional abuse -0.314 0.244 1.286 -0.244 0.113 2.157* Physical abuse -0.172 0.259 0.666 -0.423 0.128 3.301** Sexual abuse -0.282 0.225 1.252 -0.212 0.122 1.735 Emotional neglect -0.365 0.247 1.483 -0.238 0.112 2.114* Physical neglect -0.208 0.258 0.804 -0.305 0.135 2.259* Overall abuse 0.243 0.243 1.001 0.214 0.105 2.038* R 2 0.086 0.124 F ratio 4.749** 7.170** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level Table 4 illustrates the impact of childhood trauma on sensitivity in females indicated significant differences with the exception of sexual abuse. Emotional abuse was significant (t=2.15*, p ≤0.05) among females, with a negative impact on sensitivity. On the contrary, males had a negative but non-significant impact on sensitivity. Physical abuse was found to have a negative impact on sensitivity in both males and females, with females showing a significant difference (t=3.30**, p ≤0.01). Sexual abuse had a negative and insignificant effect on both males and females. Similarly, in emotional neglect, sensitivity was negatively impacted by both genders, with the exception of females, who showed a significant (t=2.11*, p ≤0.05) unfavourable influence. Physical neglect had a negative impact on both genders, with the exception of females, who showed a significantly (t=2.25*, p ≤0.05) negative impact on sensitivity. Overall, abuse in males showed a positive but non-significant impact on sensitivity. In females, overall abuse had a positive but significant impact (t=2.03*, p ≤0.05) on sensitivity. The regression analysis revealed significant results among females (F = 7.170**, p≤0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.124), indicating that childhood trauma reported roughly 12.4% of the variance in sensitivity among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =4.749**, p≤0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.086) revealed that childhood trauma dimensions reported roughly 8.6% of the variance in sensitivity. Table 5: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Recognition of social environment’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Recognition of social environment (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 1.740 0.165 10.556** 1.775 0.162 10.986** Emotional abuse -0.126 0.085 1.475 -0.031 0.037 0.846 Physical abuse -0.070 0.091 0.778 -0.036 0.042 0.846 Sexual abuse -0.089 0.079 1.128 -0.076 0.040 1.895 Emotional neglect -0.082 0.086 0.955 -0.048 0.037 1.310 Physical neglect -0.085 0.090 0.939 -0.052 0.044 1.160 Overall abuse 0.084 0.085 0.989 0.039 0.035 1.141 R 2 0.032 0.035 F ratio 1.683 1.819 *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The results regarding recognition of social environment are presented in table 5. The regression analysis that examined the effects of childhood trauma indicated no significant impact on both genders. The research demonstrated that emotional abuse had a negative impact on both males and females towards recognition of social environment. In the case of physical abuse, both males and girls had a negative and insignificant impact. Similarly, sexual abuse and emotional neglect had a negative impact on both genders, with no significant differences in recognition of social environment. Overall, male and female abuse had a positive and non-significant impact. The regression analysis found no significant results among females, and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.035) indicated that childhood trauma explained 3.5% of the variance among females. Males similarly showed non-significant results, with factors explaining 3.2% of the variation (R² = 0.032). Table 6: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Tactfulness’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Tactfulness (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 3.840 0.205 18.777** 4.418 0.220 20.091** Emotional abuse -0.128 0.106 1.209 -0.033 0.051 0.661 Physical abuse -0.108 0.112 0.960 -0.136 0.057 2.367* Sexual abuse -0.020 0.098 0.200 -0.123 0.055 2.244* Emotional neglect -0.074 0.107 0.694 -0.120 0.050 2.386* Physical neglect -0.081 0.112 0.719 -0.057 0.060 0.941 Overall abuse 0.076 0.105 0.725 0.077 0.047 1.627 R 2 0.041 0.082 F ratio 2.145* 4.512** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The regression analysis in table 6 demonstrates the impact of childhood trauma on tactfulness which revealed that physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect all had a significant impact, with the exception of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and overall childhood trauma among both genders, which were not significant. Females who experienced physical abuse (t=2.36**, p ≤0.05), sexual abuse (t=2.36**, p ≤0.05), and emotional neglect (t=2.38*, p ≤0.05) reported significantly negative impact on tactfulness. On the contrary, among males, these dimensions had no significant negative impact on tactfulness. Emotional abuse and physical neglect in both males and females had non- significant negative impact on tactfulness. Overall, abuse in males and females had a positive but non-significant impact on tactfulness. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 4.512**, p≤0.01). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.082) indicated that childhood trauma accounted approximately 8.2% of the variance in tactfulness among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =2.145*, p≤0.05). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.041) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reflected approximately 4.1 per cent of the variance toward tactfulness. Table 7: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Sense of humor’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Sense of humor (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 4.503 0.267 16.874** 4.644 0.265 17.521** Emotional abuse -0.123 0.138 0.891 0.096 0.061 1.573 Physical abuse -0.066 0.147 0.451 0.069 0.069 0.994 Sexual abuse -0.114 0.128 0.890 0.029 0.066 0.438 Emotional neglect -0.124 0.140 0.887 0.074 0.061 1.225 Physical neglect -0.084 0.146 0.574 0.047 0.073 0.648 Overall abuse 0.084 0.138 0.609 -0.089 0.057 1.571 R 2 0.060 0.066 F ratio 3.211** 3.547** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The impact of childhood trauma on sense of humor is illustrated in table 7 found no significant contribution among both genders. It was found that emotional and physical abuse had a positive impact on females' sense of humour. In males, emotional and physical abuse had a negative impact. Sexual abuse had a positive impact on females, but a negative impact on males. Females showed positive impact of emotional and physical neglect. On the contrary, males had a negative impact on their sense of humour. Overall, male abuse had a positive and insignificant effect on humour. On the other hand, overall abuse generally had a negative and insignificant effect on females. Regression analysis showed significant results among females (F = 3.547**, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.066) showed that childhood trauma accounted for around 6.6 per cent of the variance in females' sense of humour. The findings were significant for males as well (F = 3.211*, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.060) showed that childhood trauma factors explained about 6 per cent of the variance in sense of humour. Table 8: Impact of Childhood Trauma on ‘Memory’ dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Memory (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 10.407 0.347 30.026** 11.430 0.262 43.677** Emotional abuse -0.174 0.180 0.969 -0.067 0.060 1.116 Physical abuse -0.226 0.190 1.185 -0.019 0.068 0.273 Sexual abuse -0.242 0.166 1.461 -0.030 0.065 0.467 Emotional neglect -0.261 0.181 1.437 -0.008 0.060 0.136 Physical neglect -0.153 0.190 0.804 -0.081 0.072 1.132 Overall abuse 0.193 0.179 1.082 0.008 0.056 0.137 R 2 0.053 0.102 F ratio 2.839** 5.735** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level Regression analysis presented in table 8 evaluated the impact of childhood trauma which revealed no significant impact on memory. The results showed that both male and female emotional and physical maltreatment had a negative impact on memory. In the same way, sexual abuse also negatively affected memory. Similarly, both males and females, in emotional and physical abuse demonstrated its negative impact on memory. Overall, abuse in males and females demonstrated a positive but non-significant impact on memory. