Foliar Application of Commercial Amino Acids Biostimulants on Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Potato Tuber

Foliar Application of Commercial Amino Acids Biostimulants on Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Potato Tuber | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Foliar Application of Commercial Amino Acids Biostimulants on Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Potato Tuber VIMAL KUMAR, Priyankar Raha, Chandrabhan Patel, D. K. Verma, A. K. Singh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The field experiments were conducted in the middle Gangetic plain sub-tropical region of India. The objective of the research was to assess the nutrient uptake and quality of potato tubers under various irrigation schedules and commercial amino acid biostimulant (AAB) treatments. The field trial used a split-plot design incorporating three irrigation schedules at key crop growth stages: three irrigation stages (I 1 ; 3 irrigations), four stages (I 2 ; 4 irrigations), and five stages (I 3 ; 5 irrigations), along with four different sources of AAB: A 0 (control), A 1 (Siapton 10L), A 2 (Amino acid liquid), and A 3 (Amino Plus), combined with the recommended dose of fertilizers. The quality and nutrient uptake of the tubers were significantly enhanced by spraying all the sources of AAB. The plant-based biostimulant (A 2 ) led to the greatest increase in total soluble solids (TSS, 18.12 to 28.20%), starch (21.36 to 23.93%), and protein content (2.11 to 2.76%), followed by the mixture amino acid biostimulants (A 3 ), and the lowest response was observed with the animal-based biostimulants (A 1 ). The maximum nutrient uptake was observed with the A 2 treatment, with nitrogen uptake ranging from 65.74 to 152.26 kg ha − 1 , 120.12 to 163.23 kg ha − 1 , and 74.90 to 79.69 kg ha − 1 at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, respectively, followed by A 3 and A 1 . Maximum phosphorus uptake by A 2 ranged from 32.54 to 107.50 kg ha − 1 , 47.73 to 70.57 kg ha − 1 , and 56.78 to 47.73 kg ha − 1 at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, respectively, followed by A 3 and A 1 . The same trend was observed for potassium uptake. Regarding the irrigation schedule, all treatments showed significant effects, with the maximum tuber yield (230.5 and 226.1 q ha − 1 during the first and second years, respectively) recorded with the I 2 irrigation (4 irrigation stages), followed by I 3 (5 irrigations) and I 1 (3 irrigations). The greatest potato yield (239.0 and 234.2 q ha − 1 during the first and second years, respectively) was observed with A 2 . Significant interaction effects between different irrigation schedules and AAB treatments were found, with the highest interaction effect on tuber yield (255.0 and 241.3 q ha − 1 during the first and second years, respectively) recorded with the I 2 A 2 combination, followed by other treatment combinations. The impact of the irrigation schedule on nutrient uptake and tuber quality was found to be insignificant. These findings suggest that foliar application of AAB can improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) by facilitating easier nutrient absorption and enhancing potato tuber quality. Irrigation scheduling Amino acids biostimulants Nutrient uptake and Potato tuber quality Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Highlights Nutrient uptake patterns at various physiological growth stages of potato, under the application of irrigation schedules and AAB, showed a better response in nutrient uptake from plant-based AAB. The post-harvest quality of potato tubers under different irrigation schedules and AAB revealed that plant-based AAB produced superior quality compared to other treatments. Potato yield and benefit-cost ratio under different irrigation schedules and AAB showed a superior response under the four irrigation schedules and plant-based AAB. 1 Introduction The global population continues to increase, and agriculture faces several burdens and challenges in food production. The rising population puts greater strain on agriculture to fulfil food needs. Major challenges include limited land, climate change, water shortages, soil degradation, and the spread of pests and diseases. Furthermore, issues with food distribution and waste worsen the situation. Although technological innovations hold promise, their widespread implementation is still challenging. Adopting sustainable practices and fostering global cooperation are essential for securing future food supplies. Potato is the leading starchy tuber crop belonging to the Solanaceae family and a crucial staple crop cultivated globally [ 1 ]. Its characteristics include high yield, affordability, and nutritional value, making it a widely consumed food, though it often requires large applications of chemical fertilizers. To mitigate the adverse effects of such practices, the application of biostimulants has become an ideal technology. This is particularly beneficial for potato crops, which are highly sensitive to nutrient stresses due to their shallow and sparse root systems. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for potato production, and AAB is applied to enhance nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), particularly nitrogen [ 2 , 3 ], by facilitating easier absorption of nutrients and enhancing the activity of certain enzyme systems in plants. This leads to better crop quality, growth, and yield. Agricultural practices often intensify through the use of increased fertilizers, irrigation, pesticide applications, and mechanization. The worldwide use of chemical/synthetic fertilizers has created environmental pollution and soil health problems. This can lead to environmental degradation, water depletion, and pollution if not managed sustainably. Excessive fertilizers can runoff into water bodies, leading to pollution and damaging aquatic ecosystems. Without sustainable management, this practice can cause water shortages, soil erosion, and extensive environmental harm, jeopardizing both ecosystems and food security. Implementing sustainable farming practices is essential to reduce these risks. Nevertheless, due to their harmful effects, the increasing concentration of chemicals poses a significant risk to the environment. In response to this concern, recent times have seen an increasing demand for sustainable solutions. The emphasis has now shifted towards creating economical and environmentally sustainable organic/natural products, commonly known as biostimulants. These products are among the most notable sustainable solutions from natural sources, with the potential to replace traditional agricultural systems. Biostimulants present an opportunity to reduce the chemical footprint of agriculture due to their various beneficial effects, which contribute to more sustainable crop production [ 4 ]. Given the significant benefits of bioconversion technology, the focus is now on combining and summarizing the components of biostimulants in bioconversion compost. The future value of bioconversion technology in agriculture lies in its potential to enhance sustainability and efficiency, targeting an increase in the global market through the production of healthier, fresher yields. Using biological processes to convert organic waste into useful products, bioconversion can reduce waste, lower environmental impact, and improve soil health. This technology has the potential to produce healthier, fresher yields while minimizing the need for synthetic chemicals and fertilizers. As a result, it could drive growth in the global agricultural market by offering more sustainable farming practices, increasing productivity, and meeting the demand for eco-friendly, high-quality food. Food industry and distribution companies are also playing a crucial role [ 5 – 7 ]. In 2018, the global biostimulants market was valued at $ 2.19 billion, with an expected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.5% between 2019 and 2024 [ 8 ]. Biostimulants contribute to crops by enhancing their visual quality and stimulating growth [ 9 ] as well as boosting plants' immune systems. They aid in the biosynthesis of plant self-protective biomolecules and the elimination of heavy metals from polluted soil, enhancing crop performance, reducing leaching, and increasing nutrient uptake, all while reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers and improving nutrient-use efficiency. Plants use amino acids biostimulants (AAB) for the uptake of amino acids (AA), nitrogen (N), and ammonium systems for nitrate, which are found in most plant roots, including those of crops [ 10 , 11 ]. They have internal pools for nitrate assimilation, converting nitrite to ammonium and AA. This process could provide insight into the regulated uptake of nitrate and assimilation [ 12 ]. The enzyme activity involved in the NO 3 – reduction process, along with the content of NO 2 – and NO 3 – , was analyzed in both shoots and roots. The NO 3 – content increased slightly [ 13 ] in leafy radish shoots and roots by mixed AA treatments. Various structural applications and non-protein AA (either as a mixture or individually), such as glutamate, glycine, betaine, proline, and histidine, can protect plants from stresses and play active roles in signaling metabolic processes [ 14 – 16 ]. Under stress conditions, applying proline as a foliar spray has shown significant impacts on AA in wheat crops [ 17 ] and salinity stress in broad beans [ 18 ]. Thus, experiments on the impact of foliar sprays of protein hydrolysates from plant-source AA, animal-based AA, and MAA formulations on potato, particularly in relation to nutrient absorption by plants and tuber quantity, are essential. To improve nutrient-use efficiency and potato quality in the Gangetic plains, especially in the inceptisols of Varanasi, AAB can be applied under different irrigation schedules. Keeping these facts in view, the research objective focuses on the application of irrigation scheduling on main plots and sub-plots spray of different sources of biostimulants on nutrient uptake and quality of tuber. 2 Materials and Method 2.1 Field experiment and treatment Research experiment of field trail at the Agricultural Research Farm, IAS, BHU, Varanasi (25 0 15ʹ53ʹʹ North and 82 0 59ʹ27ʹʹ East, 80.71 meters MSL), India. The design of experiment as a split-plot design for two successive years in 2014-15 and 2015-16 of winter crop ( rabi season). The experiment was conducted using three different irrigation schedules (Table 1 ): I 1 , I 2 , and I 3 , which were assigned to the main plots, and four AAB formulations (Table 1 ): A 0 , A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 , which were applied to the sub-plots, with three replications. The crop was irrigated using groundwater conveyed through High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes to the field experiment plot. A total of 250,000 Liters of water per hectare was applied per irrigation cycle using a Ridge-Furrow system. Table 1 Treatment Application Details for Irrigation Schedule and AAB on Various Application Days S. No. Treatment detailed of application Days of application 1 2 3 4 5 Main plot: 3 Irrigation schedule 1. I 1 1st - 2nd - 3rd 2. I 2 1st - 2nd 3rd 4th 3. I 3 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Sub-plot: 4 AAB Spray 1 A0 - - - - - 2 A1 1st - 2nd 3rd - 3 A2 1st - 2nd 3rd - 4 A3 1st - 2nd 3rd - Irrigation stages were based on the different physiological growth periods of the crop at I 1 (3 irrigation) I st Sprouting stage (10 DAS, Days After Sowing), 2nd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS) and 3rd bulking stage (85 DAS). I 2 (4 irrigation) I st Sprouting stage (10 DAS), 2nd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS), 3rd tuber elongation stage (60 DAS) and 4th bulking stage (85 DAS). I 3 (5 irrigation) I st Sprouting stage (10 DAS), 2nd vegetation growth (20 DAS), 3rd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS), 4th tuber elongation stage (60 DAS) and 5th bulking stage (85 DAS). The RDF was 150:100:120 N: P (P 2 O 5 ): K (K 2 O) kg ha − 1 for the use of potato research trial. Applied as the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as a basal dose: di-ammonium phosphate (18% N and 46% P 2 O 5 ) for phosphorus, and potash chloride (60% K) for potassium. Nitrogen fertilizers (urea or DAP) were applied in split doses: half at the basal stage and the remaining half in two split applications during the vegetative stage and at tuber initiation. 2.2 Amino acids biostimulants (AAB) Four different formulations of commercial AAB were used in the field experiment: animal-based, plant protein hydrolysates and MAA. The source of AAB is described in (Table 2 ) along with the application schedule of AAB at three physiological growth stages: (I) five- leaves stage, (II) tubers initiation stage, and (III) fifteen days after the second stage of application. All biostimulants were in liquid form and were applied using a sprayer after mixing or diluted with water (Dose: 250 mL of biostimulants formulation per100 L of water per hectare). Table 2 Sources of amino acids biostimulants (AAB) formulation Treatment AAB (Liquid formulation) Origin Sources of formulation A 0 Control Distilled and sterilized water Laboratory Banaras Hindu University A 1 Siapton 10L (Protein hydrolysate) Animal (Epithelial tissue) Isagro (Asia) Agrochemicals Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India A 2 Amino acid (AA) liquid (Protein hydrolysate) Plant (Soybean seed) Century Agro Chemicals, Pune, Maharashtra, India A 3 Amino Plus (Mixture of AA) 21 Free AA (AA mixture) Oasis Agro Industries, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India 2.3 Origine, Component and Effect of AAB The sources of amino acids (AA) from protein hydrolysates are prepared by animal connective tissues or plant residues through enzymatic hydrolysis or chemically synthesis. Plant biostimulants, a significant category of protein hydrolysates, consist of mixtures of oligopeptides, AA and polypeptides. [ 19 – 21 ]. Protein-based biostimulants are classified into two categories: protein hydrolysates, which are composed of a blend of peptides and AA of either plant or animal origin. Commercial AA products [ 22 , 23 ] typically include glutamine, leucine, proline, alanine, glycine, arginine and valine. The application of these AA-based products, even in small amounts, typically enhances plant metabolism. These products directly affect plants by nitrogen metabolism (Fig. 1 ), stimulating carbon processes, and influencing hormonal effects [ 24 ]. Additionally, they exhibit bioprotective effects, enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses [ 25 – 27 ]. The diverse molecular structures and compositions of commercially available biostimulants make it challenging to clarify their underlying mechanisms [ 28 ]. However, these biostimulants are known to directly impact the plants nitrogen balance and indirectly enhance various physiological and biochemical processes such as; (a) Positive action on certain enzyme systems (e.g., nitrate reductase—glutamine and glutamate, GDH-NAD dependent; malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphorylase, phosphatase); (b) Strong effects on biotic and abiotic stress (Fig. 1 ) responses [ 29 – 32 ], due to the same enzyme systems which increase antioxidant capacity and hydroxyproline levels; (c) Positive impact on endogenous and exogenous plant growth regulators, as well as on flower fertility and fruiting [ 33 ]; (d) Indirect biostimulants mechanism, including the chelation and complex formation with major nutrients and micronutrients. These biostimulants have been shown to improve crop establishment, enhance plant chlorophyll concentration, promote root elongation, increase nutrient uptake efficacy [ 34 , 35 ] enhance cation exchange, aid in heavy metals detoxification, reduce leaching, and influence processes governing stomatal conductance and the transpiration. Furthermore, they enhance plant immune responses to stressors. 2.4 Climatic conditions The meteorological data was obtained from the meteorological observatory at the Institute of Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The agricultural farm is located in a semi-arid to sub-humid climate with a moisture deficit index ranging from 20–40%. The annual precipitation is 1100 mm, and the precipitation during the cultivation period (November to March) was 69.8 mm in the first trial (2014-15) and 46.3 mm in the second trial (2015-16) Table 3 . The relative humidity (RH) during the cultivation period ranged from 96–36% in the first trial and 94% o 26% in the second trial. The minimum and maximum average temperatures during the cultivation period were 6.2°C to 34.1°C in the first trial (2014-15) and 7.2°C to 35.5°C in the second trial (2015-16). The temperature begins to rise from March onward, often exceeding 35°C in the last month of the cultivation period during both experiments. During these extremely hot months, desiccating winds blow from west to east, and dust storms frequently occur. Table 3 Meteorological data of Varanasi during the cultivation period (November to March, 2014-15 and 2015-16) of potato crop 2014-15 2015-16 Week No. Month Ran. (mm) Tem. ( 0 C) R.H. (%) W. S. Sun. (hour) Eva. (mm) Week No. Month Ran. (mm) Tem. ( 0 C) R.H. (%) W. S. Sun. (hour) Eva. (mm) Max. Min. Morn. Even (km hr − 1 ) Max. Min. Morn. Even. (km hr − 1 ) 45 Nov 5–11 0 31.4 16.3 86 39 1.3 7.2 2.3 45 Nov 5–11 0 30.6 18.6 89 49 0.8 5.7 2.6 46 12–18 0 27.5 13.6 83 37 1.9 5.4 2.0 46 12–18 0 30.4 16.6 89 40 1.8 7.6 2.5 47 19–25 0 26.9 11.0 89 36 1.3 7.2 1.7 47 19–25 0 28.7 16.2 90 49 0.7 4.4 1.4 48 26 − 02 0 27.8 11.9 84 49 1.0 7.3 1.9 48 26 − 02 0 28.4 17.2 86 53 1.1 4.3 2.1 49 Dec 3–9 0 24.5 9.4 85 45 2.5 5.5 1.7 49 Dec 3–9 0.8 24.6 14.8 93 62 1 2.2 1.4 50 10–16 2.8 21.2 11.5 89 58 2.0 3.0 1.6 50 10–16 0 22.7 11.4 92 56 2.6 3.7 1.5 51 17–23 0 19.3 8.1 94 54 2.0 3.7 0.9 51 17–23 0 22.0 8.2 91 43 1.5 3.8 1.4 52 24–31 0 17.9 6.2 93 65 1.4 2.9 0.9 52 24–31 0 22.8 8.0 82 37 2.5 5.4 1.6 1 Jan 1–7 33.1 20.0 13.3 96 74 3.7 2.8 0.8 1 Jan 1–7 0 24.3 9.6 94 47 4.2 2.5 1.2 2 8–14 0 14.6 8.3 90 77 3.1 1.8 0.8 2 8–14 0 25.0 10.7 85 45 1.9 5.9 1.7 3 15–21 0 14.5 7.8 91 74 2.4 1.0 0.5 3 15–21 7.7 19.0 11.0 94 69 1.9 0.6 0.9 4 22–28 10.6 19.9 11.8 94 69 2.0 3.5 0.7 4 22–28 0 21.7 7.2 85 43 2 5.2 1.6 5 29 − 04 3.5 22.1 10.2 86 63 2.3 5.2 1.2 5 29 − 04 0 24.7 11.9 79 50 2 6.5 2.1 6 Feb 5–11 0 22.5 11.0 88 56 2.3 6.6 1.8 6 Feb 5–11 0 24.5 9.6 83 52 2.3 6.3 2.2 7 12–18 0 25.6 13.1 84 52 2.2 6.9 2.2 7 12–18 2.4 27.1 13.5 85 57 1.7 6.3 2.2 8 19–25 0 29.3 14.9 87 48 1.9 7.2 2.7 8 19–25 0 28.6 14.9 77 44 4 8.5 3.6 9 26 − 04 11.8 25.6 17.4 89 62 3.2 3.1 2.5 9 26 − 03 0 29.9 16.2 85 51 1.4 6.4 2.7 10 Marc 5–11 0 28.0 13.9 80 38 3.6 9.5 3.2 10 Marc 4–10 19.2 30.9 17.9 77 46 2.4 7.6 3.3 11 12–18 8.0 28.1 16.3 79 49 3.7 6.9 3.4 11 11–17 16.2 28.9 16.6 73 51 3.5 6.4 3.6 12 19–25 0 32.2 16.7 69 38 3.7 9.8 4.6 12 18–24 0 33.6 17.3 61 26 3.8 9.6 4.6 13 26 − 01 0 34.1 20.9 74 40 2.4 6.9 3.7 13 25–31 0 35.5 18.4 58 34 2 9.0 4.6 2.5 Plant sampling and analysis Plant samples were collected for nutrient content analysis of N, P, and K at different growth and development stages of the potato crop. The samples were taken during the tuber initiation stage (30 DAS), tuber elongation stage (60 DAS), and tuber bulking stage (90 DAS). After collection, the plant samples were air-dried at room temperature and then oven-dried at 65°C in a hot air oven. The dried samples were ground using a Willey mill and preserved in desiccators for analysis of nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Nitrogen content was determined following the method of [ 36 ] using Nessler’s reagent, and the intensity of the orange colour was measured by a spectrophotometer (Labtronics - LT-39) at a wavelength of 425 nm wavelengths and potassium content in the digested and diluted solution was directly measured using a microprocessor-based flame photometer (Systronic-130). The N, P, and K nutrient uptake were calculated using the following method: Apparent Nutrient Recovery (ANuR) of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as described by [ 37 , 38 ], was calculated due to the application of AAB. 2.6 Tuber quality analysis The quality indicators of fresh potato tubers were promptly analyzed after harvesting. The TSS and starch content in fresh potato tubers were measured by spectrophotometry (Labtronics- LT 39) at a wavelength of 630 nm using the anthrone reagent method [ 39 ]. The protein content was determined by spectrophotometry (Labtronics- LT 39) at an optical density of 660 nm [ 40 ] using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The biochemical parameters for assessing tuber quality were measured relative to their fresh weight. 2.7 Soil analysis Soil samples were collected from field experiments before sowing and after harvesting, and were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics over two consecutive years. Soil pH was determined using a glass electrode digital pH meter [ 41 ], electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using an electrical conductivity meter [41), organic carbon content was determined by the method of [ 42 ] and [ 41 ], available nitrogen was measured using the method of [ 43 ], phosphorus was determined by the method of [ 44 ], potassium content was measured according to [ 45 ] and sulphur content was determined by the method of [ 46 ]. 2.8 Statistical analysis All the data from the field and laboratory were statistically analyzed by applying a split-plot design. Statistical analysis and interpretation were performed by calculating the value of SEm (±) and Critical difference (CD) at 5% level of significance using GenStat, Version 16.0. 3 Results and discussion 3.1 Nitrogen uptake by foliage The nitrogen uptake by the potato crop was not significantly (NS) influenced by different irrigation levels (Table 4 ). The effect of irrigation on N-uptake was insignificant, likely due to the northeast monsoon during the growing season (December, January and February) of the crop in both field experiments. The highest nitrogen uptake was observed at 60 DAS due to the application of irrigation water in both years. The impact of foliar spray with different sources of AAB at the growth stages (30, 60, and 90 DAS) on nitrogen uptake was significantly influenced (Table 4 ) in potato crops. The uptake of nitrogen by the foliage (Fig. 2 a and 2 b) was found to be highest with the spraying of A 2 (plant source) AAB at 60 DAS, with 120.12 kg ha − 1 in the first year and 163.23 kg ha − 1 in the subsequent year. The percentage enhancement in nitrogen uptake by the foliage (Fig. 2 c and 2 d) due to the application of different AAB sources ranged as follows: A 1 (21.18–57.47%), A 2 (61.36-117.26%), and A 3 (25.45–66.96%) in the first year, and A 1 (27.94–62.73%), A 2 (66.01-127.31%), and A 3 (31.19–62.37%) in the second year of the field experiment. A dramatic increase in nitrogen uptake compared to the control was observed in different growth stages, with the maximum enhancement occurring at 90 DAS in both years, particularly with the A 2 source. The sequence of increasing nitrogen uptake due to AAB spraying was A 2 > A 3 > A 1 . The interaction effects between different irrigation levels and AAB sources under recommended doses of fertilizers (N, P, K) were found to be non-significant at all stages in both years of the experiment. Thus, nitrogen uptake by the crop varied due to ambient climatic conditions during the cultivation period. The application of biostimulants enhances the photosynthetic process, increases total nitrogen and nitrate levels, and improves nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiency [ 47 ]. Biostimulants are known for their ability to increase productivity, boost plant metabolism, and improve resilience to adverse environmental conditions [ 48 ]. AA absorption can be facilitated through both plant roots and foliar uptake [ 49 , 50 ]. A wide range of absorption and transport characteristics for AA have been identified across various plant species, with a focus on carrier systems [ 51 , 52 ]. AA can potentially reduce nitrate uptake and nitrate content while decreasing nitrate reductase (NR) activity in plants. The nitrate assimilation rate, including glutamine and glutamate synthesis, is regulated by the uptake rate of nitrate-by-nitrate transporters, carbon skeleton availability, and nitrogenous accumulation end products, which are influenced by light and photosynthesis rates [ 53 ]. Phytohormones, such as cytokinin, salicylic acid, gibberellin, auxin, and ethylene, which regulate plant growth and phenological stages, are also synthesized by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). The impact of various volatile organic compounds released by PGPB on plant physiology and genetics is comparable to the effects of bacterial phytohormones [ 54 ]. Biostimulants affect plants by directly stimulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism and modifying hormonal regulation. They also have an indirect effect: vegetable-protein hydrolysates enhance nutrient availability in growth substrates, thereby improving nutrient uptake and efficiency [ 55 , 56 ]. The molecular mechanisms by which AA from biostimulants affect nitrate reductase gene expression have been explored. It was observed that exogenously applied amides and AA could reduce nitrate absorption in wheat [ 57 ], maize [ 58 ], and barley [ 59 ]. AA reduced nitrate content while enhancing total nitrogen content in leafy and other crops such as pak choi, lettuce, onion, radish, and Chinese cabbage [ 60 , 61 ]. Thus, the positive impact of protein hydrolysates containing AA and peptides (either plant or animal origin) and mixed AA on nitrogen uptake and assimilation is likely due to their influence on nitrate uptake and assimilation, along with their role as reduced nitrogen sources in biostimulants. Table 4 Effect of irrigation and AAB on nitrogen uptake/absorption (kg ha − 1 ) in potato foliage Treatments Experiment-1 Experiment-2 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS Irrigation I 1 48.19 88.82 60.18 117.81 123.81 53.82 I 2 47.96 90.83 58.19 114.17 125.55 54.17 I 3 59.08 104.46 58.16 129.26 129.47 53.24 SEm ± 5.00 9.26 11.56 1.79 9.28 7.99 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS AAB A 0 40.74 66.30 36.68 91.72 90.12 32.95 A 1 49.37 89.61 57.76 117.35 127.59 53.62 A 2 65.74 120.12 79.69 152.26 163.23 74.90 A 3 51.11 102.79 61.24 120.33 124.17 53.50 SEm ± 2.07 6.25 6.13 2.78 4.41 4.40 CD (P = 0.05) 6.14 18.56 18.20 10.90 13.10 13.06 Interaction I 1 A 0 36.48 58.69 47.31 30.150 89.46 34.39 I 1 A 1 44.11 85.10 51.51 38.14 129.40 47.56 I 1 A 2 63.40 117.77 81.01 50.38 154.44 77.40 I 1 A 3 48.76 93.70 60.88 38.40 121.95 55.92 I 2 A 0 39.13 58.91 32.03 30.05 91.64 32.91 I 2 A 1 44.07 87.74 60.69 38.12 122.88 56.25 I 2 A 2 62.33 113.89 78.31 46.05 168.46 73.23 I 2 A 3 46.30 102.78 61.75 38.01 119.24 54.30 I 3 A 0 46.63 81.29 30.70 31.52 89.27 31.54 I 3 A 1 59.92 95.99 61.09 41.09 130.49 57.05 I 3 A 2 71.50 128.69 79.76 55.83 166.78 74.08 I 3 A 3 58.26 111.88 61.10 43.92 131.33 50.28 SEm ± 3.58 10.82 10.61 3.10 7.63 7.62 CD P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS AA also manages nitrate absorption and nitrate concentration in plants. Nitrate is transported from the roots through the xylem, and then the mesophyll cells take it up via a symporter of nitrate-proton into the cytoplasm. Nitrite is reduced by nitrate reductase, ammonium is reduced by nitrite reductase in the chloroplast, and ammonium is subsequently integrated into AA [ 62 – 64 ]. The assimilation of nitrate begins through the enzymatic activities of NR, NiR, and GS. The uptake systems for AA, nitrate, and ammonium are present in the roots of plants [ 11 ]. AA, proteins, and nucleic acids are essential components required for nitrogen. To balance the distribution of K/NO 3 – between organs, plants can detect soil levels of these ions and regulate their uptake and root-to-shoot transport accordingly [ 65 ]. This suggests that the uptake and assimilation of NO 3 – is regulated by MAA application in crops. The use of MAA could directly increase the activity of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase enzymes in the NO 3 – assimilation pathway, resulting in improved NO 3 – uptake by crops. Biostimulants, as different sources of AA, increase the efficiency of nitrogen use by crops, reducing fertilizer doses, decreasing nitrate pollution, and enhancing the yield and protein concentration in a variety of crops. 