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 5.735**, p≤0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.102) indicated that childhood trauma accounted for approximately 10.2 per cent of the variance in memory among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =2.839**, p≤0.01). The coefficient of determination (R² = 0.053) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reflected roughly 5.3 per cent of the variance in memory. Table 9: Overall impact of Childhood Trauma on overall Social Intelligence among respondents Childhood trauma (Independent variable) Overall social intelligence (n=620) Males (n 1 =310) Females (n 2 =310) b S.E. t-value b S.E. t-value Constant 112.840 1.544 73.075** 122.080 1.728 70.642** Emotional abuse -1.071 0.801 1.337 -0.679 0.398 1.708 Physical abuse -0.186 0.849 0.220 -1.340 0.451 2.971** Sexual abuse -1.134 0.739 1.534 -0.668 0.430 1.554 Emotional neglect -1.117 0.809 1.382 -1.016 0.396 2.568* Physical neglect -0.349 0.847 0.412 -1.228 0.475 2.584* Overall abuse 0.478 0.796 0.600 0.469 0.370 1.268 R 2 0.308 0.389 F ratio 22.477** 32.152** *Significant at the 0.05 level **Significant at the 0.01 level The overall impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence is shown in table 9. Regression analysis showed that physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect had a significant impact on females' overall social intelligence. Males exhibited non-significant differences in every dimension. Both genders were shown to be negatively impacted by physical abuse, with the exception of females, who were found to be significantly affected (t=2.971**, p ≤0.01). Similarly, emotional neglect had significantly (t=2.56*, p ≤0.05) negative impact on overall social intelligence in females, while it had a non-significant negative impact in males. Males and females were negatively impacted by physical neglect, with the exception of females, who were significantly affected (t=2.58*, p ≤0.05) in terms of overall social intelligence. Overall social intelligence was negatively impacted by emotional and sexual abuse in both males and females, but this effect was not statistically significant. Overall social intelligence was positively and non-significantly impacted by overall abuse in both males and females. Regression analysis showed significant results among females (F = 32.152**, p≤0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.389) showed that about 38.9 per cent of the variance in females' overall social intelligence was related to childhood trauma. The results were significant for males as well (F = 22.477, p≤0.1), and the coefficient of determination (R² = 0.308) showed that childhood trauma dimensions explained around 30.8 per cent of the variance overall social intelligence. Discussion The impact of childhood trauma on patience, a dimension of social intelligence, varied significantly across all levels. The current study found a significant detrimental affect on patience in females, but not in males. Burns et al ( 2010 ) found that higher exposure to cumulative childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and neglect, dramatically lowers female responders' ability to be patient in interpersonal or stressful situations. The current study found that childhood trauma had a significant detrimental impact on the sensitivity dimension of social intelligence, particularly in females. Overall, childhood trauma had a significant negative effect on female sensitivity, showing that the cumulative load of abuse and neglect has a considerable impact on their social-emotional functioning. The findings are congruent with Leadbeater et al ( 2007 ) research findings, which show that early exposure to violence diminishes emotional openness and trust, resulting in less sensitive responses to others among females. Unmet emotional and physical needs impede the development of socioemotional skills such as sensitivity and collaboration. The findings revealed gender differences in how different types of childhood trauma influence the tactfulness dimension of social intelligence. Tactfulness, or the capacity to communicate gently and deliberately, appeared to be more negatively impacted by trauma in females than in males. The current findings are consistent with prior research by Heleniak et al ( 2016 ). The findings suggested that females who have undergone physical and sexual abuse in infancy may struggle with conscious social interaction and develop maladaptive communication patterns, which are most likely the outcome of dysfunctional emotional control and trust. Sexual trauma victims usually struggle in social situations, using avoidance, hypervigilance, or direct communication as protective strategies. Emotional neglect had a significant impact on female tactfulness, implying that a lack of emotional support throughout development may hamper the internalisation of socially sensitive behaviour and empathetic engagement with others (Finkelhor and Browne 2000 ). Childhood trauma severely impacts social development, influencing how people connect with themselves and others. The findings revealed that children from nuclear families experience higher levels of emotional and physical neglect, but joint family models, while more supportive, nevertheless pose risks such as covert sexual assault due to complex family dynamics. Gender disparities were evident, with females more frequently subjected to emotional and sexual abuse and men experiencing more physical violence and emotional neglect. These negative experiences have a direct impact on social intelligence traits such as patience, sensitivity, and tact, reducing the ability to control emotions, develop empathy, and engage in healthy social relationships. The findings highlight the long-term effects of trauma on interpersonal functioning, as well as the need of early detection and intervention in fostering social-emotional resilience in afflicted persons. Conclusion The current study comes to the conclusion that social intelligence is significantly shaped by childhood trauma, especially in undergraduates. Early experiences of abuse and neglect have a detrimental impact on important aspects of social intelligence, including tactfulness, patience, sensitivity, and general interpersonal functioning. The findings unequivocally show that females are more vulnerable in the social and emotional spheres and are more negatively impacted by childhood trauma than males. The study also found that different types of trauma have variable effects on specific dimensions of social intelligence. While certain qualities, such as confidence, memory, and sense of humour, had modest or non-significant effects, others, such as patience, sensitivity, and tactfulness, were considerably influenced, particularly among female responders. These data indicate that the effects of childhood trauma are challenging and multifaceted. Overall, the findings emphasise the long-term psychological and societal consequences of negative childhood experiences. It emphasises the importance of early detection, preventive measures, and intervention tactics to help affected persons. Raising awareness among parents, educators, and mental health professionals can help to promote resilience and social competency among persons who have experienced childhood trauma. Abbreviations CT: Childhood trauma SI: Social intelligence Declarations Ethics approval The study was conducted with approval from [Punjab Agricultural University/ Department of Human Development and Family Studies ]. Ethical considerations were maintained throughout the research process. Already previous research on childhood trauma was conducted, so ethical considerations were taken care of. Accordance Statement The research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Consent to participate The manuscript has been updated to state that informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Consent for publication Not applicable ADM statement request Data availability statement has been added to the manuscript indicating that data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests No competing interests Funding Not applicable Authors’ contributions Annie Sareen: A.S. conceptualized , and conducted the literature review. A.S. was responsible for data collection, data coding, and statistical analysis. A.S. also interpreted the results and drafted the original manuscript. Dr. Prachi Bisht: P.B. provided overall supervision and guidance throughout the research process. P.B. contributed to the refinement of the research design, validated the analytical approach, and provided critical revisions to improve the intellectual content of the manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors expresses gratitude to all participants who contributed to this study. References American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4 th