3.2 Phosphorus uptake by foliage The effect of the irrigation schedule on phosphorus uptake by potato crops was observed, and it was found that different irrigation levels did not significantly (NS) influence phosphorus uptake. The occurrence of the northeast monsoon, with regular intervals during the growing season (December, January, and February) of the crops in both field experiments, is likely the cause of the insignificant effect of different irrigation levels. Phosphorus uptake was highest at 60 days after sowing (DAS) in the first year and at 30 DAS in the second year, likely due to the application of irrigation water. Without adequate phosphorus, plants are unable to transform solar energy into the chemical energy required for synthesizing proteins, sugars, and starches. Phosphorus uptake by potatoes was influenced by different sources of amino acids (AA), such as animal, plant, and mixed sources, as depicted in (Fig. 3 a and 3 b). Phosphorus movement in mineral soils is slow and tends to accumulate over time when the phosphorus supplied through fertilizers exceeds plant uptake and organic matter exceeds the amount removed in the harvested portions of the crop. Since phosphorus is not very mobile in soil, ensuring that plant roots have a nearby and adequate supply of phosphorus is essential. The application of AAB significantly enhanced phosphorus uptake by the potato crop. The maximum phosphorus uptake (Table 5 ) by foliage, compared to the control, was recorded with the application of A 2 and AAB, followed by A 3 and A 1 , AAB. [ 66 ] noted similar findings regarding N, P, and K contents in maize grains treated with AA (animal-based) biostimulants. The percent enhancement of phosphorus uptake by foliage, compared to the control, with the application of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and AAB was as follows: 28.40–64.34%, 70.72–189.25%, and 33.89–88.49%, respectively, in the first year; and 25.82–62.34%, 72.61–144.39%, and 28.71–73.73%, respectively, in the second year. The AAB effect on phosphorus uptake was most pronounced with the spraying of A 2 in both seasons of the rabi crop. The order of increasing impact of AAB on phosphorus uptake in potato foliage, compared to the control, was found to be A 2 > A 3 > A 1 . The combined effect of PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and humic acids (sources of biostimulants) on tomato plants has been shown to enhance phosphate solubilization and mineralization of soil minerals [ 67 ]. AA acts as growth promoters for roots, enhancing root proliferation and development, which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption, including phosphorus. AA can also positively influence the soil microbial community, leading to increased microbial activity, including phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) that dissolve and mineralize insoluble phosphorus forms in soil [ 68 ]. Soil microorganisms secrete organic acids under the regulation of acidolytic-related enzymes, which chelate metal ions (Ca 2+ , Al 3+ , Fe 3+ ) in the soil, releasing PO 4 3− . Enzymatic degradation in soils with inorganic phosphorus, where enzymes related to enzymolysis enhance the production of additional enzymes, breaks down organic phosphorus, releasing inorganic phosphorus in the soil and improving phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere. Biostimulants, in particular, have been shown to increase the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria [ 69 ]. Although significant effects on phosphorus uptake by crops were observed with the application of AAB, the interaction between various irrigation levels and different sources of AAB application was non-significant at all growth stages during both years of the experiment. The application of protein hydrolysates, as foliar biostimulants, increases phosphorus nutrient uptake in sweet potatoes [ 70 ]. Protein hydrolysates/MAA have been shown to stimulate nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and potassium metabolism and assimilation. [ 24 ] summarized in the literature that the application of protein hydrolysates (animal-based) enhances the activity of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase, and malate dehydrogenase in crops. All metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, respiration, photosynthesis, cell division, and elongation, depend on the action of coenzymes like NAD and NADP, which are phosphorus-dependent [ 71 ]. Table 5 Effect of irrigation and AAB on phosphorus uptake/absorption (kg ha − 1 ) of potato foliage Treatments Experiment-1 Experiment-2 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS Irrigation I 1 22.34 52.10 36.58 76.67 49.9 28.69 I 2 24.12 50.18 39.97 77.39 51.23 35.70 I 3 29.75 54.80 32.71 92.17 51.72 34.40 SEm ± 2.92 3.49 5.61 0.86 2.31 6.28 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS AAB A 0 19.06 35.57 19.63 62.28 30.48 19.53 A 1 24.49 50.89 32.26 78.36 49.45 30.54 A 2 32.54 70.57 56.78 107.50 72.05 47.73 A 3 25.52 52.41 37.00 80.16 51.82 33.93 SEm ± 1.15 2.09 3.03 1.67 1.95 2.84 CD (P = 0.05) 3.41 6.20 9.01 6.55 5.80 8.44 Interaction I 1 A 0 15.22 36.32 20.13 20.34 29.81 16.85 I 1 A 1 21.91 55.01 33.81 24.98 56.67 24.53 I 1 A 2 29.76 65.18 58.68 32.08 67.28 42.13 I 1 A 3 22.46 51.87 33.70 24.83 45.85 31.27 I 2 A 0 19.90 33.58 20.83 19.64 31.31 23.53 I 2 A 1 23.60 48.05 32.60 23.93 45.12 34.85 I 2 A 2 28.74 69.28 61.24 34.99 76.21 46.14 I 2 A 3 24.25 49.83 45.18 24.62 52.26 38.28 I 3 A 0 22.06 36.80 17.94 22.30 30.34 18.21 I 3 A 1 27.97 49.61 30.36 29.44 46.55 32.25 I 3 A 2 39.12 77.25 50.42 40.43 72.67 54.91 I 3 A 3 29.85 55.53 32.12 30.72 57.34 32.23 SEm ± 1.99 3.61 5.25 1.48 3.38 4.92 CD P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 3.3 Potassium uptake by foliage The potassium uptake by the potato crop was insignificantly influenced by different irrigation schedules. The potassium uptake was not affected under lower irrigation levels, as sufficient soil moisture was maintained by rainwater from the northeast monsoon during the growing season (December, November, and January) in both years of the experiment. An assessment of AAB spraying, irrespective of the sources, significantly influenced the potassium (K) uptake by the crop under RDF (N, P, and K) conditions (Table 6 ). The maximum K uptake by the crop ranged from 109.79 to 292.84 kg ha − 1 during the first year and from 192.07 to 365.31 kg ha − 1 during the second year, with the application of plant-based (A 2 ) AAB in the first year (Fig. 4 a and 4 b). This was followed by A 3 , which resulted in 92.70 to 248.60 kg ha − 1 in the first year and 155.24 to 294.03 kg ha − 1 in the second year, and A 1 , which resulted in 91.57 to 243.54 kg ha − 1 in the first year and 143.24 to 298.97 kg ha − 1 in the second year, as recorded during the field experiment. The range of percent improvement in K uptake by the potato crop, compared to the control, with the application of A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 in the first year were 17.85–52.67%, 41.30–110.50%, and 19.31–69.25%, respectively. In the second year, the percent improvements were 21.08–33.40%, 38.04–78.87%, and 19.08–44.57%, respectively (Fig. 4 c and 4 d). The interaction effects on K uptake by the crop were found to be non-significant (NS), irrespective of irrigation levels and AAB sources. The application of biostimulants has been shown to increase potassium content in tubers compared to untreated control plants [ 72 , 73 ]. Potassium is essential for potato tubers, as it is involved in various physiological processes such as water uptake, osmoregulation, and enzyme activation. Biostimulants promote the production of compounds that stimulate metabolic pathways involved in enhancing chlorophyll content, increasing root development, and improving root activity [ 74 , 75 ]. These mechanisms increase the surface area for nutrient absorption, including potassium, and lead to greater uptake from the soil. Biostimulants also help plants cope with various stresses, such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. When plants are under stress, their ability to take up and utilize nutrients like potassium may be compromised. By alleviating stress, biostimulants indirectly enhance potassium uptake. Furthermore, biostimulants contain beneficial substances that promote the growth of soil microbes, improving soil structure, increasing nutrient availability, and enhancing nutrient cycling, including potassium. This gives plants better access to potassium in the soil. Biostimulants are considered one of the most advanced and promising approaches for enhancing K uptake, improving crop growth, and boosting crop yield [ 76 ]. Table 6 Effect of irrigation and AAB on potassium uptake/absorption (kg ha − 1 ) of potato foliage Treatments Experiment-1 Experiment-2 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS Irrigation I 1 87.85 241.50 138.34 275.93 262.42 147.19 I 2 89.75 239.42 142.85 299.54 241.17 154.63 I 3 101.22 249.16 121.65 328.45 259.38 146.63 SEm ± 7.21 15.12 21.58 2.51 8.95 22.57 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS AAB A 0 77.70 188.45 84.93 246.91 207.32 107.38 A 1 91.57 243.54 129.66 298.97 259.95 143.24 A 2 109.79 292.84 178.78 365.31 286.18 192.07 A 3 92.70 248.60 143.74 294.03 263.86 155.24 SEm ± 2.52 6.13 11.33 7.56 4.97 11.30 CD (P = 0.05) 7.49 18.21 84.93 29.68 14.78 33.57 Interaction I 1 A 0 74.99 177.23 90.56 79.69 203.32 105.80 I 1 A 1 83.10 256.12 127.58 87.58 278.79 133.74 I 1 A 2 101.74 287.96 185.42 105.98 298.25 193.59 I 1 A 3 91.56 244.67 149.78 94.66 269.32 155.63 I 2 A 0 76.37 193.22 93.27 79.04 204.24 105.76 I 2 A 1 90.38 232.81 137.83 105.16 241.47 152.51 I 2 A 2 105.37 294.02 185.18 122.70 277.01 193.73 I 2 A 3 86.89 237.63 155.13 92.48 241.98 166.51 I 3 A 0 81.74 194.9 70.98 88.18 214.39 110.57 I 3 A 1 101.22 241.68 123.56 106.23 271.32 143.48 I 3 A 2 122.26 296.54 165.75 136.63 283.28 188.88 I 3 A 3 99.65 263.51 126.31 106.90 268.54 143.56 SEm ± 4.37 10.62 19.63 4.35 8.62 19.57 CD P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 3.4 Apparent nutrient recovery by crop The apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) was highest (Table 7 ) with the spraying of A 2 at 60 DAS, showing 37.02% in the first year and 47.95% in the second year. The apparent phosphorus recovery (APR) was also highest with the spraying of A 2 at 90 DAS in the first year 83.81% and at 60 DAS in the second year 96.67%. The apparent potassium recovery (AKR) was maximum with the spraying of A 2 at 60 DAS, with values of 104.81% in the first year and 79.18% in the second year, compared to the control for all nutrient recoveries. The overall order of increasing impact on ANR and AKR for crop cultivation due to the application of AAB spraying was A 2 > A 3 > A 1 in both years of the experiment. For APR, the order was A 3 > A 2 > A 1 in the first year and A 2 > A 3 > A 1 in the second year. Table 7 Application effect of AAB on per cent apparent nutrient recovery (ANR, APR, and AKR) of the potato crop Treatments Experiment-1 Experiment-2 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS 30 DAS 60 DAS 90 DAS ANR (%) A 1 5.75 16.12 16.92 5.69 24.98 11.17 A 2 16.66 37.02 30.11 13.45 47.95 25.36 A 3 6.91 24.90 17.81 6.36 21.91 11.45 APR (%) A 1 14.13 35.64 26.77 12.46 44.10 25.61 A 2 32.83 81.41 83.81 35.05 96.67 65.57 A 3 16.52 39.17 37.81 13.86 49.61 33.48 AKR (%) A 1 13.92 55.31 38.21 17.49 56.77 36.01 A 2 32.22 104.81 74.26 39.69 79.18 62.27 A 3 15.06 60.40 52.35 15.84 52.84 36.90 3.5 Yield of tuber The impact of irrigation schedules and AAB spraying on the yield of harvested tubers was significant. The range of tuber yields (Table 8 ) for potato was 20.32–23.06 t ha − 1 during the first year and 18.88–22.62 t ha − 1 during the second year, depending on the irrigation schedule. Stress caused by water shortage or excessive water in the soil negatively affected potato tuber yield [ 90 ]. Spraying with different AAB also significantly improved the fresh tuber yield of potatoes. The yield range observed with AAB spraying was 19.79–23.90 t ha − 1 during the first year and 18.87–23.42 t ha − 1 during the second year. The application of biostimulants led to an average increase of 33.2% in marketable yield [ 91 ]. The biostimulants impact as foliar sprays were significant for growth attributes, yield, and quality parameters of potato [ 79 , 92 ]. This may be attributed to enhanced metabolism of photosynthetic products from source to sink. The interaction between different irrigation schedules and amino acid sources also showed a significant effect on the fresh yield of potato tubers. The highest tuber yield was recorded with the I 2 A 2 treatment, followed by other treatment combinations. Lower yields may have been due to water stress during tuber initiation and bulking stages. The application of biostimulants resulted in a 13.3% increase in potato tuber yield, while commercial yield increased by 21.1% compared to traditional cultivation practices [ 93 ]. Table 8 Effect of irrigation and amino acids based biostimulants on tuber yield and benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio) Treatments Tuber Yield (t ha − 1 ) B: C ratio E-1 E-2 E-1 E-2 Irrigation I 1 20.32 18.88 2.24 1.98 I 2 23.06 22.62 2.55 2.48 I 3 22.06 21.26 2.32 2.20 SEm (±) 0.46 0.31 0.061 0.049 CD (P = 0.05) 18.23 1.21 0.24 0.192 AAB A 0 19.79 18.87 2.13 1.93 A 1 20.59 19.99 2.15 2.06 A 2 23.90 23.42 2.66 2.59 A 3 22.97 21.41 2.53 2.29 SEm (±) 0.92 0.84 0.133 0.131 CD (P = 0.05) 2.74 2.48 0.394 0.388 Interaction I 1 A 0 15.17 12.40 1.57 0.99 I 1 A 1 17.90 17.03 1.81 1.68 I 1 A 2 22.70 22.93 2.57 2.6 I 1 A 3 24.37 23.13 3.01 2.64 I 2 A 0 21.53 21.20 2.36 2.31 I 2 A 1 22.83 22.13 2.5 2.39 I 2 A 2 25.50 24.13 2.74 2.7 I 2 A 3 23.50 23.00 2.6 2.53 I 3 A 0 22.67 23.00 2.45 2.51 I 3 A 1 21.03 20.80 2.15 2.11 I 3 A 2 24.63 23.20 2.69 2.47 I 3 A 3 19.90 18.10 1.98 1.71 SEm ± 1.60 1.45 0.23 0.226 CD (P = 0.05) 4.75 4.30 0.683 0.226 Experiment 1 (E-1) Year 2014-15, Experiment 2 (E-2) Year 2015-16. 3.6 Benefit cost ratio The effect of irrigation on potato cultivation benefit-cost (B:C) ratio was significantly influenced (Table 8 ) by different irrigation schedules. The highest B:C ratio (2.55 and 2.48 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with I 2 irrigation (4 irrigation schedule), followed by I 3 (5 irrigations) and I 1 (3 irrigations). Different AAB spraying also significantly improved the B:C ratio. The maximum B:C ratio (2.66 and 2.59 during the first and second years, respectively) was observed with A 2 (amino acids from plant sources), whereas the minimum B:C ratio (2.15 and 2.06 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with A 1 (animal source amino acids) among the different amino acid sources. Different interaction levels between irrigation schedules and amino acid sources showed a significant effect on the B:C ratio of potato cultivation. The highest B:C ratio (2.74 and 2.70 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with the I 2 A 2 combination, (Table 8 ) followed by other treatment combinations. Among the different irrigation schedules and AAB, the lowest B:C ratio (1.81 and 1.68 during the first and second years, respectively) was observed under the I 1 A 1 treatment combination. 3.7 Effect of AAB on Percent Yield Enhancement The greatest yield enhancement compared to the control was observed with the plant-origin AAB (A2) in both field trial experiments (Table 9 ), followed by the mixture-origin AAB (A3), and then the animal-origin AAB (A1). The amino acid sources improved yield in the following order: A2 > A3 > A1. The percent increase in tuber yield with A2 (plant-based amino acids) compared to the control ranged from 20.77–24.14%. Table 9 Effect of AAB on percent increase in tuber yield after harvesting the crop Treatments Experiment-1 Experiment-2 A 1 4.04 5.95 A 2 20.77 24.14 A 3 16.06 13.48 3.8 Biochemical properties of potato tubers 3.8.1 TSS Different irrigation levels recorded non-significant (NS) variations in the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) content in harvested potato tubers. However, the TSS content of the tubers was significantly influenced (Table 10 ) by the spraying of different sources of AAB. The maximum TSS content in potato tubers (18.22% in the first year and 28.20% in the second year) was obtained from the application of A 2 and AAB, followed by other AAB treatments. The percent enhancement of TSS due to the application of A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 (compared to the control) was 9.53%, 28.88%, and 13.94% in the first year, respectively, and 10.73%, 15.10%, and 8.45% in the second year, respectively. The interaction effect showed non-significant variations in TSS content in harvested potato tubers. The significant effect of total sugar concentration in potato tubers across cultivars ranged from 6.71 to 7.43 kg ha − 1 of fresh matter (less than 1%), with the application of herbicides and biostimulants throughout the growing season [ 77 ]. Foliar sprays of biostimulants in cultivated Zea mays enhanced the accumulation of total carotenoids, chlorophyll a and b, ascorbic acid (AA), TSS, flavonoids, and phenolics in the treated plants [ 78 ]. 3.8.2 Starch The different irrigation regimes had a non-significant (NS) effect on the starch content of potato tubers in both the 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons. The starch content of potatoes under irrigation levels I 1 to I 3 ranged from 16.76–21.99% over the two consecutive years. However, a significant improvement in the starch content of potato tubers was observed (Table 10 ) with the application of different sources of AAB. The maximum starch content (21.36% in the first year and 23.93% in the second year) was recorded with the application of A 2 based AAB. Among the different AAB sources (A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 ), the minimum starch content in tubers (17.56% in the first year and 20.91% in the second year) was observed with the application of A 3 . The percent increase in starch content in tubers due to the spraying of A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 was 34.20%, 59.17%, and 30.85%, respectively, in the first year, and 23.61%, 37.45%, and 20.10%, respectively, in the second year. The interaction effect on starch content in potatoes was not statistically significant. Foliar application of biostimulants at different growth stages has been shown to influence starch content [ 79 ]. For instance, the use of seaweed extract resulted in a significant increase, leading to the highest starch content at 12.39%. 3.8.3 Protein Protein content in potato tubers showed that different levels of irrigation had a non-significant effect on protein content during both experiments. The protein content of potatoes under irrigation levels I 1 to I 3 ranged from 2.35–2.47% in the first year and from 1.98–2.07% in the second year of the field trial. However, protein content in tubers was significantly improved (Table 10 ) by spraying different sources of AAB. The maximum protein content (2.76% in the first year and 2.11% in the second year) was observed with the application of A 2 based AAB. Among the different AAB sources (A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 ), the minimum protein content in tubers (2.39% in the first year and 1.99% in the second year) was recorded with the application of A 1 based AAB. The application of biostimulants in potato cultivars led to a substantial increase in the overall nitrogen and protein content in the tubers, along with a higher proportion of protein in the total nitrogen [ 73 ]. The use of AAB significantly improved protein, proline, phenol, total chlorophyll, flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins compared to the control in leafy cabbage [ 80 ]. The percent increases in protein content in potato tubers due to the application of A 1 , A 2 , and A 3 (compared to the control) were 16.02%, 33.98%, and 21.36%, respectively, in the first year, and 6.99%, 13.44%, and 9.14%, respectively, in the second year. There was no significant effect observed due to the interaction between irrigation and AAB on protein content in the tubers. The quality of fresh potato tubers, in terms of positive impact on quality parameters (such as TSS, protein, and N content), due to the application of AAB followed the order: A 2 > A 3 > A 1 . For starch content, the order was A 2 > A 1 > A 3 . Foliar nutrition [ 81 – 83 ] in the form of protein hydrolysates (from animal and plant sources, i.e., A 1 and A 3 ) and mixtures of amino acids (A 3 ) through foliar sprays provides pre-formed building blocks for protein synthesis. Proteins, the fundamental components of living cells, are formed from these building blocks, known as amino acids (AA). Amino acids contribute to an increase in chlorophyll concentration within the plant, enhancing the rate of photosynthesis, which in turn improves starch and TSS content in crops. Specifically, L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-valine improve the quality of harvested products. Thus, spraying animal-sourced and plant-sourced protein hydrolysates (A 1 and A 2 ) and mixtures of amino acids (A 3 ) on potato crops significantly improved tuber yield and quality, including TSS, starch, and protein content. The improvement of yield and quality [ 84 , 85 ] of harvested products in various crops (e.g., papaya, carrot, spinach, lettuce, maize) due to the application of biostimulants is well documented. Additionally, the foliar application [ 86 ] of amino acids and potassium has also significantly increased crop yield and quality. The application of biostimulants at a concentration of 1.0 g L − 1 on wheat plants at three stages of crop development improved grain quality, as reported by [ 87 ]. This enhancement included a 23% increase in soluble sugar content, a 50% increase in gluten, a 37% increase in soluble proteins, a 19% increase in starch, and a 27% increase in amylase activity. Moreover, significant increases in total flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins by 87%, 67%, and 23%, respectively, were observed. The highest values of potato quality parameters (including total soluble sugar, starch, vitamin C, and protein) were achieved with the use of amino acids at 3g L − 1 compared tothe control [ 88 ]. The chemical composition of cassava tubers [ 89 ], including starch, total fibers, total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, was influenced by the foliar application of various biostimulants. Table 10 Effect of irrigation and AAB on biochemical parameters (%) of potato tubers after harvesting Treatments TSS Starch Protein E-1 E-2 E-1 E-2 E-1 E-2 Irrigation I 1 15.92 26.88 16.76 19.64 2.35 1.98 I 2 15.85 26.34 18.18 21.99 2.46 1.96 I 3 15.94 26.57 17.83 21.21 2.47 2.07 SEm ± 0.51 0.70 0.94 1.10 0.10 0.04 CD (P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS AAB A 0 14.06 24.50 13.43 17.42 2.06 1.86 A 1 15.40 27.13 18.01 21.52 2.39 1.99 A 2 18.12 28.20 21.36 23.93 2.76 2.11 A 3 16.02 26.57 17.56 20.91 2.50 2.03 SEm ± 0.38 0.43 0.66 0.64 0.10 0.02 CD (P = 0.05) 1.12 1.27 1.95 1.90 0.18 0.06 Interaction I 1 A 0 13.59 24.97 12.72 14.23 1.98 1.86 I 1 A 1 14.42 27.60 17.20 20.60 2.24 1.95 I 1 A 2 19.48 28.72 21.20 23.50 2.80 2.08 I 1 A 3 16.18 26.25 15.90 20.23 2.40 2.02 I 2 A 0 14.54 24.60 14.55 18.07 2.14 1.80 I 2 A 1 15.46 26.60 18.06 22.50 2.43 1.97 I 2 A 2 17.30 28.02 20.74 24.27 2.78 2.07 I 2 A 3 16.08 26.15 19.35 23.13 2.51 1.99 I 3 A 0 14.04 23.93 13.01 19.97 2.06 1.92 I 3 A 1 16.32 27.18 18.76 21.47 2.51 2.06 I 3 A 2 17.58 27.87 22.13 24.03 2.70 2.19 I 3 A 3 15.80 27.30 17.43 19.37 2.61 2.09 SEm ± 0.66 0.74 1.14 1.10 0.10 0.03 CD P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS Experiment 1 (E-1), Experiment 2 (E-2) 3.9 Properties of Soil 3.9.1 Before Sowing Properties of Soil The experimental field consisted of sandy loam soil classified as Inceptisol. The soil reaction (pH) was mildly alkaline (pH 8.0), with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.255 dSm − 1 and a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 10.9 cmol (p+) kg − 1 . The soil organic matter (SOM) content ranged from 8.0 to 8.6 g kg − 1 , while plant-available nitrogen (N) ranged from 144.23 to 150.26 kg ha − 1 , and potassium (K) ranged from 119.90 to 135.19 kg ha − 1 . These values were considered to be in the low range on the soil test rating chart. However, plant-available phosphorus (P) ranged from 24.29 to 28.14 kg ha − 1 , which was within the medium range. Phosphorus in the soil was primarily available in the form of HPO 4 2− , but phosphorus fixation, which occurs due to chemical reactions such as precipitation in neutral to alkaline soils, limited its availability to crops. The presence of lime (CaCO 3 ) further exacerbates phosphorus fixation. Consequently, applied and mineralized phosphorus fixation was one of the key factors contributing to the low to medium phosphorus content in the Inceptisol. The plant-available sulfur (S) in the experimental soil was above the critical level in both years (2014-15 and 2015-16). The soil also showed good water-holding capacity and porosity, making it suitable for potato cultivation. The overall physical and chemical conditions were conducive to potato cultivation under irrigated conditions. 3.9.2 Post-Harvest Soil Nutrient Content The field soil analysis (Table 11 ) indicated that the plant-available nutrients (N, P, K, and S) were not significantly (NS) influenced by different irrigation schedules in both years. Primary plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were also not affected by the foliar application of AAB on the potato crop. However, the sulfur content in the soil showed significant improvement with the application of different amino acid sources. The highest plant-available sulfur content in the harvested soil was observed with A 2 (plant-source amino acids) spraying, with values of 58.60 kg ha − 1 in the first year and 56.27 kg ha − 1 in the second year. This was followed by A 1 (Animal based of amino acids) and A 3 (Mixture amino acids) spraying. The interaction between irrigation levels and amino acid sources had no significant effect on the availability of phosphorus, potassium, or sulfur in the soil. However, nitrogen content in the soil showed significant variation based on treatment combinations. The highest nitrogen accumulation was observed under the I 2 A 2 , I 2 A 3 , and I 3 A 0 treatment combinations in the first year, and under I 2 A 2 , I 3 A 3 , I 3 A 0 , and I 2 A 1 in the second year. The lowest available nitrogen content was recorded in the I 2 A 3 treatment combination (125.44 kg ha − 1 ) in both years (Table 11 ). These results indicate that maximum plant-available nitrogen in the soil was achieved with four irrigations and amino acid spraying, particularly using A 2 (plant-based) and A 3 (mixture of amino acids). Therefore, an optimal irrigation schedule (four irrigations) combined with amino acid spraying (A 1 /A 2 /A 3 ) is recommended for higher nitrogen buildup in the soil and for enhancing sulphur content in potato cultivation fields. Table 11 Effect of irrigation and AAB on plant available nutrient content of soil (kg ha − 1 ) after harvesting of crop Treatments 2014-15 2015-16 Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Sulphur Irrigation I 1 129.62 59.23 228.21 47.07 131.70 61.52 217.66 49.94 I 2 132.76 56.00 245.94 51.46 132.75 57.84 247.44 51.76 I 3 131.71 64.90 230.83 58.21 133.80 61.26 234.18 53.76 SEm ± 1.20 3.25 14.00 4.27 1.48 1.36 12.37 3.22 CD(P = 0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS AAB A 0 132.40 59.54 260.49 45.44 133.80 59.29 251.53 47.60 A 1 129.62 61.60 217.02 57.76 132.39 59.84 219.88 53.40 A 2 135.19 52.93 217.50 58.60 133.80 60.09 224.47 56.27 A 3 128.23 66.10 244.97 47.21 131.01 61.60 236.49 50.01 SEm ± 1.75 3.95 12.38 3.52 1.93 1.72 9.75 1.33 CD(P = 0.05) NS NS NS 10.47 NS NS NS 3.96 Interaction I 1 A 0 125.43 64.45 242.22 47.07 133.80 62.50 227.66 44.31 I 1 A 1 133.80 62.80 194.88 53.97 129.58 62.35 197.12 52.26 I 1 A 2 129.62 45.97 205.29 51.85 133.80 59.04 201.56 57.20 I 1 A 3 129.62 63.70 270.44 41.39 129.62 62.20 244.31 45.97 I 2 A 0 137.98 51.38 280.04 45.73 129.61 55.59 265.10 49.50 I 2 A 1 129.62 52.73 236.51 55.59 137.97 55.89 236.51 56.41 I 2 A 2 137.98 52.73 222.47 58.97 137.97 58.74 247.11 52.58 I 2 A 3 125.44 67.15 244.76 45.55 125.44 61.15 241.02 48.55 I 3 A 0 133.80 62.80 259.20 49.51 137.98 59.79 261.82 49.00 I 3 A 1 125.43 69.26 219.67 63.71 129.61 61.30 226.02 51.54 I 3 A 2 137.98 60.09 224.75 64.93 129.62 62.50 224.75 59.01 I 3 A 3 129.62 67.46 219.71 54.68 137.98 61.45 224.15 55.51 SEm ± 3.04 6.84 21.45 6.10 3.34 2.99 16.88 2.31 CD(P = 0.05) 9.02 NS NS NS 9.92 NS NS NS 4. Conclusion The results of the experiment suggest that the foliar application of protein hydrolysate formulations, both from animal and plant origins, as well as amino acid (AA) mixtures, enhances nutrient uptake and improves tuber quality at all growth stages of the potato crop. The effects of the AAB formulations on apparent nutrient recovery and tuber quality varied depending on their origin. In comparative terms, each formulation of biostimulants showed different performance levels, with the plant-origin protein hydrolysate outperforming all other biostimulants. Based on these findings, it is recommended that in alluvial, subtropical, loamy soil areas, a plant-origin protein hydrolysate formulation at 250 mL ha − 1 , diluted in 100 L of water, should be applied as a foliar spray at three stages of plant growth. This approach is expected to maximize nutrient uptake, tuber quality, and apparent nutrient recovery, while also promoting soil health sustainability across four irrigation schedules. Future Perspective Future research should expand across multiple seasons and locations to test the generalizability of the findings. Optimizing treatment protocols, such as refining irrigation schedules and AAB application, may lead to more significant results. Exploring interactions between irrigation strategies and biostimulants, along with additional factors like soil moisture and pest management, could offer deeper insights. This research has the potential to advance sustainable agricultural practices, and future studies should focus on validating these findings for broader application. Declarations Acknowledgments This research is a component of the first author's Ph.D. program, with a fellowship fund available by the UGC, New Delhi, India. The basic and infrastructural facilities for the research are supported by Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The authors are thankful to M/S Isagro (Asia) Agrochemicals Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, M/S Century Agro Chemicals, Pune, and Oasis Agro Industries, Madurai for their assistance in our field experiments by providing us with the respective biostimulant formulations. Conflict of interest The authors confirm that there are no financial or commercial conflicts of interest. Ethics approval and consent to participate The cultivation of potato crop was done in the agricultural research farm Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India by the Vimal Kumar (First authors) itself. During the study, field crop experiments were conducted without harming the plant. The collection of potato tuber seeds was done dated 05 September 2014 from the seed distribution company Kachhawa Mandi limited, Varanasi, India. The potato tuber seed material identified by the department of horticulture, Institute of agriculture science, BHU, India and they listed the varietal name and ID: E-3797. The authors confirm that all methods were carried out by relevant guidelines and regulations laid down by the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India established through the act of parliament, for the cultivation of crops their sample collection, storage, processing as well as the laboratory analysis need to be carried out on plants. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. References Rajendran S, Domalachenpa T, Arora H, Li P, Sharma A, Rajauria G. Hydroponics: Exploring innovative sustainable technologies and applications across crop production, with Emphasis on potato mini-tuber cultivation. Heliyon. 2024; 10: e26823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26823 . Takeuchi M, Arakawa C, Kuwahara Y, Gemma H. Effects of L-pro foliar application on the quality of ‘Kosui’ Japanese pear. Acta Horticulture. 2008; 800: 549–554. doi: 10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.72 . Mazher AAM, Zaghloul SM, Mahmoud SA, Siam HS. Stimulatory effect ofkinetin, ascorbic acid and glutamic acid on growth and chemical constituents of Codiaeum variegatum L. plants. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sciences. 2011; 10 (3): 318–323. http://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes10(3)/4.pdf . Mandal S, Anand U, López-Bucio J, Radha, Manoj K, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Dey A. Biostimulants and environmental stress mitigation in crops: A novel and emerging approach for agricultural sustainability under climate change. Environmental Research. 2023; 233: 116357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116357 . Mokgehle SN, Araya HT, Araya NA, Bairu MW, Makgato MJ, Mofokeng MM, Maphothoma P, Du-Plooy CP, Amoo SO. Biostimulant applications in low-input cultivationsystems to enhance nutrition efficiency of crops. Biostimulants for Crops from Seed Germinationto Plant Development. 2021; 237–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00001-0 . Huang S, Zheng X, Luo L, Ni Y, Yao L, Ni W. Biostimulants in bioconversion compost of organic waste: A novelbooster in sustainable agriculture. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 319: 128704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128704 . Siriwat W, Ungwiwatkul S, Unban K, Laokuldilok T, Klunklin W, Tangjaidee P, Potikanond S, Kaur L, Phongthai S. Extraction, Enzymatic Modification, and Anti-Cancer Potential of an Alternative Plant-Based Protein from Wolffia globosa. Foods, 2023; 12: 3815. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203815 . Albrecht U. Plant Biostimulants: Definiition and Overview of Categories and Effects. IFAS Extension University of Florida. 2019; 1330. Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Wang N. Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates in Agricultural Sciences. Plants. 2024; 13: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020210 . Padgett PE, Leonard RT. Free amino acid levels and the regulation of nitrate uptake in maize cell suspension cultures. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1996; 47, (300): 871–883. Miller AJ, Fan X, Shen Q, Smith SJ. Amino acids and nitrate as signals for the regulation of nitrogen acquisition. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007; 59 (1):111–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm208 . Liu X, Chen H, NI Q, Seung LK. Evaluation of the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation in leafy radish by using 15 N-labeled nitrates. Agricultural Sciences in China. 2008; 7(10): 1196–1202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60164-9 . Liu X-Q, Sun Y, Lee K-S. The effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and nitrate assimilation in leafy radish. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture. 2005; 24 (3): 245–252. Sharma SS, Dietz K-J, The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2006; 57 (4):711–726. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erj073 . 15 Forde BG, Lea PJ. Glutamate in plants: metabolism, regulation, and signalling. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007; 58 (9): 2339–2358. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erm121 . Liang X, Zhang L, Natarajan SK, Beckker DF. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxid Redox Signaling. 2013; 19 (9): 998–1011. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.5074 . Rajagopal V, Sinha SK. Influence of exogenously supplied proline on relative water content in wheat and barley. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1980; 18:1523–1524. El-Samad HMA, Shaddad MAK, Barakat N. Improvement of plants salt tolerance by exogenous application of amino acids. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2011; 5(24): 5692–5699. http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR . Colla G, Rouphael Y, Lucini L, Canaguier R, Stefanoni W, Fiorillo A, Cardarelli M. Protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants: origin, biological activity and application methods. Acta Horticulturae. 2016; 11(48): 27–34. DOI 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1148.3 . Maini P. The experience of the first biostimulant, based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertilitas Agrorum. 2006; 1(1): 29–43. Bogunovic I., Duralija B, Gadze J, Kisic I. Biostimulant usage for preserving strawberries to climate damages. Hort. Sci. (Prague). 2015; 42 (3): 132–140. doi: 10.17221/161/2014-HORTSCI . Ertani A, Cavani L, Pizzeghello D, Brandellero E, Altissimo A, Ciavatta C, Nard S. Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitro-gen metabolism of maize seedlings. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2009; 172: 237–244. DOI: 10.1002/jpln.200800174 . Ambrosini S, Prinsi B, Zamboni A, Espen L, Zanzoni S, Santi C, Varanini Z, Pandolfini T. Chemical Characterization of a Collagen-Derived Protein Hydrolysate and Biostimulant Activity Assessment of Its Peptidic Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2022; 70: 11201–11211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04379 . Colla G, Hoagland L, Ruzzi M, Cardarelli M, Bonini P, Canaguier R, Rouphael Y. Biostimulant Action of Protein Hydrolysates: Unraveling Their Effects on Plant Physiology and Microbiome. Front. Plant Science. 2017; 8: 2202. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02202 . Kauffman GL III, Kneival DP, Watschke TL. Effects of biostimulant on the heat tolerance associated with photosynthetic capacity, membrane thermostability, and polphenol production of perennial ryegrass. Crop Science. 2007; 47: 261–267. Parađiković, N, Vinković T, Vinković Vrček I, Žuntar I, Bojić M, Medić-Šarić M. Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: an example of sweet yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4431 . Oosten MJV, Pepe O, Pascale SD, Silletti S, Maggio A. The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2017; 4(1): 5. DOI 10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5 . Baltazar M, Correia S, Guinan KJ, Sujeeth N, Bragança R, Goncalves B. Gonçalves. Recent Advances in the Molecular Effects of Biostimulants in Plants: An Overview. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (8):1096. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081096 . Kaur G, Asthir B. Proline: a key player in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Biologia Plantarum. 2015; 59 (4):609–619. DOI: 10.1007/s10535-015-0549-3 . Sangiorgio D, Cellini A, Donati I, Pastore C, Onofrietti C, Spinelli F. Facing Climate Change: Application of Microbial Biostimulants to Mitigate Stress in Horticultural Crops. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):794. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10060794 . Grammenou A, Petropoulos SA, Thalassinos G, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Antoniadis V. Biostimulants in the Soil–Plant Interface: Agro–environmental Implications—A Review. Earth Systems and Environment. 2023; 7 (3):583–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00349-x . Hao J, Tan J, Zhang Y, Gu X, Zhu G, Wang S, Li J. Sewage sludge-derived nutrients and biostimulants stimulate rice leaf photosynthesis and root metabolism to enhance carbohydrate, nitrogen and antioxidants accumulation. Chemosphere. 2024; 352:141335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141335 . Pohl A, Grabowska A, Kalisz A, Sekara A. Biostimulant Application Enhances Fruit Setting in Eggplant—An Insight into the Biology of Flowering. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (9):482. doi: 10.3390/agronomy9090482 . Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N, Petropoulos SA. Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Vegetable Production Using Chitin and Chitosan as Plant Biostimulants. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (6):819. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11060819 . Sani MNH, Yong JWH. Harnessing Synergistic Biostimulatory Processes: A Plausible Approach for Enhanced Crop Growth and Resilience in Organic Farming. Biology. 2022; 11 (1):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010041 . Wicks LF. A cheaper Kessler’s Reagent by the use of mercuric oxide. J. Lab. clin. Med. 1941; 27 (1): 18–22. Craswell ET, Godwin DC. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers applied to cereals in different climates. Advances in Plant Nutrition.1984; 1: 1–55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284635091 Fageria NK, De-Morais OP, Santos AB. Nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2010; 33 (11):1696–1711. DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2010.496892 . Hedge JE, Hofreiter BT. In: Carbohydrate Chemistry, 17 (Eds. Whistler R.L. and Be Miller, J.N.), Academic Press, New York. 1962. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randoll RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1951; 193 (1):265–275. Jackson ML. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1973; 498. Walkey AJ, Black CA. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 1934; 37: 29–38. Subbiah BV, Asija GL. A Rapid Procedure for the Estimation of Available Nitrogen in Soils. Current Science. 1956; 25 (8):259–260. Watanabe FS, Olsen SR. Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts from the Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 1965; 29:677–678. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900060025x . Hesse PR. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. John Murray, London, 1971; 520. Chesnin L, Yein CH. Turbimetric determination of available sulphate. Soil Science Society of American Proceedings. 1950; 15, 149–151. Navarro-León E, López-Moreno FJ, Borda E, Marín C, Sierras N, Blascoa B, Ruiza JM. Effect of L-amino acid-based biostimulants on nitrogen use efficiency in lettuce plants. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture. 2022; 102 (15):7098–7106. Johnson R, Joel JM, Puthur JT. Biostimulants: The Futuristic Sustainable Approach for Alleviating Crop Productivity and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2024; 43:659–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11144-3 . Narcy P, Bouguyon E, Gojon A. Nitrogen acquisition byroots: physiological and developmental mechanisms ensuring plant adaptation to a fluctuating resource. Plant Soil. 2013; 370 (1–2):1–29. DOI 10.1007/s11104-013-1645-9 . Stiegler JC, Richardson MD, Karcher DE, Roberts TL, Norman RJ. Foliar absorption of various inorganic and organic nitrogen sources by creeping bentgrass. Crop Science. 2013; 52 (3):1148–1152. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0511 . Montamat F, Maurosset L, Tegeder M, Frommer W, Delrot S. Cloning and expression of amino acid transporters from broad bean. Plant Molecular Biology.1999; 41(2): 259–268. doi: 10.1023/a:1006321221368 . Neelam A, Marvier AC, Hall JL, Williams LE. Functional characterization and expression analysis of the amino acid permease RcAAP3 from castor bean. Plant Physiology. 1999; 120 (4): 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.120.4.1049 . Ali A. Nitrate assimilation pathway in higher plants: critical role in nitrogen signalling and utilization. Plant Science Today. 2020; 7 (2):182–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.637 . Orozco-Mosqueda MC, Santoyo G, Glick BR. Recent Advances in the Bacterial Phytohormone Modulation of Plant Growth. Plants. 2023; 12 (3): 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030606 . Li J, Ma H, Ma H, Lei F, He DX, Huang H, Yang H, Fan G. Comprehensive Effects of N Reduction Combined with Biostimulants on N Use Efficiency and Yield of the Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation System. Agronomy. 2023; 13 (9): 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092319 . Ciriello M, Campana E, Pascale SD, Rouphael Y. Implications of Vegetal Protein Hydrolysates for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Leafy Vegetables. Horticulturae. 2024; 10 (2):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020132 . Rodgers CO, Barneix AJ. The effect of amino acids and amides on the regulation of nitrate uptake by wheat seedlings. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1993; 16 (2):337–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364535 . Sivasankar S, Rothstein S, Oaks A. Regulation of the accumulation and reduction of nitrate by nitrogen and carbon metabolites in maize seedlings. Plant Physiology. 1997; 114 (2):583–589. doi: 10.1104/pp.114.2.583 . Aslam M, Travis ML, Rains DW. Differential effect of amino acids on nitrate uptake and reduction systems in barley roots. Plant Science. 2001; 160 (2):219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00391-5 . Chen S-K, Subler S, Edwards CA. Effects of agricultural biostimulants on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics. Applied Ecology. 2002; 19 (3):249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00002-1 . Hassani A, Haddad MN. Effect of Ammonium Nitrate and Free Amino Acids on the Nitrate Accumulation in Radish. Water and Soil Science. 2017; 26 (4.1)4:67–78. Campbell WH. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 1999; 50 (1):277–303. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.277 . Liu X-Q, Ko K-Y, Kim S-H, Lee K-S. Enhancement of nitrate uptake and reduction by treatment with mixed amino acids in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science. 2007; 57(2):167–172. DOI: 10.1080/09064710600914277 . Fortunato S, Nigro D, Lasorella C, Marcotuli I, Gadaleta A, Pinto MC. The Role of Glutamine Synthetase (GS) and Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT) in the Improvement of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereals. Biomolecules. 2023; 13 (12):1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121771 . Raddatz N, Ríos LM, Lindahl M, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Coordinated Transport of Nitrate, Potassium, and Sodium. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11:247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00247 . Stoyanov I. Restoration of maize plants after Magnesium starvation with the help of Magnesium and Siapton. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Plant Growth Regulators, Varna, Bulgaria. 1981; 602–606. Vasseur-Coronado M, Boulois HD, Pertot I, Puopolo G. Selection of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria sharing suitable features to be commercially developed as biostimulant products. Microbiological Research. 2020. 245:126672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126672 . Pan L, Cai B. Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria: Advances in Their Physiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Microbial Community Effects. Microorganisms. 2023; 11 (12): 2904. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122904 . Mulyatni AS, Praptana RH, Santoso D. The effect of biostimulant in root and population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria: a study case in upland rice. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 183: 012016. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/183/1/012016 . Elwaziri E, Ismail H, El-Khairl E-SA, Al-Qahtani SM, Al-Harbi NA, Elgawad HGA, Omar WA, Abdelaal K, Osman A. Biostimulant application of whey protein hydrolysates and potassium fertilization enhances the productivity and tuber quality of sweet potato. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 2023; 51 (2):13122. DOI: 10.15835/nbha51213122 . Kanaujia SP, Nrayan R, Nrayan S. Effect of phosphorous and potassium on growth, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Contender. Vegetable Science. 1999; 26:91–92. Dziugieł T, Wadas W. Effect of Plant Biostimulants on Macronutrient Content in Early Crop Potato Tubers. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8): 1202. doi: 10.3390/agronomy10081202 . Mystkowska I, Zarzecka K, Gugała M, Ginter A, Sikorska A, Dmitrowicz A. Impact of Care and Nutrition Methods on the Content and Uptake of Selected Mineral Elements in Solanum tuberosum. Agronomy. 2023; 13 (3):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030690 . Mofokeng MM, Araya HT, Araya NA, Makgato MJ, Mokgehle SN, Masemola MC, Mudau FN, Du-Plooy CP, Amoo SO. Integrating biostimulants in agrosystem to promote soil health and plant growth. Biostimulants for Crops from Seed Germination to Plant Development. 2021; 87–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00004-6 . Wise K, Selby-Pham J, Chai X, Simovich T, Gupta S, Gill H. Fertiliser supplementation with a biostimulant complex of fish hydrolysate, Aloe vera extract, and kelp alters cannabis root architecture to enhance nutrient uptake. Scientia Horticulturae. 2024; 323:112483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112483 . Gupta S, Doležal K, Kulkarni MG, Balázs E, Staden JV. Role of non-microbial biostimulants in regulation of seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Growth Regulation. 