ed., Text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Bar-On R (2006) The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema 18 :13–25. Bernstein D P and Fink L (1998) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. Burns E E, Jackson J L and Harding H G (2010) Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 19 : 801–19. Cook A, Spinazzola J, Ford J, Lanktree C, Blaustein M and Cloitre M (2005) Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatr Ann 35 :390–98. Chadha N K and Ganesan U (2009) Manual for Social Intelligence Scale . Agra: National Psychological Corporation. Dubowitz H (2013) Neglect in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 60 :1117–28. Felitti V J (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction of many of the leading causes of death in adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. Amer J Prev Med 14 : 245-58. Finkelhor D and Browne A (2000) The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. Am J Orthopsychi 55 : 530–41. Finzi R, Ram A, Har-Even D, Shnit D and Weizman A (2002) Psychosocial characterization of physically abused children from low socioeconomic households in comparison to neglected and nonmaltreated children. J Child Fam Stud 11 :441–53. Glaser D (2002) Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework. Child Abuse Negl 26 :697–714. Goleman D (2006) Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships . Pp. 1-416. Oxford University Press Inc, New York. Heleniak C, Jenness J L, Vander Stoep A, McCauley E and McLaughlin K A (2016) Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Cognit Ther Res 40 : 394–15. Huda M and Salem S (2022) Maintaining Quality Family Time for Children’s Social Intelligence: Public Educators’ Beliefs and Practices in the Pandemic Age. In Children Youth and Time, Emerald Publishing Limited. Pp. 69-80. Kimberly F, Drury A J and Elbert M J (2016) The etiology of antisocial personality disorder: The differential roles of adverse childhood experiences and childhood psychopathology. Compr Psychi 92 :1–6. Kriemeen H and Hajaia S (2017) Social intelligence of principals and its relationship with creative behavior. World J Edu 7: 84-91. Leadbeater B J, Kuperminc G P, Blatt S J and Hertzog C (2007) A multivariate model of gender differences in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems. Dev Psychol 31 : 845–65. Manly J T, Kim J E, Rogosch F A and Cicchetti D (2001) Dimensions of child maltreatment and children’s adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype. Dev Psychopathol 13 :759–82. Nelson C A, Zeanah C H, Fox N A, Marshall P J, Smyke A T and Guthrie D (2002) Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: The Bucharest early intervention project. Science 318 :1937–40. Ryan N P, Catroppa C, Godfrey C, Noble-Haeusslein L J, Shultz S R, O’Brien T J and Semple B D (2016) Social dysfunction after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A translational perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 64 :196–214. Spinazzola J, Ford J D, Zucker M, Van der Kolk B A, Silva S, Smith S F and Blaustein M (2014) Survey evaluates complex trauma exposure, outcome and intervention among children and adolescents. Psychiatr Ann 35 :433–39. Spinazzola J, Hodgdon H, Liang L J, Ford J D, Layne C M and Pynoos R (2015) Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes. Psychol Trauma 6 :18–28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2013) Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative SAMHSA's working definition of trauma and guidance for trauma-informed approach. Rockville, MD Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://store.samhsa.gov/home. Thorndike E L (1920) Intelligence and its use. Harper's Magazine 140: 227-35. Trickett P K, Noll J G and Putnam F W (2011) The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Dev Psychopathol 23 :453–76. Wiehn J, Hornberg C and Fischer F (2018) How adverse childhood experiences relate to single and multiple health risk behaviors in German public university students: A cross-sectional analysis. BMC Publ Health 18 : 1-13. Williams J (2019) Childhood trauma and its impact on adult relationships. J Trauma Dissoc 20 :361–76. World Health Organization (WHO) (1999) Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization . Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/65900. Zamani A, Motalebi S A and Soleimani S (2019) The relationship between social intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school students. J Educ Learn 8 :35–42. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9311218","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":641494501,"identity":"bda5cf72-fbba-4ee2-b347-1bc8d32099f8","order_by":0,"name":"Annie Sareen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJCCAzDGwQ8VQJKZuYFoLYyHJc6AtDAS1gIDzAd428Ba8Wvhn9178MCHP3b5/Oy9Bw5IzquN5m8HavlRsQ2nFok75xIOzmxLtpzZcy7hQOG247kzDjM2MPacuY3bmhs5Bod5G5gNDICMA5LbjuU2ALUwM7bh1iIP0vLnT72B/f03Bgd45xzLnU9IC8jwwwxshw0MJHiAWhpqcjcQ0mII1HKwt+24gcQZoF6JYwdyNwK1HMTnF7kbOcYffvypNuBvP2P88UNNXe6884cPPvhRgcf7aOAwmDxAtHogqCNF8SgYBaNgFIwQAAAmUWNodOWz5wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Punjab Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Annie","middleName":"","lastName":"Sareen","suffix":""},{"id":641494502,"identity":"e570d997-c938-4bb0-9664-eedc5610a6bf","order_by":1,"name":"Dr. Prachi Bisht","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Punjab Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Prachi","middleName":"","lastName":"Bisht","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-03 09:23:28","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":109483696,"identity":"52fc985e-74df-40ef-932d-6866ec13808d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-18 15:40:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":500692,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9311218/v1/5baa7823-d852-4178-a544-6e61196f5f43.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate students","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraumatic and distressing occurrences that occur to children when they are young, typically before the age of 18, have an impact on their health and well-being both during the exposure period and later in life. These incidents are known as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and are a public health concern (Wiehn et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). A child may suffer trauma as a result of an event, a series of events, or a set of circumstances that they consider to be frightening or harmful to their physical or mental health. These experiences can have long-term detrimental consequences for the child's functioning and physical, social, emotional, or spiritual well-being (SAMHSA, Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative 2013). Trauma is a perceived incident that causes feelings of terror, horror, and powerlessness, as well as endangers one's life and bodily integrity. These experiences can result from repeated (chronic) exposure or a single occurrence (The American Psychiatric Association, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, traumatic events can cause serious psychological problems in youngsters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildhood trauma is described as any physical, mental, or sexual abuse, neglect, or exploitation that endangers a child's health, life, development, or dignity (World Health Organization 1999). Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of long-term biological, behavioural, and emotional consequences (Felitti \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Childhood trauma can be caused by physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, as well as physical and emotional neglect (Bernstein and Fink \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Physical abuse happens when a child is hurt by behaviours like striking, slapping, or beating (Kimberly et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It can cause anxiety, risk-taking behaviour, and suicidal ideation (Manly et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Physical neglect occurs when parents or carers fail to provide a child with basic requirements such as food, shelter, and medical treatment, impairing their growth and well-being and leading to behavioural difficulties and low self-esteem (Finzi et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma can also result from emotional abuse, such as criticism, rejection, or withholding affection, which is harmful to a child's emotional health. Children enduring emotional neglect exhibit identical symptoms, and it is regarded as one of the \"most predictively potent maltreatment types\" (Spinazzola et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Emotional neglect, defined as parental unresponsiveness and restricted engagement, is associated with emotions of guilt, humiliation, and worthlessness (Glaser \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Child sexual abuse (CSA) is when an adult or older adolescent exploits a child for sexual objectives, such as indecent exposure or sexual actions with a child (Williams \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). It can have both acute and long-term repercussions, including psychopathology in adulthood (Nelson et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman survival and fulfilment depend significantly on our capacity to interact socially. Social interactions are essential to our daily lives because they enable us to function in public, school, and corporate settings, establish and sustain connections, and relate appropriately to those around us. Children who have had traumatic experiences in their early lives are more likely to develop social behaviour problems, such as decreased social responsiveness, abnormal social interactions, reduced social competence, social communication deficits (verbal and nonverbal, usage and comprehension), and impaired adaptive behaviours (Ryan et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), all of which have an impact on a child's social intelligence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial intelligence is defined as the ability to understand, relate to, and engage with others in a flexible manner. It is the ability to cope with people's emotions, ideas, and behaviours in social or interpersonal contexts and respond appropriately to the context of such understanding (Thorndike \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1920\u003c/span\u003e). A person's success is more dependent on social intelligence than cognitive intelligence, which means he will succeed if he interacts with others positively (Kriemeen and Hajaia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, social intelligence is important since it allows people to perform tactfully and confidently. The endeavour to duplicate spending quality time with family members aims to improve social intelligence by instilling a sense of security and confidence (Huda and Salem \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Instilling social intelligence in familial contexts improves performance in society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildhood trauma has a significant impact on a child's social abilities and behaviour. For example, physical abuse may affect a child's ability to regulate their emotions. This makes youngsters less cooperative, reducing patience and tact (Dubowitz \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). When interacting with others, this may elicit anger, agitation, or hostility. Emotional abuse, such as constant criticism or rejection, can harm a child's feelings while also impairing their confidence and sensitivity, all of which are necessary for good social relationships (Spinazzola et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Physical and emotional neglect, defined by a lack of care and emotional sensitivity, are linked to an inability to detect social signs and form cooperative connections. Furthermore, sexual abuse has been shown to impair memory and social judgement, leaving a person less able to feel amused, safe, or confident in social circumstances (Trickett et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result, carers and parents must grasp how social intelligence develops in childhood and how it determines an individual's future personal, intellectual, and professional successes. It teaches children how to interpret emotions, manage relationships, and adjust to various social settings, all of which will be useful in later life (Goleman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Individuals with strong social intelligence are more likely to form positive relationships, excel at collaborative work, and effectively deal with life's problems (Bar-On \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Early social intelligence predicts emotional well-being and resilience in adulthood (Zamani et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, building social intelligence early on builds the groundwork for a successful, emotionally healthy, and socially competent adult existence. Furthermore, trauma can lead to the development of maladaptive coping strategies such as social withdrawal, aggressiveness, or hypervigilance in social situations, further isolating a child from peers and valuable social learning experiences (Cook et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, trauma has far-reaching consequences for a child's emotional and cognitive development, influencing how they interact with and interpret their social environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSample\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The sample consisted of 620 undergraduate students aged 20 to 22, with an equal distribution of males and females. The study was carried out in six institutions in the Malwa region of Punjab, specifically in Ludhiana, Patiala, and Moga. After presenting the study\u0026apos;s objectives to the principals, authorization to collect data was granted. The questionnaires were then handed over to students, who were requested to respond honestly and informed that their responses would be kept anonymous and utilized solely for research purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eResearch Tools\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth standardised and self-structured instruments were used to gather data as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDemographic Profile Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA self-structured demographic profile questionnaire that included questions about their age, gender, birth order, family type, family size, parents\u0026apos; educational history, and occupation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eChildhood Trauma questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe respondents\u0026apos; childhood trauma was assessed using Bernstein and Fink\u0026apos;s childhood trauma questionnaire (1998). A 28-item self-report questionnaire that provides a rapid, reliable, and acceptable method of screening for past abuse and neglect. The CTQ can be used by both adults and adolescents (ages 12 and up). The CTQ has five items for each of the five types of maltreatment: physical abuse (9,11,12,15,17), physical neglect (1,2,4,6,26), emotional abuse (3,8,14,18,25), emotional neglect (5,7,13,19,28), and sexual abuse (20,21,23,24,27). This includes the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Physical Abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Physical Neglect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Emotional Abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Emotional Neglect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Sexual Abuse\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe CTQ includes a three-item Minimization/Denial Scale to help identify falsely negative trauma claims. On a 5-point Likert scale, respondents score how frequently they agree with a series of statements about their childhood experiences. The answers range from Never True to Very Often True.