2022; 97 (2): 271–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00794-6 . Zarzecka K, Gugała M. The effect of herbicides and biostimulants on sugars content in potato tubers. Plant Soil Environment. 2018; 64 (2): 82–87. doi: 10.17221/21/2018-PSE . Nivetha N, Shukla PS, Nori SS, Kumar S, Suryanarayan S. A red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant (AgroGain®) improves the growth of Zea mays and impacts agricultural sustainability by beneficially priming rhizosphere soil microbial community. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024; 15:1330237. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330237 . Karak S, Thapa U, Hansda NN. Impact of Biostimulant on Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Biological Forum – An International Journal. 2023; 15 (9):297–302. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374024650 . Haghighi M, Sadeghabad AB, Abolghasemi R. Effect of exogenous amino acids application on the biochemical, antioxidant, and nutritional value of some leafy cabbage cultivars. Scientific reports. 2022; 12:17720. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21273-6 . Calvo P, Nelson L, Kloepper JW. Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant and Soil. 2014; 383 (1–2): 3–41. DOI 10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8 . Zarzecka K, Gugala M, Mystkowska I, Sikorska A. Yield- forming effects of herbicide and biostimulants application in potato cultivation. Journal of ecological engineering. 2022. 23 (3):137–144. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/145460 . Yuniati, N, Kusumiyati K, Mubarok S, Nurhadi B. The role of moringa leaf extract as a plant biostimulants in improving the quality of agricultural products. Plants. 2022; 11 (17):2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172186 . Tsouvaltzis P, Koukounaras A, Siomos AS. Application of amino acids improves lettuce crop uniformity and inhibits nitrate accumulation induced by the supplemental inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Internal Journal of Agriculture Biology. 2014; 16 (5):951–955. http://www.fspublishers.org/ . Efthimiadou A, Sparangis P, Leonidakis D, Kasimatis S-N, Kakabouki I, Mylonas I, Ninou E, Gianniotis P, Katsenios N. Comparative Evaluation of Mineral and Organo-Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and the Role of Amino Acids as Plant Growth Promoters in Maize Cultivation. Agronomy. 2022; 12 (11):2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112638 . Mirtaleb SH, Niknejad Y, Fallah H. Foliar spray of amino acids and potassic fertilizer improves the nutritional quality of rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2021; 44 (14): 2029–2041. doi: 10.1080/01904167.2021.1889588 . Maksoud SA, Gad KI, Hamed EYM. The potentiality of biostimulant (Lawsonia inermis L.) on some morpho–physiological, biochemical traits, productivity and grain quality of Triticum aestivum L. BMC Plant Biology. 2023; 23 (95):1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04083-4 . Abd El-H MAM, Nada MM, Omar GF. Evaluation of tuber soaking and foliar spraying with some stimulants on growth and productivity of potato. Middle East Journal of Agriculture. 2016; 5 (4):889–898. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336672295 . Hassan NMK, Marzouk NM, Fawzy ZF, Saleh SA. Effect of biostimulants foliar applications on growth, yield, and product quality of two Cassava cultivars. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2020; 44 (59):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00317-9 . Jama-Rodzenska A, Janik G, Walczak A, AdamczewskaSowinska K, Sowinski J. Tuber yield and water efficiency of early potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivated under various irrigation levels. Sci Rep. 2021; 11, 19121. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97899-9 . Ginter A, Zarzecka K, Gugała M. Effect of Herbicide and Biostimulants on Production and Economic Results of Edible Potato. Agronomy. 2022; 12, 1409. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061409 . Andrejiová A, Adamec S, Hegedűsová A, Hegedűs O, Rosa R. Verification of the humic substances and PGPB biostimulants beneficial effects on the potato yield and bioactive substances content. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences. 2023; 17, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5219/1805 Barbas P, Sawicka B, Pszczółkowski P, Hameed TS, Farhan AK. Optimization of Potato Cultivation Through the Use of Biostimulator Supporter. Agronomy. 2024. 14, 2430. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102430 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 25 May, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 May, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Apr, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Apr, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Apr, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Apr, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5388424","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":441598101,"identity":"7d364b6f-b583-435a-9646-fcb63e6492f0","order_by":0,"name":"VIMAL KUMAR","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZiB+cADEYmw4+KHCBsRoPEBQSwJYCXPjYYkzaWC9+LUwwLWwNx/gbTsMFsCrxeA4d+KHhDOHo/lnH2w4IHHmvN3a9sNAW2psonFqOcy7WSLhxuHcGecSGw4UVNxO3nYGyGA4lpbbgEOLZDPvBomED4dzG84wgmy5nWx2AKiFseEwPi2bf4C0zAdp4W07l2x2/iF+LfzMvNvADtsA0XLAzuwGAVtAWiwSzqTnbgRqAQZycoLZDaAtCXj8wsZ/dvOND8esc+edYX/88UOFnb3Z+fSHDz7U2ODUggESwSoTiFUOAvakKB4Fo2AUjIKRAQAqYnI64gLFjwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Bihar Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"VIMAL","middleName":"","lastName":"KUMAR","suffix":""},{"id":441598102,"identity":"f120491f-bc09-4277-8a3c-fe550b2366f2","order_by":1,"name":"Priyankar Raha","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Banaras Hindu University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Priyankar","middleName":"","lastName":"Raha","suffix":""},{"id":441598103,"identity":"71f79fc0-7ca8-4191-a572-f12486923b30","order_by":2,"name":"Chandrabhan Patel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bihar Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chandrabhan","middleName":"","lastName":"Patel","suffix":""},{"id":441598104,"identity":"0ebda7f0-0f69-45be-b7d2-2a0457648324","order_by":3,"name":"D. K. Verma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bihar Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"D.","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Verma","suffix":""},{"id":441598105,"identity":"cffbea54-c24b-4cc0-8931-e6cffee14382","order_by":4,"name":"A. K. Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bihar Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"A.","middleName":"K.","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-04 13:23:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80567082,"identity":"8883fbac-ca21-4975-9df3-7e139e3581f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 18:17:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1042734,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMajor effects resulting from the use of various biostimulants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388424/v1/198738a7f13783e1754bc82b.png"},{"id":80566883,"identity":"787cc01a-0a29-457f-99f1-26f0197a7bd4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 18:09:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":115743,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of AAB on N uptake (2a) Experiment-1, (2b) Experiment-2 and per cent enhancement of N uptake (2c) Experiment-1, (2d) Experiment-2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388424/v1/8223c2241cbb5982adea1f4b.png"},{"id":80567080,"identity":"5613d887-bbc1-4b89-8254-b20854392855","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 18:17:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of AAB on P uptake (3a) Experiment-1, (3b) Experiment-2 and per cent enhancement of P uptake (3c) Experiment-1, (3d) Experiment-2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388424/v1/3ff29f2926c88e30d51c6050.png"},{"id":80567730,"identity":"63ab4d4c-1036-4eac-8ddf-c31c84485f49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 18:25:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110534,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of AAB on K uptake (4a) Experiment-1, (4b) Experiment-2 and per cent enhancement of P uptake (4c) Experiment-1, (4d) Experiment-2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388424/v1/a4c80dff2cd25e2065bd2c26.png"},{"id":80568161,"identity":"ee459e3a-5133-4bca-a7fd-5899b07156a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-14 18:33:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3854538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388424/v1/055d17b7-d60c-45bf-96ea-a06e6c31f467.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Foliar Application of Commercial Amino Acids Biostimulants on Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Potato Tuber","fulltext":[{"header":"Highlights","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNutrient uptake patterns at various physiological growth stages of potato, under the application of irrigation schedules and AAB, showed a better response in nutrient uptake from plant-based AAB.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe post-harvest quality of potato tubers under different irrigation schedules and AAB revealed that plant-based AAB produced superior quality compared to other treatments.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePotato yield and benefit-cost ratio under different irrigation schedules and AAB showed a superior response under the four irrigation schedules and plant-based AAB.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe global population continues to increase, and agriculture faces several burdens and challenges in food production. The rising population puts greater strain on agriculture to fulfil food needs. Major challenges include limited land, climate change, water shortages, soil degradation, and the spread of pests and diseases. Furthermore, issues with food distribution and waste worsen the situation. Although technological innovations hold promise, their widespread implementation is still challenging. Adopting sustainable practices and fostering global cooperation are essential for securing future food supplies. Potato is the leading starchy tuber crop belonging to the Solanaceae family and a crucial staple crop cultivated globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Its characteristics include high yield, affordability, and nutritional value, making it a widely consumed food, though it often requires large applications of chemical fertilizers. To mitigate the adverse effects of such practices, the application of biostimulants has become an ideal technology. This is particularly beneficial for potato crops, which are highly sensitive to nutrient stresses due to their shallow and sparse root systems. Nitrogen is a key nutrient for potato production, and AAB is applied to enhance nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), particularly nitrogen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], by facilitating easier absorption of nutrients and enhancing the activity of certain enzyme systems in plants. This leads to better crop quality, growth, and yield.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgricultural practices often intensify through the use of increased fertilizers, irrigation, pesticide applications, and mechanization. The worldwide use of chemical/synthetic fertilizers has created environmental pollution and soil health problems. This can lead to environmental degradation, water depletion, and pollution if not managed sustainably. Excessive fertilizers can runoff into water bodies, leading to pollution and damaging aquatic ecosystems. Without sustainable management, this practice can cause water shortages, soil erosion, and extensive environmental harm, jeopardizing both ecosystems and food security. Implementing sustainable farming practices is essential to reduce these risks. Nevertheless, due to their harmful effects, the increasing concentration of chemicals poses a significant risk to the environment. In response to this concern, recent times have seen an increasing demand for sustainable solutions. The emphasis has now shifted towards creating economical and environmentally sustainable organic/natural products, commonly known as biostimulants. These products are among the most notable sustainable solutions from natural sources, with the potential to replace traditional agricultural systems. Biostimulants present an opportunity to reduce the chemical footprint of agriculture due to their various beneficial effects, which contribute to more sustainable crop production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Given the significant benefits of bioconversion technology, the focus is now on combining and summarizing the components of biostimulants in bioconversion compost. The future value of bioconversion technology in agriculture lies in its potential to enhance sustainability and efficiency, targeting an increase in the global market through the production of healthier, fresher yields. Using biological processes to convert organic waste into useful products, bioconversion can reduce waste, lower environmental impact, and improve soil health. This technology has the potential to produce healthier, fresher yields while minimizing the need for synthetic chemicals and fertilizers. As a result, it could drive growth in the global agricultural market by offering more sustainable farming practices, increasing productivity, and meeting the demand for eco-friendly, high-quality food. Food industry and distribution companies are also playing a crucial role [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2018, the global biostimulants market was valued at \u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2.19\u0026nbsp;billion, with an expected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.5% between 2019 and 2024 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Biostimulants contribute to crops by enhancing their visual quality and stimulating growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] as well as boosting plants' immune systems. They aid in the biosynthesis of plant self-protective biomolecules and the elimination of heavy metals from polluted soil, enhancing crop performance, reducing leaching, and increasing nutrient uptake, all while reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers and improving nutrient-use efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants use amino acids biostimulants (AAB) for the uptake of amino acids (AA), nitrogen (N), and ammonium systems for nitrate, which are found in most plant roots, including those of crops [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. They have internal pools for nitrate assimilation, converting nitrite to ammonium and AA. This process could provide insight into the regulated uptake of nitrate and assimilation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. The enzyme activity involved in the NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e reduction process, along with the content of NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e and NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e, was analyzed in both shoots and roots. The NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e content increased slightly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] in leafy radish shoots and roots by mixed AA treatments. Various structural applications and non-protein AA (either as a mixture or individually), such as glutamate, glycine, betaine, proline, and histidine, can protect plants from stresses and play active roles in signaling metabolic processes [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Under stress conditions, applying proline as a foliar spray has shown significant impacts on AA in wheat crops [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] and salinity stress in broad beans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, experiments on the impact of foliar sprays of protein hydrolysates from plant-source AA, animal-based AA, and MAA formulations on potato, particularly in relation to nutrient absorption by plants and tuber quantity, are essential. To improve nutrient-use efficiency and potato quality in the Gangetic plains, especially in the inceptisols of Varanasi, AAB can be applied under different irrigation schedules. Keeping these facts in view, the research objective focuses on the application of irrigation scheduling on main plots and sub-plots spray of different sources of biostimulants on nutrient uptake and quality of tuber.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Field experiment and treatment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch experiment of field trail at the Agricultural Research Farm, IAS, BHU, Varanasi (25\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e15ʹ53ʹʹ North and 82\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e59ʹ27ʹʹ East, 80.71 meters MSL), India. The design of experiment as a split-plot design for two successive years in 2014-15 and 2015-16 of winter crop (\u003cem\u003erabi\u003c/em\u003e season). The experiment was conducted using three different irrigation schedules (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e): I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which were assigned to the main plots, and four AAB formulations (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e): A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which were applied to the sub-plots, with three replications. The crop was irrigated using groundwater conveyed through High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes to the field experiment plot. A total of 250,000 Liters of water per hectare was applied per irrigation cycle using a Ridge-Furrow system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment Application Details for Irrigation Schedule and AAB on Various Application Days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment detailed of application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays of application\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain plot: 3 Irrigation schedule\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eI\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5th\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub-plot: 4 AAB Spray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1st\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2nd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3rd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation stages were based on the different physiological growth periods of the crop at I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (3 irrigation) I\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Sprouting stage (10 DAS, Days After Sowing), 2nd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS) and 3rd bulking stage (85 DAS). I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (4 irrigation) I\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Sprouting stage (10 DAS), 2nd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS), 3rd tuber elongation stage (60 DAS) and 4th bulking stage (85 DAS). I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (5 irrigation) I\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Sprouting stage (10 DAS), 2nd vegetation growth (20 DAS), 3rd tuber initiation stage (35 DAS), 4th tuber elongation stage (60 DAS) and 5th bulking stage (85 DAS). The RDF was 150:100:120 N: P (P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e): K (K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO) kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for the use of potato research trial. Applied as the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as a basal dose: di-ammonium phosphate (18% N and 46% P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e) for phosphorus, and potash chloride (60% K) for potassium. Nitrogen fertilizers (urea or DAP) were applied in split doses: half at the basal stage and the remaining half in two split applications during the vegetative stage and at tuber initiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Amino acids biostimulants (AAB)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour different formulations of commercial AAB were used in the field experiment: animal-based, plant protein hydrolysates and MAA. The source of AAB is described in (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) along with the application schedule of AAB at three physiological growth stages: (I) five- leaves stage, (II) tubers initiation stage, and (III) fifteen days after the second stage of application. All biostimulants were in liquid form and were applied using a sprayer after mixing or diluted with water (Dose: 250 mL of biostimulants formulation per100 L of water per hectare).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of amino acids biostimulants (AAB) formulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Liquid formulation)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSources of formulation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistilled and sterilized water\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLaboratory\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanaras Hindu University\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSiapton 10L\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Protein hydrolysate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Epithelial tissue)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsagro (Asia) Agrochemicals Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino acid (AA) liquid\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Protein hydrolysate)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Soybean seed)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentury Agro Chemicals, Pune, Maharashtra, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmino Plus (Mixture of AA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 Free AA\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(AA mixture)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOasis Agro Industries, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Origine, Component and Effect of AAB\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sources of amino acids (AA) from protein hydrolysates are prepared by animal connective tissues or plant residues through enzymatic hydrolysis or chemically synthesis. Plant biostimulants, a significant category of protein hydrolysates, consist of mixtures of oligopeptides, AA and polypeptides. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Protein-based biostimulants are classified into two categories: protein hydrolysates, which are composed of a blend of peptides and AA of either plant or animal origin. Commercial AA products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] typically include glutamine, leucine, proline, alanine, glycine, arginine and valine. The application of these AA-based products, even in small amounts, typically enhances plant metabolism. These products directly affect plants by nitrogen metabolism (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), stimulating carbon processes, and influencing hormonal effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, they exhibit bioprotective effects, enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. The diverse molecular structures and compositions of commercially available biostimulants make it challenging to clarify their underlying mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. However, these biostimulants are known to directly impact the plants nitrogen balance and indirectly enhance various physiological and biochemical processes such as; (a) Positive action on certain enzyme systems (e.g., nitrate reductase\u0026mdash;glutamine and glutamate, GDH-NAD dependent; malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphorylase, phosphatase); (b) Strong effects on biotic and abiotic stress (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) responses [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR30 CR31\" citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], due to the same enzyme systems which increase antioxidant capacity and hydroxyproline levels; (c) Positive impact on endogenous and exogenous plant growth regulators, as well as on flower fertility and fruiting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]; (d) Indirect biostimulants mechanism, including the chelation and complex formation with major nutrients and micronutrients. These biostimulants have been shown to improve crop establishment, enhance plant chlorophyll concentration, promote root elongation, increase nutrient uptake efficacy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e] enhance cation exchange, aid in heavy metals detoxification, reduce leaching, and influence processes governing stomatal conductance and the transpiration. Furthermore, they enhance plant immune responses to stressors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Climatic conditions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe meteorological data was obtained from the meteorological observatory at the Institute of Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. The agricultural farm is located in a semi-arid to sub-humid climate with a moisture deficit index ranging from 20\u0026ndash;40%. The annual precipitation is 1100 mm, and the precipitation during the cultivation period (November to March) was 69.8 mm in the first trial (2014-15) and 46.3 mm in the second trial (2015-16) Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The relative humidity (RH) during the cultivation period ranged from 96\u0026ndash;36% in the first trial and 94% o 26% in the second trial. The minimum and maximum average temperatures during the cultivation period were 6.2\u0026deg;C to 34.1\u0026deg;C in the first trial (2014-15) and 7.2\u0026deg;C to 35.5\u0026deg;C in the second trial (2015-16). The temperature begins to rise from March onward, often exceeding 35\u0026deg;C in the last month of the cultivation period during both experiments. During these extremely hot months, desiccating winds blow from west to east, and dust storms frequently occur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeteorological data of Varanasi during the cultivation period (November to March, 2014-15 and 2015-16) of potato crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"20\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014-15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRan. (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTem. (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.H. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW. S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSun. (hour)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEva.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRan. (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTem. (\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR.H. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW. S.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSun. (hour)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEva.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(km hr\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(km hr\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov 5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNov 5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDec\u003c/b\u003e 3\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDec\u003c/b\u003e 3\u0026ndash;9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u0026ndash;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJan\u003c/b\u003e 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e33.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eJan\u003c/b\u003e 1\u0026ndash;7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u0026ndash;14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u0026ndash;28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeb\u003c/b\u003e 5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeb\u003c/b\u003e 5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e27.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarc 5\u0026ndash;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarc 4\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u0026ndash;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u0026ndash;25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Plant sampling and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant samples were collected for nutrient content analysis of N, P, and K at different growth and development stages of the potato crop. The samples were taken during the tuber initiation stage (30 DAS), tuber elongation stage (60 DAS), and tuber bulking stage (90 DAS). After collection, the plant samples were air-dried at room temperature and then oven-dried at 65\u0026deg;C in a hot air oven. The dried samples were ground using a Willey mill and preserved in desiccators for analysis of nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Nitrogen content was determined following the method of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] using Nessler\u0026rsquo;s reagent, and the intensity of the orange colour was measured by a spectrophotometer (Labtronics - LT-39) at a wavelength of 425 nm wavelengths and potassium content in the digested and diluted solution was directly measured using a microprocessor-based flame photometer (Systronic-130). The N, P, and K nutrient uptake were calculated using the following method:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAApIAAACACAYAAAC4CYnfAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAC7rSURBVHhe7Z1psB1F+f8n/7cKYckLfi5USAShQMVAUFmUxQAStECIoGCkioRFKCAxbBpLFiEgEMBKQCCpQo0GIZoIXIigIIGiIkgMlpbKZgpZfBFQiO/vfz6deS59Oz3rmXPuObnfT1WfOdPT08szPdPPPL3MhOGURAghhBBCiJr8v2wrhBBCCCFELaRICiGEEEKIRkiRFEIIIYQQjZAiKYQQQgghGiFFUgghhBBCNEKKpBBCCCGEaIQUSSGEEEII0QgpkkIIIYQQohFSJIUQQgghRCOkSAohhBBCDBDf+MY3kptuuinbG1ukSAohhBBCDAgokD/5yU+yvbFHiqQQQgghxIDwrW99K7nxxhuzvbFHiqQQQgghhGiEFEkhxEDxpz/9KTnooIOSCRMmJJMmTUruueee7Ej/geVg6tSpyYsvvpj5iEFjEK7h//73v+Tmm29298ODDz6Y+eYzXuolcqGsyOTf//63+8+z480338xCtIOl042468Lz8corr3R56hVSJIUQAwMPyVNPPTW54447ki1btiRf/vKXk2XLlvX0oSlEv3Heeecl8+fPT956663MR6Akz5o1K5k+fXpy+OGHJ6effnqyePHirsgI+bcZN8+zz3/+8+5lOXRMsinik5/8ZPL+97/flb1nLwrDQgjRA6644orhN954I9trxo033jh81FFHDadKZObTW9ooQ5v0W37Ggm7IYBDlyr1Bk/7AAw9kPuMXrt2UKVO2kcXs2bOdfzeubTfjjsH1xuVB2XuVH1kkhRBdB0vi0NBQttcM3tIffvjhbK/3tFGGNum3/IwF3ZCB5Dr4XHbZZcmhhx6aHH/88ZnP+IOyIwNk0W2kSAohugoK4MUXXzzQ3W79VobtQaad0g0ZjLVcGaaRN8aRscAcF8XwIrB+/frkoosuyny2P1j+Z8GCBc4VrSWJDJAFMukqmWVSCNEH0GW7ePHi4b322st1Tdx1113Du+66q+uymj9//jZduhs2bBiePn26O46bO3fuSJi8uPyu4RdeeCH3fKNKGhwnLvJIGPY5j+OkZ+fiyAPHfDj32GOPHQlj5xvk348DV6Xbpk7+LD4c//Hj2Jtvvhktw7p16wrlS3rIirTCfPZCpj7Ek5eeUXYNyvLlUyW9bsig7JrgLC5z7NuxMM4ddthheObMmS7d8Bq2KS+Dc77yla9sc5yylNV369peuXLlqDJa+QzyklcvOykTcRGW//iF15z/fr5wYd6Iwz+f+BhmYJQdB7qY7XqHhN3PnE/9ID7rJrYymn9Yjjws7qJrXUUGbUK8yIK8dRMpkkL0Edzw9oDhgc5DCWgc8PMfCDQufpihoaFRjaYfV/rm6hpZHpb2IOV8GlzOA3uo+g/hqmngx8MXP4vHzyv/8xpCC28PctKyxoL0DXso+vkro0r+LF4/f+SBfT+tsAwWd0y+pMGWY/450AuZ+lS5zlWuQdV8VUmvWzKw83CxOm/hLV2OEdbKDRaG9Nhy3E8D2pRXCOF8ZZL4/DznYWVB8QnLZ+lRhm6V6ZRTThm55va8ism1TPYo/2D1wPIOZcfxow75fj74++XmJfGWW24ZJVvyQ3kol6VBPnF+HQ4hXEwufl4s/SIZtA1pFuW7DaRICtFn2MPFHt6GPajsARezXPhhgDhiDyrO5+Hi++PH2zH+PGirpmEPR3s4W9z+wysMY8TCAnGTRlm8VWiSvyphIE++RizebsvUx84ru85h3BC7BmX5sv2xrFdldd4/38pIPEYYZ5V8QBN55UF4FDOUJl/hLoLylj03jDbLxJZ9/A07z65BLP5Q9haPn3/8zOJYdhwsTHjtDT/vpM/Lhl9eOz9WllCuIaFcwjJXkUE3QBakQVrdQmMkhRgQWM6BsVuvv/66W9bhd7/7XTJt2rTEXxqCz2ZZGJ+PfvSj2b+tcP7GjRtH+bNkBONtfvvb3yb/93//VzuNJlg+PvjBD7r0jT333DPZf//9k3feecet/9bvhPLNoxcy9al6ndu6BlXT64UMwmtCPsgDDlh3ccaMGS7NOrQprzyQ0wknnJDccMMNbmkZ4m6K/9zIo5My7bDDDskee+zh4meMaYwqsrd4vvjFLyZnnXWWyxNy+N73vlfpOJBH8loG400ZC8u5fnmLyvKPf/wj+9eMtupfPyJFUogBJX3LTNK3THoVtnFlsxV5UFZ5gHWSRhXy8sFDl0atrAEcRLotU58q17nNa1AlPeilDHxQDlg4evLkyW5/9erVLi91aFNeeTA5AiXnkksuSX7605/mKmht0YsylcmetG6//Xa37uNdd92V7LXXXm6Bb5soUna8DpSFl5nf//73mc9WSIMJKijVNunpsccec+Wv+rJYRBv1rx+RIilEBgu9Fs2A6wd46PBgBx5uPOSaQBzEdd9992U+cTpJowqWDx7sscbSL+/2Qrdl6lPlOrd5DaqkB72UgUHZsPI9//zzyaZNm5J58+Y5xaEubcorBooRi+5jNTvzzDPd8i2dfqmkLE/dLlNV2WMBfeaZZ5IXXnghmTt3bvLss88mJ5988sjXYsqO77bbbsnEiROTP//5z24/BhbHK664Ipk9e3ZyxhlnbKOI8iJDW4Aij6V80aJFycqVKzt+wWmr/vUjUiSFSEGBpGutn6Fx5iHJw9K6nFj+IWxkeJMu+0yaPXApc3i+LUHSaRpVsDRC6wBp0ahxjDDbC72QqU+d69zGNeiXehXDum+/8IUvdNSAtymvEJSa888/3z2P+EIJsP3c5z43qgu3Djw3yvLUzTJBFdmT1tVXX+22pHXnnXcmDzzwQPLKK68kzz33XOlxsK7pKixdutSVy1dEAdl/4AMfcF3ZWMg3b97sFPtOaav+1QWl2tqNbiFFUogUuhtuvPHGbK8/uOWWW9zDB7BO0DjfeuutblwQDyJbJ423ax6gNtbswgsvTA444AB3zMb1hON7iIO4IDyftPikWJU0rKHxx1Bt2bIl+ec//+kc/w0Ls3z5cnce+GkQp5WXTyDy0GWMmD10edhbvBaujKr5+/jHP+4apCeeeMKdQ9fZv/71L9ewYkWw/IZlyJMvWNp+Q9cLmfrUvc5F16BKvvqhXhVdE2BRe8LhVqxY4ayj8NBDD42U3eK87bbb3PXLu4adyiuE/Fx++eXbWL/YP+KIIwqVbLMY+s8NlKKhoaFR95Hlq+0yvfvuuyNlIgxyffrpp905Rpnsuf9QmO0ctlOmTBl5npUdJ48oaqRvYQz28TfZE5ZhA1hbv/71r7vjOPLIS47VSXN8sjCM07C4q1zrKvWvLSxfLEzOvdk1Uo1bCJHC7La82X69hDxwa1511VUjy2+wtaU1fPCzMDh/hiczAc0f588WNDifpVosjL90iJGXBnERp/mnD2QXlpmL5mezGJkxyHHi4X8IfnnlAGZM2jFzZTMd6+QPZ+kjA5YF4VxmG/MfwjIUydfC+sf9utULmfoQR9l1Jo68a1AnX1AlvW7IoKzOMwua8Bzj2pIeYfBjyRqwOKdOnTr8vve9b1R8/jVsU15tEco0lLuVzY7j2iwTx1lyyU/D7tMy2RP/smXL3PmWB7uuUHbcYJ+65/sjZz+fpMlxnOXJroefz9DF2oc617pK/WuTmCy6wQR+0kINPFiU1qxZk6xdu7YjE/ygwlsQb41PPvlk8utf/7prbx+84fBGyNvxgQce2LU0LZ1ul8fHxkdSl3zobrr//vudv73VdxPywRsx3TbdnHgghBDbI4xxhB//+MduWweGYGDhtKEFBhZ12qU5c+ZkPv0PbQld203kUIfaXduY1n1zb8zUjrAxA/vhiszCojOQ6+mnn54sXrx4xEzeDTC7s5RE+hbouqi6mSZLXrQZd6xOmrOHTh48UFAgKXvbXQ9CCCHa5brrrkueeuopp/zVAX2Gc2LGKJRL60IfBCgLQzOQRbeprUhiIcGIySymXXfdNTrriUaXtZLeeOMN13hv2LDB7dex5jAI2x8AWwaa98svv9w1a2Td/HRKnfRM3rNnz8582oe8HHvssU7BY+Bxt9PkDarNuC2/1N3QVXlbwxpJ2ZFBt+sB9w3YWBshhBDVoQcLRZJnezihqwjG1TIm1KyPBgaEdevWbWOl7FfIP5OJ6KHtRW9e48k2KBMzZ850FqNw1pPBIGpmUNWdLYRiOjQ0lO2NPb3OT7+VH1iCggG747mrlbIjA2TRDcxqiiUW5s6dO9LdLoQQojooUMxYZxJQuF5kHhgMlixZ4oZs2SQw1o9kUhJLMQ0C6A8oxJS9V8P8Opq1PWnSpOSUU05xs79s1lOnEAcrznezi7YOvc5Pv5UfqJjr168fmdW3PWLjEnFFyhsyQBbIpG1iVtNwvKYQQohq8EzleV7HAIKRDEXMnsH8b2P5n16B1ZT5BZS9V3S8/M+ll17quiBZJoOuvzzM2oKGP3XqVGfBxPEfP47RlcdSG8SFcspaTiirTLjgc0K8GdDvz2BY/DmHeDE788kkVrkPLaM0+PjbeDjCcQ6wJV6OEweNNmFstXyOx/LjKxFVykUYSyssA2FI18Lkpccxy585Oy8PzrM0fOWoSCYxWE7iwx/+cKW3m1iaxE3Zzb8svRC/7HZtDP+YuTK5xOCcKsobMkAWyEQIIYQY96QNZ2OYvs60cn/6uz89Hn+WH2Dau+0TzqbCA9Pf2cef48ByAX4Y9okbt2DBAjf9n3QIQ/psOeafAywZ4i9fwJR8ptlbWhYvfosXL3Z+xMc+x4wwPyFVyuWXwc8TU/7xK0vP/Ow8ys95vrzD81KFdjhVeEbOgTKZhFjZ/Pz5VEmTPJKG1RXOMVnkpQuEq3ptiuTSNqQZy7dfriLXzbwJIYQQvaRjiyRgQmVhz7RBL+waJFz4mSXGMZStRM+AWZZCAcZbHnbYYc5qxOQazLhs00bcHTewSJGna6+9dsSSdtxxx7lxnQymxQJpEzpY9d0mkBCW1e5jC5rmUaVcpJUqEO6//xF+0iUPjIn0LW0+5IP8EJ8NnD3yyCPdZKe8T0ERF9eBcR2WVhWZhKTKkltQlQWby4iliXWWmWOkYbOf6R4m71zTsklYRdemiVzaAFnE5MU1Tu+pUldk8RRCCCEGiVYUSaAhX7VqlWvEUSZjywK1QdUPp9PI00U8bdq0kS5PHF8HYfwhCki/wLIyRXlCiULhwgHdxDNmzMgdR8mMLcZZhuMkmsiE4Qas1l9GXpo24cqUP5+8L09Upa5chBBCCNEurSmSgMXp7rvvdv9jywL1GpTaDRs2RK1Cgzb7GCUMS9bkyZPd/urVq135YqC0oTDGZqp1SyZ5aaLsYYHEgmcvF4899phT9qq+FBRRRy79jq/cy8nJycnJtem6RauKJKCM0IWLonDiiSe679WOFeQBpWUQQPkJu8cNlCUm4Tz//PPJpk2bknnz5o2y+vlg/bviiitcd3lMma8rE4YS0L1c1FVcliZ1gkW/sVZSmRctWuTWIe1Uma8jl15AGcMbN+byhn7ElHs5OTk5Obk2XLdoXZEELEQoFSgtL7zwQubbW2w8Hd3s4YKkWMa61fXeBNZ7QlnLW2+TLmksenyMvqqixGKklN9f47OJTKxrugqxNAHFiRnotqTC5s2bW1lOoYlc2gClOna9NEZSCCHEeKOxIokS8tprr+WO60OpOOqoo7K992CiAkvbPPHEEy6Ou+66y1kt6RbFumTKDePyGJ+3fPly52fj6WLj6jhOPoiXhUPBulQBa5ktLoq78MIL3aeO7DxLC2xyCY7/RpifkKrlApaOsYkajC1kjOKtt946MmEEYuk9/PDD7j9uxYoVTlGHhx56yFkBKYvlm/IzsQZLp63xWUUmIZyDokbcfhmA/bI0ceQb5dXSMmdLI8WwuKtcmyK5mJzbwvLFwuT+9RJCCCHGJcMNsCVWzPnLv/jglyoLo47xf/r06e48lgZiuRiWUmEpIf6DLfNCOP7PDpZV8ZdesbD+cX95FZa3sfRwtvQN5xOP+RMHYSmL+Vm5wvzEqFIuk9tVV101EpYt6frE0ksV05FyEidlIH78WB7Hzzd+nGfx4OdfozyZ5EE8e+2110hegLiqpunnPXT+tTLqXJsiubC0UtvEZCGEEEKMVybwkzbCogfQxYtljmVvBm2yD+P/gO7burD4OtbO8Dul9j3TOXPmZD79D9eQru0mchBCCCG2N7oyRlJsf1x33XXuI/gof3Vg3CXn2LqSPiiXse70foWysCYmshBCCCGEFMme8sYbb7itjfkbJBgPiCKJJS6cqFMEY1qZEGPWR4Oxi+vWrdvGStmvkH/G/a5du1ZjI4UQQogMKZI9AAWKiSWLFy92+3Pnzs1dAqafQYFihvm7774bXaMyBjOUlyxZktxwww0jk3tYP5JJUXwBZxBgIhMKMWWPWVaFEJ3D5Di+wz916tRRqz748CzlmWIT9vgfe6mtGk4I0TkaIymEEGJM4cX6zjvvdMvFTZkyxfV+xCz/jNVm1YQ1a9aM7LNaRDhmuWo4IUTnyCIphBBiTMFiiNWf9YfzYIzy0NCQ691AKcQtXLjQ+flr4FYNJ4RoBymSQggh+h6GlvDBA394iX1kgWNG1XBCiHaQIimEEKKvYcwk3d18RhYLo8F//DhGmKrhhBDtIUVSCCFEX8NKF3zlii+IheBnX8CqGk4I0R5SJIUQQgghRCOkSAohhBhY+NLUxIkTk9122y3ziVM1nBCiHlIkhRBC9DUofyiBKINFVA0nhGgPKZJCCCH6Gj5msMcee7i1If2FxfmP36GHHurWnawaTgjRHlIkhRBC9DXMur7ooovc51b5vKrBf/xmzZrl9quGE0K0hxRJIYQQYw5WQ7MixmZWH3744W4tyFtuucWFQzm8+OKLk5kzZybHH398Fqp6OCFEO0iRFEIIMabwxRm6pX/1q18lr7zySjJt2jT3WUMfrI188nDSpEku7Gc+8xmnHC5dujQLsZWq4YQQ7aBvbQshhBBCiEbIIimEEEIIIRohRVIIIYQQQjRCiqQQQgghhGiEFEkhhBBCCNEIKZJCCCGEEKIRUiSFEEIIIUQjpEgKIYQQQohGSJEUQgghhBCNkCIphBBCCCEaIUVSCCGEEEI0QoqkEEIIIYRohBRJIYQQQgjRCCmSQgghhBCiEVIkhRBCCCFEI6RICiGEEEKIRkiRFEIIIYQQjZAiKYQQQgghGiFFUgghtkNeeeWV5Ac/+EHykY98JHnqqacy38Hnm9/8ZjJhwoTk+eefz3yKKQuPfDgeul122SU59dRTK6ezPfHQQw+5sh977LGZT3Peeuut5J577kmmT5/u6qPY/pAiKcR2Ag/rJg/qsvNoTGINLc4a2yqKSuz8mOuV0kO5+5G28/Xyyy9n/+rTjzKyPN17771uW0ZZ+JdeeimZOnVqcswxxyTDw8PObd68OVm0aFHyi1/8IjniiCOcMlQGYbiPUJisLvOf9O1Yt2j7Ou24447JH//4x2yvczqNrx/roXgPKZJCbCcsXLgwufPOO7O96pSdt3bt2lHKiN/Y3nbbbckjjzySHHbYYc6KUcSBBx7o4rHzabjBj+/cc891ft0Ga93dd9+d7fUXXI82mDJlSnLwwQdne/Wh8X711Vezvf6APB199NFO8aPelVE1PFZJn1133TU5++yzXX38z3/+k/ztb3/LjsTBarnnnnsm9913X3LllVeO1GkUUWQ4adKkLGR3aKvOGIceeug2MmkKsjzuuOOyvfr0870qtiJFUojtABrMt99+2ylqdd7eq56HUoIi6EMDgTXy8ccfd/sXXHCB28bAynjzzTe7ePIgvquvvjp59913M5/ugHXolFNOyfb6C7phO7EgtgWKEXnpN9asWZOccMIJ7vph4ULJKKJu+JDJkydn//JBVlgtUVZ56fKVJur7JZdckqxcuTLZtGlT5tsu/VJnukE/36vCI31rEkIMOKmSN7xx48bhnXfeeTht0DLfcuqcd8wxxwznPTLwr/s4yYtv8+bNwz/60Y9cfp588snhb3/72y4cfnb83HPPHUkzbWicn0F58LPjVkaDfTuGIx9pQ+zSsTSvv/56JxNcqgS480iffc4hbIidE6YZlmdoaMj9D+OxcvouBvESlrSI28pKnMTtQ3ocY+vDvsmBeJCnyRBZWDnMUbaxhnyRF/Jp5bI6EaNOeOoALgQ/k3MeVo9D2YeEMrQ6wbls/eOk17TOhOdaGCs7x63+4E89iOU9TyYG8g3TIU5crL6QVuhPHP69yv+ye1X0H7JICjHgYO1jLNYnPvGJ5LLLLqtslWx6XohZedIGxG075Z133nGO/Pz85z9PDjnkENcNjh8WCsZskuf0+ZWkDZjrsjzttNOys5PkpJNOctu0wXRx0DU5Z84c5wfPPvusiw9HHFiRtmzZ4sJZmieffLKz1NIt+tWvfjX5zne+k+y7777OL20Mk2uvvXbUJAysQlicXnzxRRcH2Ni6sDx/+ctfXFdd2miOiueaa65xcQP5wsUgr88995zL7+LFi5PZs2c7ixd5mzlzZqnVjSEIX/rSl5yFmDTuv/9+d92RK/nFikZcQH4Ig1VtrHn00UddVzOWa7peqW9mDY9RN7wPMmRM4zPPPJOsWLHCxRGDcL/5zW/c/7LuW1+G1Kdly5a5uot8L7744uTSSy8dsQJ3UmfCc/37B7jO1B3qKvcIzwDqTd17n3pItz3pLFmyJPnYxz7mZJUqlq4sZfEhu1RRdPcJ+SYeHPtWvti9KvqQ9OIIIQaY9CHr3uwBawMWAawEZdQ9j/DhIwPrgVkNzHJXlVh8hlmQwjixgGA98zGLi1kyKIdZX8CO+5A2zgdrCeFI27B8xPwID6Qbyg0LD2EsH3aOb/mJxW15KMPCcd0Mi8+XTywN8opMfMgn4Xy5sW9l7AfIty8/s2T5MvCpE97qou/CehTD5BvWpSK45zgntAJa/qweW9xN6oyFC+8f9vH3ZcB/ZEV5fWL3SEgsj8QXe5YQzq9P1FOeHT6UnXDIwqiSDzG2yCIpxACDVRELko09xHJi1sWiyS9NzwN/hvX+++/vxp6lDYQbL9k2H/rQh7J/W1m9enVy++23j8oDFhqwCRFY05goQRmx8NjxboFFCrn5ecLCA77VEpi9GvL0009n/+rjW8rM6lZkkUQm5BXrkQ8WWEC+dcBq55e7zDUFOXJdfasfYx/hD3/4g9v61A0PqbKCNuZcqgy5iWSXX35562NFV61a5bZ777232xpYlsEsnEYndSa8f7BqpgreqHrDfyydWCmpH03w80h8WPKpZ0VwH2MN9aGnASslk5TE4CBFUogB5vvf//42ihXdSvDDH/7QbWM0PQ+sscVt3LjRdR9yLo0CXaPdBqXVz4M5U2RRpOi+mzdvXvLZz352pOuvm/hKiO9QRnrJQQcdlP0rxro5DV+xqAPdtbFy57mm3HvvvU7R8esrQw7gwQcfdFufuuFDkAf1ibrNfZL3crXDDju4LV3gdaFr2CemMHYDG7bgM3HixOxfO0ybNi37V0wsL03rohg7pEgKMaCY9SDWYKPYYNmIWRianhcDCwLKEg0ulknG7HUbllgJQYElz2yxaGBpZXxVN6ykMZBZTIkus+62TVVFPm9Zn5122in711+gzA0NDW1TX7Guxcbi1Q2fhylYjFGMQf0nzibWvNdffz37N5q2lboQ8ppXT0wx7pTwRSWPPKsllnUxOEiRFGJAwaqYt36c+RMmpOl5RUpKrx78J554olNYQ2UABXafffZx3ds0lF/72teyI90H5Ru++93vuq3RayUSSyyyOeOMMzKfbbHubxQt/3raf+v+7SeQI9c0NpnFumT9IQR1wxdhCtHuu+/utjHMgo8FPO8ewZ8JNmD1JbT827JXM2bMcNtuwP0Dy5cvd1uDcqIQoxi3AV3TvFwWwbWgvoYKOLLq1QugaIn0LU0IMWDY5Ij0jT7zGQ0D3jmO8ycMND2P8Obvg78N9meAfV68IX58NrnAx/LpD7oHmxjAsbRBdmnbFmywPgP5gckAHMePCQE2KYB4yS/xmR/nWDjD8uHLguN+GkB8+JE38sIx0jUsHssnWDz+xBcLR74pS548TeakQxlw5CGcvBDLv0248M/lf3gu8rEy+DLpNeQLucYwOfj1pG54ILx/vZAJckIGxMd+ESZT4uG/hbd4SM+PA3n714XrTDqxutCkzphfWE7yQDqUi/DAln3/GhOOsuD8fIdwLukQp9VV8kt8ft21+9LPD34mXwtLvsNzOQc/8jGW9VDkI0VSiAHDGkNz1iAY9nD3nSlbvl/V83Chv+9obGgY/Yd/EWE+cH4jHh73jwHp0LhwjAaG8D42S5t8UaZY42uNGGH4H5aROEM/9vPyRiNH/MSJvylpEDunKB5r6FFA8rDzTSGx/36jn5cGIBPKjj9pkXf/XDDliPPCY73C8ojjv4/lzxzlrxse/HN8h38o0yKoa4S3OoDjWnIdYnHgb2FJy5RKiF27vOtJ3H6dKbruQHjyacc5N3wW+OfjwuOGPTNM2eM/6XFPGRbGd0Z47xFP+BwJ71XRf0zgJ72AQgghBgRmSzPBSY9vMZbQLc3nUVNl0Q2bEOMTjZEUQgghhBCNkCI5TmFgPkti5A1qZjKDLZvBUiohfNDfjteZBWn45/uOJWSwttSF8rDem635xoBt/hPnLrvskpvHO+64w+UlHCTPYHzy0qRsQnSbxx57zG2L1owUotvYepavvfaa244HaCtoo2Ltog+TvqydY5vXrvltFY42uepksL6Brm0x/rDB2Li8MUD+mCL++3AO/v64nrrY2CSDsTE2dsfGL1WBvDGGxh+IzZgvxtuQT8bVEGc4voZjNq4oho3FYwxPnoyE6DXUZd8xJk6IXuOPbcSFYzG3R2wyUFl5bVy2tS3W3sbuVcao4mhjaHNsvOsgtTlSJMcpKHE2KSFvJhyDpKnUhI1VbM7NG4RdBXsQhdiNWgUbyB0qicThl4u0wpuY8ld5+BEGhVIIIcRggTJXZJigXeMZXzaRh/bCDCe0i0VtB21m2GbEFETyFrZfpoQO0guiurbHIWY2nz9/vtsWfemBrwywpiBrr4Vrj3WLql/nANbMS2/wbdY/I79FX4pABnw6L71ZM598WHCbddHUzS2EEIMH66baOp4+dCvTRc02/JxkyDXXXOM+vQpFX9+hbXn55ZeTI444IvPZyqxZs1y75H+ic82aNW5dV7/9svVPYx9e6FekSI5DGBeYvi25myF9qypUkLjBGLNBOGaJ+mOy0reu7N9WCMcYD3/sCHHb2I8qX34gPb4SQnplEDc37Jlnnpn5VIeypG+plRbg5SspyOumm27KfIQQQgwCtEsrV650hgO/rTMlEtauXdvapxnXr1/vtvvuu6/bGvvtt5/b+l9JeuSRR6KGkwMPPNAt1j4oSJEch3AzmfLFlw6KvvRgldksdzaZBRhA7EO83AA+3MRVrH6Aknreeec5BbXKObzNERZFL4S3PPtSRAiDoPk27tVXX535lMPbJbLQ5AYhhBgsTJnke+umTJ522mnOENGmEgl5n4eM9ZDR9sZoMz+9QIrkOIObyFe+Pv3pT7vtvffe67Z5YLnDglf2HeYmN4BZLM3Ciem/iqWQt7lQmTV4cPAJMt46UZLJ98knn+z2L7jggmTRokUur3R3MKub9GNdH4a9Xf7973932zyQjZWniqtipRVCCNEZZtRAmcQSiTHh8ccfHzilrR+RIjnOwIo3Z86cbG+rgogCh1JWBhY8LH1F3/JtwvDwcLJ582bXfcxYRH8MSRG8zR155JHZ3mjM2jhp0qTkpJNOcm+jKM82zpOxLijVpPfiiy+6N1PG0djbah5+t0QMFuWlPFVd0SK+McVTTk5OTm5bV4VLLrnEtXcYFjAmVDFYiHKkSI4jsMahOJ1zzjmjbkCUqCrdtry5cfMRvslaj0UQN2NYUFSxGHYK8dFlgbL20ksvubdRysfYyLvvvtuFYXvWWWe5sCiZWFztWD8QKp1ycnJycnFXBYZm0X4xBv/yyy/PHdLVTSZOnJj9K4a2cFCQIjmOWLVqlRvDGN6AWOvg0UcfddsisOTxRnfdddc5xbRNUOZQ+LjRyyyDTWB2N1bPPCtg1Ru8CHVtCyFE/0GbQq8T7R1GhqOPPtqNfW9bmbRJNbZYu2H7/iQc2mOsoyH41Vm9ZKyRIjmOWLZsmVuCIGTGjBluy3iRKmC1o1s5b1ZZeGPkDT6OsWDBArdduHCh2xbBG5t94aMMFDa677F6doI9JPJos2tbCCFE56BEMjYSJRJjBSxdutQZRRj61KZR5FOf+lS0bdqwYYNLz3/mW3vsGxRMsW17CFk3kSI5TmCmMorf7rvvnvm8hw02ptvbfzuzz16FNxk3Qt7yPAcccIDbmkWRdJ977jn3P5xFTZcz+PFbFzNWSZYpKoI3SoujDG7Kyy67bGSSUQwU3p122inbG81f//pXt917773dVgghRP8TUyLBhj+h9NlaklUgHO0OBpPYOcRLW8Nxa8PIA+0rE0B9WD2F9OfNm+eGXhEfcxiwVPp57XuGxXZPegO5lfLNse+TviWNHEsrtVtl3z+H4yGpoueOhV+2sa8E2Hl8CcC+PmNxQ5imD3Hjx7GiLxJYHglfBHkgvfDLPObP+Tj+533lh68UpDd3tieEEGIQoJ0I2zwf2gWe72H7EEIc1rb5Dr9Y/Ndff/1IO1bUttAm+vHS5pXlpd+QIikGGm7QImWTG5KbOe8m5lxuXsJw48cwpbnoYdQtKJ89YHyHUpuXX9EeXHOTeSefAzU6ia/tvIwVlMOv12FZ7J7MczS6vcAad8M+KYvz88x//PrxfrRnF4pSr+iFnFC+TEnTc3DsUde2GGjoKmAAdd6AaboZ3n777ZHPToXw+cP0PnBhWBoiBjP90kZlTLoa6EJJG133n3zi0sYhmT59upuB7i8QL9qHa54qPtle53QSX9t5GQusm/GXv/ylW/IrVQayI+/BPZkqk+6/1Xkc4enyGyv4RB4T9gYJm0BJt2rVrttO6YWcWLYnb4y+6D1SJMVAg4JI48rsO8ZjtgkPXlMef/azn7ntWBAuus44TxpbGmGUaNFdyr7BW5dO4ms7L72GiXq8lKEI2EtebMLZ5MmTs3/vQfibb74522uPvNUTbPkwn9jKDjbBLu9FdCy54YYbRpS6quvztkEv5FQ03l30FimSYuBB2ePt9MEHHyz8Ok0dsHAyAPuEE05o/RNabTFIy0MIAbGlTuqAMsL92BZtv3z2E9ZLM3/+fLfl+ShEN5AiKbYLzEpHt0obYDF59tlnRyyS/QbWUhplrDshNI50fWNp4fOPMeWaRoay2XqWsXAsOo811I7Tje53j7Fv5+Nv+4S1BeuZtWifoCS9Ns83/HyytRUDgP+WBlYnwlp8eTM1w3IvWbIkOzIay7PFh8xjQyyqxhej6rnh9SQvMSXJjy8vnB+GrS/PPKqkjx9Qby1cpxTVdfJk14YysW9h2Sfs6aef7sIedthhI3minvh1s4gwDcPOjTmfUG5F9wiQZ0uvDO4d1s3lJZjnROw6WvzIhVnDfnrh88DqBP7IiPuHffJTVkfy5ARV7yP/WuM4R/QJw0KIviYc9M8AegbPM2HBZsEbTCoiLDPSITbAnfMZqG6zA3HERzoGxwhjg+XZsh/OXLeJEWyJ1+LCj62dT/p+voxOz2dgv59PC2f7wOQO/Chflfjwt8lZ5Ikyh3EC/jg/3+SF/0ad+EKqnmsTD5AhaeNMrv4ks1A2bNnH36giz5Cq6QN+fj3Lw9I1iNO/fkDchCmr6/hxbcgTYZChhbFzYuWzMvjE5GFp+Omyz/mG5TXMmy839rmnQ/lYPtgSD+VlvwziJk6wc8LnBSAPS9fCWzn9/JJH/AhvecbZ/erLpKqcgPhwHLf4yDv/DZMf9RM4ZnIJ4xO9R4qkEH0OD3gemL7jYes/aA0aBI75cD4PZoMHsL8fYg98e2gb1hihmBnWYFgDBLFGk7yGftDJ+ZbPUBnEz5eBKQt+viEMl1duU0T9RtH8/IbZ0rH81IkvpM651qCG9YFrTH0wrB754TjXZFpVniFV0wfChYpSDKsXofPLXaWuA+flpWnXLHYtLA8+5heGx8+vm+wjT0Au5CnMQ+w+tPj9epWXZhHUE5Qzg/iII6xPEKsXgHxjsvTjBas3/rWoKqcq9xGQl7x0/fjE2KCubSEGhPR+dTNX0we2m4UZDp6nOyh9uCbTpk3LfLZy5JFHui8RWXcR3VBF4yttpuchhxzitoZ92uvVV191Wx9/4PuOO+7otgcffLDbQtkY0ybnWz79T45B2jC6rxiFxCaq/Pe//83+5Zc7dt6aNWvcliEQhk0asS9E1YkvpM65XM+0kd1GRlxj6oNh37Dnyxt0L9KVyXAQm/xQV55G1fSbQJ23ek8aRtW6buDfS8iz1enzzjvPbZG1T+w+tDq/fv16t/WJTUrKg/rJwtYG9TRVxgqvY3j96MpGliFhOCunfy9Vpcp9ZNeaD1D4+M8MMbZIkRRigOAhzmced9555xHFwNiyZYvbsiyQjSPCsQ92nMahqGG1T1qaQtevWD798W04xuDFGsAy6pTbGk0/XRzYsU7kWOdcyho27jFY4WDjxo1OIaNOoFj449WayrNq+p1A/IxZNiWjal0faxjXx0vfokWLtlF8kJs/XhSH7MGuRRMYc0ia55xzzqi4UcaYlMgLRL9Q5T6yaxmbCS76AymSQgwYNEgMyqdhiA1yX7ly5Yglx3e+RYPvvpYRftKyX0EOsfJ2GxSxWLptziquSmzSUAwsP9QZZIZlG8UrrENN5Fk1/bapUtfHCmTCZB4sumeffXbmO5pzzz03mv9OlshZtWqVe1kI40RWYJbnfqGf7iPRDCmSQgwgCxYscNuFCxe6LdB4Yqlct25d5hOHhq1oMV+OQ7hciH17fb/99nPbscby+cwzz7htp1i34sMPP+y2hn1n3efEE090CleRdadOfCF1zkUhjFmaWMze7w7G0mNheBlZunSp+29DFZrKs2r6bVK1rlelyjWpS6xLm+5iW7MSuRV1NTdl2bJlyaxZs7K995gxY4bbWpdxGVWvn133Aw44wG3rUOU+speC++67z22NcPiCGDukSArR5/BAB9/qgyKANYOHMMt8GPixSLnvh8WJpToMusQ5z1/egzC2j9UKpYJ4bAkXWxIFf/8rQZs2bXJbvyEwhdNvnO14aAnt5HzySUNHvqxxRka2tIth8dkWTJa+TGmwsI74X0oi3tWrV7v/voWWRhlFBmXA8sYWS7HJrE58IXXOPf/8890WOVAeHP+5xuEC3uTXyrx8+XK3NaW1qjxDqqZv6dq2CKsXRcpClbpu18biC9lnn33cFrmSL843C22sblqXsy//WBrkie7lFStWjHRp44dMjNmzZ7t9kxsgd/LvpxnLRx7UPZT63XffPfN5Dxt+QL5icuUakw+cXb8rr7wyO/oedMebjMgTdYp74cwzz3R+UFVOVe4j4FpTLj9du+6dDAMQLTEshOhbUmXCzUzEpQ/czHcr6YPe+XEsfdBmvltnTNp5HOdYOCOT2ZJ+GM7xw/Cf8yx+tsz49MPYLG47DjY71BzpgMWDs7x2ej6E+aRM/izOMD6bHerL1Y+P46my7PwtLptFirP8AGHTBnDkWKqEuRnnPnXiC6lzLumSvh3jfzhjluvnhyHOcIZ2mTzzqJI+cflp50H6Fo582DWLQd4sXsJyrl9H8+qND3IkHM7KGqubhPP9LF9+GiZP3y90vlxCuVGf/PKG+SiShZ8/XFi3fPn7cVkdK6vLwDHiKcpzHTkBx8vStnppcdp1tnPyrq3oDRP4SS+EEEIIIcYZWECxMlZRBRgeQa+Exi8KH3VtCyGEEEKIRkiRFEIIIcYpNj7TtnlUDSfGH1IkhRBCiHEIk2psBQcWqi/CjhOe84QwNEZSCCGEEEI0QhZJIYQQQgjRCCmSQgghhBCiEVIkhRBCCCFEI6RICiGEEEKIRkiRFEIIIYQQjZAiKYQQQgghGpAk/x8tiKtKmbSh5gAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eApparent Nutrient Recovery (ANuR) of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], was calculated due to the application of AAB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Tuber quality analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality indicators of fresh potato tubers were promptly analyzed after harvesting. The TSS and starch content in fresh potato tubers were measured by spectrophotometry (Labtronics- LT 39) at a wavelength of 630 nm using the anthrone reagent method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. The protein content was determined by spectrophotometry (Labtronics- LT 39) at an optical density of 660 nm [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e] using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The biochemical parameters for assessing tuber quality were measured relative to their fresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Soil analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil samples were collected from field experiments before sowing and after harvesting, and were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics over two consecutive years. Soil pH was determined using a glass electrode digital pH meter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], electrical conductivity (EC) was measured using an electrical conductivity meter [41), organic carbon content was determined by the method of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], available nitrogen was measured using the method of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], phosphorus was determined by the method of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], potassium content was measured according to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e] and sulphur content was determined by the method of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the data from the field and laboratory were statistically analyzed by applying a split-plot design. Statistical analysis and interpretation were performed by calculating the value of SEm (\u0026plusmn;) and Critical difference (CD) at 5% level of significance using GenStat, Version 16.0.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Nitrogen uptake by foliage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe nitrogen uptake by the potato crop was not significantly (NS) influenced by different irrigation levels (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The effect of irrigation on N-uptake was insignificant, likely due to the northeast monsoon during the growing season (December, January and February) of the crop in both field experiments. The highest nitrogen uptake was observed at 60 DAS due to the application of irrigation water in both years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of foliar spray with different sources of AAB at the growth stages (30, 60, and 90 DAS) on nitrogen uptake was significantly influenced (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) in potato crops. The uptake of nitrogen by the foliage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb) was found to be highest with the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (plant source) AAB at 60 DAS, with 120.12 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the first year and 163.23 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the subsequent year. The percentage enhancement in nitrogen uptake by the foliage (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed) due to the application of different AAB sources ranged as follows: A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (21.18\u0026ndash;57.47%), A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (61.36-117.26%), and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (25.45\u0026ndash;66.96%) in the first year, and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (27.94\u0026ndash;62.73%), A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (66.01-127.31%), and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (31.19\u0026ndash;62.37%) in the second year of the field experiment. A dramatic increase in nitrogen uptake compared to the control was observed in different growth stages, with the maximum enhancement occurring at 90 DAS in both years, particularly with the A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e source. The sequence of increasing nitrogen uptake due to AAB spraying was A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. The interaction effects between different irrigation levels and AAB sources under recommended doses of fertilizers (N, P, K) were found to be non-significant at all stages in both years of the experiment. Thus, nitrogen uptake by the crop varied due to ambient climatic conditions during the cultivation period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of biostimulants enhances the photosynthetic process, increases total nitrogen and nitrate levels, and improves nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. Biostimulants are known for their ability to increase productivity, boost plant metabolism, and improve resilience to adverse environmental conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]. AA absorption can be facilitated through both plant roots and foliar uptake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. A wide range of absorption and transport characteristics for AA have been identified across various plant species, with a focus on carrier systems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. AA can potentially reduce nitrate uptake and nitrate content while decreasing nitrate reductase (NR) activity in plants. The nitrate assimilation rate, including glutamine and glutamate synthesis, is regulated by the uptake rate of nitrate-by-nitrate transporters, carbon skeleton availability, and nitrogenous accumulation end products, which are influenced by light and photosynthesis rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. Phytohormones, such as cytokinin, salicylic acid, gibberellin, auxin, and ethylene, which regulate plant growth and phenological stages, are also synthesized by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). The impact of various volatile organic compounds released by PGPB on plant physiology and genetics is comparable to the effects of bacterial phytohormones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. Biostimulants affect plants by directly stimulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism and modifying hormonal regulation. They also have an indirect effect: vegetable-protein hydrolysates enhance nutrient availability in growth substrates, thereby improving nutrient uptake and efficiency [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]. The molecular mechanisms by which AA from biostimulants affect nitrate reductase gene expression have been explored. It was observed that exogenously applied amides and AA could reduce nitrate absorption in wheat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e], maize [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], and barley [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. AA reduced nitrate content while enhancing total nitrogen content in leafy and other crops such as pak choi, lettuce, onion, radish, and Chinese cabbage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the positive impact of protein hydrolysates containing AA and peptides (either plant or animal origin) and mixed AA on nitrogen uptake and assimilation is likely due to their influence on nitrate uptake and assimilation, along with their role as reduced nitrogen sources in biostimulants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and AAB on nitrogen uptake/absorption (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) in potato foliage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIrrigation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e163.