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe level scores for the different dimensions were interpreted using the following procedure:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 553px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassification\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNone\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(or minimal)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(to moderate)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(to severe)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(to extreme)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13-15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 131px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8-9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026gt;\u003c/u\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocial Intelligence scale:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe social intelligence scale developed by Chadha and Ganesan (2009) was used to assess social intelligence. The scale contains 66 objects in 8 dimensions, which are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col style=\"list-style-type: upper-alpha;\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePatience\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCo-operativeness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eConfidence Level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSensitivity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRecognition of Social Environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTactfulness\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSense of Humor\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMemory \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scale has eight dimensions and 66 items. Except for tactfulness, replies were in the form of \u0026apos;Yes\u0026apos; or \u0026apos;No\u0026apos;, and memory was rated 1 or 0 based on whether the subject\u0026apos;s response was correct or wrong. The scale\u0026apos;s reliability was assessed using split-half and test-retest techniques. The split-half reliability coefficients ranged from 0.89 to 0.96, while the test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.84 to 0.97, indicating that the scale is highly consistent and stable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total scores on the scale were computed to determine students\u0026apos; overall social intelligence, using the following three levels:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.No.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels of Social Intelligence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRange of Raw Scores\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u0026lt;\u003c/u\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70-103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical method regression was employed to assess the impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Patience\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatience (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.435\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.912**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.543\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.284**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.706**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.137**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.310*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.862**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.339*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.253*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.682**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.980**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis in Table 1 indicated significant gender variations in how different aspects of childhood trauma affected patience. For females, all dimensions\u0026nbsp;of childhood trauma had a significantly negative\u0026nbsp;influence on patience, with the exception of overall trauma, which had a large favourable impact. Males showed no significant differences in patience across any dimension\u0026nbsp;of childhood trauma. Among females, emotional abuse (t=2.70**, p \u0026le;0.01), physical abuse (t=3.13**, p \u0026le;0.01), sexual abuse (t=2.31*, p \u0026le;0.05), emotional neglect (t=2.86**, p \u0026le;0.01), and physical neglect (t=2.33*, p \u0026le;0.05) all exhibited significantly negative\u0026nbsp;impact on patience. Overall, abuse had a significant favourable impact (t=2.25*, p \u0026le;0.05), while males\u0026nbsp;had a negative impact with an insignificant difference. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 12.980**, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.204) indicated that childhood trauma accounted for approximately 20.4% of the variance in female patience. Similarly, among males, total regression was shown to be significant (F = 8.682**, p\u0026le;0.01). The coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.147) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reported roughly 14.7% of the variance in patience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Cooperativeness\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCo-operativeness (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.800**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.004**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.457\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.361*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional Neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.042**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.861**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 illustrates that female respondents reported a negative impact\u0026nbsp;on cooperativeness due to physical abuse, which was statistically significant (t=2.36*, p \u0026le;0.01). On the contrary, physical abuse among males had a non-significant favourable influence. The remaining dimensions\u0026nbsp;were not significantly different between genders. Emotional abuse had no significant positive impact\u0026nbsp;on males, but a negative impact on females. Sexual abuse in both males and females exhibited a positive\u0026nbsp;and non-significant impact. Both males\u0026nbsp;and females\u0026nbsp;felt that emotional neglect had a negative\u0026nbsp;impact on cooperativeness. Physical neglect had a positive impact\u0026nbsp;on male cooperativeness, but it had a negative and non-significant effect on female cooperativeness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, abuse had a positive impact\u0026nbsp;on male cooperativeness but was not significant. On the contrary, in females, overall abuse\u0026nbsp;had a negative and non-significant impact on cooperativeness. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F=18.861**, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.272) indicated that childhood trauma explained roughly 27.2% of the variance in cooperativeness among females. Similarly, in males, total regression was found to be significant (F = 13.042, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.205) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions\u0026nbsp;reported roughly 20.5% of the variance in cooperativeness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Confidence\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood Trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfidence (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.053**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.146**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.610\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall childhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.394**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.656**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis presented in table 3 measured the dimension-wise impact of childhood trauma, found no significant variations in confidence between males and females. Males and females who experienced emotional abuse had negative impact of confidence. In cases of physical abuse, both males and females displayed positive impact on confidence. On the contrary, sexual abuse of both males and females had a negative impact. Similarly, both genders reported that emotional neglect had a negative impact on their confidence. Male confidence was positively impacted by physical neglect, while female confidence was negatively impacted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn overall abuse,\u0026nbsp;males\u0026nbsp;had a positive and insignificant impact. On the other hand, overall\u0026nbsp;abuse generally had a detrimental and insignificant effect on confidence in females. Regression analysis showed significant results for females (F = 10.656**, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.174) showed that childhood trauma accounted for about 17.4% of the variance in female confidence. The results were significant (F = 9.394, p\u0026le;0.01) for males as well, and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.157) showed that childhood trauma components reported around 15.7% of the variance in confidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Sensitivity\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSensitivity (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.079**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.090**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.286\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.157*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.301**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.252\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.114*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.305\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.259*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.038*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.749**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.170**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 