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA also manages nitrate absorption and nitrate concentration in plants. Nitrate is transported from the roots through the xylem, and then the mesophyll cells take it up via a symporter of nitrate-proton into the cytoplasm. Nitrite is reduced by nitrate reductase, ammonium is reduced by nitrite reductase in the chloroplast, and ammonium is subsequently integrated into AA [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR63\" citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. The assimilation of nitrate begins through the enzymatic activities of NR, NiR, and GS. The uptake systems for AA, nitrate, and ammonium are present in the roots of plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. AA, proteins, and nucleic acids are essential components required for nitrogen. To balance the distribution of K/NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e between organs, plants can detect soil levels of these ions and regulate their uptake and root-to-shoot transport accordingly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. This suggests that the uptake and assimilation of NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e is regulated by MAA application in crops. The use of MAA could directly increase the activity of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase enzymes in the NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e assimilation pathway, resulting in improved NO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/sup\u003e uptake by crops. Biostimulants, as different sources of AA, increase the efficiency of nitrogen use by crops, reducing fertilizer doses, decreasing nitrate pollution, and enhancing the yield and protein concentration in a variety of crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Phosphorus uptake by foliage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of the irrigation schedule on phosphorus uptake by potato crops was observed, and it was found that different irrigation levels did not significantly (NS) influence phosphorus uptake. The occurrence of the northeast monsoon, with regular intervals during the growing season (December, January, and February) of the crops in both field experiments, is likely the cause of the insignificant effect of different irrigation levels. Phosphorus uptake was highest at 60 days after sowing (DAS) in the first year and at 30 DAS in the second year, likely due to the application of irrigation water. Without adequate phosphorus, plants are unable to transform solar energy into the chemical energy required for synthesizing proteins, sugars, and starches.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus uptake by potatoes was influenced by different sources of amino acids (AA), such as animal, plant, and mixed sources, as depicted in (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb). Phosphorus movement in mineral soils is slow and tends to accumulate over time when the phosphorus supplied through fertilizers exceeds plant uptake and organic matter exceeds the amount removed in the harvested portions of the crop. Since phosphorus is not very mobile in soil, ensuring that plant roots have a nearby and adequate supply of phosphorus is essential. The application of AAB significantly enhanced phosphorus uptake by the potato crop. The maximum phosphorus uptake (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) by foliage, compared to the control, was recorded with the application of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and AAB, followed by A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, AAB. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e] noted similar findings regarding N, P, and K contents in maize grains treated with AA (animal-based) biostimulants. The percent enhancement of phosphorus uptake by foliage, compared to the control, with the application of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and AAB was as follows: 28.40\u0026ndash;64.34%, 70.72\u0026ndash;189.25%, and 33.89\u0026ndash;88.49%, respectively, in the first year; and 25.82\u0026ndash;62.34%, 72.61\u0026ndash;144.39%, and 28.71\u0026ndash;73.73%, respectively, in the second year. The AAB effect on phosphorus uptake was most pronounced with the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in both seasons of the rabi crop. The order of increasing impact of AAB on phosphorus uptake in potato foliage, compared to the control, was found to be A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe combined effect of PGPR (plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) and humic acids (sources of biostimulants) on tomato plants has been shown to enhance phosphate solubilization and mineralization of soil minerals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e]. AA acts as growth promoters for roots, enhancing root proliferation and development, which increases the surface area for nutrient absorption, including phosphorus. AA can also positively influence the soil microbial community, leading to increased microbial activity, including phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) that dissolve and mineralize insoluble phosphorus forms in soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. Soil microorganisms secrete organic acids under the regulation of acidolytic-related enzymes, which chelate metal ions (Ca\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Al\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e) in the soil, releasing PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. Enzymatic degradation in soils with inorganic phosphorus, where enzymes related to enzymolysis enhance the production of additional enzymes, breaks down organic phosphorus, releasing inorganic phosphorus in the soil and improving phosphorus availability in the rhizosphere. Biostimulants, in particular, have been shown to increase the population of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough significant effects on phosphorus uptake by crops were observed with the application of AAB, the interaction between various irrigation levels and different sources of AAB application was non-significant at all growth stages during both years of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of protein hydrolysates, as foliar biostimulants, increases phosphorus nutrient uptake in sweet potatoes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e]. Protein hydrolysates/MAA have been shown to stimulate nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and potassium metabolism and assimilation. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] summarized in the literature that the application of protein hydrolysates (animal-based) enhances the activity of NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, nitrate reductase, and malate dehydrogenase in crops. All metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, respiration, photosynthesis, cell division, and elongation, depend on the action of coenzymes like NAD and NADP, which are phosphorus-dependent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and AAB on phosphorus uptake/absorption (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) of potato foliage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIrrigation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Potassium uptake by foliage\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potassium uptake by the potato crop was insignificantly influenced by different irrigation schedules. The potassium uptake was not affected under lower irrigation levels, as sufficient soil moisture was maintained by rainwater from the northeast monsoon during the growing season (December, November, and January) in both years of the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn assessment of AAB spraying, irrespective of the sources, significantly influenced the potassium (K) uptake by the crop under RDF (N, P, and K) conditions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum K uptake by the crop ranged from 109.79 to 292.84 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first year and from 192.07 to 365.31 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the second year, with the application of plant-based (A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) AAB in the first year (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). This was followed by A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, which resulted in 92.70 to 248.60 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the first year and 155.24 to 294.03 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the second year, and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, which resulted in 91.57 to 243.54 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the first year and 143.24 to 298.97 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the second year, as recorded during the field experiment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe range of percent improvement in K uptake by the potato crop, compared to the control, with the application of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in the first year were 17.85\u0026ndash;52.67%, 41.30\u0026ndash;110.50%, and 19.31\u0026ndash;69.25%, respectively. In the second year, the percent improvements were 21.08\u0026ndash;33.40%, 38.04\u0026ndash;78.87%, and 19.08\u0026ndash;44.57%, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ec and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ed). The interaction effects on K uptake by the crop were found to be non-significant (NS), irrespective of irrigation levels and AAB sources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of biostimulants has been shown to increase potassium content in tubers compared to untreated control plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. Potassium is essential for potato tubers, as it is involved in various physiological processes such as water uptake, osmoregulation, and enzyme activation. Biostimulants promote the production of compounds that stimulate metabolic pathways involved in enhancing chlorophyll content, increasing root development, and improving root activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e]. These mechanisms increase the surface area for nutrient absorption, including potassium, and lead to greater uptake from the soil. Biostimulants also help plants cope with various stresses, such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures. When plants are under stress, their ability to take up and utilize nutrients like potassium may be compromised. By alleviating stress, biostimulants indirectly enhance potassium uptake. Furthermore, biostimulants contain beneficial substances that promote the growth of soil microbes, improving soil structure, increasing nutrient availability, and enhancing nutrient cycling, including potassium. This gives plants better access to potassium in the soil. Biostimulants are considered one of the most advanced and promising approaches for enhancing K uptake, improving crop growth, and boosting crop yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and AAB on potassium uptake/absorption (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) of potato foliage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIrrigation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e138.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e147.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e239.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e328.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e246.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e292.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e365.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e286.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e248.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e256.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e278.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e298.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e269.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e105.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e294.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e185.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e277.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e214.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e110.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e296.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e188.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e268.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e143.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Apparent nutrient recovery by crop\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) was highest (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) with the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at 60 DAS, showing 37.02% in the first year and 47.95% in the second year. The apparent phosphorus recovery (APR) was also highest with the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at 90 DAS in the first year 83.81% and at 60 DAS in the second year 96.67%. The apparent potassium recovery (AKR) was maximum with the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e at 60 DAS, with values of 104.81% in the first year and 79.18% in the second year, compared to the control for all nutrient recoveries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall order of increasing impact on ANR and AKR for crop cultivation due to the application of AAB spraying was A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in both years of the experiment. For APR, the order was A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in the first year and A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in the second year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication effect of AAB on per cent apparent nutrient recovery (ANR, APR, and AKR) of the potato crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eANR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAPR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAKR (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Yield of tuber\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of irrigation schedules and AAB spraying on the yield of harvested tubers was significant. The range of tuber yields (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) for potato was 20.32\u0026ndash;23.06 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first year and 18.88\u0026ndash;22.62 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the second year, depending on the irrigation schedule. Stress caused by water shortage or excessive water in the soil negatively affected potato tuber yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpraying with different AAB also significantly improved the fresh tuber yield of potatoes. The yield range observed with AAB spraying was 19.79\u0026ndash;23.90 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first year and 18.87\u0026ndash;23.42 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the second year. The application of biostimulants led to an average increase of 33.2% in marketable yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e]. The biostimulants impact as foliar sprays were significant for growth attributes, yield, and quality parameters of potato [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e92\u003c/span\u003e]. This may be attributed to enhanced metabolism of photosynthetic products from source to sink.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction between different irrigation schedules and amino acid sources also showed a significant effect on the fresh yield of potato tubers. The highest tuber yield was recorded with the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatment, followed by other treatment combinations. Lower yields may have been due to water stress during tuber initiation and bulking stages. The application of biostimulants resulted in a 13.3% increase in potato tuber yield, while commercial yield increased by 21.1% compared to traditional cultivation practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and amino acids based biostimulants on tuber yield and benefit cost ratio (B:C ratio)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTuber Yield (t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB: C ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.226\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment 1 (E-1) Year 2014-15, Experiment 2 (E-2) Year 2015-16.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Benefit cost ratio\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of irrigation on potato cultivation benefit-cost (B:C) ratio was significantly influenced (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) by different irrigation schedules. The highest B:C ratio (2.55 and 2.48 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e irrigation (4 irrigation schedule), followed by I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (5 irrigations) and I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (3 irrigations). Different AAB spraying also significantly improved the B:C ratio. The maximum B:C ratio (2.66 and 2.59 during the first and second years, respectively) was observed with A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (amino acids from plant sources), whereas the minimum B:C ratio (2.15 and 2.06 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (animal source amino acids) among the different amino acid sources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent interaction levels between irrigation schedules and amino acid sources showed a significant effect on the B:C ratio of potato cultivation. The highest B:C ratio (2.74 and 2.70 during the first and second years, respectively) was recorded with the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e combination, (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) followed by other treatment combinations. Among the different irrigation schedules and AAB, the lowest B:C ratio (1.81 and 1.68 during the first and second years, respectively) was observed under the I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e treatment combination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Effect of AAB on Percent Yield Enhancement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe greatest yield enhancement compared to the control was observed with the plant-origin AAB (A2) in both field trial experiments (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e), followed by the mixture-origin AAB (A3), and then the animal-origin AAB (A1). The amino acid sources improved yield in the following order: A2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A3\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A1. The percent increase in tuber yield with A2 (plant-based amino acids) compared to the control ranged from 20.77\u0026ndash;24.14%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of AAB on percent increase in tuber yield after harvesting the crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperiment-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Biochemical properties of potato tubers\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8.1 TSS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent irrigation levels recorded non-significant (NS) variations in the percentage of total soluble solids (TSS) content in harvested potato tubers. However, the TSS content of the tubers was significantly influenced (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) by the spraying of different sources of AAB. The maximum TSS content in potato tubers (18.22% in the first year and 28.20% in the second year) was obtained from the application of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and AAB, followed by other AAB treatments. The percent enhancement of TSS due to the application of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (compared to the control) was 9.53%, 28.88%, and 13.94% in the first year, respectively, and 10.73%, 15.10%, and 8.45% in the second year, respectively. The interaction effect showed non-significant variations in TSS content in harvested potato tubers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe significant effect of total sugar concentration in potato tubers across cultivars ranged from 6.71 to 7.43 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e of fresh matter (less than 1%), with the application of herbicides and biostimulants throughout the growing season [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e]. Foliar sprays of biostimulants in cultivated \u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e enhanced the accumulation of total carotenoids, chlorophyll a and b, ascorbic acid (AA), TSS, flavonoids, and phenolics in the treated plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8.2 Starch\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different irrigation regimes had a non-significant (NS) effect on the starch content of potato tubers in both the 2014-15 and 2015-16 growing seasons. The starch content of potatoes under irrigation levels I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e to I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e ranged from 16.76\u0026ndash;21.99% over the two consecutive years. However, a significant improvement in the starch content of potato tubers was observed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) with the application of different sources of AAB. The maximum starch content (21.36% in the first year and 23.93% in the second year) was recorded with the application of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e based AAB. Among the different AAB sources (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), the minimum starch content in tubers (17.56% in the first year and 20.91% in the second year) was observed with the application of A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percent increase in starch content in tubers due to the spraying of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was 34.20%, 59.17%, and 30.85%, respectively, in the first year, and 23.61%, 37.45%, and 20.10%, respectively, in the second year. The interaction effect on starch content in potatoes was not statistically significant. Foliar application of biostimulants at different growth stages has been shown to influence starch content [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, the use of seaweed extract resulted in a significant increase, leading to the highest starch content at 12.39%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8.3 Protein\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein content in potato tubers showed that different levels of irrigation had a non-significant effect on protein content during both experiments. The protein content of potatoes under irrigation levels I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e to I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e ranged from 2.35\u0026ndash;2.47% in the first year and from 1.98\u0026ndash;2.07% in the second year of the field trial. However, protein content in tubers was significantly improved (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e) by spraying different sources of AAB. The maximum protein content (2.76% in the first year and 2.11% in the second year) was observed with the application of A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e based AAB. Among the different AAB sources (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), the minimum protein content in tubers (2.39% in the first year and 1.99% in the second year) was recorded with the application of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e based AAB.