illustrates the impact of childhood trauma on sensitivity in females indicated significant differences with the exception of sexual abuse. Emotional abuse was significant\u0026nbsp;(t=2.15*, p \u0026le;0.05) among females, with a negative impact on sensitivity. On the contrary, males had a negative but non-significant impact on sensitivity. Physical abuse was found to have a negative impact on sensitivity in both males and females, with females showing a significant difference (t=3.30**, p \u0026le;0.01). Sexual abuse had\u0026nbsp;a negative and insignificant effect on both males\u0026nbsp;and females. Similarly, in emotional neglect, sensitivity was negatively impacted by both genders, with the exception of females, who showed a significant (t=2.11*, p \u0026le;0.05) unfavourable influence. Physical neglect had a negative impact on both genders, with the exception of females, who showed a significantly (t=2.25*, p \u0026le;0.05) negative impact on sensitivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, abuse in males\u0026nbsp;showed a positive but non-significant impact on sensitivity. In females, overall\u0026nbsp;abuse had a positive\u0026nbsp;but significant impact (t=2.03*, p \u0026le;0.05) on sensitivity. The regression analysis revealed significant results among females (F = 7.170**, p\u0026le;0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.124), indicating that childhood trauma reported roughly 12.4% of the variance in sensitivity among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =4.749**, p\u0026le;0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.086) revealed that childhood trauma dimensions reported roughly 8.6% of the variance in sensitivity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Recognition of social environment\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRecognition of social environment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.556**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.775\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.986**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results regarding recognition of social environment are presented in table 5. The regression analysis that examined the effects of childhood trauma indicated no significant impact on both genders. The research demonstrated that emotional abuse had a negative impact on both males and females towards recognition of social environment. In the case of physical abuse, both males and girls had a negative and insignificant impact. Similarly, sexual abuse and emotional neglect had a negative impact on both genders, with no significant differences in recognition of social environment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, male and female abuse had a positive and non-significant impact. The regression analysis found no significant results among females, and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.035) indicated that childhood trauma explained 3.5% of the variance among females. Males similarly showed non-significant results, with factors explaining 3.2% of the variation (R\u0026sup2; = 0.032).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Tactfulness\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTactfulness (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.777**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.418\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.091**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.367*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.244*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.386*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.941\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.627\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.145*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.512**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis in table 6 demonstrates the impact of childhood trauma on tactfulness which revealed that physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect all had a significant impact, with the exception of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and overall childhood trauma among both genders, which were not significant. Females who experienced physical abuse (t=2.36**, p \u0026le;0.05), sexual abuse (t=2.36**, p \u0026le;0.05), and emotional neglect (t=2.38*, p \u0026le;0.05) reported significantly negative impact\u0026nbsp;on\u0026nbsp;tactfulness. On the contrary, among males, these dimensions\u0026nbsp;had no significant negative impact on tactfulness. Emotional abuse and physical neglect in both males\u0026nbsp;and females\u0026nbsp;had non-\u0026nbsp;significant negative\u0026nbsp;impact\u0026nbsp;on tactfulness. Overall, abuse in males and females had a positive but non-significant impact on tactfulness. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 4.512**, p\u0026le;0.01). The coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.082) indicated that childhood trauma accounted approximately 8.2% of the variance in tactfulness among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =2.145*, p\u0026le;0.05). The coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.041) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reflected approximately 4.1 per cent of the variance toward tactfulness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Sense of humor\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSense of humor (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.874**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.521**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.994\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.648\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.571\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.211**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.547**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe impact of childhood trauma on sense of humor is illustrated in table 7 found no significant contribution among both genders. It was found that emotional and physical abuse had a positive impact on females\u0026apos; sense of humour. In males, emotional and physical abuse had a negative impact. Sexual abuse had a positive\u0026nbsp;impact on females, but a negative impact\u0026nbsp;on males. Females showed positive impact\u0026nbsp;of emotional and physical neglect. On the contrary, males\u0026nbsp;had a negative impact on their sense of humour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, male abuse had a positive and insignificant effect on humour. On the other hand, overall\u0026nbsp;abuse generally had a negative and insignificant effect on females. Regression analysis showed significant results among females (F = 3.547**, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.066) showed that childhood trauma accounted for around 6.6 per cent\u0026nbsp;of the variance in females\u0026apos; sense of humour. The findings were significant for males as well (F = 3.211*, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.060) showed that childhood trauma factors explained about 6 per cent\u0026nbsp;of the variance in sense of humour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8: Impact of Childhood Trauma on \u0026lsquo;Memory\u0026rsquo; dimension of Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMemory (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.026**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.677**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.969\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.261\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.804\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.839**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.735**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegression analysis presented in table 8 evaluated the impact\u0026nbsp;of childhood trauma which revealed no\u0026nbsp;significant\u0026nbsp;impact on\u0026nbsp;memory. The results showed that both male and female emotional and physical maltreatment had a negative impact on memory. In the same way, sexual abuse also negatively affected memory. Similarly, both males\u0026nbsp;and females,\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;emotional and physical abuse demonstrated its negative impact on memory. Overall, abuse in males and females demonstrated a positive but non-significant impact on memory. The regression analysis found significant results among females (F = 5.735**, p\u0026le;0.01) and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.102) indicated that childhood trauma accounted for approximately 10.2 per cent\u0026nbsp;of the variance in memory among females. Among males, the results were found to be significant (F =2.839**, p\u0026le;0.01). The coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.053) suggested that childhood trauma dimensions reflected roughly 5.3 per cent\u0026nbsp;of the variance in memory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9: Overall impact of Childhood Trauma on overall Social Intelligence among respondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Independent variable)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 74px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall social intelligence (n=620)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales (n\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales (n\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e=310)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.E.