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of biostimulants in potato cultivars led to a substantial increase in the overall nitrogen and protein content in the tubers, along with a higher proportion of protein in the total nitrogen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e]. The use of AAB significantly improved protein, proline, phenol, total chlorophyll, flavonoids, carotenoids, and anthocyanins compared to the control in leafy cabbage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. The percent increases in protein content in potato tubers due to the application of A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (compared to the control) were 16.02%, 33.98%, and 21.36%, respectively, in the first year, and 6.99%, 13.44%, and 9.14%, respectively, in the second year. There was no significant effect observed due to the interaction between irrigation and AAB on protein content in the tubers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quality of fresh potato tubers, in terms of positive impact on quality parameters (such as TSS, protein, and N content), due to the application of AAB followed the order: A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. For starch content, the order was A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e. Foliar nutrition [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR82\" citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e] in the form of protein hydrolysates (from animal and plant sources, i.e., A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) and mixtures of amino acids (A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) through foliar sprays provides pre-formed building blocks for protein synthesis. Proteins, the fundamental components of living cells, are formed from these building blocks, known as amino acids (AA). Amino acids contribute to an increase in chlorophyll concentration within the plant, enhancing the rate of photosynthesis, which in turn improves starch and TSS content in crops. Specifically, L-alanine, L-leucine, and L-valine improve the quality of harvested products. Thus, spraying animal-sourced and plant-sourced protein hydrolysates (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and mixtures of amino acids (A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) on potato crops significantly improved tuber yield and quality, including TSS, starch, and protein content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe improvement of yield and quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e] of harvested products in various crops (e.g., papaya, carrot, spinach, lettuce, maize) due to the application of biostimulants is well documented. Additionally, the foliar application [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e] of amino acids and potassium has also significantly increased crop yield and quality. The application of biostimulants at a concentration of 1.0 g L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e on wheat plants at three stages of crop development improved grain quality, as reported by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e]. This enhancement included a 23% increase in soluble sugar content, a 50% increase in gluten, a 37% increase in soluble proteins, a 19% increase in starch, and a 27% increase in amylase activity. Moreover, significant increases in total flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins by 87%, 67%, and 23%, respectively, were observed. The highest values of potato quality parameters (including total soluble sugar, starch, vitamin C, and protein) were achieved with the use of amino acids at 3g L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e compared tothe control [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e]. The chemical composition of cassava tubers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e], including starch, total fibers, total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, was influenced by the foliar application of various biostimulants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and AAB on biochemical parameters (%) of potato tubers after harvesting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE-2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIrrigation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eExperiment 1 (E-1), Experiment 2 (E-2)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9 Properties of Soil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9.1 Before Sowing Properties of Soil\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental field consisted of sandy loam soil classified as Inceptisol. The soil reaction (pH) was mildly alkaline (pH 8.0), with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.255 dSm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 10.9 cmol (p+) kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The soil organic matter (SOM) content ranged from 8.0 to 8.6 g kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, while plant-available nitrogen (N) ranged from 144.23 to 150.26 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and potassium (K) ranged from 119.90 to 135.19 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. These values were considered to be in the low range on the soil test rating chart. However, plant-available phosphorus (P) ranged from 24.29 to 28.14 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, which was within the medium range. Phosphorus in the soil was primarily available in the form of HPO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, but phosphorus fixation, which occurs due to chemical reactions such as precipitation in neutral to alkaline soils, limited its availability to crops. The presence of lime (CaCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) further exacerbates phosphorus fixation. Consequently, applied and mineralized phosphorus fixation was one of the key factors contributing to the low to medium phosphorus content in the Inceptisol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plant-available sulfur (S) in the experimental soil was above the critical level in both years (2014-15 and 2015-16). The soil also showed good water-holding capacity and porosity, making it suitable for potato cultivation. The overall physical and chemical conditions were conducive to potato cultivation under irrigated conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9.2 Post-Harvest Soil Nutrient Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe field soil analysis (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e) indicated that the plant-available nutrients (N, P, K, and S) were not significantly (NS) influenced by different irrigation schedules in both years. Primary plant nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were also not affected by the foliar application of AAB on the potato crop. However, the sulfur content in the soil showed significant improvement with the application of different amino acid sources. The highest plant-available sulfur content in the harvested soil was observed with A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (plant-source amino acids) spraying, with values of 58.60 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the first year and 56.27 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e in the second year. This was followed by A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Animal based of amino acids) and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Mixture amino acids) spraying.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interaction between irrigation levels and amino acid sources had no significant effect on the availability of phosphorus, potassium, or sulfur in the soil. However, nitrogen content in the soil showed significant variation based on treatment combinations. The highest nitrogen accumulation was observed under the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, and I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e treatment combinations in the first year, and under I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e, and I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e in the second year. The lowest available nitrogen content was recorded in the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e treatment combination (125.44 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) in both years (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that maximum plant-available nitrogen in the soil was achieved with four irrigations and amino acid spraying, particularly using A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (plant-based) and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (mixture of amino acids). Therefore, an optimal irrigation schedule (four irrigations) combined with amino acid spraying (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e/A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) is recommended for higher nitrogen buildup in the soil and for enhancing sulphur content in potato cultivation fields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of irrigation and AAB on plant available nutrient content of soil (kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) after harvesting of crop\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014-15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015-16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIrrigation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e245.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAAB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e260.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e251.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e132.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInteraction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e242.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e280.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e265.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e247.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e244.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e241.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e259.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e226.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e219.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEm \u0026plusmn;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD(P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the experiment suggest that the foliar application of protein hydrolysate formulations, both from animal and plant origins, as well as amino acid (AA) mixtures, enhances nutrient uptake and improves tuber quality at all growth stages of the potato crop. The effects of the AAB formulations on apparent nutrient recovery and tuber quality varied depending on their origin. In comparative terms, each formulation of biostimulants showed different performance levels, with the plant-origin protein hydrolysate outperforming all other biostimulants. Based on these findings, it is recommended that in alluvial, subtropical, loamy soil areas, a plant-origin protein hydrolysate formulation at 250 mL ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, diluted in 100 L of water, should be applied as a foliar spray at three stages of plant growth. This approach is expected to maximize nutrient uptake, tuber quality, and apparent nutrient recovery, while also promoting soil health sustainability across four irrigation schedules.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFuture Perspective\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFuture research should expand across multiple seasons and locations to test the generalizability of the findings. Optimizing treatment protocols, such as refining irrigation schedules and AAB application, may lead to more significant results. Exploring interactions between irrigation strategies and biostimulants, along with additional factors like soil moisture and pest management, could offer deeper insights. This research has the potential to advance sustainable agricultural practices, and future studies should focus on validating these findings for broader application.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research is a component of the first author\u0026apos;s Ph.D. program, with a\u0026nbsp;fellowship fund available by the UGC, New Delhi, India. The basic and infrastructural facilities for the research are supported by Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. The authors are thankful to M/S Isagro (Asia) Agrochemicals Private Limited, Mumbai, Maharashtra, M/S Century Agro Chemicals, Pune, and Oasis Agro Industries, Madurai for their assistance in our field experiments by providing us with the respective biostimulant formulations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that there are no financial or commercial conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cultivation of potato crop was done in the agricultural research farm Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India by the Vimal Kumar (First authors) itself. During the study, field crop experiments were conducted without harming the plant. The collection of potato tuber seeds was done dated 05 September 2014 from the seed distribution company Kachhawa Mandi limited, Varanasi, India. The potato tuber seed material identified by the department of horticulture, Institute of agriculture science, BHU, India and they listed the varietal name and ID: E-3797. The authors confirm that all methods were carried out by relevant guidelines and regulations laid down by the Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India established through the act of parliament, for the cultivation of crops their sample collection, storage, processing as well as the laboratory analysis need to be carried out on plants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajendran S, Domalachenpa T, Arora H, Li P, Sharma A, Rajauria G. Hydroponics: Exploring innovative sustainable technologies and applications across crop production, with Emphasis on potato mini-tuber cultivation. Heliyon. 2024; 10: e26823. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26823\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26823\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTakeuchi M, Arakawa C, Kuwahara Y, Gemma H. Effects of L-pro foliar application on the quality of \u0026lsquo;Kosui\u0026rsquo; Japanese pear. Acta Horticulture. 2008; 800: 549\u0026ndash;554. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17660/actahortic.2008.800.72\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMazher AAM, Zaghloul SM, Mahmoud SA, Siam HS. Stimulatory effect ofkinetin, ascorbic acid and glutamic acid on growth and chemical constituents of Codiaeum variegatum L. plants. Am. Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sciences. 2011; 10 (3): 318\u0026ndash;323. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes10(3)/4.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.idosi.org/aejaes/jaes10(3)/4.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMandal S, Anand U, L\u0026oacute;pez-Bucio J, Radha, Manoj K, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Dey A. Biostimulants and environmental stress mitigation in crops: A novel and emerging approach for agricultural sustainability under climate change. Environmental Research. 2023; 233: 116357. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116357\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.envres.2023.116357\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMokgehle SN, Araya HT, Araya NA, Bairu MW, Makgato MJ, Mofokeng MM, Maphothoma P, Du-Plooy CP, Amoo SO. Biostimulant applications in low-input cultivationsystems to enhance nutrition efficiency of crops. Biostimulants for Crops from Seed Germinationto Plant Development. 2021; 237\u0026ndash;262. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00001-0\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00001-0\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHuang S, Zheng X, Luo L, Ni Y, Yao L, Ni W. Biostimulants in bioconversion compost of organic waste: A novelbooster in sustainable agriculture. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 319: 128704. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128704\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128704\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiriwat W, Ungwiwatkul S, Unban K, Laokuldilok T, Klunklin W, Tangjaidee P, Potikanond S, Kaur L, Phongthai S. Extraction, Enzymatic Modification, and Anti-Cancer Potential of an Alternative Plant-Based Protein from Wolffia globosa. Foods, 2023; 12: 3815. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203815\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/foods12203815\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlbrecht U. Plant Biostimulants: Definiition and Overview of Categories and Effects. IFAS Extension University of Florida. 2019; 1330.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSun W, Shahrajabian MH, Kuang Y, Wang N. Amino Acids Biostimulants and Protein Hydrolysates in Agricultural Sciences. Plants. 2024; 13: 210. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants13020210\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/plants13020210\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePadgett PE, Leonard RT. Free amino acid levels and the regulation of nitrate uptake in maize cell suspension cultures. Journal of Experimental Botany. 1996; 47, (300): 871\u0026ndash;883.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiller AJ, Fan X, Shen Q, Smith SJ. Amino acids and nitrate as signals for the regulation of nitrogen acquisition. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007; 59 (1):111\u0026ndash;119. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm208\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jxb/erm208\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu X, Chen H, NI Q, Seung LK. Evaluation of the role of mixed amino acids in nitrate uptake and assimilation in leafy radish by using \u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e N-labeled nitrates. Agricultural Sciences in China. 2008; 7(10): 1196\u0026ndash;1202. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60164-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S1671-2927(08)60164-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu X-Q, Sun Y, Lee K-S. The effect of mixed amino acids on nitrate uptake and nitrate assimilation in leafy radish. Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture. 2005; 24 (3): 245\u0026ndash;252.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSharma SS, Dietz K-J, The significance of amino acids and amino acid-derived molecules in plant responses and adaptation to heavy metal stress. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2006; 57 (4):711\u0026ndash;726. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/jxb/erj073\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jxb/erj073\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e15 Forde BG, Lea PJ. Glutamate in plants: metabolism, regulation, and signalling. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2007; 58 (9): 2339\u0026ndash;2358. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1093/jxb/erm121\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1093/jxb/erm121\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiang X, Zhang L, Natarajan SK, Beckker DF. Proline mechanisms of stress survival. Antioxid Redox Signaling. 2013; 19 (9): 998\u0026ndash;1011. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.5074\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1089/ars.2012.5074\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRajagopal V, Sinha SK. Influence of exogenously supplied proline on relative water content in wheat and barley. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1980; 18:1523\u0026ndash;1524.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Samad HMA, Shaddad MAK, Barakat N. Improvement of plants salt tolerance by exogenous application of amino acids. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2011; 5(24): 5692\u0026ndash;5699. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColla G, Rouphael Y, Lucini L, Canaguier R, Stefanoni W, Fiorillo A, Cardarelli M. Protein hydrolysate-based biostimulants: origin, biological activity and application methods. Acta Horticulturae. 2016; 11(48): 27\u0026ndash;34. DOI \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1148.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1148.3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaini P. The experience of the first biostimulant, based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective review on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertilitas Agrorum. 2006; 1(1): 29\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBogunovic I., Duralija B, Gadze J, Kisic I. Biostimulant usage for preserving strawberries to climate damages. Hort. Sci. (Prague). 2015; 42 (3): 132\u0026ndash;140. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17221/161/2014-HORTSCI\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17221/161/2014-HORTSCI\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eErtani A, Cavani L, Pizzeghello D, Brandellero E, Altissimo A, Ciavatta C, Nard S. Biostimulant activity of two protein hydrolyzates in the growth and nitro-gen metabolism of maize seedlings. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 2009; 172: 237\u0026ndash;244. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1002/jpln.200800174\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/jpln.200800174\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmbrosini S, Prinsi B, Zamboni A, Espen L, Zanzoni S, Santi C, Varanini Z, Pandolfini T. Chemical Characterization of a Collagen-Derived Protein Hydrolysate and Biostimulant Activity Assessment of Its Peptidic Components. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2022; 70: 11201\u0026ndash;11211. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04379\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04379\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eColla G, Hoagland L, Ruzzi M, Cardarelli M, Bonini P, Canaguier R, Rouphael Y. Biostimulant Action of Protein Hydrolysates: Unraveling Their Effects on Plant Physiology and Microbiome. Front. Plant Science. 2017; 8: 2202. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fpls.2017.02202\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpls.2017.02202\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKauffman GL III, Kneival DP, Watschke TL. Effects of biostimulant on the heat tolerance associated with photosynthetic capacity, membrane thermostability, and polphenol production of perennial ryegrass. Crop Science. 2007; 47: 261\u0026ndash;267.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParađiković, N, Vinković T, Vinković Vrček I, Žuntar I, Bojić M, Medić-Šarić M. Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: an example of sweet yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011; doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1002/jsfa.4431\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1002/jsfa.4431\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOosten MJV, Pepe O, Pascale SD, Silletti S, Maggio A. The role of biostimulants and bioeffectors as alleviators of abiotic stress in crop plants. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture. 2017; 4(1): 5. DOI \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s40538-017-0089-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaltazar M, Correia S, Guinan KJ, Sujeeth N, Bragan\u0026ccedil;a R, Goncalves B. Gon\u0026ccedil;alves. Recent Advances in the Molecular Effects of Biostimulants in Plants: An Overview. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (8):1096. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081096\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/biom11081096\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKaur G, Asthir B. Proline: a key player in plant abiotic stress tolerance. Biologia Plantarum. 2015; 59 (4):609\u0026ndash;619. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s10535-015-0549-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10535-015-0549-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSangiorgio D, Cellini A, Donati I, Pastore C, Onofrietti C, Spinelli F. Facing Climate Change: Application of Microbial Biostimulants to Mitigate Stress in Horticultural Crops. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (6):794. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/agronomy10060794\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy10060794\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrammenou A, Petropoulos SA, Thalassinos G, Rinklebe J, Shaheen SM, Antoniadis V. Biostimulants in the Soil\u0026ndash;Plant Interface: Agro\u0026ndash;environmental Implications\u0026mdash;A Review. Earth Systems and Environment. 2023; 7 (3):583\u0026ndash;600. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-023-00349-x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s41748-023-00349-x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHao J, Tan J, Zhang Y, Gu X, Zhu G, Wang S, Li J. Sewage sludge-derived nutrients and biostimulants stimulate rice leaf photosynthesis and root metabolism to enhance carbohydrate, nitrogen and antioxidants accumulation. Chemosphere. 2024; 352:141335. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141335\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141335\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePohl A, Grabowska A, Kalisz A, Sekara A. Biostimulant Application Enhances Fruit Setting in Eggplant\u0026mdash;An Insight into the Biology of Flowering. Agronomy. 2019; 9 (9):482. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/agronomy9090482\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy9090482\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N, Petropoulos SA. Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Vegetable Production Using Chitin and Chitosan as Plant Biostimulants. Biomolecules. 2021; 11 (6):819. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/biom11060819\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/biom11060819\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSani MNH, Yong JWH. Harnessing Synergistic Biostimulatory Processes: A Plausible Approach for Enhanced Crop Growth and Resilience in Organic Farming. Biology. 2022; 11 (1):41. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010041\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/biology11010041\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWicks LF. A cheaper Kessler\u0026rsquo;s Reagent by the use of mercuric oxide. J. Lab. clin. Med. 1941; 27 (1): 18\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCraswell ET, Godwin DC. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers applied to cereals in different climates. Advances in Plant Nutrition.1984; 1: 1\u0026ndash;55. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/284635091\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284635091\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFageria NK, De-Morais OP, Santos AB. Nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2010; 33 (11):1696\u0026ndash;1711. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/01904167.2010.496892\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/01904167.2010.496892\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHedge JE, Hofreiter BT. In: Carbohydrate Chemistry, 17 (Eds. Whistler R.L. and Be Miller, J.N.), Academic Press, New York. 1962.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randoll RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent, Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1951; 193 (1):265\u0026ndash;275.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJackson ML. Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 1973; 498.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWalkey AJ, Black CA. Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 1934; 37: 29\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSubbiah BV, Asija GL. A Rapid Procedure for the Estimation of Available Nitrogen in Soils. Current Science. 1956; 25 (8):259\u0026ndash;260.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWatanabe FS, Olsen SR. Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts from the Soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 1965; 29:677\u0026ndash;678. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900060025x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2136/sssaj1965.03615995002900060025x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHesse PR. A Textbook of Soil Chemical Analysis. John Murray, London, 1971; 520.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChesnin L, Yein CH. Turbimetric determination of available sulphate. Soil Science Society of American Proceedings. 1950; 15, 149\u0026ndash;151.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNavarro-Le\u0026oacute;n E, L\u0026oacute;pez-Moreno FJ, Borda E, Mar\u0026iacute;n C, Sierras N, Blascoa B, Ruiza JM. Effect of L-amino acid-based biostimulants on nitrogen use efficiency in lettuce plants. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture. 2022; 102 (15):7098\u0026ndash;7106.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson R, Joel JM, Puthur JT. Biostimulants: The Futuristic Sustainable Approach for Alleviating Crop Productivity and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2024; 43:659\u0026ndash;674. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11144-3\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00344-023-11144-3\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNarcy P, Bouguyon E, Gojon A. Nitrogen acquisition byroots: physiological and developmental mechanisms ensuring plant adaptation to a fluctuating resource. Plant Soil. 2013; 370 (1\u0026ndash;2):1\u0026ndash;29. DOI \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s11104-013-1645-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11104-013-1645-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStiegler JC, Richardson MD, Karcher DE, Roberts TL, Norman RJ. Foliar absorption of various inorganic and organic nitrogen sources by creeping bentgrass. Crop Science. 2013; 52 (3):1148\u0026ndash;1152. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0511\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2135/cropsci2012.08.0511\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMontamat F, Maurosset L, Tegeder M, Frommer W, Delrot S. Cloning and expression of amino acid transporters from broad bean. Plant Molecular Biology.1999; 41(2): 259\u0026ndash;268. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1023/a:1006321221368\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1023/a:1006321221368\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNeelam A, Marvier AC, Hall JL, Williams LE. Functional characterization and expression analysis of the amino acid permease RcAAP3 from castor bean. Plant Physiology. 1999; 120 (4): 1049\u0026ndash;1056. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1104/pp.120.4.1049\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1104/pp.120.4.1049\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli A. Nitrate assimilation pathway in higher plants: critical role in nitrogen signalling and utilization. Plant Science Today. 2020; 7 (2):182\u0026ndash;192. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.637\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.637\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOrozco-Mosqueda MC, Santoyo G, Glick BR. Recent Advances in the Bacterial Phytohormone Modulation of Plant Growth. Plants. 2023; 12 (3): 606. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030606\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/plants12030606\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi J, Ma H, Ma H, Lei F, He DX, Huang H, Yang H, Fan G. Comprehensive Effects of N Reduction Combined with Biostimulants on N Use Efficiency and Yield of the Winter Wheat\u0026ndash;Summer Maize Rotation System. Agronomy. 2023; 13 (9): 2319. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092319\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy13092319\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCiriello M, Campana E, Pascale SD, Rouphael Y. Implications of Vegetal Protein Hydrolysates for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Leafy Vegetables. Horticulturae. 2024; 10 (2):132. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10020132\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/horticulturae10020132\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRodgers CO, Barneix AJ. The effect of amino acids and amides on the regulation of nitrate uptake by wheat seedlings. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 1993; 16 (2):337\u0026ndash;348. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364535\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/01904169309364535\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSivasankar S, Rothstein S, Oaks A. Regulation of the accumulation and reduction of nitrate by nitrogen and carbon metabolites in maize seedlings. Plant Physiology. 1997; 114 (2):583\u0026ndash;589. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1104/pp.114.2.583\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1104/pp.114.2.583\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAslam M, Travis ML, Rains DW. Differential effect of amino acids on nitrate uptake and reduction systems in barley roots. Plant Science. 2001; 160 (2):219\u0026ndash;228. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00391-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00391-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChen S-K, Subler S, Edwards CA. Effects of agricultural biostimulants on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics. Applied Ecology. 2002; 19 (3):249\u0026ndash;259. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00002-1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00002-1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassani A, Haddad MN. Effect of Ammonium Nitrate and Free Amino Acids on the Nitrate Accumulation in Radish. Water and Soil Science. 2017; 26 (4.1)4:67\u0026ndash;78.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCampbell WH. Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiology. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 1999; 50 (1):277\u0026ndash;303. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.277\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.277\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu X-Q, Ko K-Y, Kim S-H, Lee K-S. Enhancement of nitrate uptake and reduction by treatment with mixed amino acids in red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science. 2007; 57(2):167\u0026ndash;172. DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/09064710600914277\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/09064710600914277\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFortunato S, Nigro D, Lasorella C, Marcotuli I, Gadaleta A, Pinto MC. The Role of Glutamine Synthetase (GS) and Glutamate Synthase (GOGAT) in the Improvement of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereals. Biomolecules. 2023; 13 (12):1771. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/biom13121771\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/biom13121771\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaddatz N, R\u0026iacute;os LM, Lindahl M, Quintero FJ, Pardo JM. Coordinated Transport of Nitrate, Potassium, and Sodium. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020; 11:247. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00247\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fpls.2020.00247\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStoyanov I. Restoration of maize plants after Magnesium starvation with the help of Magnesium and Siapton. Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. Plant Growth Regulators, Varna, Bulgaria. 1981; 602\u0026ndash;606.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVasseur-Coronado M, Boulois HD, Pertot I, Puopolo G. Selection of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria sharing suitable features to be commercially developed as biostimulant products. Microbiological Research. 2020. 245:126672. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126672\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.micres.2020.126672\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePan L, Cai B. Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria: Advances in Their Physiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Microbial Community Effects. Microorganisms. 2023; 11 (12): 2904. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122904\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/microorganisms11122904\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMulyatni AS, Praptana RH, Santoso D. The effect of biostimulant in root and population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria: a study case in upland rice. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2018; 183: 012016. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1088/1755-1315/183/1/012016\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1088/1755-1315/183/1/012016\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eElwaziri E, Ismail H, El-Khairl E-SA, Al-Qahtani SM, Al-Harbi NA, Elgawad HGA, Omar WA, Abdelaal K, Osman A. Biostimulant application of whey protein hydrolysates and potassium fertilization enhances the productivity and tuber quality of sweet potato. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 2023; 51 (2):13122. DOI:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.15835/nbha51213122\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.15835/nbha51213122\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKanaujia SP, Nrayan R, Nrayan S. Effect of phosphorous and potassium on growth, yield and quality of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cv. Contender. Vegetable Science. 1999; 26:91\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDziugieł T, Wadas W. Effect of Plant Biostimulants on Macronutrient Content in Early Crop Potato Tubers. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8): 1202. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3390/agronomy10081202\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy10081202\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMystkowska I, Zarzecka K, Gugała M, Ginter A, Sikorska A, Dmitrowicz A. Impact of Care and Nutrition Methods on the Content and Uptake of Selected Mineral Elements in Solanum tuberosum. Agronomy. 2023; 13 (3):690. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030690\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy13030690\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMofokeng MM, Araya HT, Araya NA, Makgato MJ, Mokgehle SN, Masemola MC, Mudau FN, Du-Plooy CP, Amoo SO. Integrating biostimulants in agrosystem to promote soil health and plant growth. Biostimulants for Crops from Seed Germination to Plant Development. 2021; 87\u0026ndash;108. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00004-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/B978-0-12-823048-0.00004-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWise K, Selby-Pham J, Chai X, Simovich T, Gupta S, Gill H. Fertiliser supplementation with a biostimulant complex of fish hydrolysate, Aloe vera extract, and kelp alters cannabis root architecture to enhance nutrient uptake. Scientia Horticulturae. 2024; 323:112483. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112483\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112483\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGupta S, Doležal K, Kulkarni MG, Bal\u0026aacute;zs E, Staden JV. Role of non-microbial biostimulants in regulation of seed germination and seedling establishment. Plant Growth Regulation. 2022; 97 (2): 271\u0026ndash;313. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-021-00794-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10725-021-00794-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarzecka K, Gugała M. The effect of herbicides and biostimulants on sugars content in potato tubers. Plant Soil Environment. 2018; 64 (2): 82\u0026ndash;87. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17221/21/2018-PSE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17221/21/2018-PSE\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNivetha N, Shukla PS, Nori SS, Kumar S, Suryanarayan S. A red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii-based biostimulant (AgroGain\u0026reg;) improves the growth of Zea mays and impacts agricultural sustainability by beneficially priming rhizosphere soil microbial community. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2024; 15:1330237. doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330237\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330237\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarak S, Thapa U, Hansda NN. Impact of Biostimulant on Growth, Yield and Quality of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Biological Forum \u0026ndash; An International Journal. 2023; 15 (9):297\u0026ndash;302. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/374024650\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374024650\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHaghighi M, Sadeghabad AB, Abolghasemi R. Effect of exogenous amino acids application on the biochemical, antioxidant, and nutritional value of some leafy cabbage cultivars. Scientific reports. 2022; 12:17720. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-21273-6\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-022-21273-6\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCalvo P, Nelson L, Kloepper JW. Agricultural uses of plant biostimulants. Plant and Soil. 2014; 383 (1\u0026ndash;2): 3\u0026ndash;41. DOI \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11104-014-2131-8\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZarzecka K, Gugala M, Mystkowska I, Sikorska A. Yield- forming effects of herbicide and biostimulants application in potato cultivation. Journal of ecological engineering. 2022. 23 (3):137\u0026ndash;144. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/145460\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.12911/22998993/145460\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYuniati, N, Kusumiyati K, Mubarok S, Nurhadi B. The role of moringa leaf extract as a plant biostimulants in improving the quality of agricultural products. Plants. 2022; 11 (17):2186. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172186\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/plants11172186\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsouvaltzis P, Koukounaras A, Siomos AS. Application of amino acids improves lettuce crop uniformity and inhibits nitrate accumulation induced by the supplemental inorganic nitrogen fertilization. Internal Journal of Agriculture Biology. 2014; 16 (5):951\u0026ndash;955. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.fspublishers.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.fspublishers.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEfthimiadou A, Sparangis P, Leonidakis D, Kasimatis S-N, Kakabouki I, Mylonas I, Ninou E, Gianniotis P, Katsenios N. Comparative Evaluation of Mineral and Organo-Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and the Role of Amino Acids as Plant Growth Promoters in Maize Cultivation. Agronomy. 2022; 12 (11):2638. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112638\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy12112638\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMirtaleb SH, Niknejad Y, Fallah H. Foliar spray of amino acids and potassic fertilizer improves the nutritional quality of rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2021; 44 (14): 2029\u0026ndash;2041. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/01904167.2021.1889588\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/01904167.2021.1889588\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaksoud SA, Gad KI, Hamed EYM. The potentiality of biostimulant (Lawsonia inermis L.) on some morpho\u0026ndash;physiological, biochemical traits, productivity and grain quality of Triticum aestivum L. BMC Plant Biology. 2023; 23 (95):1\u0026ndash;14. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04083-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12870-023-04083-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbd El-H MAM, Nada MM, Omar GF. Evaluation of tuber soaking and foliar spraying with some stimulants on growth and productivity of potato. Middle East Journal of Agriculture. 2016; 5 (4):889\u0026ndash;898. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/336672295\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336672295\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHassan NMK, Marzouk NM, Fawzy ZF, Saleh SA. Effect of biostimulants foliar applications on growth, yield, and product quality of two Cassava cultivars. Bulletin of the National Research Centre. 2020; 44 (59):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00317-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s42269-020-00317-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJama-Rodzenska A, Janik G, Walczak A, AdamczewskaSowinska K, Sowinski J. Tuber yield and water efficiency of early potato varieties (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivated under various irrigation levels. Sci Rep. 2021; 11, 19121. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97899-9\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/s41598-021-97899-9\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGinter A, Zarzecka K, Gugała M. Effect of Herbicide and Biostimulants on Production and Economic Results of Edible Potato. Agronomy. 2022; 12, 1409. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061409\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy12061409\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAndrejiov\u0026aacute; A, Adamec S, Hegedűsov\u0026aacute; A, Hegedűs O, Rosa R. Verification of the humic substances and PGPB biostimulants beneficial effects on the potato yield and bioactive substances content. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences. 2023; 17, 1\u0026ndash;15. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5219/1805\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5219/1805\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarbas P, Sawicka B, Pszcz\u0026oacute;łkowski P, Hameed TS, Farhan AK. Optimization of Potato Cultivation Through the Use of Biostimulator Supporter. Agronomy. 2024. 14, 2430. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14102430\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/agronomy14102430\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Irrigation scheduling, Amino acids biostimulants, Nutrient uptake and Potato tuber quality","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe field experiments were conducted in the middle Gangetic plain sub-tropical region of India. The objective of the research was to assess the nutrient uptake and quality of potato tubers under various irrigation schedules and commercial amino acid biostimulant (AAB) treatments. The field trial used a split-plot design incorporating three irrigation schedules at key crop growth stages: three irrigation stages (I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e; 3 irrigations), four stages (I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e; 4 irrigations), and five stages (I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e; 5 irrigations), along with four different sources of AAB: A\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e (control), A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (Siapton 10L), A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Amino acid liquid), and A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (Amino Plus), combined with the recommended dose of fertilizers. The quality and nutrient uptake of the tubers were significantly enhanced by spraying all the sources of AAB. The plant-based biostimulant (A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) led to the greatest increase in total soluble solids (TSS, 18.12 to 28.20%), starch (21.36 to 23.93%), and protein content (2.11 to 2.76%), followed by the mixture amino acid biostimulants (A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), and the lowest response was observed with the animal-based biostimulants (A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e). The maximum nutrient uptake was observed with the A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e treatment, with nitrogen uptake ranging from 65.74 to 152.26 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 120.12 to 163.23 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 74.90 to 79.69 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, respectively, followed by A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. Maximum phosphorus uptake by A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e ranged from 32.54 to 107.50 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 47.73 to 70.57 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 56.78 to 47.73 kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, respectively, followed by A\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and A\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e. The same trend was observed for potassium uptake. Regarding the irrigation schedule, all treatments showed significant effects, with the maximum tuber yield (230.5 and 226.1 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first and second years, respectively) recorded with the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e irrigation (4 irrigation stages), followed by I\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (5 irrigations) and I\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (3 irrigations). The greatest potato yield (239.0 and 234.2 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first and second years, respectively) was observed with A\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Significant interaction effects between different irrigation schedules and AAB treatments were found, with the highest interaction effect on tuber yield (255.0 and 241.3 q ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e during the first and second years, respectively) recorded with the I\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eA\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e combination, followed by other treatment combinations. The impact of the irrigation schedule on nutrient uptake and tuber quality was found to be insignificant. These findings suggest that foliar application of AAB can improve nutrient use efficiency (NUE) by facilitating easier nutrient absorption and enhancing potato tuber quality.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Foliar Application of Commercial Amino Acids Biostimulants on Nutrient Uptake and Quality of Potato Tuber","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-14 18:09:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388424/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-25T16:12:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-06T12:32:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"93096441798696257738441281330597877701","date":"2025-04-23T10:04:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-22T06:18:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-11T09:33:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-10T05:50:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Applied Sciences","date":"2025-03-23T08:38:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"02e2d8c1-b349-4dc7-9bd8-016d5a183bf4","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-09T12:53:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-14 18:09:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5388424","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5388424","identity":"rs-5388424","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}