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et-value\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.075**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122.080\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.642**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.679\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.849\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.340\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.971**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSexual abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.534\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.554\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.809\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.568*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical neglect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.847\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.412\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.475\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.584*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall abuse\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.469\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.370\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.477**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.152**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant at the 0.05 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Significant at the 0.01 level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe overall impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence is shown in table 9. Regression analysis\u0026nbsp;showed that physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect had a significant impact\u0026nbsp;on females\u0026apos; overall social intelligence. Males exhibited non-significant\u0026nbsp;differences in every dimension. Both genders were shown to be negatively impacted by physical abuse, with the exception of females, who were found to be significantly affected (t=2.971**, p \u0026le;0.01). Similarly, emotional neglect had significantly\u0026nbsp;(t=2.56*, p \u0026le;0.05) negative\u0026nbsp;impact\u0026nbsp;on overall social intelligence in females, while it had a non-significant negative impact in males. Males and females were negatively impacted by physical neglect, with the exception of females, who were significantly affected (t=2.58*, p \u0026le;0.05) in terms of overall social intelligence. Overall social intelligence was negatively impacted by emotional and sexual abuse in both males and females, but this effect was not statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall social intelligence was positively and non-significantly impacted by overall abuse in both males and females. Regression analysis showed significant results among females (F = 32.152**, p\u0026le;0.01), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.389) showed that about 38.9 per cent of the variance in females\u0026apos; overall social intelligence was related to childhood trauma. The results were significant for males as well (F = 22.477, p\u0026le;0.1), and the coefficient of determination (R\u0026sup2; = 0.308) showed that childhood trauma dimensions explained around 30.8 per cent of the variance overall social intelligence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe impact of childhood trauma on patience, a dimension of social intelligence, varied significantly across all levels. The current study found a significant detrimental affect on patience in females, but not in males. Burns et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) found that higher exposure to cumulative childhood trauma, such as emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and neglect, dramatically lowers female responders' ability to be patient in interpersonal or stressful situations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study found that childhood trauma had a significant detrimental impact on the sensitivity dimension of social intelligence, particularly in females. Overall, childhood trauma had a significant negative effect on female sensitivity, showing that the cumulative load of abuse and neglect has a considerable impact on their social-emotional functioning. The findings are congruent with Leadbeater et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) research findings, which show that early exposure to violence diminishes emotional openness and trust, resulting in less sensitive responses to others among females. Unmet emotional and physical needs impede the development of socioemotional skills such as sensitivity and collaboration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings revealed gender differences in how different types of childhood trauma influence the tactfulness dimension of social intelligence. Tactfulness, or the capacity to communicate gently and deliberately, appeared to be more negatively impacted by trauma in females than in males. The current findings are consistent with prior research by Heleniak et al (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The findings suggested that females who have undergone physical and sexual abuse in infancy may struggle with conscious social interaction and develop maladaptive communication patterns, which are most likely the outcome of dysfunctional emotional control and trust. Sexual trauma victims usually struggle in social situations, using avoidance, hypervigilance, or direct communication as protective strategies. Emotional neglect had a significant impact on female tactfulness, implying that a lack of emotional support throughout development may hamper the internalisation of socially sensitive behaviour and empathetic engagement with others (Finkelhor and Browne \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildhood trauma severely impacts social development, influencing how people connect with themselves and others. The findings revealed that children from nuclear families experience higher levels of emotional and physical neglect, but joint family models, while more supportive, nevertheless pose risks such as covert sexual assault due to complex family dynamics. Gender disparities were evident, with females more frequently subjected to emotional and sexual abuse and men experiencing more physical violence and emotional neglect. These negative experiences have a direct impact on social intelligence traits such as patience, sensitivity, and tact, reducing the ability to control emotions, develop empathy, and engage in healthy social relationships. The findings highlight the long-term effects of trauma on interpersonal functioning, as well as the need of early detection and intervention in fostering social-emotional resilience in afflicted persons.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current study comes to the conclusion that social intelligence is significantly shaped by childhood trauma, especially in undergraduates. Early experiences of abuse and neglect have a detrimental impact on important aspects of social intelligence, including tactfulness, patience, sensitivity, and general interpersonal functioning. The findings unequivocally show that females are more vulnerable in the social and emotional spheres and are more negatively impacted by childhood trauma than males. The study also found that different types of trauma have variable effects on specific dimensions of social intelligence. While certain qualities, such as confidence, memory, and sense of humour, had modest or non-significant effects, others, such as patience, sensitivity, and tactfulness, were considerably influenced, particularly among female responders. These data indicate that the effects of childhood trauma are challenging and multifaceted. Overall, the findings emphasise the long-term psychological and societal consequences of negative childhood experiences. It emphasises the importance of early detection, preventive measures, and intervention tactics to help affected persons. Raising awareness among parents, educators, and mental health professionals can help to promote resilience and social competency among persons who have experienced childhood trauma.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eChildhood trauma\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;SI:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocial intelligence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted with approval from [Punjab Agricultural University/ Department of Human Development and Family Studies ]. Ethical considerations were maintained throughout the research process.\u0026nbsp;Already previous research on childhood trauma was conducted, so ethical considerations were taken care of.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccordance Statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe manuscript has been updated to state that informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eADM statement request\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e availability statement has been added to the manuscript indicating that data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnnie Sareen: A.S. conceptualized , and conducted the literature review. A.S. was responsible for data collection, data coding, and statistical analysis. A.S. also interpreted the results and drafted the original manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Prachi Bisht: P.B. provided overall supervision and guidance throughout the research process. P.B. contributed to the refinement of the research design, validated the analytical approach, and provided critical revisions to improve the intellectual content of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors expresses gratitude to all participants who contributed to this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmerican Psychiatric Association (2000) \u003cem\u003eDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u003c/em\u003e (4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e ed., Text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBar-On R (2006) The Bar-On model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI).\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ePsicothema\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e:13\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBernstein D P and Fink L (1998) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBurns E E, Jackson J L and Harding H G (2010) Child maltreatment, emotion regulation, and posttraumatic stress: The impact of emotional abuse. \u003cem\u003eJ Aggress Maltreat Trauma\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e: 801\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCook A, Spinazzola J, Ford J, Lanktree C, Blaustein M and Cloitre M (2005) Complex trauma in children and adolescents.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ePsychiatr Ann\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e:390\u0026ndash;98.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChadha N K and Ganesan U (2009) \u003cem\u003eManual for Social Intelligence Scale\u003c/em\u003e. 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Pp. 1-416. Oxford University Press Inc, New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHeleniak C, Jenness J L, Vander Stoep A, McCauley E and McLaughlin K A (2016) Childhood maltreatment exposure and disruptions in emotion regulation: A transdiagnostic pathway to adolescent internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. \u003cem\u003eCognit Ther Res\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e40\u003c/strong\u003e: 394\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHuda M and Salem S (2022) Maintaining Quality Family Time for Children\u0026rsquo;s Social Intelligence: Public Educators\u0026rsquo; Beliefs and Practices in the Pandemic Age. 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Geneva: World Health Organization\u003c/em\u003e. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/65900.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZamani A, Motalebi S A and Soleimani S (2019) The relationship between social intelligence and academic achievement in elementary school students.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eJ Educ Learn\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e:35\u0026ndash;42. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the impact of childhood trauma on social intelligence in undergraduate students. Childhood trauma, which includes emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, has been found as an enormous impact on an individual's psychological and social development. The current study included 620 undergraduate students (310 males and 310 females) aged 20\u0026ndash;22 years from six institutions in the Malwa district of Punjab. Data were collected using standardised instruments, specifically the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Bernstein and Fink \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) and Social Intelligence Scale (Chadha and Ganesan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between childhood trauma and several dimensions of social intelligence, such as patience, cooperation, confidence, sensitivity, social environment recognition, tactfulness, sense of humour, and memory. The findings showed that childhood trauma had a considerable impact on various aspects of social intelligence, with notable gender variations. Female respondents reported a higher negative impact of trauma on aspects such as patience, sensitivity, tactfulness, and overall social intelligence, whereas male respondents showed fewer significant effects. Certain types of trauma, including physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect, have been shown to significantly predict lower social intelligence levels in females. Overall, the study emphasises the long-term effects of negative childhood experiences on interpersonal functioning and the necessity of early intervention and support structures in promoting healthy social development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Impact of Childhood Trauma on Social Intelligence among undergraduate students","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-05-18 15:39:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9311218/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90199505001693856966521967321238967605","date":"2026-05-20T06:52:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-18T13:50:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164548047234069965400596027861103392314","date":"2026-05-13T17:43:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"106291263318809912171666317493725353664","date":"2026-05-12T16:09:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-05-07T10:23:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-07T10:01:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-29T08:04:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-28T14:21:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2026-04-28T12:22:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3f944591-79d6-41ac-831b-53167479dc94","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 18th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90199505001693856966521967321238967605","date":"2026-05-20T06:52:07+00:00","index":73,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-18T13:50:04+00:00","index":72,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164548047234069965400596027861103392314","date":"2026-05-13T17:43:05+00:00","index":71,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"106291263318809912171666317493725353664","date":"2026-05-12T16:09:41+00:00","index":70,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"44","date":"2026-05-07T10:23:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-05-07T10:01:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-18T15:39:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-05-18 15:39:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9311218","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9311218","identity":"rs-9311218","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}